Regulation of on-site electrochemical generation of hydrogen peroxide for ultraviolet advanced oxidation process control

Abstract

To provide a method for treating water in a water treatment system that does not use expensive reactants / oxides and does not require high energy demand for radical formation.SOLUTION: A method for treating water in a water treatment system includes: introducing target water from a water source to a conduit fluidly coupled to an exit of an electrochemical cell; adding hydrogen peroxide generated by the electrochemical cell to target water so as to form an aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide; introducing the aqueous solution to an entry of a chemical ray radiation reactor; exposing the aqueous solution to sufficient chemical ray in the chemical ray radiation reactor so as to generate a free radical in the aqueous solution and react pollution substances in the aqueous solution to form a treated aqueous solution; and introducing the treated aqueous solution to a use point from an exit of the chemical ray radiation reactor via a second conduit.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1A

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] (1. TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVETION) Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein generally relate to in situ electrochemical peroxidation. The present invention is directed to an advanced oxidation system including a hydrogen peroxide generator, and a method of operating or constructing the same. That is why. [Background technology]

[0002] (2. Discussion of Related Technology) In recent years, many studies have demonstrated that advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) can be applied to many applications, especially in water treatment. (Legrini, O., Oliveros, E., Braun, A. M. (1993). Photo Chemical Processes for Water Treatment.” Chm. Rev. 1093,93,671-698; Bolton et al. (1 996). “Figures of Merit for the technical development and application of Advanc. ed Oxidation Processes.” J. of Advanced Oxidation Technologies, 1,113-17).

[0003] Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in water treatment are used to treat various types of wastewater, such as hydroxyl radicals (·OH ) and other highly reactive radical species to produce toxic or poorly biodegradable or It oxidizes harmful water pollutants (e.g. industrial pollutants).

[0004] The high oxidizing power and low selectivity of the hydroxyl radical make it difficult to oxidize almost any organic compound. Because they react with, AOPs can effectively remove contaminants, namely pesticides, industrial solvents, PFAS, pharmaceuticals, Removing hormones, drugs, personal care product or x-ray contrast agent residues from (contaminated) water It can be used to remove

[0005] In addition, since there are various ways in which hydroxyl radicals are generated, AOP is highly versatile and The system can be adapted to specific processing requirements.

[0006] Malato et al. (2002). “Photocatalysis with solar energy at a pilot-plant scale: a "Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 37 1-15" Hydroxyl radicals The paper reviews the use of sunlight to generate electricity.

[0007] In ultraviolet-driven AOP (UVAOP), ultraviolet light is used to photodecompose hydroxyl groups. Conventional UV-driven AOPs for water treatment photodecompose H2O2 with UV light. Since this produces hydroxyl radicals, it can be called UV / H2O2.

[0008] Existing AOPs use expensive reactants / oxides, e.g., H2O2, and are radioactive. The formation of nuclei requires high energy demands, e.g., the generation of radicals by UV AOP. High UV irradiation energy is required for oxidation of pollutants. Not due to the organic background of the water matrix, e.g. humins, humic acids, or consumed by a side reaction with citric acid. Summary of the Invention

[0009] According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a water treatment system comprising: a reactor configured to generate hydrogen peroxide, the reactor being between the electrolyte source and the actinic radiation reactor; an electrochemical cell having an outlet in fluid communication with the inlet of the electrochemical cell; and

[0010] In some embodiments, the system fluidly couples a source of electrolyte to an inlet of the electrochemical cell. a first conduit for fluidly connecting the outlet of the electrochemical cell to the inlet of the actinic radiation reactor; and two conduits.

[0011] In some embodiments, the outlet of the electrochemical cell is adapted to direct a source of electrolyte to the inlet of the electrochemical cell. The fluid is fluidly coupled to an entry point of a conduit which is then fluidly coupled thereto.

[0012] In some embodiments, the actinic radiation reactor is an ultraviolet enhanced oxidation process reactor. .

[0013] In some embodiments, the electrolyte comprises water.

[0014] In some embodiments, the system includes a storage tank coupled to an outlet of the electrochemical cell. Further includes:

[0015] In some embodiments, the system includes a reactor that is fluidly coupled to an outlet of the actinic radiation reactor. a second electrode having a conduit and an outlet in fluid communication with the conduit downstream of the outlet of the actinic radiation reactor; and a second electrochemical cell located in the conduit and in the aqueous treatment solution. It may be configured to generate a chemical agent that quenches the hydrogen peroxide.

[0016] In some embodiments, the system includes a storage tank coupled to the outlet of the second electrochemical cell. The present invention further includes a

[0017] In some embodiments, the chemical agent includes sodium hypochlorite.

[0018] In some embodiments, the conduit connects the outlet of the actinic radiation reactor to the outlet of the second electrochemical cell. Fluidly connected to the inlet.

[0019] In some embodiments, the outlet of the second electrochemical cell is below the outlet of the actinic radiation reactor. The flow is fluidly coupled to an entry point in a conduit in the stream.

[0020] In some embodiments, the system is adapted to measure the concentration of one or more contaminants in an aqueous solution. the sensor being upstream of the actinic radiation reactor or upstream of the actinic radiation reactor. The reactor may be located downstream of the linear radiation reactor.

[0021] In some embodiments, the system communicates with the sensor and detects the measured concentration of one or more contaminants. and adjusting one or more operating parameters of the system in response to the determined concentration. The controller further includes:

[0022] In some embodiments, the one or more operating parameters are determined by the voltage applied to the electrochemical cell. power, power applied to the second electrochemical cell, power applied to the actinic radiation reactor, and , through one of the electrochemical cell, the second electrochemical cell, or the actinic radiation reactor. the flow rate of the solution or aqueous solution.

[0023] In some embodiments, the oxygen source is adapted to introduce oxygen into the electrolyte upstream of the electrochemical cell. It is configured as follows.

[0024] In some embodiments, the controller is responsive to the measured concentrations of one or more contaminants. In response, the device is further configured to adjust the rate of introduction of oxygen into the electrolyte.

[0025] In some embodiments, the system comprises one or more measured amounts of electrolyte from an electrolyte source. Characteristic or one or more measured values ​​of the aqueous treatment solution produced in the actinic radiation reactor. Based on the characteristics, a flow rate of hydrogen peroxide from the storage tank to the actinic radiation reactor is adjusted. The controller further includes a controller configured to:

[0026] In some embodiments, the system comprises one or more measured amounts of electrolyte from an electrolyte source. Characteristic or one or more measured values ​​of the aqueous treatment solution produced in the actinic radiation reactor. Based on the characteristics, sodium hypochlorite is introduced from the storage tank into a conduit downstream of the outlet of the actinic radiation reactor. The system further includes a controller configured to adjust the flow rate of the thorium.

[0027] In some embodiments, the system further comprises a step of: The fuel cell further includes a sensor configured to measure a concentration of hydrogen chloride.

[0028] In some embodiments, the system is in communication with the sensor and is configured to measure the concentration of hydrogen peroxide. and adjusting one or more operating parameters of the second electrochemical cell based on the The controller further includes a

[0029] In some embodiments, one or more operating parameters of the second electrochemical cell are The power applied to the electrochemical cell, the flow rate of electrolyte to the second electrochemical cell, The flow rate of sodium hypochlorite from the cell, or the sodium hypochlorite produced in the second electrochemical cell. One or more concentrations of sodium hypochlorite.

[0030] In some embodiments, the electrolyte source includes an oxygen source and the system includes a solution containing hydrogen peroxide. The electrochemical cell is adapted to return the liquid from the outlet of the electrochemical cell to the inlet of the electrochemical cell to form a recirculating liquid. a recirculation conduit formed in said recirculation conduit and in fluid communication with an inlet of the actinic radiation reactor through a first conduit; A source of water to be treated and a recirculation conduit leading to an introduction point in a first conduit upstream of the inlet of the actinic radiation reactor. and a second conduit in selective fluid communication with the first conduit.

[0031] In some embodiments, the system transitions from a closed state to an at least partially open state. in response to the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculating solution reaching a predetermined level, into the water to be treated via an introduction point.

[0032] In some embodiments, the system includes a computer operably connected to one or more sensors. The one or more sensors further include a flow rate of the water being treated, a concentration of contaminants in the water being treated, concentration, concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the treated water, purity of the product water leaving the actinic radiation reactor, Measure one or more of the following: the flow rate of the product water leaving the injection reactor, or the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculating solution. The method is configured to determine the

[0033] In some embodiments, the controller may include one or more sensors. configured to adjust one or more operating parameters of the system based on the signal, The above operating parameters are the state of the valve, the power applied to the electrochemical cell, and the actinic radiation reaction. the power applied to the reactor, the flow rate of the electrolyte through the electrochemical cell, the flow rate of the treated material through the actinic radiation reactor, Either the flow rate of the water or the amount of radiation irradiated to the water being treated in the actinic radiation reactor. Contains one or more.

[0034] In some embodiments, the one or more sensors measure the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculating solution. The controller is configured to determine the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculating solution from the sensor. The valve receives a signal and responds by detecting that the concentration of hydrogen peroxide is above a predetermined level. The aperture is configured to signal the aperture to be at least partially open.

[0035] In some embodiments, the controller may be configured to determine the concentration of contaminants in the treated water or the product water. and a desired purity of the mixture. can be.

[0036] In some embodiments, the controller controls the actinic radiation reactor to irradiate the water to be treated. and further configured to set the predetermined level based on a desired dose of ultraviolet light to be applied. do.

[0037] In some embodiments, the controller may be configured to adjust the concentration of contaminants in the water to be treated to a predetermined level. and determining whether or not to use actinic radiation based on one or more of the following: the flow rate of the water being treated, the desired purity of the product water, The ultraviolet radiation dose applied to the water to be treated in the injection reactor is further configured to be set. .

[0038] In some embodiments, the controller may be configured to determine the concentration of contaminants in the treated water or the product water. and / or the desired purity of the The method is further configured to:

[0039] In some embodiments, the controller determines the concentration of contaminants in the treated water and the concentration of contaminants in the product water. Based on the desired purity of the water, the amount of ultraviolet light irradiated to the water to be treated in the actinic radiation reactor is It is further configured to set the amount.

[0040] In some embodiments, the controller is configured to determine whether a voltage is introduced into the electrolyte based on a predetermined level. The device is further configured to set an amount of oxygen to be delivered.

[0041] In some embodiments, the controller determines a predetermined concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the solution in the recirculation conduit. The power applied to the electrochemical cell is determined based on the desired amount of time to achieve a concentration level of It is further configured to set the amount.

[0042] In some embodiments, the controller determines a voltage based on the power applied to the electrochemical cell. and setting the amount of ultraviolet light irradiated onto the water to be treated in the actinic radiation reactor. It is composed of.

[0043] According to another aspect, a method of treating water in a water treatment system is provided. The method includes conducting water to be treated from a water source to a conduit fluidly coupled to an outlet of an electrochemical cell; Hydrogen peroxide generated in the gas-chemical cell is added to the water to be treated to form an aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide. conducting the aqueous solution to an inlet of an actinic radiation reactor; and reacting the aqueous solution with the contaminants. The aqueous solution is exposed to actinic radiation to generate free radicals in the aqueous solution to form a treatment aqueous solution. and providing a second conduit from the outlet of the actinic radiation reactor. and directing the aqueous treatment solution through a filter to a point of use.

[0044] In some embodiments, the water is supplied to a conduit fluidly coupled from the water source to an outlet of the electrochemical cell. Directing the treated water includes directing the water to be treated to an inlet of the electrochemical cell.

[0045] In some embodiments, the method includes applying power between electrodes of an electrochemical cell to generate a The oxygen in the water being treated is converted into hydrogen peroxide in the filter, forming an aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide. and directing the aqueous solution from the outlet of the electrochemical cell to the inlet of an actinic radiation reactor. nothing.

[0046] In some embodiments, exposing the aqueous solution to actinic radiation in an actinic radiation reactor comprises exposing the aqueous solution to ultraviolet light in an actinic radiation reactor.

[0047] In some embodiments, directing the treatment aqueous solution to a point of use comprises directing the treatment aqueous solution to a water source. This includes:

[0048] In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding oxygen to the water being treated upstream of the inlet of the electrochemical cell. The present invention further includes adding

[0049] In some embodiments, the method further comprises: recirculating the aqueous solution through a recirculation conduit from an outlet of the cell to an inlet of the electrochemical cell; This additional treatment increases the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous solution. conducting water to be treated from a second source of water to be treated through a first conduit to an inlet of an actinic radiation reactor; and selectively introducing the gas from the recirculation conduit to an introduction point in the first conduit upstream of the inlet of the actinic radiation reactor. and providing physical communication.

[0050] In some embodiments, the method includes measuring the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculation conduit with a sensor. The present invention further includes:

[0051] In some embodiments, the method includes, in the controller, detecting a temperature in the recirculation conduit from the sensor. Receiving an indication of the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculation conduit and at least partially open in response to an indication that the sensor is at or above a certain level. sending a signal to a valve providing selective fluid communication between the recirculation conduit and the first conduit; and

[0052] In some embodiments, the method further comprises: With more than one sensor, the flow rate of the treated water, the concentration of pollutants in the treated water, and the peroxide concentration in the treated water are measured. The concentration of hydrogen, the purity of the product water leaving the actinic radiation reactor, the flow rate of the product water leaving the actinic radiation reactor and measuring one or more of: the amount of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculating solution; Included.

[0053] In some embodiments, the method includes, at the controller, detecting one or more of the and adjusting one or more operating parameters of the system based on the at least one signal. One or more of the operating parameters may be the state of the valve, the power applied to the electrochemical cell, the chemical The power applied to the actinic radiation reactor, the flow rate of the electrolyte through the electrochemical cell, and the actinic radiation reactor The flow rate of the water to be treated passing through the reactor or the radiation dose irradiated to the water to be treated in the actinic radiation reactor; Contains one or more of the following:

[0054] In some embodiments, the method comprises detecting peroxy acid in the aqueous solution in the recirculation conduit with one or more sensors. The concentration of hydrogen chloride is measured and the controller measures the concentration of hydrogen chloride from one or more sensors. receiving an indication of the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous solution in the recirculation conduit and and sending a signal to a valve providing selective fluid communication with the hydrogen peroxide when the concentration of hydrogen peroxide is below a predetermined level. and at least partially opening in response to the above.

[0055] In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining the concentration of contaminants in the treated water or the desired concentration of contaminants in the product water. and setting the predetermined level based on one or both of the following:

[0056] In some embodiments, the method includes irradiating the water to be treated in an actinic radiation reactor with ultraviolet light. and setting the predetermined level based on a desired dose of ultraviolet radiation.

[0057] In some embodiments, the method further comprises the steps of: determining a predetermined level; determining a concentration of the contaminant in the treated water; determining whether the contaminant is present in the treated water; and determining whether or not the actinic radiation reaction is based on one or more of: the flow rate of the produced water; or the desired purity of the produced water. The method further includes setting an amount of ultraviolet light irradiated onto the water to be treated in the vessel.

[0058] In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining the concentration of contaminants in the treated water or the desired concentration of contaminants in the product water. setting the power applied to the electrochemical cell based on one or both of the purity levels; Further includes:

[0059] In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining the concentration of contaminants in the treated water and the desired concentration of contaminants in the product water. Based on the purity, the amount of ultraviolet light irradiated to the water to be treated in the actinic radiation reactor is set. The present invention further includes:

[0060] In some embodiments, the method further comprises: determining whether oxygen is introduced into the electrolyte based on a predetermined level; and setting the amount.

[0061] In some embodiments, the method further comprises: Set the amount of power applied to the electrochemical cell based on the desired amount of time to achieve the level. The present invention further includes determining

[0062] In some embodiments, the method comprises generating actinic radiation based on power applied to the electrochemical cell. and setting the amount of ultraviolet light irradiated onto the water to be treated in the radiation reactor. .

[0063] In some embodiments, the method further comprises: In the electrochemical cell, a chemical agent that quenches hydrogen peroxide is electrochemically generated. and

[0064] In some embodiments, the method further comprises: determining a second concentration of hydrogen peroxide based on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the treatment aqueous solution. and controlling the amount of chemical agent introduced into the conduit.

[0065] In some embodiments, controlling the amount of chemical agent introduced into the second conduit comprises: controlling a flow rate of chemicals from the second electrochemical cell to a second conduit; and a second electrochemical cell in fluid communication with the outlet of the second electrochemical cell. and controlling the flow rate of the chemical from a storage tank.

[0066] In some embodiments, the method further comprises flowing the aqueous treatment solution through a second electrochemical cell to and generating the chemical agent from dissolved species in the chemical solution.

[0067] According to another aspect, a water treatment system is provided that includes an advanced oxidation process reactor in fluid communication with a source of water to be treated. A method for retrofitting a treatment system is provided. The method includes: providing an electrochemical cell having an outlet in fluid communication between the reactors; and and providing instructions for operating the electrochemical cell to convert hydrogen peroxide.

[0068] In some embodiments, the method comprises measuring the concentration of one or more contaminants in water. The configured sensor is placed either upstream of the actinic radiation reactor or downstream of the actinic radiation reactor.

[0023] It further includes providing the

[0069] In some embodiments, the method further comprises communicating with a sensor and detecting a measured concentration of one or more contaminants. A controller configured to adjust one or more operating parameters of the system in response to the concentration. and providing a roller.

[0070] In some embodiments, the one or more operating parameters are determined by the voltage applied to the electrochemical cell. power, the power applied to the actinic radiation reactor, and the the flow rate of an electrolyte or aqueous solution through one of them.

[0071] In some embodiments, the method further comprises: transferring an aqueous solution from an outlet of the electrochemical cell to an inlet of the electrochemical cell. providing a recirculation conduit configured to return the liquid to form a recirculated solution; include.

[0072] In some embodiments, the method includes a controller operably connected to the one or more sensors. The method further includes providing a flow rate sensor for detecting a flow rate of the water to be treated, a concentration of the water to be treated, and the one or more sensors for detecting a flow rate of the water to be treated. Concentration of contaminants, concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the treated water, and product water leaving the advanced oxidation process reactor purity, the flow rate of product water leaving the advanced oxidation process reactor, or the excess water in the recirculating brine solution. The present invention is configured to measure one or more of the following:

[0073] In some embodiments, the method includes detecting a signal based on one or more signals received from one or more sensors. The controller can be configured to adjust one or more operating parameters of the system based on the and wherein the one or more operating parameters include a power applied to the electrochemical cell, a promotion The power applied to the oxidation process reactor, the flow rate of the electrolyte through the electrochemical cell, and the accelerated oxidation process The flow rate of the treated water through the advanced oxidation process reactor or the amount of radiation irradiated on the treated water in the advanced oxidation process reactor. The dose of radiation administered to the subject includes one or more of the following:

[0074] In some embodiments, the method further comprises the step of: configured to electrochemically generate a chemical agent that quenches hydrogen peroxide, providing a second electrochemical cell.

[0075] In some embodiments, the method further comprises the steps of: a conductor fluidly coupled to an outlet of the advanced oxidation process reactor based on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the and controlling a rate of introduction of the chemical agent into the vessel. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0076] The accompanying drawings are not intended to be drawn to scale. Each identical or nearly identical component shown is represented by a like numeral. In order to illustrate the invention, not all components may be shown in all drawings. It looks like this: [Figure 1A]FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of an electrolysis cell configured to produce hydrogen peroxide from water, oxygen and related reactions. [Figure 1B] FIG. 1B is a schematic diagram of an electrolysis cell configured to produce chlorine from seawater and oxygen and related reactions. [Figure 2A] FIG. 2A is a cathodic voltammetry plot of rate and water production at 6.9 bar of dissolved air. [Figure 2B] FIG. 2B is a cathodic voltammetry plot of the rate and water production at 6.9 bar of dissolved O 2 . [Diagram 3] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an example of a concentric tube electrode electrochemical cell for producing hydrogen peroxide. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 shows a calculation for determining the amount of energy to produce hydrogen peroxide in an example electrochemical cell. [Figure 5A] FIG. 5A is an isometric view of one embodiment of a concentric tube electrochemical cell. [Figure 5B] FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view of the concentric tube electrochemical cell of FIG. 5A. [Figure 6A] FIG. 6A shows the current flow through one embodiment of a concentric tube electrochemical cell. [Figure 6B] FIG. 6B is a diagram illustrating current flow through another embodiment of a concentric tube electrochemical cell. [Figure 6C] FIG. 6C is a diagram illustrating current flow through another embodiment of a concentric tube electrochemical cell. [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is an isometric view of one embodiment of a single-pass spiral-wound electrochemical cell. [Figure 8] FIG. 8 is an isometric view of another embodiment of a single-pass spiral-wound electrochemical cell. [Figure 9] FIG. 9 is a partial cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a three-tube concentric tube electrochemical cell. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a partial cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a four-concentric tube electrochemical cell. [Figure 11]FIG. 11 is a partial cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a five-concentric tube electrochemical cell. [Figure 12A] FIG. 12A shows the emission spectrum of a typical low pressure gas discharge ultraviolet lamp. [Figure 12B] FIG. 12B shows the emission spectrum of a typical medium pressure gas discharge ultraviolet lamp. [Figure 12C] FIG. 12C shows the percent activation of hydrogen peroxide in an advanced oxidation process reactor using low pressure or medium pressure ultraviolet lamps at different applied ultraviolet energy fluences. [Figure 13] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating an actinic radiation reaction vessel according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 14] Figure 14A is a schematic diagram illustrating a portion of the interior of the container of Figure 13 according to one or more embodiments. Figure 14B is a schematic diagram illustrating another portion of the interior of the container of Figure 13 according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 15] FIG. 15 illustrates one embodiment of a system that includes an actinic radiation reactor and an electrolysis cell upstream of the actinic radiation reactor. [Figure 16] FIG. 16 illustrates another embodiment of a system including an actinic radiation reactor and an electrolysis cell upstream of the actinic radiation reactor. [Figure 17] FIG. 17 illustrates another embodiment of a system including an actinic radiation reactor and an electrolysis cell upstream of the actinic radiation reactor. [Figure 18] FIG. 18 illustrates another embodiment of a system that includes an actinic radiation reactor, an electrolysis cell upstream of the actinic radiation reactor, and a quenching agent source in fluid communication downstream of the actinic radiation reactor. [Figure 19] FIG. 19 is a piping and instrumentation diagram of a potential feed and bleed system. [Figure 20] FIG. 20 illustrates a control system that may be utilized in embodiments of the water treatment systems disclosed herein. [Figure 21] FIG. 21 shows a memory system for the control system of FIG. [Figure 22] FIG. 22 shows the results of one test of the electrochemical cell for the production of hydrogen peroxide. [Figure 23] FIG. 23 shows the results of tests of current versus voltage across an electrolytic cell placed with solutions having different concentrations of oxygen flowing through the cell at different flow rates. [Figure 24] FIG. 24 shows the results of a study of the effect of pH on contaminant destruction in a UVAOP reactor with H2O2 in solution. [Diagram 25] FIG. 25 shows the results of a study of the effect of pH on the activation of H2O2 in a UVAOP reactor. [Figure 26] FIG. 26 shows the results of testing the effect of UV dose and H2O2 concentration on 1,4-dioxane destruction in a UVAOP reactor; and [Figure 27] FIG. 27 shows the results of a study of the effect of UV dose and H2O2 concentration on humic acid destruction in a UVAOP reactor. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0077] Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The present invention is not limited to the details of construction and the arrangement of components shown in the drawings. The embodiments can be practiced or implemented in various ways. In addition, the phrases and expressions used in this specification may be used interchangeably. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. "Including," "comprising," "having" "aving," "containing," "involving" The use of these and variations thereof is subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein and their equivalents, as well as any additional terms and variations thereto. It is intended to encompass additional items.

[0078] One or more embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method for treating contaminated wastewater. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the method comprises treating a contaminated wastewater having an initial concentration of persistent organic pollutants to be treated. and introducing hydrogen peroxide into the contaminated wastewater to produce an aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide. and exposing the aqueous solution to ultraviolet light to produce a treated aqueous solution, the treated aqueous solution comprising: A concentration of persistent organic pollutants that is at least 50% less than the initial concentration of persistent organic pollutants In this specification, the aqueous treatment solution is sometimes referred to as produced water or simply product. .

[0079] In some embodiments, the aqueous treatment solution contains, for example, a chemical that decomposes hydrogen peroxide. The addition is further treated to remove any remaining hydrogen peroxide. One suitable chemical for quenching is sodium hypochlorite. The reaction of sodium and hydrogen peroxide produces salt, water, and oxygen according to the following equation: can be. NaOCl+H2O2 → NaCl+H2O+O2

[0080] Additionally or alternatively, other chemicals such as gaseous chlorine, chloramines, or thiosulfates In a further embodiment, the treated aqueous solution may be used to quench residual hydrogen peroxide. The liquid may be passed through an activated carbon bed to quench or decompose any residual hydrogen peroxide.

[0081] According to a particular embodiment, the method comprises measuring the total organic carbon (TOC) value of the treated contaminated wastewater. The method may further include determining whether hydrogen peroxide is present based on the measured TOC value. and adjusting at least one of the rate at which the ultraviolet light is introduced into the contaminated wastewater and the amount of ultraviolet light irradiated. According to a further aspect, adjusting the amount of ultraviolet light irradiation may include adjusting the intensity of the ultraviolet light. and adjusting the exposure time of the first aqueous treatment solution to ultraviolet light. According to another embodiment, adjusting the exposure time of the ultraviolet light includes at least one of According to yet another embodiment, the method further comprises adjusting the UV exposure time. This involves adjusting the residence time of the aqueous solution in the reactor.

[0082] According to at least one embodiment, the method further comprises measuring the TOC value of the aqueous treatment solution. According to at least one embodiment, the method includes: A portion of the treatment water was allocated to the upstream area from the introduction of hydrogen peroxide, based on the measured TOC value of the treatment water. According to some embodiments, the method further comprises: Based on the measured TOC value of the treated water solution, the rate and concentration of hydrogen peroxide introduced into the contaminated wastewater are determined. and adjusting at least one of the amount of ultraviolet light irradiation.

[0083] The methods and systems disclosed herein may be used, for example, to expose a substrate to ultraviolet light downstream of a UV reactor. This may also include measuring the concentration of residual hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous treatment solution after exposure. The concentration of can be determined, for example, from measurements of the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of the treated aqueous solution. The ORP measurements in water samples with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide are comparable to those in other methods. and comparing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the water sample to a determined concentration determined by a method such as titration. A calibration curve of ORP versus hydrogen peroxide concentration may be generated. Samples are taken periodically and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the samples is determined directly, e.g., via titration. The ratio or concentration of hydrogen peroxide introduced into the contaminated wastewater, the amount of ultraviolet light irradiated to the aqueous solution, The amount or rate of addition of an agent introduced into the aqueous treatment solution to quench residual hydrogen peroxide. or the concentration, at least one of the amount or concentration of residual hydrogen peroxide in the treatment aqueous solution. may also be adjusted based in part on

[0084] According to various embodiments, the aqueous solution is a first process stream and the aqueous process stream is a second process stream. Hydrogen peroxide is introduced into the contaminated wastewater upstream of exposure of the first treated stream to ultraviolet light. According to the embodiment, the concentration of the persistent organic pollutant in the second treated aqueous solution is According to at least one embodiment, the method comprises: According to a further aspect, the method further comprises pretreating the contaminated wastewater. Treating may include introducing the contaminated wastewater into a media filter prior to introducing the hydrogen peroxide; Includes.

[0085] According to a particular embodiment, hydrogen peroxide is introduced into the contaminated wastewater or wastewater and a hydrogen peroxide-containing The wastewater (aqueous solution) containing the chlorine is exposed to UV light in a single pass.

[0086] According to at least one embodiment, the aqueous solution to be treated is drinking water. may further include extracting contaminated wastewater or groundwater from the remediation site.

[0087] One or more embodiments disclosed herein relate to a system for treating contaminated wastewater. The terms "contaminated water" and "water to be treated" are considered synonymous in this specification. In some embodiments, the system includes a first concentration of persistent organic pollutants. a TOC concentration sensor in fluid communication with the contaminated wastewater; and introducing hydrogen peroxide into the contaminated wastewater in fluid communication with the wastewater to produce an aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide. and a hydrogen peroxide source fluidly connected to the source of contaminated wastewater and configured to irradiate the aqueous solution. and a TOC concentration sensor configured to receive and transmit the TOC concentration signal from the TOC concentration sensor. A rate and concentration of hydrogen peroxide introduced into the contaminated wastewater is determined based at least in part on the output signal. A control configured to control at least one of the doses of radiation applied by the actinic radiation source. Troller, including.

[0088] According to certain embodiments, the system is fluidly connected to a source of contaminated wastewater and a source of hydrogen peroxide. and configured to house the actinic radiation source. According to the paper, the controller controls the dose of irradiation by controlling the residence time of the aqueous solution in the reactor. According to yet another aspect, the controller is configured to control the contaminated wastewater or is configured to control the amount of irradiation by controlling the flow rate of the aqueous solution. According to an embodiment, the actinic radiation source is located downstream from the hydrogen peroxide source. According to one embodiment, the TOC concentration sensor is located upstream from the hydrogen peroxide source. According to this aspect, the TOC concentration sensor is a first TOC concentration sensor, and the system a second TOC concentration sensor in communication with the controller and positioned downstream from the actinic radiation source; According to certain embodiments, the controller further comprises: based at least in part on the output signal from the second TOC concentration sensor. , configured to control at least one of the dose applied by the actinic radiation source. .

[0089] According to a particular embodiment, the system includes a source of actinic radiation or a reactor downstream of the residual in the treated water. The system includes a sensor for measuring residual hydrogen peroxide. The system includes a sensor for quenching the residual hydrogen peroxide. and a source of agent that introduces the agent into the treated water downstream of the actinic radiation source or reactor. The controller may include a controller that detects an output signal from a sensor for measuring residual hydrogen peroxide in the treated water. Based, at least in part, on the rate or concentration of hydrogen peroxide introduced into the contaminated wastewater, The amount of ultraviolet light irradiated or the addition of a chemical to quench residual hydrogen peroxide in the treated water can be adjusted. It may be configured to further control one or more of: acceleration or concentration.

[0090] One or more embodiments may be directed to wastewater treatment systems and techniques. The technology utilizes a hydrogen peroxide administration system in combination with an ultraviolet (UV) light source to In some embodiments, the wastewater may be treated with a compostable organic pollutant-contaminated effluent. The concentration of persistent organic pollutants has reached a level where the wastewater can be pumped back into the ground. be treated so that the levels of persistent organic pollutants are reduced, i.e. The concentration of the ionizing radiation is then reduced to below one or more of the criteria set by the method. The concentration of persistent organic pollutants is reduced so that the treated wastewater can be characterized as potable water. For example, according to some embodiments, the methods and systems disclosed herein The system can treat polluted wastewater to produce drinking water. As used herein, the term "refractory organic matter" refers to a pollutant that is When used with reference to a substance, an organic compound that is resistant to microbial degradation or is not readily biodegradable In certain cases, persistent organic pollutants are compounds that cannot be biologically degraded. and cleanup methods may not remove sufficient amounts of material to meet environmental regulations. Non-limiting examples of degradable organic pollutants include 1,4-dioxane, trichloroethylene, (TCE), perchloroethylene (PCE), urea, isopropanol, chloroform, Atrazine, tryptophan, and formic acid. Tables 1A to 1D below show the and toxic substances that may be present in wastewater treated by the systems and techniques disclosed herein. can be removed from water or decomposed by the systems and techniques disclosed herein. The following are non-limiting examples of persistent organic pollutants that can be decomposed or oxidized:

[0091] The following Tables 1A and 1B are examples of data processed or stored by the systems and methods disclosed herein. The following lists various types of organic pollutants and examples of those that can be decomposed or oxidized:

[0092] [Table 1A-1] [Table 1A-2] [Table 1A-3]

[0093] [Table 1B-1] [Table 1B-2] [Table 1B-3] [Table 1B-4]

[0094] Table 1C shows the results of the treatment or decomposition or acidification by the methods and systems disclosed herein. The following lists additional examples of various persistent organic pollutants and their respective classes that can be catalyzed: One or more of these compounds may be endocrine disruptors. Endocrine disruptors are compounds that disrupt the Synthesis, storage, and secretion of various endogenous hormones involved in homeostasis, reproduction, development, and behavior , inhibiting or enhancing various processes such as internal transport, receptor binding, hormone activity and excretion. Endocrine disrupting substances may refer to exogenous chemical substances that disrupt the endocrine system. These are also sometimes called disruptive chemicals, endocrine disruptors, or environmental hormones. do.

[0095] [Table 1C-1] [Table 1C-2]

[0096] Table 1D shows the results of the treatment or decomposition or acidification by the systems and methods disclosed herein. Non-limiting examples of pharmaceutical and personal care product compounds that can be compounded include: One or more of the may be an endocrine disruptor.

[0097] [Table 1D-1] [Table 1D-2]

[0098] In accordance with at least one aspect, some embodiments provide a method for treating contaminated wastewater. Additionally, the process may be used to remediate contaminated groundwater. As used herein, the term "groundwater" refers to water that is recoverable from an underground source, as well as May refer to water withdrawn from surface bodies of water such as streams, ponds, marshes, and other similar bodies of water. As mentioned above, wastewater or groundwater may be contaminated with persistent organic pollutants. Wastewater can come from industrial processes, agricultural processes such as pesticide and herbicide applications, or from Other processes, such as disinfection processes, that produce undesirable by-products, such as rehalomethanes It may be contaminated from any one of a number of different sources.

[0099] In accordance with at least one embodiment, the methods and systems disclosed herein are The method may include providing a contaminated wastewater having an initial concentration of degradable organic contaminants. According to embodiments, the methods and systems disclosed herein include extracting contaminated wastewater. For example, contaminated wastewater may be purified. As part of the operation, one or more pumps or other extraction devices are used to extract water from the ground or other soil. Once treated, the wastewater can then be discharged or In some embodiments, the contaminated wastewater may be sent for further treatment. , pumped or otherwise above ground level (the surfa ce grade level), where the process discussed herein For example, according to some embodiments, the present invention can be processed according to the methods disclosed herein. The methods and systems described may include extracting contaminated wastewater from a remediation site. In at least one embodiment, extraction equipment such as one or more extraction wells and pumps , can be used to pump contaminated wastewater to the surface for treatment. Once treated, the pump or other distribution systems for reinjecting treated wastewater or groundwater into the ground or Alternatively, it may be used to reintroduce treated wastewater into the environment. The contaminated wastewater may be stored in holding tanks or containers prior to treatment, and in some cases, Treated water produced by the processes disclosed herein is added to contaminated wastewater, or Otherwise, they may be mixed.

[0100] According to one or more embodiments, the contaminated wastewater has a pH in the range of about 100 mg / L to about 5000 mg / L. and in some embodiments, the total dissolved solids (TDS) level may be in the range of about 20 The range may be from 0 mg / L to about 2000 mg / L, although these values ​​may vary depending on geographic location and As a point of comparison, a TDS level of 1000 to 15 0.00 mg / L of water is considered potable, and some standards have a TDS limit for domestic water. is 500 mg / L.

[0101] According to another aspect, the methods and systems disclosed herein are configured to: For example, contaminated wastewater may be pumped or otherwise fed into the disclosed system for processing. obtain.

[0102] According to various embodiments, the concentration of persistent organic pollutants in wastewater is set by a government agency. According to some embodiments, the system disclosed herein Systems and methods for treating wastewater to reduce concentration levels of persistent organic pollutants In some embodiments, the systems and methods disclosed herein are provided under governmental regulations. Reduce concentrations of persistent organic pollutants to levels that comply with standards or guidelines. According to one embodiment, the concentration of persistent organic pollutants is determined based on the concentration of the treated wastewater that may be reintroduced into the environment. For example, the E The standard for PA is 1 μg / L (1 ppb). The system is designed to treat virtually all concentrations of persistent organic pollutants that may be present in wastewater. For example, according to some embodiments, dioxane in wastewater can be The initial concentration of persistent organic pollutants such as ethanol is in the range of about 5 ppb to about 800 ppb. That's fine.

[0103] Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein include peroxides that may be used in advanced oxidation processes. It may include a proprietary design and process stream for on-site generation of hydrogen.

[0104] Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are a series of processes used to remove organic matter from wastewater. In many applications, these processes include ultraviolet light and hydrogen peroxide. The use includes, specifically, the following formula: H2O2+UV → 2·OH (Homolytic bond cleavage of the OO bond in H2O2 produces the 2·OH radical.)

[0105] The generation of hydrogen peroxide for AOP requires the use of a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) for electrochemical reactions. However, such GDE-based devices have limited design, especially at high pressures. Due to the robustness of construction materials, performance limitations due to water hardness, and pressurized gas distribution / delivery, This objective has been demonstrated to have many deficiencies.

[0106] Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein include on-line The device includes a device for electrochemical hydrogen peroxide generation, the device comprising a supply of chemicals Eliminates the need for storage and reduces the cost of supplying hydrogen peroxide. The disclosed aspects and embodiments involve treating an aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide with a UVAOP system. The following can be used to quench residual hydrogen peroxide in the treatment solution resulting from the treatment of and a device for on-site electrochemical generation of sodium chlorite. In some embodiments, the same electrochemical cell or device may be used to produce hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite. It can be used to produce both lithium and

[0107] Consider the electrochemical reactions listed in Figures 1A and 1B. Aqueous Process Stream An electrochemical cell with a suitable catalyst (Ir, Pt, Ru, mixed metal oxide ( When using MMO and their combinations, the overpotential of the O2 generation reaction This can promote the formation of sodium hypochlorite (optionally with the co-generation of sodium hypochlorite). Similarly, the cathode is provided with a suitable catalyst (Ir, Pt, Ru, mixed metal oxides, etc.). (MMO) and combinations of these) to supply high concentrations of dissolved oxygen under pressure. It is possible to improve the overpotential of the H2O2 reaction. is depicted in FIG. 1A. In some embodiments, H2O2 is In an electrochemical device having a cathode made of a corrosion-resistant material such as titanium, The cathode can be used as an anode in an electrochemical cell for the production of H2O2. The active surface area of ​​the electrode may be smaller than the active surface area of ​​the electrode.

[0108] Electrochemical cells for on-site generation of electrochemical reaction products are described in the art. In some embodiments, these devices are used in brine-based processes. an inlet for receiving a stream; a catalytically active anode for producing sodium hypochlorite; and a catalytically active cathode for the reduction of O2 to form water (Figure 1B). The device utilizes high pressure (>1 ATM) and turbulent flow velocities (>2 m / s) to enhance reaction rates. , using both pressurized air (6.9 bar) and oxygen (6.9 bar) to generate a cathode of water High current density (approx. 600A / m 2 and about 2200A / m 2 And) was realized ( Figures 2A and 2B).

[0109] 2A and 2B show the electrolysis cell in which water is passed through the anode and cathode at different rates. A cathodic voltammetry plot of the voltage and current between the node and the cathode. In these plots, the "1ATM" curve has a peak velocity of 3.1 m / s. The inflection points of the curves in these plots are , which indicates a change in the type of reaction taking place. The points to the right of the inflection point of the curve are the potentials at which hydrogen peroxide is generated according to the reaction shown in Figure 1A. The voltage / current region is the inflection point between about 0.125 volts and about 0.8 volts on the top curve. Between these two points, oxygen in the water combines with hydrogen to produce more water. To the left of the .8 volt inflection point, water is breaking down to produce oxygen and hydrogen.

[0110] Figure 2B differs from Figure 2A in that the water used to generate the curve was enriched with more oxygen. The addition of oxygen increases the kinetics of the electrochemical reaction, as shown in Figure 2A. It became possible to obtain a higher current than the reaction represented by the curve.

[0111] The H2O2 production reaction is more energetically favorable than the H2O production reaction (+0.6 82V vs +0.4V), it is also possible to shift the reaction chemistry by shifting the applied potential. It should be possible to utilize existing electrochemical cell designs. Consider a typical embodiment of a bipolar electrochemical cell in which water and dissolved oxygen are mixed in a cyclic The current flows through the gap at high speed (>2m / s). The current flows from the last anode to the last cathode through the central tube. The reaction chemistry is as described above.

[0112] The calculation of the required current per unit mass generation rate is shown in Figure 4, specifically for 1 kg The applied current is 1.57 kA / h per electrode (assuming a Faraday efficiency of 100%). Since it depends on the density, the production rate of 1 kg / h is based on the parameters shown in Figure 2B. 0.71 m in the embodiment as shown in FIG. 2 In some cases, the area is expected to be (1.57kA / (2.2kA / m 2 )).

[0113] In accordance with at least one aspect, some embodiments thereof are characterized in that they are capable of detecting undesirable particles in a water stream. The system may include a system for purifying or reducing the concentration of harmful constituents (contaminants). The system includes one or more water reactors fluidly connected to at least one actinic radiation reactor. The at least one reactor may include a water source. The at least one reactor may be configured to irradiate water from the water source. The system may further include one or more sources of an oxidizing agent, such as hydrogen peroxide. The one or more sources of oxidant can be used to deliver one or more oxidants to water from one or more water sources. The device may be arranged to introduce

[0114] The actinic radiation reactor generates, when absorbed by one or more oxidizers, One or more ultraviolet (UV) rays that generate free radicals, e.g., ·OH. The free radicals may be generated by reacting with dissolved organic carbon species in the water, e.g. , trichloromethane or urea to less desirable species such as carbon dioxide. and water. Undesirable species, such as organic carbon species, can be oxidized to a fluid, e.g. For example, an embodiment of the treatment process for removing cadmium from water is referred to herein as an advanced oxidation process. These terms are sometimes referred to as the AOP or free radical scavenging process. Used interchangeably in the specification.

[0115] Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein generally relate to UV reactors and UV reaction An oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide that is introduced into the UV reactor to promote the oxidation of contaminants in the reactor. AOP system including an electrochemical device for generating an agent, and use of such a system - Patents.com It is directed towards methods.

[0116] The terms "electrochemical device," "electrochemical cell," "electrolytic cell" and grammatical variations thereof are intended to Includes "electrochlorination device" and "electrochlorination cell" and grammatical variations thereof It should be understood that aspects and embodiments disclosed herein include one or more electrodes. As used herein, a "metal electrode" or grammatical variations thereof is defined as: The term "metal electrode" does not exclude electrodes made of other metals or alloys. , formed from one or more metals, such as titanium, aluminum, or nickel; It should be understood to include electrodes that include or consist of the same. In embodiments, a "metal electrode" may include multiple layers of different metals. The metal electrodes utilized in any one or more of the embodiments described herein are capable of withstanding chemical attack by an electrolyte solution. Metals or metal oxides that are highly resistant to impact, e.g. titanium, platinum, mixed metal oxides MMO, magnetite, ferrite, cobalt spinel, tantalum, palladium A highly conductive metal coated with a layer of iridium, silver, gold, or other coating material. , for example, copper or aluminum core. A "metal electrode" may be, for example, platinum, Mixed metal oxides (MMO), magnetite, ferrite, cobalt spinel, tantalum, Oxidation-resistant coatings such as palladium, iridium, silver, gold, or other coating materials The present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments. The mixed metal oxides utilized in this embodiment are ruthenium, rhodium, tantalum (optionally with antimony). and / or alloyed with manganese), titanium, iridium, zinc, tin, antimony titanium-nickel alloy, titanium-copper alloy, titanium-iron alloy, titanium-cobalt alloy, or other suitable metal or alloy, The anodes utilized in the embodiments disclosed herein may include , platinum, and / or iridium, ruthenium, tin, rhodium, or tantalum One or more of the oxides or oxides (optionally antimony and / or In the embodiments disclosed herein, The cathodes utilized are platinum and / or iridium, ruthenium, and titanium. The oxide or oxides may be coated with one or more of the oxides described herein. The electrodes utilized in the disclosed embodiments are titanium, tantalum, zirconium, niobium, The substrate may include one or more of the following: titanium, tungsten, and / or silicon. The electrodes for any of the electrochemical cells disclosed herein may be any of a number of types, including plates, sheets, screens, and the like. It may be formed as or from a foil, extrusion, and / or sinter. do.

[0117] As used herein, the term "tube" includes cylindrical conduits, but also includes conduits having other cross-sectional shapes. Conduits, e.g., square, rectangular, oval, or obround in shape. A conduit having a cross section shaped as any regular or irregular polygon. Conduits having a shape are not excluded.

[0118] As used herein, the term "concentric tubes" or "concentric spirals" refers to tubes that share a common central axis. Concentric tubes or interleaved spirals, but not concentric tubes or interleaved spirals. Each concentric tube or interleaved spiral has a common axis, not necessarily the center, around which the other tubes or interleaved spirals are arranged. or interleaved spirals, or tubes or interleaved spirals having axes offset from one another. This does not exclude the Leeb spiral.

[0119] Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein may vary with respect to the number of electrodes, spacing between electrodes, electrode material, The material of any spacers between the electrodes, the number of passes in the electrochlorination cell, or the coating material of the electrodes Not limited to the fee.

[0120] The present disclosure relates to a process for performing accelerated AOP processes using a UV reactor. Various embodiments of possible electrochlorination cells and electrochlorination devices are described.

[0121] 5A and 5B show concentric tubes 102, 1 1 is an example of an electrochlorination cell 100 having an outer tube 102 and an inner tube 104. The outer surface is the active electrode. The gap between the electrodes is about 3.5 mm. The flow velocity is on the order of 2.1 m / s, which creates high turbulence and can lead to fouling of the electrode surface. and reducing the likelihood of scaling. The high flow rate and turbulence of the electrolyte through the electrochlorination cell with circular tubes is superior to other electrochemical cell configurations. , for example an electrochemical cell with parallel plate electrodes, scale formation due to hardness This is a major advantage in preventing

[0122] Figures 6A to 6C show some possible configurations of electrodes in a concentric tube electrode (CTE) electrochemical cell. FIG. 6A shows a configuration in which the current flows in one pass from the anode to the cathode. Both electrodes are usually made of titanium, and the anode is made of platinum or mixed metal oxides (M These electrodes are called "monopolar".

[0123] FIG. 6B shows a device with two outer electrodes and one inner electrode, where current flows in two passes. One of the outer electrodes has an inner surface coated to act as the anode. One is coated and the other is not coated. A part of the outer surface of the inner electrode is coated with an anodized aluminum. The remaining portion is uncoated. The current flows through the electrolyte from the coated outer electrode to the uncoated part of the inner electrode. , along the inner electrode to the coated area, and finally across the electrolyte to the uncoated area. It flows to the outer electrode. The inner electrode is also called the "bipolar electrode."

[0124] FIG. 6C shows a device with multiple outer electrodes and one inner electrode, where current flows through multiple paths. The outer electrodes are alternately coated and uncoated, while the inner By coating the side electrodes at regular intervals, the current can travel back and forth through the electrolyte multiple times. can.

[0125] The basis for multiple passes is to ensure that the entire surface area of ​​the electrode available for electrochemical reaction, i.e., the oxidant ( The overall production rate of a gas (e.g. hydrogen peroxide) can be increased without a proportional increase in the applied current. To increase the current, a larger wire is required from the DC power supply to the electrochlorination cell. wires or bus bars, the larger electrical connectors on the cell (on the outer surface of the outer electrode in the example of Figure 1A) In order to achieve this, thicker titanium is required for the lugs 101A and 101B and the electrodes.

[0126] For the same current, multipass devices have a higher production rate than single-pass cells. However, the overall voltage drop is higher (almost proportional to the number of passes). Chipase cells require lower current (roughly inversely proportional to the number of passes) for the same power (k W), the power supply cost is more sensitive to the output current than the output voltage, so multipath selection is This could be advantageous.

[0127] In reality, multipass cells have inefficiencies. For example, they have what is called "bypass current." A portion of the current that flows through the electrode does not cross the electrolyte in the gap between the outer and inner electrodes, but flows through the Bypass current can flow directly from the diode to the cathode (see Figures 6B and 6C). Although it consumes power, the efficiency of oxidant generation is lower than that of non-bypass current. The RUTIPAS cell is more complicated to manufacture and assemble. For example, the outer surface of the inner electrode One portion needs to be masked before the remaining portion can be coated.

[0128] Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, the non-limiting examples shown in FIGS. In the spirally wound configuration, the anode-cathode electrode may be The two spirally wound electrodes of the anode 205 and the cathode 210 that form a cathode pair are The electrode 205 and the cathode 210 are disposed so as to form a gap 215 between them. 7, labeled θ, the angular difference between the start of the spiral and / or the end of the spiral. The angle may range from 0° to 180°. The feed electrolyte solution is substantially parallel to the axis of the helix. A DC voltage, constant or variable, or several In this embodiment, an alternating current is applied across the electrodes and through the electrolyte solution. The tab 220 and the cathode tab 225 are connected to the anode 205 and the cathode 210, respectively. 205 and the cathode 210. The electrical current flows in one pass from the anode 205 to the cathode 210. Electrochemical and chemical reactions take place at the electrode surfaces and in the bulk electrolyte solution within the electrochemical cell. This occurs and a product solution is generated.

[0129] The spirally wound electrodes 205, 210 electrically insulate the electrodes from the external environment and provide electrical conductivity through the electrochemical cell. The electrolyte is contained within a housing 235 (see FIG. 8) designed to withstand the hydraulic pressure of the electrolyte passing through it. The housing 235 may be electrically non-conductive and chemically incompatible with the electrolyte solution. It may be non-reactive to the system pressures and may be strong enough to withstand the system pressures. In the embodiment of the present invention, a solid core, which prevents fluid from flowing through the center and bypassing the gap, is provided. A core element, or fluid flow director, may be provided.

[0130] Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein include an electrode comprising concentrically arranged tubular electrodes. It may also be applied to gas-chemical cells, non-limiting examples of which are shown in Figures 9 to 11. At least some of the concentric tube electrodes can be monopolar or bipolar. A first embodiment including concentric tubes is shown in FIG. The tube electrode 305 has inner and outer surfaces that are spaced apart to fully utilize the surface area of ​​the intermediate tube electrode 305. Both are anodes with oxidation resistant coatings, e.g. platinum or MMO. Inner tube The electrode 310 and the outer tube electrode 315 are uncoated and are the inner cathode and the outer The electrodes function as side cathodes. The electrodes are arranged so that the current passes through the electrolyte once per electrode. Each of the electrodes 305, 310, 315 may include a titanium tube. The anode electrical connection 330 is in electrical communication with the intermediate tube electrode 305. The connection portion 335 is in electrical communication with the inner tube electrode 310 and the outer tube electrode 315. In this embodiment, the middle tube electrode 305 is the cathode, and the inner tube electrode 310 and the outer tube electrode The electrode 315 can be an anode. Other electrochemical cells including tubular electrodes may be used, for example, in the housing 235 shown in FIG. The device may be contained in a non-conductive housing such as

[0131] In the embodiments disclosed herein that include multiple anode or cathode tube electrodes, In this case, the multiple anode tube electrodes are collectively called anodes or anode tubes, and the multiple cathode tube electrodes are The electrodes are sometimes collectively called cathodes or cathode tubes. In embodiments including a plurality of cathode tube electrodes, the term "anode tube electrodes" is used herein to refer to a plurality of anode tube electrodes. The anode and / or cathode tube electrodes are collectively called an anode-cathode pair. do.

[0132] The inner tube electrode 310 and the outer tube electrode 315 are connected by one or more conductive bridges 340. The conductive bridge may be electrically connected to the inner tube electrode 310 and the outer tube electrode 312. It may be made of the same material as the electrode 315, for example titanium. The electrochemical and chemical reactions are This occurs at the electrode surface and in the bulk solution, e.g., in the oxidation free layer in a UVAOP reactor. Hydrogen peroxide as a source of dichloride or residual peroxide in the aqueous treatment solution leaving the UVAOP reactor A product solution such as sodium hypochlorite is generated to quench the hydrogen.

[0133] According to another embodiment, the concentric tube electrochemical cell or the concentric tube electrochlorination cell has four An example of a four-tube electrochlorination cell is shown in FIG. The four-tube electrochlorination cell 400 acts as the anode and has an anode electrical connector The inner tube electrode 405 and the intermediate tube electrode 410 may be in electrical communication with the inner tube 425. The electrode 405 and the intermediate tube electrode 410 are also connected to each other via one or more conductive bridges 450. The outer tube electrode 420 and the intermediate tube electrode 415 can be electrically connected to each other. The outer tube electrode 420 and the middle tube electrode 430 function as a cathode that can be in electrical communication with each other. The inter-tube electrodes 415 may also be in electrical communication with each other via one or more conductive bridges 455. The outer tube electrode 420 and the intermediate tube electrode 415 are disposed on the opposite side of the intermediate anode tube electrode 410. The four-tube electrochlorination cell 400 is placed in the three The three-tube electrolytic capacitor is connected to the annular gaps 435, 440, and 445, except that the supply electrolyte solution flows through the annular gaps 435, 440, and 445. In another embodiment, the outer tube electrode 420 and the middle tube electrode 430 are The electrode 415 may be an anode, and the inner tube electrode 405 and the middle tube electrode 410 may be cathodes. It can be.

[0134] According to another embodiment, the concentric tube electrochlorination cell includes five concentric tube electrodes. An example of a five-tube electrochlorination cell is shown generally at 500 in FIG. The tube 500 serves as an anode and can be in electrical communication with an anode electrical connector 535. Intermediate tube electrodes 520 and 525 also include one or more conductive The inner tube electrode 505 and the central tube electrode 506 may be electrically connected to each other via an electrically conductive bridge 565. 510, and the outer tube electrode 515 may be in electrical communication with a cathode electrical connector 530. The inner tube electrode 505, the center tube electrode 510, and the outer tube electrode 51 5 may also be in electrical communication with each other via one or more conductive bridges 560. The electrodes 520, 525 are positioned on opposite sides of the central anode tube electrode 510. The chlorination cell is a five-tube electrochlorination cell in which the feed electrolyte solution is passed through four annular gaps 540 Operates similarly to the four-tube electrochlorination cell 400, except that the four-tube electrochlorination cell 400 is connected to the four-tube electrochlorination cell 400. In another embodiment, the inner tube electrode 505, the central tube electrode 510, and the outer tube electrode 5 15 may be the anode and the intermediate tube electrodes 520, 525 may be the cathode.

[0135] Electrochemical cells including spirally wound, concentric, radial, and interleaved electrodes; and Among these, the method of electrochemically generating compounds such as sodium hypochlorite is PCT Application PCT / US20, which is incorporated herein by reference. 16 / 018213, and publication number WO2016133983. is.

[0136] The system disclosed herein is a system for detecting 1 and receiving one or more oxidants to remove one or more contaminants from the water being treated in the actinic radiation reactor. The actinic radiation reactor may include, for example, a UV reactor, which promotes destruction, e.g., oxidation. The method may include a vessel and a first array of tubes within the vessel. The first array of tubes may include parallel tubes. and a second set of parallel tubes. Each tube may comprise at least one of ultraviolet lamps, each of the first set of parallel tubes being parallel to a second set of tubes. The longitudinal axis is disposed perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.

[0137] In an example of an actinic radiation reactor utilized in the systems disclosed herein, the water being treated is of organic compounds are oxidized to carbon dioxide by one or more free radical species and The actinic radiation reactor may be used to treat one or more precursor compounds, e.g. For example, one or more oxidizing agents provided by an electrochlorination device may be mixed with one or more free radicals. At least one free radical that is converted to a scavenging species, e.g., the hydroxyl radical OH The actinic radiation reactor may include a photoactivation device within one or more reaction chambers. The device includes one or more lamps that emit radiation or otherwise chemically irradiate the water. The radiation can then split the precursor compound into one or more free radical species.

[0138] The reactor may be divided into two chambers by one or more baffles between the chambers. Baffles can provide mixing or turbulence in a reactor or prevent mixing. to promote laminar, parallel flow paths through the interior of a reactor, such as a In certain embodiments, the reactor inlet is in fluid communication with the first chamber, The reactor outlet is in fluid communication with the second chamber.

[0139] In some embodiments, the water in each chamber is heated to about 185° C. at various power levels. nm, 220 nm, and / or 254 nm, or from about 185 nm to about 254 nm At least one ultraviolet gas discharge (UV) lamp arranged to irradiate with light in the range of 1000 to 2000 m. At least three reaction chambers having a plurality of reaction chambers are arranged in series in the reactor 120. These wavelengths of UV light are used in processes to oxidize dissolved organic contaminants. - enough photons of electrons to generate free radicals from radical precursors (e.g., H2O2) It has high energy, so it can be used in AOP processes from 185nm to 254nm or 190nm. It should be understood that short wavelengths of 100 nm to 200 nm may be preferred. Disinfection processes that use ultraviolet light to kill or destroy living organisms use low-pressure lamps to emit waves. Some disinfection systems can operate efficiently with UV light of up to 254 nm. Disinfection systems usually use shorter wavelengths. Higher wavelengths capable of providing significant UV intensity at 185nm or 220nm Expensive medium or high pressure ultraviolet lamps will not be utilized.

[0140] Low and medium pressure ultraviolet gas discharge lamps usually emit different spectra of ultraviolet light. FIG. 12A shows the spectrum of radiation emitted by a typical low pressure ultraviolet lamp. FIG. 12B shows the spectrum of radiation emitted by a typical medium pressure ultraviolet lamp. Low pressure ultraviolet lamps emit most of their light at wavelengths of about 185 nm and about 254 nm. On the other hand, medium pressure lamps emit light at a wider range of wavelengths, including longer wavelengths, than low pressure lamps. 12C, which may be more suitable for use in AOP processes. For example, a lower dose of U is obtained when low pressure lamps are utilized as opposed to medium pressure lamps. V radiation (and lower power) activates hydrogen peroxide to form hydroxyl radicals In FIG. 12C, "UVT" indicates the ultraviolet radiation of the aqueous solution in the reactor. "TOC" means the total organic content of the aqueous solution in the reactor. As shown, the aqueous solution in the UVAOP reactor may not be completely transparent to UV light. Therefore, the UV lamp and the reactor may have a UV transmittance of 95% or less. The short fluid path length between the aqueous solution in the reactor and the aqueous solution in the reactor or the turbulent flow of the aqueous solution in the reactor The oxidizing agent in the solution may be better activated.

[0141] Other UV light sources, such as UV light emitting diodes (LEDs), can also be used in the AOP process or AO It should be understood that the P reactor may be used in combination with the UV LEDs are considered to be monochromatic. The most effective oxidizing agent or agents are those that are activated and free of the specific oxidizing agent or agents. You can choose the type of UV LED that emits radiation at the wavelength that creates the radicals. Therefore, the ultraviolet lamps referred to in the following description may be gas discharge lamps or LEDs. It may contain either or both.

[0142] Implementation using a UV radiation source emitting a spectrum of radiation, e.g. a medium pressure gas discharge lamp In this case, the specific oxidant or oxidants in the AOP process or AOP reactor are The wavelength or wavelengths that most effectively activate and form free radicals. The radiation may be filtered so that only a few of the photons are emitted into the reactor.

[0143] One or more lamps may be positioned within one or more sleeves or tubes within the reactor. The tube holds the lamp in place and can be placed in one or more actinic radiation reactors. The tube can be used to hold the lamp in place and protect it from water in the reactor. a material that is transparent to actinic radiation and that is substantially decomposed by actinic radiation and water or a component of water in a reactor; The tube may be made of any material that does not degrade in water. The tube may have a circular cross-sectional area. In a particular embodiment, the tube may be cylindrical and its material of construction may be quartz. Each tube may be the same or a different shape or size as one or more of the other tubes. The tubes can be arranged in the reactor in a variety of configurations, for example, sleeves can be The tubes may extend across part or all of the length or width of the reactor. The inner volume of the housing can extend across the inner volume of the housing.

[0144] Commercially available UV lamps and / or quartz sleeves are available from Fairfield, NJ. Hanovia Specialty Lighting, Beeburg, Wisconsin -Dam's Engineered Treatment Systems, LLC (ETS) and Heraeus Noblelight GmbH, Hanau, Germany. The quartz material selected may be selected, at least in part, based on the specific properties used in the process. The wavelengths may be based on a specific wavelength or wavelengths. Quartz materials are The length of the quartz tube can be selected to minimize the energy requirements of the UV lamp. The composition is adjusted to provide a desired or appropriate transmittance of ultraviolet light to the water in the reactor, and and / or to maintain a desired or appropriate level of transmittance of ultraviolet light through water. In certain embodiments, the transmittance is at least about 50% for a period of time. For example, the transmittance may be greater than or equal to about 80% for a predetermined period of time. In certain embodiments, the transmittance ranges from about 80% to 90% for about six months to about one year. In certain embodiments, the transmittance can be about 80% to 90% for up to about 2 years. It can be a range.

[0145] The tube can be sealed at both ends to prevent the reactor contents from entering the sleeve or tube. The tube can be secured within the reactor so that it remains in place while the reactor is in use. In a particular embodiment, the tube is fixed to the wall of the reactor. The tube can be attached by any suitable mechanical or mechanical technique. or by using other conventional techniques for fastening objects to one another. The material used to fasten the tubes is preferably inert, does not interfere with the operation of the reactor, and Nor does it adversely affect the purity of the water or release contaminants into the water.

[0146] The lamps may be arranged in the reactor so that they are parallel to one another. , can be positioned at various angles to each other within the reactor. For example, in certain embodiments, The lamps are arranged in paths that form approximately 90 degree angles such that they are nearly perpendicular or perpendicular to each other. The lamps can thus be positioned on a vertical axis or They can be positioned to form approximately a 90 degree angle on the horizontal axis, or any axis in between. Cut.

[0147] In certain embodiments, the reactor comprises a first set of parallel tubes in a reactor or vessel. and a second set of row tubes. Each tube may include at least one each of the first set of parallel tubes may be connected to a second set of parallel tubes. The angle can be set to any desired angle with respect to the , about 90 degrees. The tubes of either one or both of the first and second arrays may be The first and second sets of tubes may extend across the interior volume of the reactor. can be placed at approximately the same height.

[0148] Further configurations include providing uniform levels of heat in each occupied or covered area within the reactor. The device may include a tube and / or lamp positioned to provide intensity for the light. The arrangement may include equally spaced tubes having one or more lamps therein. Cut.

[0149] The reactor may include an array of one or more tubes disposed within a reactor or vessel. The arrangement includes a third set of parallel tubes and a fourth set of parallel tubes perpendicular to the third set of parallel tubes. Each tube may include at least one ultraviolet lamp. The set is orthogonal to at least one of the second set of parallel tubes and the first set of parallel tubes. It is also possible to do so.

[0150] In certain embodiments, each array within a reactor or vessel is separated from another array within the reactor by a given The predetermined distance between the two sets of sequences can be the same or different. It may be so.

[0151] The reactor is configured to separate at least one of the impurities, typically organic carbonaceous impurities, into an inert, ionic One or more compounds that can be removed from water, either oxidized or otherwise removed. or at least one of the impurities. How many UV lamps are needed to capture, decompose, or otherwise convert The size of the reactor can be determined based on the number of lamps required, which depends on the lamp intensity. and lamp performance characteristics, including the spectral wavelengths of the ultraviolet light emitted by the lamp. The number of lamps required can be based in part on the expected TOC concentration in the inlet water stream. at least one of the concentration or amount, and the amount of oxidant added to the feed stream or reactor; It may be based, at least in part, on one

[0152] A set of reactors arranged in series can be arranged in parallel. A first set of reactors arranged in parallel with a second set of reactors arranged in series. Each set has three reactors, for a total of six reactors. Any one or more of the reactors in the reactor may be in operation at any one time. In certain embodiments, all of the reactors In other embodiments, only one set of reactors may be in operation. .

[0153] Commercially available actinic radiation systems as components of free radical scavenging systems For example, the AQUAFINE® UV system is available as a source of irino from Quantrol, Naperville, I., and Erlanger, Kentucky. and from Aquionics Incorporated of .

[0154] Actinic radiation reaction vessels that may be utilized in aspects and embodiments disclosed herein One non-limiting example is illustrated in Figure 13, generally at 600. The reaction vessel 600 comprises: Typically, the inlet 610, the outlet 620, and the reaction vessel 600 are connected to an upper chamber 625 and a lower chamber 626. The reaction vessel 600 also comprises a baffle 615 that divides the reaction vessel 600 into an inlet and an outlet chamber 630. A manifold 60 that may be configured to distribute water introduced through 610 throughout the vessel. In certain embodiments, the manifold 605 may include a manifold 605 for distributing water evenly throughout the vessel. For example, the manifold 605 may be configured to distribute the flow of the reactor to a plug flow - The vessel may be configured to distribute water evenly throughout the vessel so that it acts as a reactor.

[0155] In some embodiments, the reaction vessel is configured to divide the reaction vessel into three or more chambers. In addition, the reactor may include two or more baffles 615. The baffles 615 provide mixing or turbulence to the reactor. In a particular embodiment, as shown in FIG. The reactor inlet 610 is in fluid communication with the lower chamber 630 and the reactor outlet 620 is in fluid communication with the upper chamber. The valve 625 is in fluid communication with the valve 625 .

[0156] In some embodiments, the water in each chamber is heated to a desired or varying power level. about or in the following ranges: about 185 nm to about 254 nm, about 185 nm to about 25 4 nm, about 220 nm, and / or about 254 nm. At least three reactor chambers, each having at least one ultraviolet (UV) lamp installed. The chambers are arranged in series within the reactor 120 .

[0157] The reaction vessels were also disposed within tubes, such as tubes 635a-c and 640a-c. In one embodiment, the reaction vessel may include a plurality of ultraviolet lamps, as shown in FIG. The device 600 includes a first set of parallel tubes, tubes 635a-c, and a second set of parallel tubes (not shown). Each set of parallel tubes in the first set is approximately perpendicular to the second set and Tubes 635a-c and the second set of parallel tubes form a first array 645. In contrast, they are at approximately the same height within reaction vessel 600.

[0158] Additionally, the reaction vessel may be comprised of a third set of parallel tubes and a fourth set of parallel tubes. Each set of parallel tubes in the first set is approximately perpendicular to the second set, e.g., As shown in the example, tubes 640a-c and a second row of parallel tubes form a row 650. The sets are at approximately the same height relative to each other within the reaction vessel 600. Thus, the first array 645 may be positioned a predetermined distance from the second array 650. 00 can further include a third array 655 and a fourth array 660, each of which may be any Preferably, the first array 640 and the second array 645 have a similar configuration.

[0159] In another embodiment, the first tube 635b is positioned perpendicular to the second tube 640b, A first array can be formed. Further, a set of tubes, tube 665a and tube 665 b is arranged perpendicular to another set of tubes, tubes 670a and 670b, A second array can be formed. The lamp positions of the second array are lamps 714, 720. , 722, and 724. The positions of the lamps in the first array are lamps 726 and 728 and the lamps in the second array are The pumps 714, 720, 722, and 724 are shown in FIG.

[0160] The lamps are rated according to various characteristics of the lamp, including the size, intensity, and power delivered to the lamp. Thus, a pattern can be generated. The light pattern generated by the lamp is The general volume of space into which a lamp emits light. In certain embodiments, the light pattern or Alternatively, the illumination volume may be a volume in which a lamp irradiates or otherwise provides actinic radiation and A free radical that can allow a precursor compound to split or transform into one or more free radical species. It is defined as the area or volume between.

[0161] As shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B, a first set of tubes 710a-c are parallel to one another. and a second set of tubes 712a-c are arranged parallel to each other. 0 is illustratively shown. As shown, the first set of tubes 710a-c , which are positioned orthogonal to the second set of tubes 712a-c. The lamps are distributed within the tubes 710a-c and 712a-c, and when illuminated, A light pattern 716 may be generated.

[0162] One or more ultraviolet lamps, or a set of lamps, project actinic radiation parallel to the illumination vector. The illumination vector may be characterized as the direction in which one or more lamps emit actinic radiation. In an exemplary embodiment, as shown in FIG. The first set of lamps, including 720 and 722, emits actinic radiation parallel to the illumination vector 718. It is positioned to project.

[0163] A first of each of the ultraviolet lamps arranged to project actinic radiation parallel to the first illumination vector. The set of 10 can be energized. The set of 10 can be arranged to project actinic radiation parallel to the second illumination vector. A second set of ultraviolet lamps may also be energized. At least one of the intensities of the first set of lamps and the second set of ultraviolet lamps is adjusted. Each UV lamp set can also be adjusted to one or more UV lamps. It can be composed of:

[0164] The number of lamps utilized or energized, the power supplied to one or more lamps, and the The lamp configuration can be selected based on the specific operating conditions or requirements of the system. For example, the number of lamps utilized for a particular process may vary depending on the characteristics of the system or the measurement or or can be selected and controlled based on calculated parameters. The parameters measured in water or process water are TOC concentration, pH, oxidant (e.g. H2O2) concentration, The parameters may include one or more of: degree, conductivity, redox potential, temperature, or flow rate. The number of energized lamps also determines the amount of water added to the treatment solution exiting the system or reaction vessel. The concentration or amount of oxidizing agent, e.g., hydrogen peroxide, can be selected and controlled based on the amount of oxidizing agent, e.g., hydrogen peroxide, For example, if the flow rate of the aqueous solution being treated exceeds a certain threshold, e.g., a nominal or If the design flow rate is less than the design flow rate, 12 lamps of a specific configuration can be used, and the treated water If the solution flow rate rises above a threshold, more lamps can be used. For example, if the flow rate increases from 1300 gpm to a selected higher threshold, an additional ramp For example, when the flow rate of the aqueous solution to be treated reaches 1900 gpm, In this way, the flow rate of the aqueous solution is 100% in each reactor. Which lamps are energized and / or how many lamps are energized It can be partially determined.

[0165] In certain embodiments, the ultraviolet lamp may be operated at one or more illumination intensity levels. For example, you can set the dim, normal, and boost modes to low, medium, or Use one or more lamps that can be adjusted to operate in multiple lighting modes, such as low or high The illumination intensity of one or more lamps may be used to characterize or measure the system. is a calculated parameter, e.g., TOC concentration, redox potential, pH, oxidant (e.g., Measurement of inlet or process water, including H2O2 concentration, temperature, and / or flow rate It is possible to regulate and control the lamp based on a set parameter. The illumination intensity is determined based on the residual peroxy acid present in the aqueous treatment solution exiting the system or actinic radiation reactor. The concentration or amount of hydrogen peroxide added to the hydrogen chloride can be adjusted and controlled based on the amount of hydrogen peroxide added. For example, one or more lamps may be configured to detect a predetermined threshold of a measured parameter of the system, e.g. Can be used in dim mode for TOC concentrations up to 1. Measured or calculated TO when the TOC concentration reaches or exceeds a second TOC concentration, which may be equal to or greater than a threshold value; One or more lamps can be adjusted to the rated mode. One or more lamps can be adjusted to the rated mode. or if the calculated TOC concentration reaches or exceeds a second threshold, The meter can be further adjusted to the off-axis mode.

[0166] Actinic radiation reactors that may be utilized in the systems disclosed herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. No. 6,399,423, filed on Dec. 13, 2016, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 030708, and further described in publication number WO2016 / 179241. do.

[0167] Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein include a method for water treatment, comprising the steps of: (a) adding a peroxide species, e.g., hydrogen peroxide, to the water to be treated, so that it dissolves in the water; (b) dissolving the peroxide species in the water to be treated, and (b) dissolving the peroxide species in the water to be treated. Demand for peroxide species dissolved in the treated water during partial reaction with (c) measuring the demand for dissolved peroxide species in the water to be treated using the measured demand. and applying the AOP to the water to be treated while controlling the AOP.

[0168] In a further embodiment, the aqueous treatment solution may be removed from the reactor in which the AOP is carried out. Residual oxidizing agents (e.g., hydrogen peroxide) in the aqueous treatment solution may introduce quenching species into the aqueous treatment solution. (e.g., NaOCl) or by contacting the treated aqueous solution with activated carbon. For example, by passing the treated aqueous solution through a column of granular activated carbon (GAC). The amount, concentration, or flow rate of the quenching species added to the aqueous treatment solution is , can be controlled based on the measured or predicted concentration of residual oxidizing agent in the aqueous treatment solution. .

[0169] In a further embodiment, while controlling the formation of hydroxyl radical AOPs, e.g. By adjusting the addition of peroxide species and / or adjusting the addition of alternative oxidizing agents. This regulates the formation of hydroxyl radicals in the AOP.

[0170] In further embodiments, the AOP is a conventional, chemical AOP, a UV-driven AOP, a peroxide AOP, or a phosphatase. peroxide type AOP, or ultraviolet-driven peroxide type AOP (UV / peroxide type AOP).

[0171] In a further embodiment, the AOP is a UV / peroxide type AOP. The control of UV / peroxide species AOP formation in the water can be achieved by adjusting the UV energy irradiated to the water being treated. and / or by adjusting the addition of peroxide species.

[0172] In a further embodiment, the AOP is a UVAOP. UVAO of Hydroxy Radicals The formation of P can be controlled by adjusting the intensity of the ultraviolet energy irradiated onto the treated water. and / or by adjusting the addition of alternative oxidants in the main stream of the treated water while By adding species and / or in the bypass stream of the water to be treated, By measuring the demand, it can be adjusted.

[0173] Generating the reaction product on-site reduces cost and overall costs in UVAOP applications. This offers significant advantages over dosing large amounts of chemicals, both in terms of the complexity of the process and the amount of time required to produce the desired product. The two main accelerators commonly used in UVAOP are hydrogen peroxide and bulk Contains hypochlorite.

[0174] In-line system for generating hydrogen peroxide via CTE cell for UVAOP process One embodiment of the system is shown in FIG. 15. As shown, an electrolyte, e.g., water to be treated 8 05 is obtained from a source 810, for example, an electrochemical cell, but not limited to a CTE electrochemical cell. The electrochemical cell was treated with 815 fluorine, which converted the oxygen present in the electrolyte into hydrogen peroxide. The aqueous solution 820 is then passed through the outlet of the electrochemical cell 815. The aqueous solution 820 is then led through a conduit to the inlet of the UVAOP reactor 825. is oxidized and destroyed by exposure to UV radiation in the UVAOP reactor 825. The AOP reactor 825 produces a treated aqueous solution or product water 830, which is The product water is directed to a point of use 835. The treated aqueous solution 830 is then As the term is used herein, the aqueous treatment solution exiting the actinic radiation reactor or Produced water purity refers to the concentration of one or more contaminants in the treated aqueous solution or produced water. In some embodiments, for example, the system may be a swimming pool, boiler, or other If the water is used to treat water from a water source of 835 m2 and the treated water is returned to the same water source, the point of use is 835 m2. may be a source 810. A point of use 835 may be a shipboard system, a drilling platform, systems, aquatic systems (e.g. swimming pools or fountains), drinking water systems The point of use 835 may include a vessel, or cooling water systems of offshore platforms, or ballast tanks of ships. That's fine too.

[0175] FIG. 16 illustrates a system similar to that of FIG. 15, but including an additional stage for oxygen addition. An oxygen source 905, for example, gaseous oxygen, air, or oxygenated water, is introduced into the electrochemical cell 815. Before the introduction, oxygen can be supplied to the electrolyte / water to be treated 805. Alternatively, oxygen may be supplied directly to the source 810. By reducing the energy required by the electrochemical cell 815, , and increasing the production of hydrogen peroxide to feed the downstream UVAOP reactor 825. Both are possible.

[0176] The one or more sensors 910 may include, for example, a treated electrolyte / water 805, an aqueous solution 820, and / or the temperature, flow rate, contaminant concentration, pH, redox potential, etc., of the treatment solution 830. ORP, total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved oxygen and / or hydrogen concentration, oxygenated water The system may measure one or more parameters such as concentration, purity, etc. The controller receives readings from one or more sensors 910 and The desired level of the parameter or parameters read by 910 One or more operating parameters of the system may be adjusted to obtain the desired performance. The parameter may be, for example, the power (current or voltage or Both), the intensity of UV light generated in the UVAOP reactor, and the irradiation of an aqueous solution in the UVAOP reactor. the amount of UV radiation applied, the flow rate of the electrolyte / water to be treated 805 using the valve 915; the rate or amount of oxygen added to the electrolyte / water being treated 805 using another valve 920; or other operating parameters of the system. The controller(s) may be implemented in accordance with the system of FIG. 15 and the systems of FIGS. 17 to 19 described below. It can also exist in the

[0177] FIG. 17 is a diagram showing a feed and bleed system for producing hydrogen peroxide. The electrochemical cell 815 of this system is of the CTE or parallel plate electrode (PPE) type. Oxygenated water 1005, or other solution containing oxygen, may be added to the water and oxygen source 90. 5 to the electrochemical cell 815. In some embodiments, the additional oxygen can be provided by, for example, For example, oxygen can be added to the oxygen water 1005 by bubbling oxygen or air through the water. This increases the oxygen concentration in the oxygenated water source 905 to a desired level. With valve 1025 open and valve 1030 closed, pump 1020 A recirculation loop 1015 is formed from the outlet of the electrochemical cell 815 back to the inlet of the electrochemical cell 815. By recycling the treatment solution 1010, the entire amount of hydrogen peroxide is The effective concentration of oxygen in the solution can be increased relative to the concentration of oxygen in the solution, and the oxygen passing through the electrochemical cell 815 can be The higher concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the treatment solution 1010 that can be produced from a single pass of the raw water 1005. For example, a concentration as measured by one of the sensors 910 can be achieved. When the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the treated recirculating solution 1010 reaches a desired level or The circulating solution was recirculated for a sufficient time to produce the expected desired concentration of hydrogen peroxide. At this time, the valve 1025 is closed and the valve 1030 is opened to allow the electrolyte solution / water to be treated to flow through the valve 1025 and the water to be treated to flow through the valve 1030. 805 to form an aqueous solution 820. obtain.

[0178] A piping and instrumentation diagram of another embodiment of a UVAOP-based treatment system is shown in FIG. The electrolyte / water to be treated from the supply source 810 is fed to the system 1 through a valve. 800 and passes through a conduit to an optional pre-screen or filter 1805, e.g. Membrane filters (e.g., nanofilters, ultrafilters, or or a reverse osmosis filter) to form treated filtrate. Alternatively, after passing through the filter, the treated water or treated filtrate may be Depending on the sensor QIT1, FIT, PI, one or more of its conductivity, flow rate or pressure Any other desired parameter of the treated water or treated filtrate may be measured, for example: TOC, the dissolved concentration of one or more compounds, pH, or any of the other parameters mentioned above, Or alternatively, it may be measured.

[0179] The H2O2 generating system 815 receives a metered flow of oxidizing agent, e.g., hydrogen peroxide. The H2O2 generating system 815 may be added to the treated filtrate. As previously mentioned, the system may include an on-site electrolyzer or electrochemical cell for generating H2O2. An oxygenated water source 1835, for example, a device for bubbling oxygen through water to produce oxygenated water. The subsystem being fed is an oxygen-water supply to the inlet of the electrochemical cell of the H2O2 generation system 815. may be supplied to provide sufficient oxygen to produce a desired concentration or volume of H2O2. The electrolytic cell or electrochemical cell is arranged in a side stream loop, for example as shown in FIG. Alternatively, for example, as shown in FIG. 15 or FIG. 16, the treated filtrate may be conveyed through the The rate of introduction or production of H2O2 may be (e.g., H2O2 by controlling the current across an electrochemical cell in the generation system 815), H2O2 One or more of the sensors QIT1, FIT, PI or other sensors upstream of the introduction or generation point of Based on the readings from these sensors, or as further described below, downstream sensors in the system The amount of H2O2 added to the treated filtrate may be controlled based on the readings from the sensor. The parameters of the H2O2 injection, e.g. pressure, flow rate, temperature, H2O2 concentration, etc., are determined by the H2O2 injection point or is measured by one or more sensors downstream of the point of production, and the parameter is To set operating parameters such as water flow rate or H2O2 introduction or production rate can be used as an input parameter to the control system.

[0180] Downstream of the point of introduction or production of H2O2, the water to be treated is passed through a conduit into a static mixer. -1810, where the treated water and the added H2O2 are mixed to form a substantially homogeneous mixture. An aqueous solution is formed. Downstream of the static mixer 1810, additional parameters of the aqueous solution are The data, e.g. conductivity or TOC level, are measured by additional sensors QIT1, QIT2. The measurements from these sensors can be used to measure the flow rate of the influent being treated or the H2O2 Input to a control system to set operating parameters such as the rate of introduction or production of Can be used as a parameter.

[0181] Further downstream from the static mixer 1810 , the aqueous solution enters a UV reactor 825 . In the UV reactor 825, the aqueous solution is irradiated with UV light to activate H2O2 and dissolve Oxidize or otherwise decompose contaminants in the liquid to form a UV-treated aqueous solution For hydroxyl radicals, it is irradiated with ultraviolet light. The amount of ultraviolet light used The intensity of the UV radiation and / or the residence time of the aqueous solution during treatment in the UV reactor 825 may vary depending on the UV reactor 8 Can be controlled based on measurements from any one or more of 25 upstream or downstream sensors .

[0182] The UV treated aqueous solution exits the UV reactor 825 and is mixed with the UV treated aqueous solution downstream of the UV reactor. Chemical agents are added to quench or decompose the residual H2O2 in the UV treatment solution to eliminate The agent may be, for example, sodium hypochlorite. Sodium is generated on-site using an on-site NaOCl generation system 1815. The on-site NaOCl generation system 1815 is disclosed above. The one or more electrochemical cells may include one or more electrochemical cells such as It may include nodes and / or cathodes, or concentric circles as disclosed above. Tube electrodes may be included to provide Na and Cl for the electrochemical generation of NaOCl. To this end, an electrolyte solution containing NaCl is generated from a saltwater source 1840 through a NaOCl generation system 18 15. A NaOCl generation system 1815 and associated electrolytic cell(s) Alternatively, the electrochemical cell(s) may be arranged in a side flow loop as illustrated in FIG. The rate of NaOCl introduction or The rate of NaOCl production was measured using one of the sensors upstream or downstream of the point of NaOCl introduction or production. Based on a reading from one of the sources (e.g., a current across an electrochemical cell in the source 1815), In some embodiments, the H in the UV-treated aqueous solution can be controlled. The concentration of 2O2 was measured using one or more sensors upstream or downstream of the point of introduction or production of NaOCl. 910, which may be measured, for example, by an ORP sensor, and which measures the rate of introduction or production of NaOCl. The growth rate is set by the controller based on readings from one or more of these sensors. It can be determined.

[0183] Downstream of the point of introduction or production of NaOCl, the aqueous quenching solution is mixed with static mixer 1820. This allows the quenching agent to come into contact with the H2O2 in the quenching aqueous solution. Promotes catalytic activity and decomposes all or substantially all of the residual H2O2 in the quench aqueous solution. 18 to form product water 830, which exits the system 1800 and is provided to a point of use. It is possible.

[0184] Either the H2O2 Generator 815 or the NaOCl Generator 1815 , in storage tanks 1825 and 1830 for storing the generated H2O2 or NaOCl Each may have an outlet fluidly connected thereto. The storage tank may contain H2O2 or NaOCl. may be at least partially filled during periods of low demand for H2O2 or NaO The demand for Cl is generated by the H2O2 generation system 815 or the NaOCl generation system 1815 If the generating capacity of the system is exceeded, or if one of these systems is in a maintenance Add additional H2O2 or NaOC to the process water in the system when it is offline for l may be provided.

[0185] An on-site NaOCl generation system 1815 and storage tank 18 as illustrated in FIG. 25, 1830 may be used in conjunction with any of the other systems disclosed herein, such as those shown in FIG. It should be understood that the number of digits in the 3D RGB signal may be 7 or 19.

[0186] Figure 19 shows the piping and instrumentation diagram of a potential feed and bleed system. Such a system may be used for product generation, specifically, to The high operating pressure required in the recirculation loop is maintained while providing a low pressure product stream to the boiler. For the design of the H2O2 electrochemical cell, the mass production rate is specified as discussed. The final output concentration of the system can be adjusted according to the requirements of the AOP application. It is possible.

[0187] Various additional pumps can be added to any of the above systems to control the flow of various aqueous solutions. A valve or other components may be included, but are not shown in the figures for clarity.

[0188] In one or more embodiments, any of which may relate to one or more aspects, The systems and techniques disclosed herein include at least one unit operation or component of the system. At least one operating parameter, state, or condition of a component, or a process stream. To adjust or regulate one or more characteristics or physical properties of a device Such coordination and To facilitate the regulation of the function of one or more of the embodiments, one or more components or processes may be Controllers and their associated objects that provide the status, state, or condition of the For example, at least one sensor may be provided, for example, at a source 8 10. One or more electrochemical cells for the production of water, or an oxidizing agent or a quenching agent from or the concentration of water entering or leaving a UVAOP reactor or one or more other downstream processes. It can be used to provide an indication of specific or global properties. According to embodiments, the systems and techniques may, for example, be used to generate a sieve that is output to any of the unit operations of the system. Composition analyzers, or conductivity analyzers, that provide a representation of the state, condition, characteristics or quality of the incoming water It may include one or more sensors or other indicating devices, such as a cell.

[0189] Various operating parameters of the electrochlorination system disclosed herein can be used to determine different Based on various parameters measured by various sensors placed on the relevant parts, The controller may be controlled or regulated by a control system or controller that , the flow rate of the water being treated, the oxygen concentration in the water being treated, or the levels of one or more contaminants in the water being treated. Based on at least one of the labels, a treated material is introduced into an electrochemical cell upstream of the AOP reactor. A program to regulate the introduction of oxygen or oxygen-containing compounds, e.g., oxygenated water, into the water. The controller may be configured to control the amount of water to be treated in the UVAOP reactor. The generation or introduction of a quenching agent, e.g., NaOCl, is controlled by the flow rate of the water to be treated, the concentration of Oxygen concentration, or the level of one or more contaminants in the treated water, or in the UVAOP reactor The program is based on at least one of the following: H2O2 concentration in the water after treatment The controller may be configured to detect at least the peroxide-containing gas generated in the electrochemical cell. Based on the concentration of oxygen or oxygen-based compounds in the aqueous solution, the amount of oxygen-containing compounds in the treated water is determined. The controller may be programmed or configured to regulate the introduction of the at least one Hydrogen peroxide generated in an electrochemical cell based on the concentration of one or more contaminants in the treated water The controller may be further configured to adjust the temperature or concentration of the or the pH of the aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide generated in the electrochemical cell. Based on the above, the introduction of oxygen or oxygen-containing compounds into the water to be treated may be controlled by a program or other suitable means. or may be configured.

[0190] The controller controls the flow rate of the water to be treated and / or the amount of oxygen or oxygen content in the water to be treated. Based on the introduction rate of the compound, the anode-cathode of the electrochemical cell for the production of H2O2 to adjust one or more of the current through the pair or the voltage across the anode-cathode pair; The controller may be programmed or configured to control the amount of hydrogen peroxide-containing water entering the AOP reactor. The flow rate or contaminant concentration of the solution, the temperature of the aqueous hydrogen peroxide-containing solution entering the AOP reactor, or Either the pH or the hydrogen peroxide concentration of the hydrogen peroxide-containing aqueous solution entering the AOP reactor and programming the AOP reactor to adjust one or more operating parameters based on at least one of the It may be configured as:

[0191] Used to monitor and control the operation of various elements of the systems disclosed herein. The controller may include a computerized control system. Various aspects of the present invention may be implemented on a general-purpose computer system 1500 such as that shown in FIG. The computer system 1500 may be implemented as dedicated software executed by the computer. Disk drives, solid-state memory, or other devices for storing data Any one of the devices may include a processor 1502 connected to one or more memory devices 1504. The memory 1504 is typically programmed during operation of the computer system 1500. The computer system 1500 is used to store data. , may be coupled by an interconnection mechanism 1506, which may include one or more between components integrated in the same machine) and / or network ( For example, between components that reside on separate, discrete machines. 1506 is a block diagram showing a system for communicating (e.g., data, instructions) between system components of the system 1500. The computer system 1500 also allows one or more inputs Devices 1508, such as keyboards, mice, trackballs, microphones, touchscreens, and one or more output devices 1510, e.g., a printing device, a display A display device includes a display unit, a screen, and / or a speaker.

[0192] The output device 1510 also detects whether oxygen or an oxygen-containing compound is being added to the water to be treated from the supply source 905. and / or the pump speed or the pump pressure for introducing oxygen (e.g., oxygenated water) The valves are used to control the state (open or closed) of a system such as that disclosed in The one or more sensors 1514 may include a valve, a pump, or a switch. These sensors may provide input to the computer system 1500. These sensors may include, for example, pressure sensors. sensors, chemical concentration sensors, temperature sensors, or other sensors of interest to the systems disclosed herein. The sensors 910, QIT1, QI, which may be sensors for any other parameter of interest. These sensors may include, for example, T2, FIT, or PI. Upstream, electrochlorination cell 815, upstream or downstream of AOP reactor 825, as disclosed herein The point of generation or introduction of an oxidizing agent or a quenching agent into water passing through the system being treated; or in fluid communication with source 810 and located in any part of the system where it would be useful. Additionally, the computer system 1500 may include, in addition to or in addition to the interconnection mechanism 1506. Alternatively, one or more network interfaces may be used to connect the computer system 1500 to a communications network. The controller 10 may include an interface (not shown).

[0193] The storage system 1512 shown in more detail in FIG. 502 defines the program executed by it or the information processed by it. A computer-readable and writable non-volatile recording medium 1602 on which a signal to be The medium may include, for example, a disk or a flash memory. In operation, the processor reads data from the non-volatile storage medium 1602 over the medium 1602. The data is read into another memory 1604 that allows faster access to the information by the processor. This memory 1604 is typically dynamic random access memory. Volatile random access memory (DRAM) or static random access memory (SRAM) It is located in the storage system 1512 as shown. The processor 1502 may be integrated into the processor 1502 or may be located in the memory system 1504. Typically, the processor manipulates data in the integrated circuit memory 1604 and writes the data back to the integrated circuit memory 1604 after processing is complete. Copy the data between the medium 1602 and the integrated circuit memory device 1604. Various mechanisms for managing migration are known and are described in the embodiments and aspects disclosed herein. The embodiments are not limited thereto. The aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to any particular media. The present invention is not limited to the memory system 1504 or the storage system 1512.

[0194] A computer system is a set of specially programmed, special purpose hardware, e.g. The embodiments and implementations disclosed herein may include a microprocessor, a microcomputer, a microcomputer system ... The form may be software, hardware or firmware, or any combination thereof. In addition, such methods, acts, systems, system elements, and The components may be part of the computer system described above or may be separate components. It can be implemented.

[0195] The computer system 1500 is capable of implementing the various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein. As an example, one type of computer system that may be practiced is shown in the present specification. The aspects and embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented on a computer system such as that shown in FIG. It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to being implemented in a single system. Various aspects and embodiments may have different architectures or components than those shown in FIG. The present invention may be implemented on one or more computers having the same architecture.

[0196] The computer system 1500 uses a high-level computer programming language. The computer system may be a general-purpose computer system that can be programmed by the computer. The 1500 may be implemented using specially programmed, special purpose hardware. In the computer system 1500, the processor 1502 is typically an Intel The well-known Pentium available from the Corporation TM or Core TM A commercially available processor, such as a programmable logic (PLC) processor. Many other processors are available, including microcontrollers. is typically available, for example, from Microsoft Corporation Windows 7, Windows 8, or Windows 10 operating system, MAC OS System X, Sun M available from Apple Computer Solaris Operating System available from Microsystems m, or the operating system that can be UNIX available from various sources. Many other operating systems are also available.

[0197] Both the processor and the operating system use a high-level programming language. A computer platform for writing application programs in The present invention is based on a specific computer system platform, processor, operating system, and It should be understood that this is not limited to any rating system or network. Additionally, aspects and embodiments disclosed herein may not be implemented in a particular programming language or computer. It should be clear to those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to a personal computer system. Alternatively, other suitable programming languages ​​and other suitable computer systems may also be used. It should be understood that this may be the case.

[0198] One or more portions of the computer system may include one or more The present invention may be distributed across multiple computer systems (not shown). The data system may be a general-purpose computer system. For example, various aspects of the present invention may be implemented in a Configured to provide a service (e.g., a server) to one or more client computers The present invention may be implemented in a distributed system, which may be distributed among one or more computer systems implemented in the same system. One or more computer systems configured to perform an overall task as part of For example, various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein may be distributed among One or more processors that perform various functions according to various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein. On a client-server system with components distributed among multiple server systems These components may be implemented using a communication protocol (e.g., TCP / IP). and an executable, intermediate (e.g. , IL) or interpreted (e.g., Java) code. One or more components of the computer system 1500 may be, for example, a mobile telephone network. The device may communicate with one or more other components via a wireless network, including a wireless network.

[0199] The aspects and embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented in any particular system or group of systems. It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the above implementation. And embodiments may be implemented in any particular distributed architecture, network, or communication protocol. It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments. The embodiment may be implemented in SmallTalk, Java, C++, Ada, or C# (C-Sha rp) and other object-oriented programming languages. An object-oriented programming language can also be used. Alternatively, a functional, scriptable Script and / or logic programming languages, e.g., ladder logic, are used. Various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented in a non-programming environment (e.g., , a graphical user interface when viewed in a browser program window. Render aspects of the GUI or perform other functions using HTML, XML or The present disclosure may be implemented in a document (e.g., a document created in a computer readable medium or in another format). Various aspects and embodiments may include programmed or non-programmed elements, Or it may be implemented as any combination thereof.

[0200] In some embodiments, existing UVAOP systems can be modified with the electrolytic salts disclosed herein. to include elements of the automation system or to operate in accordance with the system disclosed herein. The UVAOP system can be modified or upgraded to reduce contamination. A method for modifying a UVAOP system cell to increase the destruction rate is described. an electrochlorination cell configured to introduce an oxidant into the electrolyte upstream of the inlet of the vessel; or configured to introduce a quenching agent into the UV-treated water downstream of the UVAOP reactor. This can include providing an electrochlorination cell. EXAMPLES

[0201] Example 1 An anode, a cathode, and a cation exchange membrane disposed between the anode and the cathode. A study was conducted to evaluate the generation of hydrogen peroxide in an electrochemical cell containing The results are shown in Figure 20. In this figure, the blue curve represents the The orange curve shows the effect of oxygen on water. The results were obtained from tests of an electrochemical cell using water bubbled with oxygen at atmospheric pressure until it was saturated with As shown in the figure, the rate of hydrogen peroxide production first increases with increasing voltage. At lower voltages, the production of hydrogen peroxide increased, then decreased with increasing voltage. The rate is believed to be limited by the oxygen concentration in the water. In the case of (i), the rate of hydrogen peroxide production is thought to be limited by the low current.

[0202] Example 2 Each area is 10cm, made of titanium mesh 2 Voltage counter of electrolytic cell with plate electrodes The flow characteristics were examined using water without added oxygen or at 60 bar. The water was then exposed to oxygen at a pressure of 1000 MPa and then passed through the cell at different flow rates. The chart in Figure 23 shows that the absolute value of the applied voltage is Increasing the value (more negative) increases the current (more negative). Increasing current vs. voltage The lowest values ​​were obtained under conditions without oxygen addition and zero flow rate (0_O2_0_flow curve When the flow rate of non-oxygenated water is increased to 18 liters per minute (0_O2_18LPM curve), line), the current observed at a particular voltage increased compared to the condition without oxygen and zero flow rate. When oxygen water is fed to the electrolysis cell at 16 liters per minute (O2_60bar_16LPM curve) ) the current observed at a particular voltage further increased. As the flowing water contains additional oxygen, the current used to cause the oxygen to react with the water These results show that the electrolytic cell's ability to supply water is improved. It is known that adding oxygen to water can produce reactants such as H2O2.

[0203] Example 3 Evaluate how the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in solution increases over time in an electrolysis cell The cathodes were made of carbon cloth and mixed metal oxides. The anode and cathode were connected to a 5 mM Na2SO4 solution. The electrode was placed in 80 ml of water. Oxygen was bubbled through the electrode for 30 minutes. A current of 5 mA was applied to the electrode. After 30 minutes of application of the current, the hydrogen peroxide concentration in the solution was 12.75 ppm. After that, the hydrogen peroxide concentration rose to 29.75 ppm. The longer the electrolysis time, the higher the concentration of hydrogen peroxide that can be produced in the solution. I found out that...

[0204] Example 4 Contaminants in the UVAOP reactor (1,4-dioxane and humic acid, each at a concentration of 0.65 A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of pH on the destruction of β-glutamate (β-glutamate) at 65 mg / L. 0mJ / cm 2 The hydrogen peroxide concentration was 2 mg / L and the temperature was 89°F. The results are shown in Figure 24. As can be seen from the chart in Figure 24, the destruction rate of the pollutants is The rate of destruction increased with decreasing pH, but when the pH became neutral or lower, the rate of destruction did not increase significantly. These results suggest that the use of H2O2 oxidant to optimize the destruction of pollutants. It may be desirable to operate the UVAOP reactor at a neutral or acidic pH. This shows that.

[0205] Example 5 A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of pH on the activation of H2O2 in a UVAOP reactor. The UV irradiation dose was 650 mJ / cm2 The TOC of the solution in the reactor was 0.65 mg. / L, hydrogen peroxide concentration was 2 mg / L, and temperature was 89°F. The results of this test were: As can be seen from the chart in FIG. 25, the activation rate of H2O2 ( The percent activation was approximately 10% under the test conditions and pH had no detectable effect. These results indicate that the change in the activation rate of H2O2 is smaller than that observed in Example 4 above. This indicates that the increase in the rate of contaminant destruction at the lower pH levels is unlikely to be the cause. There are.

[0206] Example 6 Effect of H2O2 concentration and UV irradiation dose on the activation rate of H2O2 in a UVAOP reactor A test was conducted to evaluate the effect. The UV irradiation dose was 1300 mJ / cm 2 or 65 0mJ / cm 2 The TOC of the solution in the reactor is 0.65 mg / L, and the temperature The temperature was 89°F. The results of this test are shown in Figure 2. From the chart in Figure 26 As can be seen, the H2O2 concentration had no observable effect on the activation of the oxidant. On the other hand, the UV irradiation dose is 650 mJ / cm 2 to 1300mJ / cm 2 When the value is increased to H2 The activation rate of O2 increased from about 10% to about 30%. These results indicate that the activation rate of H2O2 The rate increases nonlinearly with increasing UV irradiance, increasing by a certain percentage Therefore, if the concentration of H2O2 in the solution feeding the UVAOP reactor is increased by the same percentage, These results suggest that hydroxyl radicals have a greater effect on the amount of available hydroxyl radicals than hydroxyl radicals alone. do.

[0207] Example 7 In the UVAOP reactor, 1,4-dihydropyridine was synthesized under different UV irradiation doses and different H2O2 concentrations. A test was conducted to evaluate the amount of destruction of oxane and humic acid. The results of the test using humic acid are shown in Figure 26 and Figure 27, respectively. The data showed that increasing UV exposure significantly increased the destruction of both contaminants. The destruction of 1,4-dioxane increased with H2O2 concentration. However, unexpectedly, the destruction of humic acid decreased with increasing H2O2 concentration. indicates that the destruction of different pollutants can be optimized at different hydrogen peroxide concentrations. In contrast to UVAOP reactors, which operate without H2O2 in solution, the presence of H2O2 It was also confirmed that the rate at which contaminants were concentrated increased.

[0208] The phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. As used herein, the term "plurality" refers to two or more items or The terms "comprising", "including" and "components" refer to "carrying", "having", "containing" "Including" and "including" mean any part of a product or service that is not included in a written description or request. Regardless of the claim, the term is open-ended, i.e., "including, but not limited to, means "including but not limited to" Accordingly, the use of such terms shall apply to all subsequent enumerated items and "Consists of" is intended to include the equivalent of, as well as additional items. "consisting of" and "consisting essentially of" Only the transitional phrase "also of" has a limiting or restrictive effect on the scope of the claims, respectively. or semi-restrictive transitional phrases. The use of ordinal numbers such as "second," "third," etc., does not in itself indicate a claim element relative to other elements. does not imply any priority, precedence, or sequence in which the acts of a method are performed. Simply comparing a claim element with a certain name to another element with the same name (but using ordinal numbers) They are used merely as labels to distinguish claim elements from other claim elements (e.g.,

[0209] Having thus described several aspects of at least one embodiment, those skilled in the art will now understand It should be understood that various changes, modifications, and improvements will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Any feature described in any embodiment may be included in any feature of any other embodiment. Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are part of this disclosure and are intended to be included within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description and drawings are by way of example only. do not have.

Claims

1. Actinic radiation reactor, a reactor configured to generate hydrogen peroxide and in fluid communication with the electrolyte source and the actinic radiation reactor; an electrochemical cell having an outlet for A water treatment system including an oxygen source in communication with an inlet of an electrochemical cell.

2. a first conduit fluidly coupling a source of electrolyte to an inlet of the electrochemical cell; and a second conduit fluidly connecting the outlet of the electrochemical cell and the inlet of the actinic radiation reactor; The system of claim 1 , further comprising:

3. The outlet of the electrochemical cell includes a conduit fluidly coupling a source of electrolyte to the inlet of the electrochemical cell. The system of claim 1 , wherein the system is fluidly coupled to the point.

4. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the actinic radiation reactor is an ultraviolet enhanced oxidation process reactor. Stem.

5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte comprises water.

6. 10. The system of claim 1, further comprising a storage tank coupled to an outlet of the electrochemical cell. 。

7. a conduit fluidly coupled to an outlet of the actinic radiation reactor; and a second reactor having an outlet in fluid communication with the conduit downstream of the outlet of the actinic radiation reactor; an electrochemical cell for quenching hydrogen peroxide present in the aqueous treatment solution within said conduit; The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of: The system described.

8. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: a storage tank coupled to an outlet of the second electrochemical cell. system.

9. The system of claim 7 , wherein the chemical agent comprises sodium hypochlorite.

10. The conduit fluidly connects the outlet of the actinic radiation reactor to the inlet of the second electrochemical cell.

8. The system of claim 7, wherein the first and second electrodes are electrically coupled to each other.

11. the outlet of the second electrochemical cell is downstream of the outlet of the actinic radiation reactor. The system of claim 7 fluidly coupled to an entry point of the conduit.

12. and a sensor configured to measure a concentration of one or more contaminants in the aqueous solution. The sensor may be located either upstream of the actinic radiation reactor or downstream of the actinic radiation reactor. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the system is located in a

13. In communication with the sensor, the system responds to the measured concentration of the one or more contaminants. and a controller configured to adjust one or more operating parameters of the system. The system of claim 12.

14. The one or more operating parameters include the power applied to the electrochemical cell, the second power power applied to the gas-chemical cell, power applied to the actinic radiation reactor, and through one of the chemical cell, the second electrochemical cell, or the actinic radiation reactor. The system of claim 13 including one of an electrolyte or aqueous solution flow rate.

15. The oxygen source is configured to introduce the oxygen into the electrolyte upstream of the electrochemical cell. The system of claim 13 .

16. The controller is responsive to the measured concentrations of the one or more contaminants to 16. The method of claim 15, further configured to adjust the rate of introduction of the oxygen into the electrolyte. system.

17. one or more measured characteristics of the electrolyte from the electrolyte source or the actinic radiation reactor. from the storage tank based on one or more measured characteristics of the resulting aqueous treatment solution. a controller configured to adjust the flow rate of hydrogen peroxide to the actinic radiation reactor; The system of claim 6 , comprising:

18. one or more measured characteristics of the electrolyte from the electrolyte source or the actinic radiation reactor. and extracting said treated aqueous solution from said storage tank based on one or more measured characteristics of the produced treated aqueous solution. Adjusting the flow rate of sodium hypochlorite into the conduit downstream of the outlet of the actinic radiation reactor. The system of claim 8 , further comprising a controller configured to:

19. downstream of the actinic radiation reactor, a device configured to measure the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous treatment solution. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a sensor configured to:

20. and communicating with the sensor and determining whether the second electrochemical cell is at a concentration lower than the measured concentration of hydrogen peroxide. a controller configured to adjust one or more operating parameters.

20. The system described in item 19.

21. The one or more operating parameters of the second electrochemical cell are a flow rate of electrolyte to the second electrochemical cell; or the flow rate of sodium hypochlorite produced in the second electrochemical cell.

21. The system of claim 20, further comprising one or more of the following concentrations of sodium hypochlorite:

22. the electrolyte source comprises the oxygen source; The system further comprises: The solution containing hydrogen peroxide is passed through the outlet of the electrochemical cell to the front of the electrochemical cell. a recirculation conduit configured to return to the inlet to form a recirculated solution; a source of water to be treated in fluid communication with the inlet of the actinic radiation reactor via a first conduit; , and from the recirculation conduit to the first conduit upstream of the inlet of the actinic radiation reactor; 10. The system of claim 1, further comprising a second conduit providing selective fluid communication to the introduction point of Tem.

23. transitioning from a closed state to an at least partially open state, and In response to the concentration of the recirculating solution reaching a predetermined level, the recirculating solution is introduced through the introduction point to the target solution.

23. The system of claim 22, further comprising a valve configured to direct the treated water into the system.

24. The one or more sensors further include a controller operably connected to the one or more sensors. The sensor measures the flow rate of the water to be treated, the concentration of contaminants in the water to be treated, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, the purity of the product water exiting the actinic radiation reactor, or the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculating solution.

24. The system of claim 23, configured to determine

25. The controller determines a priori value based on one or more signals received from the one or more sensors. configured to adjust one or more operating parameters of the system, The parameters include the state of the valve, the power applied to the electrochemical cell, the actinic radiation The power applied to the radiation reactor, the flow rate of electrolyte through the electrochemical cell, the actinic radiation reaction The flow rate of the water to be treated passing through the reactor or the amount of radiation irradiated to the water to be treated in the actinic radiation reactor 25. The system of claim 24, further comprising one or more of: a radiation dose.

26. The one or more sensors are adapted to measure the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide in the recirculating solution. and the controller detects the amount of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculating solution from the sensor. receiving an indication of the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide that is equal to or greater than the predetermined level; and configured to signal the valve to at least partially open in response to the 26. The system of claim 25,

27. The controller controls the concentration of the contaminant in the treated water or the location of the product water. and further configured to set the predetermined level based on one or both of the desired purities. The system of claim 25,

28. The controller controls the ultraviolet light irradiated to the water to be treated in the actinic radiation reactor. and setting the predetermined level based on a desired dose of the 25. The system described in 25.

29. The controller is configured to determine the predetermined level, the concentration of the contaminant in the water to be treated, Based on one or more of the flow rate of the treated water or the desired purity of the product water, and setting an amount of ultraviolet light to be irradiated onto the water to be treated in the actinic radiation reactor.

26. The system of claim 25 further comprising:

30. The controller controls the concentration of the contaminant in the treated water or the location of the product water. and setting the power applied to the electrochemical cell based on one or both of the desired purities. The system of claim 25, further configured to:

31. The controller controls the concentration of the contaminant in the treated water and the location of the product water. Based on the desired purity, the ultraviolet ray irradiation to be applied to the water to be treated in the actinic radiation reactor is determined.

26. The system of claim 25, further configured to set a dosage.

32. The controller controls the amount of oxygen introduced into the electrolyte based on the predetermined level. The system of claim 25, further configured to:

33. The controller controls the predetermined concentration level of hydrogen peroxide in the solution in the recirculation conduit. Set the amount of power applied to the electrochemical cell based on the desired amount of time to achieve a desired threshold. The system of claim 25, further configured to:

34. The controller controls the actinic radiation based on the power applied to the electrochemical cell. and setting the irradiation amount of ultraviolet light irradiated to the water to be treated in the radiation reactor.

26. The system of claim 25, configured to:

35. 1. A method for treating water in a water treatment system, comprising: conducting water to be treated from a water source into a conduit fluidly coupled to an outlet of the electrochemical cell; The hydrogen peroxide generated in the electrochemical cell is added to the water to be treated, and the hydrogen peroxide-containing forming an aqueous solution; directing said aqueous solution to an inlet of an actinic radiation reactor; The treatment is carried out by generating free radicals in the aqueous solution and reacting them with pollutants in the aqueous solution. Exposing the aqueous solution to sufficient actinic radiation in the actinic radiation reactor to form an aqueous solution. and The aqueous treatment solution is passed through a second conduit from the outlet of the actinic radiation reactor to a point of use. A method, including leading.

36. The treated water is passed through a conduit fluidly coupled from the water source to the outlet of the electrochemical cell.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein directing water comprises directing the water to be treated to an inlet of the electrochemical cell. The method described above.

37. Electric power is applied between the electrodes of the electrochemical cell to cause the electrochemical cell to converting oxygen to hydrogen peroxide to form said aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide; and directing said aqueous solution from an outlet of said electrochemical cell to said inlet of said actinic radiation reactor; 37. The method of claim 36, further comprising:

38. Exposing the aqueous solution to actinic radiation in the actinic radiation reactor converts the aqueous solution into 36. The method of claim 35, comprising exposing to ultraviolet light in an actinic radiation reactor.

39. Directing the treated aqueous solution to the point of use includes directing the treated aqueous solution to the water source. The method of claim 35 .

40. adding oxygen to the water being treated upstream of the inlet of the electrochemical cell.

36. The method of claim 35.

41. The aqueous solution is recirculated from the outlet of the electrochemical cell to the inlet of the electrochemical cell. recirculating the water through a loop conduit and subjecting the water to additional treatment in the electrochemical cell; Increasing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the solution; The water to be treated is supplied from a second supply source through a first conduit to the front of the actinic radiation reactor. Leading to an entry port; and from the recirculation conduit to the first conduit upstream of the inlet of the actinic radiation reactor; 36. The method of claim 35, further comprising providing selective fluid communication to the introduction point. method.

42. measuring the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide in the recirculation conduit with a sensor.

42. The method according to claim 41.

43. A controller receives an indication of the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide in the recirculation conduit from the sensor. and The indication of the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide in the recirculation conduit indicates that the concentration is at a predetermined level. a selective switch between said recirculation conduit and said conduit in response to said indication that said and transmitting a signal to a valve providing the fluid communication to at least partially open.

43. The method of claim 42, comprising:

44. One or more sensors operably connected to a controller of the system, a flow rate of the water, a concentration of contaminants in the water to be treated, a concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the water to be treated, the purity of the product water exiting the actinic radiation reactor; the flow rate of the product water exiting the actinic radiation reactor; or the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculating solution. The method of claim 41 .

45. The controller detects a priori event based on one or more signals received from the one or more sensors. adjusting one or more operating parameters of the system, The operating parameters include the state of the valve, the power applied to the electrochemical cell, the actinic radiation the power applied to the radiation reactor, the flow rate of electrolyte through the electrochemical cell, the actinic radiation reaction the flow rate of the water to be treated passing through the reactor, or the amount of radiation applied to the water to be treated in the actinic radiation reactor.

45. The method of claim 44, comprising one or more of the following doses:

46. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous solution in the circulation conduit is measured by the one or more sensors. To measure with, The controller detects from one or more sensors the amount of the aqueous solution in the recirculation conduit. receiving an indication of the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide; and in response to the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide being equal to or greater than the predetermined level, at least partially connected to a valve providing selective fluid communication between the conduit and the first conduit; 46. ​​The method of claim 45, further comprising sending a signal to open.

47. The concentration of the contaminant in the water to be treated or the desired purity of the product water, or 46. ​​The method of claim 45 further comprising setting the predetermined level based on both. method.

48. The predetermined level is determined by irradiating the water to be treated with ultraviolet light in the actinic radiation reactor.

46. ​​The method of claim 45, further comprising setting based on a desired irradiance.

49. The predetermined level, the concentration of the contaminant in the water to be treated, the flow rate of the water to be treated the actinic radiation reactor based on one or more of: the amount of The method further comprises setting the irradiation amount of ultraviolet light to be irradiated to the water to be treated.

46. ​​The method according to item 45.

50. The concentration of the contaminant in the water to be treated or the desired purity of the product water, or further comprising setting the power applied to the electrochemical cell based on both.

46. ​​The method of claim 45.

51. Based on the concentration of the contaminant in the to-be-treated water and the desired purity of the product water, setting the irradiation amount of ultraviolet light to be irradiated to the water to be treated in the actinic radiation radiation reactor; The method of claim 45, further comprising:

52. and setting an amount of oxygen introduced into the electrolyte based on the predetermined level. The method of claim 45.

53. to achieve said predetermined concentration level of hydrogen peroxide in said aqueous solution in said recirculation conduit. and setting an amount of power to be applied to the electrochemical cell based on the desired amount of time. The method of claim 45.

54. Based on the power applied to the electrochemical cell, The method according to claim 45, further comprising setting an irradiation amount of ultraviolet light to be irradiated to the water to be treated. How to.

55. a second said electrochemical cell having an outlet fluidly coupled to said second conduit; 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising electrochemically generating a chemical agent that quenches the hydrogen peroxide.

5. The method according to claim 5.

56. The amount of hydrogen peroxide introduced into the second conduit is determined based on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous treatment solution.

56. The method of claim 55, further comprising controlling the amount of chemical agent.

57. Controlling the amount of the chemical agent introduced into the second conduit comprises controlling the amount of the chemical agent introduced into the second conduit by the second electrical controlling a flow rate of said chemical from said chemical cell to said second conduit; and controlling the power applied to the second electrochemical cell or providing a fluid connection to the outlet of the second electrochemical cell. and controlling the flow rate of the chemical from a storage tank through which the chemical is passed.

57. The method according to item 56.

58. The aqueous treatment solution is passed through the second electrochemical cell to extract dissolved species from the aqueous treatment solution.

56. The method of claim 55, further comprising producing the chemical agent from

59. To retrofit a water treatment system including an advanced oxidation process reactor in fluid communication with a source of water to be treated. The method comprises: an electrochemical reactor having an outlet in fluid communication between the source of water to be treated and the advanced oxidation process reactor; Setting up a learning cell; and operating the electrochemical cell to convert oxygen in the water to hydrogen peroxide; providing an indication of the

60. in water either upstream of the actinic radiation reactor or downstream of the actinic radiation reactor. and further providing a sensor configured to measure the concentration of one or more contaminants of 60. The method of claim 59, comprising:

61. In communication with the sensor, the system responds to the measured concentration of the one or more contaminants. a controller configured to adjust one or more operating parameters of the system; 61. The method of claim 60, further comprising:

62. The one or more operating parameters may include power applied to the electrochemical cell, actinic radiation, power applied to the electrochemical cell or the actinic radiation reactor, and 62. The method of claim 61, comprising one of a flow rate of an electrolyte or an aqueous solution therethrough.

63. Aqueous solution is returned from the outlet of the electrochemical cell to the inlet of the electrochemical cell to form a recirculating solution.

60. The method of claim 59, further comprising providing a recirculation conduit configured to Law.

64. providing a controller operably connected to the one or more sensors; The one or more sensors detect a flow rate of the water to be treated, a concentration of contaminants in the water to be treated, The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the water to be treated, the purity of the product water leaving the advanced oxidation process reactor, The flow rate of the product water leaving the advanced oxidation process reactor, or the peroxide in the recirculating brine solution.

64. The method of claim 63 configured to measure one or more concentrations of hydrogen.

65. The controller is configured to: and configuring the system to adjust one or more operating parameters of the system. The one or more operating parameters may include power applied to the electrochemical cell, the advanced oxidation process, the power applied to the process reactor, the flow rate of electrolyte through the electrochemical cell, the advanced oxidation process The flow rate of the water to be treated through the advanced oxidation process reactor or the advanced oxidation process reactor 65. The method of claim 64, comprising one or more of the doses of radiation administered.

66. a hydrogen peroxide quencher having an outlet in fluid communication with the outlet of the advanced oxidation process reactor; providing a second electrochemical cell configured to electrochemically generate a chemical agent to be 60. The method of claim 59, further comprising:

67. Based on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous treatment solution exiting the outlet of the advanced oxidation process reactor. and transferring said chemical to a conduit fluidly coupled to said outlet of said advanced oxidation process reactor.

67. The method of claim 66, further comprising controlling a rate of introduction of the agent.

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