Bispecific antibodies for activation of immune cells

Abstract

To provide a bispecific antibody comprising an arm binding to a cancer associated antigen on a cancer cell and an arm binding to a costimulatory molecule.SOLUTION: The invention provides bispecific antibodies having one arm binding to a cancer associated antigen on a cancer cell, such as CD33, EGFR or PD-L1, and a second arm binding to a costimulatory molecule, such as OX40, CD40, GITR, ICOS or 4-1BB. Bridging by the bispecific antibody between cancer cells expressing the cancer associated antigen and immune cells expressing the costimulatory molecule results in clustering of the costimulatory molecules and selective activation of the immune cells at a location proximate to the cancer cells. Thus, the immune cells can exert an immunotherapeutic effect against the cancer cells with reduced toxicity to healthy tissue.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation of application 62 / 760,328, filed November 13, 2018, and application 62 / 838,579, filed April 25, 2019, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

[0002] Incorporation by reference of sequence listing This application contains sequences in the 438k txt file 530874-ST25, which are incorporated by reference. [Background technology]

[0003] Antigen-specific immune responses are complex biological processes controlled by multiple positive and negative regulators. T cells are first stimulated via the T cell receptor (TCR) upon recognition of cognate peptide antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Optimal activation of T cells requires a second signal from costimulatory molecules such as CD28 and ICOS, which belong to the CD28 superfamily. In addition, immune responses are positively regulated by other costimulatory molecules, such as CD40, OX40, GITR, CD27, HVEM, and 4-1BB, which belong to the TNF receptor superfamily, whose expression depends on the cell type and developmental stage, and negatively regulated by checkpoint molecules such as PD-1, TIGIT, TIM-3, LAG-3, BTLA, VISTA, CD96, and CD112R. The function of checkpoint molecules is to prevent unwanted overreactions of the immune system in the body. However, checkpoint molecules limit the immune system's ability to effectively fight cancer and infections. For reviews, see Pardoll, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 12:252-264, 2012; Mahoney et al., Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 14:561-584, 2015; Shin et al., Curr. Opin. Immunol. 33:23-35, 2015; Marquez-Rodas et al. Ann. Transl. Med. 3:267, 2015; Mercier et al., Front. Immunol. 6:418, 2015; Topalian et al., Cancer Cell 27: 450-461, 2015; Baumeister et al., Annu. Rev. Immunol. 34:539-573, 2016; Ward-Kavanagh et al., Immunity 44:1005-1019, 2016; Torphy et al., Int. J. Mol. Sci. 18:2642, 2017.

[0004] Blocking the function of checkpoint molecules with antagonistic monoclonal antibodies has been reported to be effective in enhancing immunity (Mercier et al., supra; Baumeister et al., supra). For example, the interaction of PD-1 (also known as CD279) expressed on the surface of T cells with its ligand, PD-L1 (also known as CD274) expressed on antigen-presenting cells, suppresses the immune response in the body. The ligands of checkpoint molecules expressed on cancer cells interact with their respective receptors expressed on immune cells, weakening the immune response in the body. As a result, the cancer cells are able to survive and grow. Inhibition of the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1 with monoclonal antibodies has been shown to be effective in the treatment of cancer. To date, three anti-PD-1 monoclonal IgG antibodies (nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and cemiplimab) and three anti-PD-L1 monoclonal IgG antibodies (durvalumab, atezolizumab, and avelumab) have been approved by the US FDA as cancer treatment drugs. In addition, monoclonal IgG antibodies that inhibit the interaction of other checkpoint molecules, such as TIGIT, TIM-3, LAG-3, and VISTA, with their respective ligands are being investigated in clinical trials (Marin-Acevedo et al., J. Hematol. Oncol. 11:39, 2018).

[0005] A monoclonal IgG antibody (ipilimumab) against CTLA-4, which blocks the interaction between CTLA-4 on T cells and B7-1 and B7-2 (also called CD80 and CD86, respectively, which are ligands for the costimulatory molecule CD28) on antigen-presenting cells, thereby stimulating T cell activation via CD28, is used as a cancer treatment drug. Agonistic IgG antibodies against costimulatory molecules such as ICOS, CD40, OX40, GITR, CD27, and 4-1BB are also capable of activating immune cells (Peggs et al., Clin. Exp. Immunol. 157:9-19, 2009; Melero et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 19:1044-1053, 2013; Attanasio et al., Immunity 44:1053-1068, 2016; Strugill et al., Am. J. Hematol. Oncol. 13:4-15, 2017). Costimulatory molecules that belong to the TNF receptor superfamily, like ICOS, require multimeric cross-linking on the surface of immune cells to initiate intracellular signaling to enhance immune responses (Watanabe et al., Int. Immunol. 17:269-278, 2005; Croft et al., Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 12:147-168, 2013; Wikenheiser et al., Front. Immunol. 7: Article 304, 2016). Because IgG is bivalent for antigen binding, IgG molecules bound to the cell surface cannot efficiently trigger signaling through these costimulatory molecules unless they are conjugated, such as through binding to the Fcγ receptor of another cell. An anti-CD40 IgG2 antibody with Fc mutations to enhance binding to FcγRIIB (also known as CD32B) demonstrated superior anti-tumor activity in mouse xenograft tumor models compared to the parental IgG2 antibody (Dahan et al., Cancer Cell 29:820-831, 2016).As another approach to promote multivalent binding of surface molecules, Tso et al. designed an IgG antibody by fusing the CH3 and CH4 regions of the human mu heavy chain to the C-terminus of the human gamma heavy chain (US Patent 10,053,517). The hexameric IgG antibody designed in this way can efficiently crosslink costimulatory molecules on the cell surface and induce intracellular signal transduction.

[0006] Bispecific antibodies are artificially engineered antibodies that can bind to two different antigens or two different epitopes on the same antigen. Various forms of bispecific antibodies have been created (Lameris et al., Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 92:153-165, 2014; Kontermann et al., Drug Dicov. Today 20:838-847, 2015; Spiess et al., Mol. Immunol. 67:95-106, 2015; Brinkmann et al., MAbs 9:182-212, 2017; Sedykh et al., Drug Des. Dev. Ther. 12:195-208, 2018). Some bispecific antibodies, such as blinatumomab, which binds to both CD3 and CD19, are designed to bring T cells into close proximity with CD19-bearing cancer cells and trigger T cell-mediated cytotoxicity against the cancer cells (Viardot et al., Cancer Treat. Rev. 65:87-95, 2018). Summary of the Invention

[0007] The present invention provides a bispecific antibody comprising a first binding site that specifically binds CD33 and a second binding site that specifically binds GITR, OX40, CD40, ICOS or 4-1BB. Optionally, the bispecific antibody further comprises an IgG Fc region. Optionally, the second binding site agonizes OX40 or CD40. Optionally, the first binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3 of SEQ ID NOs: 94 to 96, respectively, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3 of SEQ ID NOs: 97 to 99, respectively, and the second binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3 of SEQ ID NOs: 33 to 35, respectively, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3 of SEQ ID NOs: 37 to 39, respectively, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3 of SEQ ID NOs: 13 to 15, respectively, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3 of SEQ ID NOs: 17 to 19, respectively, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3 of SEQ ID NOs: 49 to 51, respectively, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3 of SEQ ID NOs: 53 to 55, respectively, or a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3 of SEQ ID NOs: 109 to 111, respectively. The mature heavy chain variable region comprises a mature heavy chain variable region having CDRs H1, H2 and H3, respectively, and a mature light chain variable region having CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 113 to 115, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprises a mature light chain variable region having CDRs H1, H2 and H3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 128 to 130, and a mature light chain variable region having CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 132 to 134.Optionally, the first binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 135 of SEQ ID NO: 2 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 131 of SEQ ID NO: 7, and the second binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 137 of SEQ ID NO: 32 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 36, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 12 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 16. or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 48 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 23 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 52, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 136 of SEQ ID NO: 108 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 126 of SEQ ID NO: 112, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 127 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 133 of SEQ ID NO: 131. Optionally, the first binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 135 of SEQ ID NO: 2 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 131 of SEQ ID NO: 7 and the second binding site comprises a single chain Fv fragment comprising SEQ ID NO: 22, 41, 57, 117, 122, 123, 124, 125, 136, or 139.

[0008] The invention further provides a first binding site that specifically binds EGFR and a second binding site that specifically binds GITR, OX40, CD40, ICOS or 4-1BB. Optionally, the bispecific antibody further comprises an Fc region. Optionally, the first binding site antagonizes binding of EGFR to EGF and the second binding site agonizes GITR. Optionally, the first binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3 of SEQ ID NOs: 100 to 102, respectively, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3 of SEQ ID NOs: 103 to 105, respectively, and the second binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3 of SEQ ID NOs: 33 to 35, respectively, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3 of SEQ ID NOs: 37 to 39, respectively, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3 of SEQ ID NOs: 13 to 15, respectively, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3 of SEQ ID NOs: 17 to 19, respectively, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3 of SEQ ID NOs: 49 to 51, respectively, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3 of SEQ ID NOs: 53 to 55, respectively. A mature light chain variable region comprising L1, L2 and L3, respectively, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 109 to 111, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 113 to 115, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 128 to 130, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 132 to 134.Optionally, the first binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 29 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 30, and the second binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 137 of SEQ ID NO: 32 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 36, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 12 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 16. or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 48 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 23 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 52, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 136 of SEQ ID NO: 108 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 126 of SEQ ID NO: 112, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 127 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 133 of SEQ ID NO: 131. Optionally, the first binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 29 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the second binding site comprises a single chain Fv fragment comprising SEQ ID NO: 22, 41, 57, 117, 122, 123, 124, 125, 136, or 139.

[0009] The present invention further provides monoclonal antibodies comprising a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 13 to 15, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 17 to 19, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 49 to 51, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 53 to 55, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 109 to 111, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 113 to 115, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 128 to 130, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 132 to 134. Optionally, the monoclonal antibody comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 137 of SEQ ID NO: 32, and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 36, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 12 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 16, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 48 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 23 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 52, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 136 of SEQ ID NO: 108 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 126 of SEQ ID NO: 112, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 127 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 133 of SEQ ID NO: 131.

[0010] The invention further provides a bispecific antibody comprising a first binding site that specifically binds PD-L1 and a second binding site that specifically binds GITR, OX40, CD40, ICOS or 4-1BB. Optionally, the bispecific antibody further comprises an Fc region. Optionally, the first binding site antagonizes binding of PD-L1 to PD1, and the second binding site agonizes GITR, OX40, CD40, ICOS or 4-1BB. Optionally, the first binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3 of SEQ ID NOs: 62 to 64, 75 to 77 or 85 to 87, respectively, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3 of SEQ ID NOs: 66 to 68, 79 to 81 or 89 to 91, respectively, and the second binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3 of SEQ ID NOs: 33 to 35, respectively, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3 of SEQ ID NOs: 37 to 39, respectively, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3 of SEQ ID NOs: 13 to 15, respectively, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3 of SEQ ID NOs: 17 to 19, respectively, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3 of SEQ ID NOs: 49 to 51, respectively, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3 of SEQ ID NOs: 53 to 55, respectively. A mature light chain variable region comprising L1, L2 and L3, respectively, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 109 to 111, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 113 to 115, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 128 to 130, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 132 to 134, respectively.Optionally, the first binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 61, residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 74, or residues 19 to 137 of SEQ ID NO: 84, and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 23 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 65, residues 23 to 128 of SEQ ID NO: 78, or residues 23 to 128 of SEQ ID NO: 88, respectively, and the second binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 137 of SEQ ID NO: 32, and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 36, or residues 20 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 12. 38, and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 16, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 48 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 23 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 52, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 136 of SEQ ID NO: 108 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 126 of SEQ ID NO: 112, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 127 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 133 of SEQ ID NO: 131. Optionally, the first binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20-138 of SEQ ID NO:61, residues 20-138 of SEQ ID NO:74, residues 19-137 of SEQ ID NO:84, and residues 23-128 of SEQ ID NO:65, residues 23-128 of SEQ ID NO:78, or residues 23-128 of SEQ ID NO:88, and the second binding site comprises a single chain Fv fragment comprising SEQ ID NO:22, 41, 57, 117, 122, 123, 124, 125, 136, or 139.

[0011] Some of the bispecific antibodies described above include a first pair of heavy and light chain variable regions forming a first binding site and a second pair of heavy and light chain variable regions forming a second binding site, where the C-terminus of the heavy and light chain variable regions of the first pair is fused to the N-terminus of the heavy and light chain constant regions and the heavy and light chain variable regions of the second pair is fused to the C-terminus of the heavy chain constant region to form an scFv, or vice versa. In some bispecific antibodies, the C-terminus of the heavy and light chain variable regions of the first pair is fused to the N-terminus of the heavy and light chain constant regions and the heavy and light chain variable regions of the second pair is fused to the C-terminus of the heavy chain constant region to form an scFv. In some bispecific antibodies, the light chain variable region of the scFv is fused to the C-terminus of the heavy chain constant region. In some bispecific antibodies, the first and second binding sites are humanized, veneered or human and the heavy and light chain constant regions are human. In some bispecific antibodies, the isotype of the heavy chain constant region is human IgG1 and the light chain constant region is kappa. Some bispecific antibodies comprise two first binding sites and two second binding sites. In some bispecific antibodies, the heavy chain constant region has at least one mutation that reduces or increases FcRγ binding. In some bispecific antibodies, the heavy chain constant region has at least one mutation that increases binding to FcRn.

[0012] The invention further provides a bispecific antibody comprising a first binding site that specifically binds to an antigen on a cancer cell, a cell infected with a pathogen, or an immune cell, and a second binding site that specifically binds to a costimulatory molecule, where the heavy and light chain variable regions of a first pair form the first binding site and the heavy and light chain variable regions of a second pair form the second binding site, where the C-terminus of the heavy and light chain variable regions of the first pair are fused to the N-terminus of the heavy and light chain constant regions and the heavy and light chain variable regions of the second pair are fused to the C-terminus of the heavy chain constant region, forming an scFv, or vice versa. Optionally, the first binding site is linked to the N-terminus of the heavy and light chain constant regions and the second binding site is linked to the C-terminus of the heavy chain constant region.

[0013] The invention further provides monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to PD-L1, comprising a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 62-64, 75-77 or 85-87, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 66-68, 79-81 or 89-91. Optionally, the monoclonal antibodies comprise a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20-138 of SEQ ID NO: 61, residues 20-138 of SEQ ID NO: 74, or residues 19-137 of SEQ ID NO: 84, and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 23-127 of SEQ ID NO: 65, residues 23-128 of SEQ ID NO: 78, or residues 23-128 of SEQ ID NO: 88, respectively.

[0014] The present invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising either the bispecific antibody or the monoclonal antibody and a pharma- ceutically acceptable carrier.

[0015] The present invention further provides a method for the treatment or prevention of cancer comprising administering to a subject having or at risk of having cancer an effective regimen of a bispecific or monoclonal antibody as defined above.

[0016] The present invention further provides a method for the treatment of an infectious disease comprising the step of administering to a subject having or at risk of having an infectious disease an effective regimen of a bispecific or monoclonal antibody as defined above. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0017] [Figure 1A-D] Schematic of the structure of the expression vectors pHuM195-IgG1 (A), pBS824 (B), pFCm331 (C), and pFCm267 (D). Relevant restriction enzyme sites are indicated. Figures are not drawn to scale.

[0018] [Diagram 2] Schematic of the structure of the bispecific IgG antibody of the invention.

[0019] [Diagram 3]Analysis of luciferase activity in Jurkat Dual cells expressing OX40 (JD / OX40) using a bispecific antibody (BS824) that binds CD33 and OX40. Mean relative luminescence units (RLU) from triplicate analyses are shown with standard deviation bars.

[0020] [Figure 4] Analysis of luciferase activity in Jurkat Dual cells expressing GITR (JD / GITR) using a bispecific antibody (BS827) that binds EGFR and GITR. The mean relative luminescence units (RLU) of triplicate analyses are shown with standard deviation bars.

[0021] [Diagram 5] FACS analysis of CD95 expression in Ramos cells using a bispecific antibody (BS828) that binds CD33 and CD40. The X-axis and Y-axis show the expression levels of CD20 and CD95, respectively. The numbers on the top right and bottom right indicate the percentage of CD20 positive cells in each quadrant.

[0022] [Figure 6] Activation of T cells by a bispecific antibody (BS809) that binds PD-L1 and GITR. Mean expression levels of IL-2 are shown with standard deviation bars.

[0023] [Figure 7] Analysis of luciferase activity in Jurkat Dual cells expressing OX40 (JD / OX40) using a bispecific antibody (BS813) that binds PD-L1 and OX40. Mean relative luminescence units (RLU) from triplicate analyses are shown with standard deviation bars.

[0024] [Figure 8]Analysis of luciferase activity in Jurkat Dual cells expressing GITR (JD / GITR) using a bispecific antibody (BS809) that binds PD-L1 and GITR. Mean relative luminescence units (RLU) from triplicate analyses are shown with standard deviation bars.

[0025] [Figure 9] Activation of human T cells by bispecific antibodies (BS813, BS841 and BS839) that bind PD-L1 and OX40. Mean IL-2 expression levels from triplicate analyses are shown with standard deviation bars.

[0026] [Figure 10] Activation of SEB-treated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by bispecific antibodies (BS813, BS841 and BS839) that bind PD-L1 and OX40. Mean IL-2 expression levels from triplicate analyses are shown with standard deviation bars.

[0027] [Figure 11] Activation of human T cells with a bispecific antibody (BS859) that binds PD-L1 and ICOS. Mean IL-2 and IL-10 expression levels are shown with standard deviation bars.

[0028] [Figure 12] Analysis of luciferase activity in Jurkat Dual cells expressing GITR (JD / GITR) using a bispecific antibody (BS840) that binds PD-L1 and GITR. Mean relative luminescence units (RLU) from triplicate analyses are shown with standard deviation bars.

[0029] [Figure 13] Activation of Ramos cells with a bispecific antibody (BS846) that binds PD-L1 and CD40.

[0030] definition The bispecific antibodies of the invention are typically provided in isolated form. This means that the bispecific antibodies are typically at least 50% w / w pure from interfering proteins and other contaminants resulting from their production or purification, but does not exclude the possibility that the bispecific antibodies may be combined with excess medicament acceptable carriers or other vehicles intended to facilitate their use. The bispecific antibodies may be at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99% w / w pure from interfering proteins and contaminants resulting from their production or purification. In many cases, the bispecific antibodies are the major macromolecular species remaining following their purification.

[0031] The specific binding of the bispecific antibody to the target antigen is at least 10 6 , 10 7 , 10 8 , 10 9 , or 10 10 M -1 Specific binding refers to the affinity of a specific antibody to a target. Affinity can be different for different targets. Specific binding is of a detectably high magnitude and can be distinguished from nonspecific binding occurring to at least one unrelated target. Specific binding can be the result of the formation of bonds between specific functional groups or a specific spatial fit (e.g., lock and key type), whereas nonspecific binding is typically the result of van der Waals forces. However, specific binding does not necessarily mean that a bispecific antibody with two different binding sites will only bind to the targets of these two binding sites.

[0032] The basic antibody structural unit is a tetramer of subunits. Each tetramer contains two identical pairs of polypeptide chains, each pair having one "light" (about 25 kDa) and one "heavy" chain (about 50-70 kDa). The amino-terminal portion of each chain contains a variable region of about 100-110 or more amino acids that are mainly involved in antigen recognition. This variable region is initially expressed in association with a cleavable signal peptide. A variable region without a signal peptide is sometimes called a mature variable region. Thus, for example, a light chain mature variable region means a light chain variable region without a light chain signal peptide. However, when referring to a variable region, a signal sequence is not necessarily present, and in fact the signal sequence is cleaved when the bispecific antibody of the present invention is expressed and secreted. The pair of heavy and light chain variable regions defines the binding region of the antibody. The carboxy-terminal portions of the light and heavy chains respectively define the light chain constant region and the heavy chain constant region. The heavy chain constant region is mainly responsible for effector functions. In IgG antibodies, the heavy chain constant region is divided into CH1, hinge, CH2, and CH3 regions. In IgA, the heavy chain constant region is divided into CH1, CH2, and CH3 regions. The CH1 region is linked to the light chain constant region by disulfide bonds and non-covalent bonds. The hinge region provides flexibility between the binding and effector regions of the antibody and also provides a site for intermolecular disulfide bonds between the two heavy chain constant regions in the tetrameric subunit. The CH2 and CH3 regions are the major sites of effector function and FcRn binding.

[0033] Light chains are classified as kappa or lambda. Heavy chains are classified as gamma, mu, alpha, delta, or epsilon, and define the antibody's isotype as IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE, respectively. In the light and heavy chains, the variable and constant regions are joined by a "J" segment containing about 12 or more amino acids, with the heavy chain containing a "D" segment containing about 10 or more amino acids (typically see Fundamental Immunology (Paul, W., ed., 2nd ed. Raven Press, NY, 1989), Ch. 7) (incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes).

[0034] The mature variable regions of each light / heavy chain pair form the antibody binding site. Thus, an intact antibody has two binding sites, i.e., is bivalent. In natural antibodies, the binding sites are the same. However, in bispecific antibodies, these binding sites can be the same or different depending on the format (see, for example, Songsivilai and Lachmann, Clin. Exp. Immunol., 79:315-321 (1990); Kostelny et al., J. Immunol., 148:1547-53 (1992)). All variable regions exhibit the same typical structure, with three hypervariable regions, also called complementarity determining regions (CDRs), bound to relatively conserved framework regions (FRs). The CDRs from the two chains of each pair are aligned by the framework regions, allowing binding to a specific epitope. From N-terminus to C-terminus, both light and heavy chains contain the domains FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, and FR4. The assignment of amino acids to each domain follows the definitions of Kabat, Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., 1987 and 1991), or Chothia & Lesk, J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917 (1987); Chothia et al., Nature 342:878-883 (1989). Kabat also provides a widely used numbering scheme (Kabat numbering) that assigns the same numbers to corresponding residues between different heavy chain variable regions or different light chain variable regions. Kabat numbering can be used for antibody constant regions, but the EU index (also called EU numbering) is more commonly used, as in the present application.

[0035] The term "epitope" refers to a site on an antigen to which an arm of a bispecific antibody binds. Epitopes can be formed from contiguous amino acids or non-contiguous amino acids juxtaposed by tertiary folding of one or more proteins. Epitopes formed from contiguous amino acids (also called linear epitopes) typically are retained on exposure to denaturing solvents, whereas epitopes formed by tertiary folding (also called conformational epitopes) are typically lost on treatment with denaturing solvents. Some antibodies bind end-specific epitopes. That is, an antibody preferentially binds to a polypeptide with a free end, which is lost, compared to the same polypeptide fused to another polypeptide. An epitope typically contains at least 3, more commonly at least 5 or 8-10 amino acids, and has a unique spatial conformation. Methods for determining the spatial conformation of an epitope include, for example, X-ray crystallography and 2-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. See, e.g., Epitope Mapping Protocols, in Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 66, Glenn E. Morris, Ed. (1996).

[0036] The term "antigen" or "target antigen" refers to a target molecule bound by one binding site of a bispecific antibody. Antigens can be molecules of any length, such as proteins (natural, synthetic, or recombinantly expressed), nucleic acids, carbohydrates, etc. Antigens include receptors, ligands, counter-receptors, coat proteins, etc.

[0037] Antibodies that recognize the same or overlapping epitopes can be identified in a simple immunoassay showing the ability of one antibody to compete with the binding of another antibody to a target antigen. An antibody's epitope can also be defined by X-ray crystallography of the antibody bound to the antigen to identify contact residues. Two antibodies have the same epitope if all amino acid mutations in the antigen that reduce or eliminate binding of one antibody reduce or eliminate binding of the other. Two antibodies have overlapping epitopes if some amino acid mutations that reduce or eliminate binding of one antibody reduce or eliminate binding of the other.

[0038] Competition between antibodies is determined by an assay in which the antibody under test inhibits the specific binding of a reference antibody to a common antigen (see, e.g., Junghans et al., Cancer Res. 50:1495, 1990). A test antibody competes with a reference antibody if an excess of the test antibody (e.g., at least 2-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 20-fold or 100-fold) inhibits the binding of the reference antibody by at least 50%, preferably 75%, 90% or 99%, as measured in a competitive binding assay. Antibodies identified by competitive assays (competitor antibodies) include antibodies that bind to the same epitope as the reference antibody and antibodies that bind to adjacent epitopes that are sufficiently close to the epitope bound by the reference antibody for steric hindrance to occur.

[0039] The term "subject" includes humans and other mammalian subjects receiving prophylactic or therapeutic treatment. Other mammalian subjects include animal models of the human condition (e.g., rodents, non-human primates) and veterinary subjects.

[0040] For the purpose of classifying amino acid substitutions as conservative or non-conservative, amino acids are grouped as follows: Group I (hydrophobic side chains): met, ala, val, leu, ile; Group II (neutral hydrophilic side chains): cys, ser, thr; Group III (acidic side chains): asp, glu; Group IV (basic side chains): asn, gln, his, lys, arg; Group V (residues that affect chain orientation): gly, pro; and Group VI (aromatic side chains): trp, tyr, phe. Conservative substitutions are the replacement of amino acids of the same class with each other. Non-conservative substitutions are the exchange of a member of one of these classes for a member of another class.

[0041] Percentage sequence identity is determined using maximally aligned antibody sequences according to Kabat numbering conventions for variable regions and EU numbering conventions for constant regions. After alignment, when a subject antibody region (e.g., the entire mature variable region of a heavy or light chain) is compared to the same region of a reference antibody, the percentage of sequence identity between the subject and reference antibody regions is the number of positions occupied by the same amino acid in both the subject and reference antibody regions, not taking into account gaps, divided by the total number of aligned positions in these two regions, and multiplied by 100 to convert to a percentage.

[0042] A composition or method "comprising" one or more recited elements may also include other elements not specifically recited. For example, a composition that includes an antibody may contain only the antibody or may contain the antibody in combination with other components.

[0043] The term "antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity" (ADCC) is a mechanism of cell death induction that depends on the interaction of antibody-coated target cells (i.e., antibody-bound cells) with immune cells (also called effector cells) that have lytic activity. Such effector cells include natural killer cells, monocytes / macrophages, and neutrophils. ADCC occurs through the interaction of the Fc region of the cell-bound antibody with Fcγ receptors (particularly FcγRI and FcγRIII) present on immune effector cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer cells. The target cells are eliminated by phagocytosis or lysis, depending on the type of effector cell mediated. Death of the antibody-coated target cells occurs as a result of effector cell activity.

[0044] The term opsonization, also known as "antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis" or ADCP, refers to the process by which antibody-coated cells are internalized, in whole or in part, by phagocytic immune cells (e.g., macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells) that bind to the Fc region of immunoglobulin.

[0045] The term "complement dependent cytotoxicity" or CDC (also called CMC) refers to a mechanism by which the Fc effector domain of a target-binding antibody activates a series of enzymatic reactions resulting in the formation of holes in the target cell membrane, inducing cell death. Generally, antigen-antibody complexes (e.g., on antibody-coated cells) bind and activate complement component C1q, which activates the complement cascade, leading to the death of the target cell. Complement activation may also result in the deposition of complement components on the target cell surface, which promotes ADCC by binding to complement receptors (e.g., CR3) on white blood cells.

[0046] The pH-dependent binding of an antibody to the FcRn receptor means that the antibody binds to such receptor more strongly at pH 6.0 than at pH 7.5. Binding to FcRn at low pH in endosomes after internalization by pinocytosis rescues IgG antibodies from catabolic degradation in lysosomes. The rescued IgG antibodies are then released from FcRn at neutral pH and recycled to the blood circulation. Such pH-dependent FcRn binding is the molecular mechanism underlying the long serum half-life of IgG antibodies (and the bispecific antibodies of the present invention) (Ghetie et al., Annu. Rev. Immunol. 18:739-766, 2000). For example, human IgG antibodies bind to human neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) at pH 6.0, but only weakly bind to FcRn at pH 7.5. The FcRn-binding site in IgG antibodies is located at the junction between the CH2 and CH3 domains. Because the mu heavy chain does not bind to FcRn at pH 6.0 or pH 7.5, native IgM generally has a shorter half-life than native IgG antibodies because it cannot utilize the FcRn-mediated pathway to rescue the antibody from degradation in leukocytes.

[0047] Protein A is a 40-60 kDa surface protein originally found in the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus. Protein A specifically binds with high affinity to mouse IgG2a and IgG2b as well as human IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4. Protein A does not bind to human IgG3, IgA, or IgM. Protein A is used for affinity purification of antibodies.

[0048] Protein G is a 65 kDa (G148 Protein G) and 58 kDa (C40 Protein G) Streptococcal cell surface protein. Protein G contains a serum albumin binding domain, but this is not required for IgG binding and is often deleted. Protein G specifically binds all isotypes of human IgG, but not IgA or IgM. Protein G is also used in antibody purification. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0049] I. General The present invention provides bispecific antibodies having a first arm that binds to a cancer-associated antigen, such as CD33, EGFR, or PD-L1, and a second arm that binds to a costimulatory molecule, such as OX40, CD40, GITR, ICOS, or 4-1BB. Although understanding of the mechanism is not essential to the practice of the present invention, it is believed that the bispecific antibodies of the present invention bridge between cancer cells expressing a cancer-associated antigen and immune cells expressing a costimulatory molecule, resulting in clustering of the costimulatory molecules and selective activation of the immune cells in close proximity to the cancer cells. This allows the immune cells to exert an immunotherapeutic effect on the cancer cells while suppressing toxicity to healthy tissues. The bispecific antibodies may have additional activity against cells expressing the cancer-associated antigen by antagonizing the interaction between the receptor and the ligand (e.g., the interaction between EGFR and EGF, the interaction between PD-L1 and PD1, or the interaction between CD33 and sialic acid). Some bispecific antibodies of the present invention that bind to cancer cells (or cells infected with pathogens) and costimulatory molecules can create a bridge between the two types of cells and induce an immune response through multivalent crosslinking of costimulatory molecules at the intercellular junction to fight cancer or infectious diseases. Some bispecific antibodies of the present invention can also enhance immune responses by inhibiting the function of checkpoint molecules (e.g., PD-L1) and inducing signaling pathways through multivalent crosslinking of costimulatory molecules (e.g., GITR, OX40, CD40, ICOS, 4-1BB).

[0050] II. Target The bispecific antibodies of the invention have at least two arms, each of which specifically binds to a different target antigen. One class of proteins that can be targeted are cancer-associated antigens. Such antigens are expressed by cancers and are typically expressed at higher levels (overexpressed) than in control normal tissues. Examples of cancer-associated antigens include CD33, EGFR, and PD-L1. Exemplary Swiss Prot numbers for the human forms of these targets are P20138, P00533, and Q9NZQ7. CD33 binds sialic acid and is overexpressed primarily in bone marrow-derived cancers such as acute myeloid leukemia. EGFR binds EGF and is overexpressed primarily in gastric, breast, endometrial, colon, head and neck, ovarian, cervical, bladder, and esophageal cancers. PD-L1 binds PD1 and is overexpressed primarily in gastric, hepatocellular carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, esophageal, pancreatic, ovarian, and bladder cancers. Another class of proteins are antigens that are expressed on the surface of cells infected with pathogens.

[0051] Another class of proteins are costimulatory molecules, such as CD40, OX40, GITR, ICOS, 4-1BB, etc. P25942, P23510, Q9Y5U5, Q9Y6W8, and Q07011 are exemplary Swiss Prot numbers for the human forms of these targets. Unless otherwise clear from the context, reference to a particular target should be understood to refer to the human form. However, non-human forms such as laboratory animals (e.g., mice, rats), non-human primates, companion animals, or farm animals can also be used.

[0052] III. Exemplary Antibodies for Each Target Bispecific antibodies are formed from pairs of heavy and light chain variable regions of component antibodies. The component antibodies can be rodent, chimeric, veneered, humanized, primatized, primate, or human, among others. The component antibodies can be of the same or different types. For example, one can be humanized and the other human.

[0053] Other non-human monoclonal antibodies against antigens, e.g., mouse, guinea pig, primate, rabbit or rat monoclonal antibodies, can be produced, for example, by immunizing animals with the antigen or a fragment thereof, or with cells bearing the antigen. See Harlow & Lane, Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual (CSHP NY, 1988), incorporated by reference for all purposes. Such antigens can be obtained from natural sources, by peptide synthesis, or by recombinant expression. Optionally, the antigen can be administered fused or complexed with a carrier protein. Optionally, the antigen can be administered together with an adjuvant. Several types of adjuvants can be used, as follows: For immunization of laboratory animals, it is preferable to use complete Freund's adjuvant followed by incomplete adjuvant.

[0054] A humanized antibody is a genetically engineered antibody in which CDRs from a non-human "donor" antibody are grafted onto human "acceptor" antibody sequences (see, e.g., Queen, US Pat. Nos. 5,530,101 and 5,585,089; Winter, US Pat. No. 5,225,539, Carter, US Pat. No. 6,407,213, Adair, US Pat. Nos. 5,859,205 and 6,881,557, Foote, US Pat. No. 6,881,557). The acceptor antibody sequences may be, for example, mature human antibody sequences, a composite of such sequences, a consensus sequence of human antibody sequences, or a germline region sequence. Thus, a humanized antibody is an antibody having some or all of the CDRs derived completely or substantially from a donor antibody, and constant region (if present) and variable region framework sequences derived completely or substantially from human antibody sequences. Similarly, a humanized heavy chain has at least one, two, and usually all three CDRs entirely or substantially derived from a donor antibody heavy chain, and a heavy chain constant region (if present) and heavy chain variable region framework sequences that are substantially derived from human heavy chain variable region framework and constant region sequences. Similarly, a humanized light chain has at least one, two, and usually all three CDRs entirely or substantially derived from a donor antibody light chain, and a light chain constant region (if present) and light chain variable region framework sequences that are substantially derived from human light chain variable region framework and constant region sequences. Except for nanobodies and dAbs, humanized antibodies include humanized heavy chains and humanized light chains. CDRs in a humanized antibody are substantially derived from corresponding CDRs in a non-human antibody when at least 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of corresponding residues (as defined by Kabat) between the corresponding CDRs are identical. An antibody chain variable region framework sequence or an antibody chain constant region is substantially derived from a human variable region framework sequence or a human constant region, respectively, when at least 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of the corresponding residues according to the Kabat definition are identical.

[0055] A humanized antibody often incorporates all six CDRs (preferably according to the Kabat definition) from a murine antibody, although a humanized antibody can also be made with fewer than all of the CDRs (e.g., at least three, four or five CDRs from the murine antibody) (e.g., Pascalis et al., J. Immunol. 169:3076, 2002; Vajdos et al., Journal of Molecular Biology, 320: 415-428, 2002; Iwahashi et al., Mol. Immunol. 36:1079-1091, 1999; Tamura et al, Journal of Immunology, 164:1432-1441, 2000).

[0056] Chimeric antibodies are antibodies in which the mature variable regions of the light and heavy chains of a non-human antibody (e.g., mouse) are combined with human light and heavy chain constant regions. Such antibodies substantially or completely retain the binding specificity of the mouse antibody and contain approximately two-thirds human sequences.

[0057] A veneered antibody is a type of humanized antibody that retains some, usually all, of the CDR and non-human variable region framework residues of a non-human antibody, but replaces other variable region framework residues that might contribute to B-cell or T-cell epitopes, such as exposed residues (Padlan, Mol. Immunol. 28:489, 1991), with residues from the corresponding positions in a human antibody sequence, resulting in an antibody in which the CDRs are completely or substantially derived from the non-human antibody and the variable region framework of the non-human antibody has been rendered human-like by the substitutions.

[0058] Human antibodies can be isolated from humans, but also result from the expression of human immunoglobulin genes (eg, in transgenic mice in vitro or by phage display). Methods for producing human antibodies include the trioma method (Oestberg et al., Hybridoma 2:361-367 (1983); Oestberg, US Pat. No. 4,634,664; and Engleman et al., US Pat. No. 4,634,666), the use of transgenic mice containing human immunoglobulin genes (e.g., Lonberg et al., WO93 / 12227 (1993); US Pat. Nos. 5,877,397, 5,874,299, 5,814,318, 5,789,650, 5,770,429, 5,661,016, 5,633,425, 5,625,126, 5,569,825, 5,545,806, Nature 148, 1547-1553 (1994), Nature Biotechnology 14, 826 (1996), Kucherlapati, WO 91 / 10741 (1991)), and phage display methods (see, e.g., Dower et al., WO 91 / 17271 and McCafferty et al., WO 92 / 01047, US Pat. Nos. 5,877,218, 5,871,907, 5,858,657, 5,837,242, 5,733,743 and 5,565,332).

[0059] Antibodies are screened for specific binding to the antigen. Antibodies can be further screened for binding to a particular region of the antigen, for competition with a reference antibody, for being agonists or antagonists of cells bearing the antigen. Non-human antibodies can be converted into chimeric, veneered, or humanized forms as described above.

[0060] Disclosed herein are exemplary antibodies that specifically bind to CD33, EGFR, PD-L1, CD40, OX40, GITR, and ICOS. These antibodies are characterized by the mature heavy and light chain variable region sequences and Kabat CDRs provided in the Sequence Listing, as shown in Table 1 below.

[0061] [Table 1]

[0062] Disclosed herein are exemplary single chain Fv (scFv) antibodies that bind to CD40, OX40, GITR, ICOS, and 4-1BB, which scFv antibodies are shown in Table 2 below.

[0063] [Table 2]

[0064] Other antibodies with the same CDRs as defined by Kabat or alternative definitions, e.g. Chothia, a combination of Chothia and Kabat, AbM or Contact (see the world wide web at bioinf.org.uk / abs), or other antibodies that bind to the same epitope or compete for binding to the target protein with any of these antibodies, can also be used. Also, other means of binding to any of the above targets can be used instead of the above antibodies. Antibodies that bind to CD40, OX40, GITR, ICOS and 4-1BB can agonize the receptor and thereby activate immune cells that express the receptor. Antibodies that bind to cancer-associated antigens may or may not antagonize the interaction of the cancer-associated antigen with its ligand or counter-receptor. Antagonism provides an additional mechanism of cytotoxicity against cancer cells, but is not essential for activation of immune cells by the binding arm of a bispecific antibody that binds to a costimulatory receptor.

[0065] Other antibodies against CD33 include gentuzumab, lintuzumab, and BI836858 (Heider Blood 2011;118(15):4159-4168). Antibodies against EGFR include the chimeric version of C225 sold as cetuximab, panitumumab, matuzumab, and necitumumab. Antibodies against PD-L1 include durvalumab, avelumab, atezolizumab, and MDX-1105 / BMS936559. Agonistic antibodies against CD40 include CP-870,893 (Pfizer and VLST), dacetuzumab (Seattle Genetics), Chi Lob 7 / 4 (University of Southampton), and lucatumab (Novartis) (Vonderheide et al., Clin Cancer Res 19, 1035-1043 (2013)). Agonistic OX40 antibodies include MOXR0916 (Infante et al., Journal of Clinical Oncology 2016 34:15_suppl 101-101), PF-04518600 (Long et al., Journal of Clinical Oncology 2016 34:15_suppl, e14518-e14518), MEDI0562 (Glisson et al., Annals of Oncology, Volume 27, Issue suppl_6, 1 October 2016, 1052PD), and MEDI6469 (Bell et al., Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(23_Suppl):Abstract nr 37). Agonistic antibodies against GITR include DTA-1 (Shimizu et al., Nat Immunol. 3, 135-142, 2002), INCAGN01876 (Gonzalez et al. Cancer Res. 2016 Volume 76, Issue 14, Abstract 3220), and 28F3, 19D3, 18E10, 3C3, 2G6, 8A6, 9G7, 14E3, 19H8, and 6G10 (WO2017087678).Agonistic antibodies against ICOS include MEDI-570 (Medimmune; Nicholson et al. Reprod. Toxicol. 2017 74:116-133), GSK3359609 (GlaxoSmithKline; Angevin et al. 2017 Cancer Res. Volume 77, Issue 13 Supplement, Abstract CT039), BMS-986226 (Bristol-Myers Squib; Wang et al. 2019 BBA Rev. Cancer 1871:199-224), and JTX-2011 (Jounce Therapeutics; Michaelson et al. 2016 Cancer Res. Volume 76, Issue 14 Supplement, Abstract 573). Agonistic antibodies against 4-1BB include urelumab (Bristol-Myers Squib), utomilumab (Pfizer), and AGEN2373 (Agenus; Galand et al. 2019 J. Clin.Oncol. 37, no. 15 suppl.e14005).

[0066] Any of these antibodies, or other antibodies with the same CDRs as defined by Kabat or alternative definitions, e.g., Chothia, a combination of Chothia and Kabat, AbM or Contact, that bind to the same epitope, or that compete for binding to the target protein with any of these antibodies, can also be incorporated into the bispecific antibodies of the invention. Also, other means of binding to any of the above targets can be used in place of the above antibodies.

[0067] The present invention also provides monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to human PD-L1, including HuPRO1, HuPRO2, and HuPRO5, and other antibodies that share the same six CDRs (according to any conventional definition) or the same pair of mature heavy and light chain variable regions as one of the antibodies. Such antibodies can inhibit the interaction of PD-L1 with PD1. The present invention also provides monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to human OX40, including HuOHX14DS, and other antibodies that share the same six CDRs (according to any conventional definition) or the same pair of mature heavy and light chain variable regions as the antibody. The present invention also provides monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to human CD40, including HuACS2, and other antibodies that share the same six CDRs (according to any conventional definition) or the same pair of mature heavy and light chain variable regions. The present invention also provides monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to human ICOS, including HuTAM14, and other antibodies that share the same six CDRs (according to any conventional definition) or the same pair of mature heavy and light chain variable regions. The present invention also provides monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to human 4-1BB, including HuFOB5, and other antibodies that share the same six CDRs (according to any conventional definition) or the same pair of mature heavy and light chain variable regions.

[0068] IV. Bispecific antibody formats More than 100 formats have been described for bispecific antibodies (e.g., Kontermann et al., Drug Discovery Today 20, 838-847 (2015); Sedykh et al., Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 2, 195-209 (2018)). Such formats contain at least one binding site for each of the two targets. Preferred formats contain two or more binding sites for each target.

[0069] Some formats have a tetrameric structure similar to that of a conventional antibody, with two binding regions, one for each target. Each binding region is formed from paired heavy and light chain variable regions, which are linked to heavy and light chain constant regions, respectively. Such bispecific antibodies differ from conventional antibodies in that the two binding sites and the heavy and light chain pairs that form them are different. Thus, such antibodies require the association of two different heavy and light chain pairs.

[0070] The "knobs-into-holes" approach has been employed to reduce homodimer formation and heavy chain mispairing by replacing large amino acids with small ones in the CH3 domain of one antibody ("knobs") and vice versa ("holes") in the other antibody (Ridgway et al., Protein Eng 9:617-21, 1996; Atwell et al., J Mol Biol 270:26-35, 1997; and US Pat. No. 7,695,936). Light chain mispairing in such formats can be reduced by several strategies. One strategy is to use a common light chain variable region for two different heavy chain variable regions. However, this is only applicable to a subset of antibodies. Another approach is to express the knob-containing half molecule and the hole-containing half molecule in separate bacteria. Another approach, called CrossMab, involves swapping the CH1 domain of one of the heavy chains with the constant CL domain of the corresponding light chain to induce correct pairing between the designed heavy and light chains (Schaefer et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:11187-92, 2011; WO 2009 / 080251; WO 2009 / 080252; WO 2009 / 080253). Another approach is to introduce additional mutations at the VH-VL and CH1-CL interfaces (Lewis et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 32 (2014), pp. 191-198). These mutations encourage the heavy chain to pair preferentially with the light chain. Another approach is to introduce mutations into one of the Fc regions that enhance Protein A binding and select heterodimer pairs with intermediate Protein A binding from homodimers with higher or lower Protein A binding by affinity chromatography (Tusdian et al, MAbs. 2016 May-Jun;8(4):828-38).

[0071] Other bispecific antibodies avoid the mispairing problem by combining multiple binding specificities in the same heavy and light chain pair. One approach to do this, called dual variable domains, is to link two different heavy chain variable regions in tandem to a heavy chain constant region and two different light chain variable regions in tandem to a light chain constant region (Correia et al., MAbs. 2013 May 1; 5(3): 364-372). Such antibodies can be assembled as tetramers by association of two identical paired heavy and light chains. The assembled antibody contains two different binding sites for each target.

[0072] Another approach followed in the examples of the present invention is to incorporate a second binding specificity by linking a single chain Fv (scFv) to the C-terminus of the heavy chain constant region. Such bispecific antibodies, like standard antibodies, contain a first binding site formed by the heavy and light chain variable regions linked to the N-terminus of the heavy and light chain constant regions. The C-terminus of the heavy chain is linked to an scFv, which provides a second binding site. The scFv is typically linked via a linker, which in turn links the heavy and light chain variable regions of the scFv. The scFv can be linked to an Fc region via a linker from its light chain variable region or from the end of the heavy chain variable region. When assembled by complexation of two identical paired heavy and light chains, such bispecific antibodies contain two binding sites, each of two different specificities. The cancer-associated antigen or infected cell antigen and costimulatory antigen binding arms of such bispecific antibodies can be attached in either orientation. The arms binding to the N-terminus of the heavy and light chain constant regions are provided separately as heavy and light chain variable regions, and the arms binding to the C-terminus are provided as scFv fragments. The advantage of this format is that the two different binding spaces are separated by the entire heavy chain constant region, which may facilitate cell-cell bridging.

[0073] In another format, an scFv that specifically binds to one target is linked to a heavy chain constant region and an scFv that specifically binds to another target is linked to a light chain constant region. Such antibodies are assembled as tetramers containing two copies of each binding site (Bs(scFv)4-IgG) (Zuo et al., Protein Eng 13: 361-367, 2000).

[0074] Other formats link scFv binding regions in a single chain without constant regions, for example the BiTe format links two scFv fragments via a linker (see e.g. Ross et al., PLoS ONE 12(8): e0183390, 2017). Such formats tend to lack effector functions and have short half-lives, but may have the advantage of accessibility and ease of production due to their small size.

[0075] Many of the above formats include a linker peptide between the heavy and light chain variable regions or between the variable and constant regions. Linkers are short peptides that provide flexibility and are often dominated by Gly, Ala and / or Ser. Some exemplary linkers are Gly-Gly-Ala-Ala, Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser, Leu-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala, and multimers thereof.

[0076] V. Selection of Constant Regions Many of the bispecific antibody formats include at least a portion of a human constant region. The choice of constant region depends, in part, on whether antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, and / or complement-dependent cytotoxicity are desired. For example, human isotypes IgG1 and IgG3 have complement-dependent cytotoxicity, whereas human isotypes IgG2 and IgG4 do not. The light chain constant region can be lambda or kappa. Also, human IgG1 and IgG3 induce stronger cell-mediated effector functions than human IgG2 and IgG4. Here, ADCC, ADCP, and CDC are useful to provide an additional mechanism of action against cancer cells or infected cells bound by one arm of the bispecific antibody, but are not useful to agonize costimulatory molecules to activate immune cells by the other arm.

[0077] One or several amino acids at the amino or carboxy termini of the light and / or heavy chains, e.g., the C-terminal lysine of the heavy chain, may be deleted or derivatized in some or all of the molecules. Amino acid substitutions can be made in the constant region to reduce or increase effector functions such as complement-mediated cytotoxicity or ADCC (see, e.g., Winter et al., US Patent No. 5,624,821; Tso et al., US Patent No. 5,834,597; and Lazar et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:4005, 2006) or to extend half-life in humans (see, e.g., Hinton et al., J. Biol. Chem. 279:6213, 2004). For example, there are many known mutations in IgG Fc that increase FcRn binding. Exemplary substitutions include Gln at position 250 and / or Leu at position 428, Ser or Asn at position 434, Tyr at position 252, Thr at position 254, Glu at position 256, and Ala at position 434 (EU numbering). Increased FcRn binding is advantageous for the hybrid protein of the invention to compete more strongly with endogenous IgG for binding to FcRn. Also, numerous mutations are known to reduce either ADCC, ADCP, or CDC. (See, e.g., Winter et al., US Patent No. 5,624,821; Tso et al., US Patent No. 5,834,597; and Lazar et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:4005, 2006). For example, substitution of any of the amino acid residues at positions 234, 235, 236 and / or 237 reduces affinity for Fcγ receptors, particularly the FcγRI receptor (see, e.g., US 6,624,821). Optionally, the amino acid residues at positions 234, 236 and / or 237 of human IgG2 are substituted with Ala, and position 235 is substituted with Gln or Glu (see, e.g., US 5,624,821).Other substitutions that reduce effector function include Ala at position 268, Gly or Ala at position 297, Leu at position 309, Ala at position 322, Gly at position 327, Ser at position 330, Ser at position 331, Ser at position 238, Ala at position 268, and Leu at position 309.

[0078] Human constant regions exhibit allotypic and isoallotypic variation among different individuals, i.e., the constant region may differ at one or more polymorphic positions in different individuals. Isoallotypes differ from allotypes in that sera that recognize an isoallotype bind to non-polymorphic regions of one or more other isotypes.

[0079] VI. Expression of Recombinant Antibodies Bispecific antibodies are typically produced by recombinant expression. Depending on the bispecific format, expression of one, two or more antibody chains may be required. When multiple chains are expressed, they can be expressed from the same vector or different vectors. The recombinant polynucleotide construct typically contains expression control sequences operably linked to the coding sequences of the antibody chains, including naturally occurring or heterologous expression control elements, such as a promoter. The expression control sequences can be promoter systems in vectors capable of transforming or transfecting eukaryotic or prokaryotic host cells. Once the vector has been incorporated into a suitable host, the host is maintained under conditions suitable for high level expression of the nucleotide sequences and for the collection and purification of the bispecific antibodies.

[0080] These expression vectors are typically replicable in the host organisms either as episomes or as an integral part of the host chromosomal DNA. Typically, expression vectors contain a selection marker, such as ampicillin resistance or hygromycin resistance, to permit detection of those cells transformed with the desired DNA sequences.

[0081] E. coli is one prokaryotic host useful for the expression of antibodies, particularly antibody fragments. Microorganisms such as yeast are also useful for expression. Saccharomyces is one yeast host with suitable vectors having expression control sequences, an origin of replication, termination sequences, etc., as desired. Exemplary promoters include glycolytic enzymes, including 3-phosphoglycerate kinase. Inducible yeast promoters include promoters derived from alcohol dehydrogenase, isocytochrome C, and enzymes responsible for maltose and galactose utilization, among others.

[0082] Mammalian cells can be used for the expression of nucleotides encoding immunoglobulins or fragments thereof. See Winnacker, From Genes to Clones (VCH Publishers, NY, 1987). A number of suitable host cell lines capable of secreting intact heterologous proteins have been developed, including CHO cell lines, various COS cell lines, HeLa cells, HEK293 cells, L cells, and non-antibody producing myelomas including Sp2 / 0 and NS0. The cells can be non-human. Expression vectors for use in these cells can include expression control sequences such as origins of replication, promoters, enhancers (Queen et al., Immunol. Rev. 89:49 (1986)), as well as necessary processing information sites such as ribosome binding sites, RNA splice sites, polyadenylation sites, and transcription terminator sequences. Expression control sequences can include promoters derived from endogenous genes, cytomegalovirus, SV40, adenovirus, bovine papilloma virus, and the like. See Co et al., J. Immunol. 148:1149 (1992).

[0083] Alternatively, the antibody coding sequence may be incorporated into a transgene and introduced into the genome of the transgenic animal, followed by expression in the milk of the transgenic animal (see, e.g., US Pat. No. 5,741,957; US Pat. No. 5,304,489; and US Pat. No. 5,849,992). Suitable transgenes include coding sequences for the light and / or heavy chains operably linked to a promoter and enhancer derived from a mammary gland-specific gene, such as casein or beta-lactoglobulin.

[0084] A vector containing a DNA segment of interest can be introduced into a host cell by a method that depends on the type of cell host. For example, calcium chloride transfection is often used for prokaryotic cells, while calcium phosphate treatment, electroporation, lipofection, gene guns, or viral-based transfection can be used for other cell hosts. Methods used to transform mammalian cells include the use of polybrene, protoplast fusion, liposomes, electroporation, and microinjection. To generate transgenic animals, transgenes can be injected into fertilized oocytes by microinjection or integrated into the genome of embryonic stem cells, and the nucleus of such cells transferred into enucleated oocytes.

[0085] After the vector(s) encoding the antibody heavy and light chains are introduced into the cell culture, the cell pools can be screened for antibody productivity and quality in serum-free medium. The highest producing cell pools can then be subjected to FACS-based single cell cloning to generate monoclonal lines. Specific production rates of 50 pg / cell or more than 100 pg / cell per day, which corresponds to more than 7.5 g per liter of medium, can be used. The antibodies produced by the single cell clones can be tested for turbidity, filtration characteristics, PAGE, IEF, UV scan, HP-SEC, carbohydrate-oligosaccharide mapping, mass spectrometry, and binding assays such as ELISA or Biacore. Selected clones are then stored in multiple vials and frozen for future use.

[0086] After expression, antibodies can be purified according to standard methods in the art, including Protein A capture, HPLC purification, column chromatography, gel electrophoresis, and the like (see typically, Scopes, Protein Purification (Springer-Verlag, NY, 1982)).

[0087] Methodologies for commercial production of antibodies can be used including codon optimization, promoter selection, transcriptional element selection, terminator selection, serum-free single cell cloning, cell banking, use of selectable markers for copy number amplification, CHO terminators, or improved protein titer (see, e.g., US 5,786,464; US 6,114,148; US 6,063,598; US 7,569,339; W02004 / 050884; W02008 / 012142; W02008 / 012142; W02005 / 019442; W02008 / 107388; W02009 / 027471; and US 5,888,809).

[0088] VII. Nucleic acids The invention further provides nucleic acids encoding any of the heavy and light chains described above. Optionally, such nucleic acids may further encode a signal peptide, which may be linked to the constant region coding sequence of the nucleic acid for expression, and may be operably linked to control sequences for ensuring expression of the coding sequence, such as promoters, enhancers, ribosome binding sites, transcription termination signals, etc. The nucleic acids encoding the heavy and light chains may be generated in isolated form or may be cloned into one or more vectors. The nucleic acids may be synthesized, for example, by solid phase synthesis or PCR of overlapping oligonucleotides. The nucleic acids encoding the heavy and light chains may be linked as one contiguous nucleic acid, for example within an expression vector, or may be cloned separately, for example, each in its own expression vector.

[0089] VIII. Therapeutic Methods and Pharmaceutical Compositions The bispecific antibodies of the invention can be used to treat cancers, including those in which one arm of the bispecific antibody binds to a target expressed or overexpressed in cancer, as disclosed above. The bispecific antibodies can be used to treat solid tumors, as well as hematological malignancies. Hematological malignancies include leukemia (e.g., T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia), lymphoma (Hodgkin's or non-Hodgkin's), or multiple myeloma. Solid tumors include skin (e.g., melanoma), ovarian, endometrial, kidney, liver, pancreas, bladder, breast, ovarian, prostate, rectum, colon, stomach, intestine, pancreas, lung, thymus, thyroid, kidney, and brain.

[0090] Bispecific antibodies of the invention can be used to treat pathogenic infections when the bispecific antibody has one arm that specifically binds to an antigen expressed in infected cells but not in the corresponding non-infected cells. Such antigens can be encoded by a pathogen or expressed by a cell in response to infection by a pathogen. Examples of antigens expressed in infected cells include glycoproteins gp41 and gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Env protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), glycoproteins gB and gH of herpes simplex virus (HSV), influenza hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), and F protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Examples of pathogenic infections treatable with bispecific antibodies include viral, bacterial, protozoal, and fungal infections. Examples of viral infections include HIV, hepatitis (A, B, or C), herpes viruses (e.g., VZV, HSV-1, HAV-6, HSV-II, CMV, Epstein-Barr virus), adenovirus, XMRV, influenza virus, flavivirus, echovirus, rhinovirus, coxsackievirus, coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, mumps virus, rotavirus, measles virus, rubella virus, parvovirus, vaccinia virus, HTLV virus, dengue virus, MLV-related virus, papilloma virus, molescomb virus, poliovirus, rabies virus, JC virus, and arboviral encephalitis virus. Some examples of bacterial infections include Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Mycobacteria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pneumococcus, Meningococcus, and Conococci, Klebsiella, Proteus, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Legionella, Diphtheria, Salmonella, Bacillus, Cholera, Tetanus, Botulinum, Anthrax, Plague, Leptospirosis, Lymes burgdorferi, Streptococcus, or Neisseria. Examples of pathogenic fungi include Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma, Pneumocystis, Stachybotrys. Examples of protozoa include Cryptosporidium, Giardia lamblia, and Plasmodium.

[0091] The bispecific antibody is administered in an effective regimen, meaning a dosage, route of administration, and frequency of administration that delays onset, reduces severity, inhibits further deterioration, and / or improves at least one symptom or condition of the condition. If the subject is already suffering from the disease, the regimen can be referred to as a therapeutically effective regimen. If the subject is at high risk of the disease compared to the general population, but has not yet experienced symptoms, the regimen can be referred to as a prophylactically effective regimen. In some instances, therapeutic or prophylactic efficacy can be observed in an individual subject, compared to past controls or past experience in the same subject. In other instances, therapeutic or prophylactic efficacy can be demonstrated in a population of treated subjects compared to a control population of untreated subjects in preclinical or clinical trials.

[0092] Preferably, the bispecific antibody exhibits at least additive activity against cancer or infected cells compared to its constituent antibodies individually, and more preferably exhibits synergistic activity. Synergy is preferably assessed quantitatively, as described in Tallarida, Genes Cancer. 2011 Nov; 2(11): 1003-1008. Also preferably, the bispecific antibody exhibits increased activity compared to a mixture of its constituent antibodies, each at equimolar concentration with the bispecific antibody. Such activity can be measured, for example, as cytotoxicity or cytostasis against cancer or infected cells expressing an antigen specifically bound to one arm of the bispecific antibody in the presence of immune cells expressing a costimulatory molecule specifically bound to the other arm of the bispecific antibody.

[0093] Exemplary dosages of bispecific antibodies are 0.01-20, or 0.5-5, or 0.01-1, or 0.01-0.5, or 0.05-0.5 mg / kg body weight (e.g., 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 mg / kg), or 10-1500 mg as a fixed dose. Dosage will depend on the patient's condition and response to prior treatment (if any), whether the treatment is prophylactic or therapeutic, whether the disorder is acute or chronic, etc.

[0094] Administration can be parenteral, intravenous, oral, subcutaneous, intraarterial, intracranial, intrathecal, intraperitoneal, topical, intranasal, or intramuscular. Administration into the systemic circulation is preferably intravenous or subcutaneous. Intravenous administration can be performed by infusion over a period of time, for example, 30 to 90 minutes.

[0095] The frequency of administration depends on the half-life of the bispecific antibody in the circulatory system, the condition of the subject, and the route of administration, among other factors. The frequency of administration can be daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, or irregular depending on the changes in the patient's condition and the progression of the disorder being treated. For intravenous administration, an exemplary frequency is once a week to once a quarter during the continuous treatment period, although more or less frequent administration is also possible. For subcutaneous administration, an exemplary frequency of administration is daily to monthly, although more or less frequent administration is also possible.

[0096] The number of doses depends on whether the disorder is acute or chronic and the response of the disorder to treatment. For acute disorders or acute exacerbations of chronic disorders, one to ten doses are often sufficient. During acute disease or acute exacerbations of chronic disease, a single bolus dose (optionally divided) may be sufficient. For recurrences of acute disease or acute exacerbations, treatment can be repeated. For chronic diseases, the bispecific antibody can be administered periodically, e.g., weekly, biweekly, monthly, quarterly, or every six months, for at least one year, five years, ten years, or the life of the subject.

[0097] The pharmaceutical composition is preferably suitable for parenteral administration to humans (e.g., in accordance with FDA standards). Pharmaceutical compositions for parenteral administration are preferably sterile and substantially isotonic, and produced under GMP conditions. The pharmaceutical composition can be provided in unit dosage form (i.e., a dosage for one administration). The pharmaceutical composition can be formulated with one or more pharma- ceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, excipients, or adjuvants. Pharmaceutically acceptable means suitable for administration to humans, e.g., approved or approvable by the FDA. The formulation will vary depending on the route of administration chosen. For injection, the antibody can be formulated in an aqueous solution, preferably a physiologically compatible buffer such as Hank's solution, Ringer's solution, saline, or acetate buffer (to reduce discomfort at the injection site). The solution may contain modifiers such as suspending agents, stabilizing agents, dispersing agents, and the like. Alternatively, the antibody may be in lyophilized form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.

[0098] Treatment with the bispecific antibodies of the invention can be combined with other treatments that are effective against the disorder being treated. When used to treat cancer, the bispecific antibodies of the invention can be combined with chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell therapy, surgery, or Herceptin therapy against the HER2 antigen. TM (Trastuzumab), Avastin against VEGF TM (bevacizumab), or antibodies against the EGF receptor (e.g., (Erbitux TM , cetuximab), and Vectibix TM (panitumumab)) can be combined with treatment with other biologics. Chemotherapeutic agents include chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide or melphalan, carboplatinum, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, idarubicin, and mitoxantrone, methotrexate, fludarabine, and cytarabine, etoposide or topotecan, vincristine, and vinblastine. Infections can be treated with antibiotics, antiviral agents, antifungal agents, antiparasitic agents, and the like.

[0099] IX. Other Methods The bispecific antibodies of the invention can also be used in diagnostic, prognostic and experimental methods. They can be used to measure the levels of antigens expressed by cancer or in the circulation of patients with cancer to determine whether the levels are measurable or elevated, and thus to track and guide the treatment of the cancer, since cancers associated with measurable or elevated levels of antigens are most susceptible to treatment with bispecific antibodies that contain arms that bind to the cancer. Bispecific antibodies can be used, inter alia, in ELISA assays, radioimmunoassays or immunohistochemistry. Bispecific antibodies can be labeled with fluorescent molecules, spin-labeled molecules, enzymes or radioisotopes, and may be provided in the form of a kit containing all the reagents necessary to perform the assay.

[0100] All patent applications, websites, other publications, accession numbers, etc. cited above or below are incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual item was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. Where different versions of a sequence are associated with accession numbers at different times, the version associated with the accession number at the effective filing date of this application is meant. The effective filing date refers to the earlier of the actual filing date or the filing date of the priority application, with reference to the accession number, if applicable. Similarly, where different versions of a publication, website, etc. are published at different times, the version most recently published at the effective filing date of this application is meant unless otherwise indicated. Any feature, step, element, embodiment, or aspect of the present invention can be used in combination with any other unless otherwise indicated. The present invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding, but it will be apparent that certain changes and modifications can be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. EXAMPLES

[0101] Example 1: General Methods and Materials

[0102] Gene cloning, mutagenesis, plasmid construction, ELISA, and FACS were performed according to standard laboratory techniques as described by Green and Sambrook (Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 4th ed., 2012, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY), Greenfield (Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., 2014, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY), Kostelny et al. (Int. J. Cancer 93:556-565, 2001), Cole et al. (J. Immunol. 159:3613-3621, 1997), and Tsurushita et al. (Methods 36:69-83, 2005) or according to vendor protocols.

[0103] Mouse hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies against the desired antigens were generated at JN Biosciences (Cosmo Bio, Carlsbad, CA) according to standard cell fusion techniques using GenomONE CF EX Cell Fusion Reagent (Cosmo Bio, Carlsbad, CA). Purified soluble forms of recombinant antigens, usually fusions to the Fc region of human IgG, or mouse cell lines expressing recombinant antigens on their surface were used for immunization of mice. Mouse monoclonal antibodies secreted into the culture supernatant of hybridoma cells were subjected to a series of screens to identify antibodies with the following properties: (1) specific binding to human antigens, (2) specific binding to cynomolgus monkey antigens, and (3) desired biological functions, such as blocking the interaction of antigens with their ligands or stimulating cell activity by binding to antigens on the cell surface. Selected hybridoma cells were grown in serum-free media such as Hybridoma SFM (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). Mouse monoclonal IgG antibodies were purified using a Protein A affinity column (MabSelect SuRe, GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Marlborough, MA) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The purified antibodies were buffer exchanged into phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) by dialysis. Antibody concentrations were determined by measuring absorbance at 280 nm (OD 1.4 = 1 mg / ml).

[0104] Expression of mouse IgG antibodies in culture supernatants was measured by sandwich ELISA. In a typical experiment, ELISA plates were coated with goat anti-mouse IgG Fc-specific polyclonal antibody (SouthenBiotech, Birmingham, AL), washed with Wash Buffer (PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20), and blocked with ELISA Buffer (PBS containing 2% skim milk and 0.05% Tween 20). After washing with Wash Buffer, test samples appropriately diluted in ELISA Buffer were applied to the ELISA plate. Appropriate mouse IgG / kappa antibodies were used as standards. After incubating the ELISA plate for 60 min at room temperature and washing with Wash Buffer, bound mouse antibodies were detected with HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse kappa chain polyclonal antibody (Bethyl Laboratories, Montgomery, TX). After incubating the plate for 30 min at room temperature and washing with Wash Buffer, color development was initiated by adding ABTS substrate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and stopped with 2% oxalic acid. The absorbance was read at 405 nm.

[0105] Expression of chimeric and humanized IgG / kappa antibodies in culture supernatants was measured by sandwich ELISA as described above, except that a goat anti-human IgG Fc-specific polyclonal antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA) was used to coat the ELISA plates and an HRP-conjugated goat anti-human kappa chain polyclonal antibody (Bethyl Laboratories) was used to detect bound antibody.

[0106] The sequence of the heavy and light chain variable regions (VH and VL, respectively) of the mouse monoclonal antibody was performed by standard molecular biology techniques, such as the procedure described in Tsurushita et al. (Methods 36: 69-83, 2005). Humanization of VH and VL was performed by the general procedure described in Tsurushita et al. (supra) as follows: First, a three-dimensional molecular model of the variable region of the mouse antibody to be humanized was constructed using appropriate software. Then, the molecular model was used to identify framework amino acid residues that are important for the formation of the CDR (complementarity determining region) structure or are necessary for antigen binding. In parallel, cDNA-derived human VH and VL amino acid sequences that have high homology with the amino acid sequences of mouse VH and VL, respectively, were selected. Finally, the CDR sequences together with the framework amino acid residues identified as important for the formation of the antigen binding site were grafted from the mouse variable region to the corresponding selected human framework sequences.

[0107] Stable transfection into the Chinese hamster ovary cell line CHO-K1 was performed by electroporation. Prior to transfection, the expression vector was linearized using appropriate restriction enzymes. In a typical experiment, approximately 10 7 CHO-K1 cells were transfected with 20 μg of linearized plasmid and suspended in SFM4CHO medium (GE Healthcare Life Sciences), and the cells were appropriately diluted and plated at 100 μl / well in several 96-well plates. After 48 hours, 100 μl / well of SFM4CHO medium containing 20 μg / ml puromycin was added to isolate stable transfectants. Approximately 10 days after the start of selection, the culture supernatants of the transfectants were assayed for antibody production. CHO-K1 stable transfectants producing high levels of antibody were identified by ELISA as described above.

[0108] CHO-K1 stable transfectants highly producing recombinant antibodies such as the humanized IgG and bispecific IgG antibodies of the present invention were cultured in SFM4CHO until the cell viability was less than 50%. After centrifugation and filtration, the culture supernatant was loaded onto a Protein A column (HiTrap MABSelect SuRe, GE Healthcare Life Sciences). After washing the column with PBS, the antibodies were eluted with 0.1 M glycine-HCl (pH 3.0) or 0.1 M sodium acetate (pH 3.6) containing 0.1 M NaCl. The buffer of the eluted antibodies was neutralized with 1 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) and then changed to PBS by dialysis. The absorbance at 280 nm was measured to determine the antibody concentration (1 mg / ml = 1.4 OD).

[0109] Example 2: Construction of a bispecific antibody (BS824) that binds to CD33 and OX40

[0110] The mammalian expression vector pHuM195-IgG1 (FIG. 1A), designed for the production of a humanized anti-CD33 IgG1 / kappa antibody (Co et al., J. Immunol. 148:1149-1154, 1992) that binds human CD33 (also known as Siglec-3; SEQ ID NO:1), contains the following genetic elements: Proceeding clockwise from the SalI site in FIG. 1A, the vector contains a heavy chain transcription unit beginning with the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) major immediate early promoter and enhancer (CMV-P in the figure) to initiate transcription of the antibody heavy chain gene. The CMV promoter is followed by a genomic sequence including an exon encoding humanized M195 VH (SEQ ID NO:2) flanked by SpeI and HindIII sites, exons encoding the CH1 (SEQ ID NO:3), hinge (SEQ ID NO:4), CH2 (SEQ ID NO:5), and CH3 (SEQ ID NO:6) constant regions of the human gamma-1 heavy chain, and an intervening intron, followed by an EagI site followed by a polyadenylation site of the human gamma-1 heavy chain gene. After the heavy chain gene sequence, the light chain transcription unit begins with a CMV promoter and enhancer (CMV-P) and includes an exon encoding humanized M195 (HuM195) VL (SEQ ID NO:7) flanked by NheI and EcoRI sites, a genomic sequence including an exon encoding the human kappa chain constant region exon (Ck) (SEQ ID NO:8) preceded by a portion of an intron, and a polyadenylation site of the human kappa chain gene following the Ck exon. The light chain genes are followed by the SV40 early promoter (SV40-P), the puromycin N-acetyltransferase gene (puro) for puromycin resistance, and a segment containing the SV40 polyadenylation site (SV40-A). Finally, pHuM195-IgG1 contains a bacterial origin of replication (pUC ori) and the β-lactamase gene (β-lactamase). The arrows in the diagram indicate the direction of transcription. A humanized IgG1 / kappa monoclonal antibody (HuM195-IgG1) is expressed from pHuM195-IgG1 in mammalian cells.

[0111] A mouse hybridoma producing IgG / kappa monoclonal antibody OHX14 that specifically binds human and cynomolgus monkey OX40 (also known as TNFRSF4 and CD134) was isolated as described in Example 1. As an immunogen, mouse myeloma cell line NS0 was used that stably expresses recombinant human OX40 on its surface, consisting of the extracellular domain of human OX40 fused to a FLAG polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 9) and then fused to the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchorage signal of human CD55 (SEQ ID NO: 10) (OX40-FLAG-GPI; SEQ ID NO: 11). Sequencing and humanization of OHX14 VH and VL were performed as described in Tsurushita et al. (supra).

[0112] The amino acid sequence of humanized OHX14 (HuOHX14DS) VH is MGRLTSSFLLLIVPAYVLSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTSYIMHWVRQAPGQGLEWIGYINPYNSGTKYNEKFKGRVTITSDKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCAHYYGSTFTMDYWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 12). The amino acid sequences of CDR1, 2, and 3 of HuOHX14DS VH are SYIMH (SEQ ID NO: 13), YINPYNSGTKYNEKFKG (SEQ ID NO: 14), and YYGSTFTMDY (SEQ ID NO: 15), respectively, according to the definition by Kabat et al. (Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interests, Fifth edition, NIH Publication No. 91-3242, US Department of Health and Human Services, 1991). The gene encoding HuOHX14DS VH was synthesized as an exon containing a splice donor signal at the 3' end of the coding region, a SpeI site at the 5' end of the fragment, and a HindIII site at the 3' end of the fragment.

[0113] The amino acid sequence of humanized OHX14 (HuOHX14DS) VL is MMSSAQFLGLLLLCFQGTRCDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQDIRTYLNWYQQKPGKVPKLLIYYTSRLHSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLQPEDVATYYCQQGNTLPWTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 16). The amino acid sequences of CDR1, 2 and 3 of HuOHX14DS VL are RASQDIRTYLN (SEQ ID NO: 17), YTSRLHS (SEQ ID NO: 18) and QQGNTLPWT (SEQ ID NO: 19), respectively, according to the definition by Kabat et al. (supra). The gene encoding HuOHX14DS VL was synthesized as an exon containing a splice donor signal at the 3' end of the coding region, an NheI site at the 5' end of the fragment, and an EcoRI site at the 3' end of the fragment.

[0114] The expression vector pHuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA has the same structure as pHuM195-IgG1, except that (i) the HuOHX14DS VH exon is placed between the SpeI and HindIII sites, (ii) the HuOHX14DS VL exon is placed between the NheI and EcoRI sites, and (iii) two leucine residues at positions 234 and 235 (EU numbering in Kabat et al., supra) in CH2 have been replaced with alanine residues (L234A and L235A, respectively) (SEQ ID NO: 20) to eliminate effector function (Hezareh et al., J. Virol. 75:12161-12168, 2001). The new vector pHuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA expresses a humanized anti-OX40 IgG1 / kappa antibody (HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA) in mammalian cells.

[0115] A mammalian expression vector pBS824 (FIG. 1B), designed for the expression of a bispecific antibody that binds both human CD33 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and human OX40 (SEQ ID NO: 21), was constructed by modifying pHuM195-IgG1 as follows: The VL and VH coding regions of the humanized anti-human OX40 monoclonal antibody pHuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA were converted to a single-chain Fv (scFv) form in the order of VL, polypeptide linker, and VH from N-terminus to C-terminus (HuOHX14DS.scFv; SEQ ID NO: 22). The N-terminus of HuOHX14DS.scFv was fused to the penultimate glycine residue of CH3 of pHuM195-IgG1 via a polypeptide linker (CH3-HuOHX14D.scFv; SEQ ID NO: 23). In addition, two leucine residues at positions 234 and 235 (EU numbering) in CH2 were substituted with alanine residues (L234A and L235A, respectively). The resulting vector, pBS824, expresses a bispecific IgG antibody, named BS824, that binds to both human CD33 and OX40.

[0116] The amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS824 is (SEQ ID NO:24).

[0117] The amino acid sequence of the mature light chain encoded by pBS824 is DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASESVDNYGISFMNWFQQKPGGAPKLLIYAASNQGSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPDDFATYYCQQSKEVPWTFGQGTKVEIKRTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC (SEQ ID NO:25).

[0118] The schematic structure of a bispecific IgG antibody of the invention, such as BS824, is shown in FIG.

[0119] Each of the three expression vectors, pHuM195-IgG1, pHuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA and pBS824, was stably transfected into CHO-K1 cells as described above. HuM195-IgG1, HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA and BS824 were purified from the culture supernatant of each of the CHO-K1 stable transfectants using a protein A affinity column as described above. SDS-PAGE analysis under reducing conditions showed only two predominant bands for each of the three antibodies: a heavy chain of approximately 50 kD and a light chain of 25 kD (for HuM195-IgG1 and HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA) or a heavy chain of approximately 75 kD and a light chain of 25 kD (for BS824).

[0120] Example 3: Biological activity of a bispecific antibody (BS824) that binds to CD33 and OX40

[0121] The biological activity of BS824, which binds to CD33 and OX40, was examined using Jurkat Dual reporter cells (InvivoGen, San Diego, CA) expressing human OX40 on their surface (JD / OX40) and the mouse myeloma cell line NS0 expressing human CD33 on their surface (NS0 / CD33). Binding of OX40 on the cell surface is known to induce NF-κB signaling (Song et al., J. Immunol. 180:7240-7248, 2008). In Jurkat Dual cells, activation of the intracellular NF-κB signaling pathway leads to the expression and secretion of recombinant luciferase.

[0122] JD / OX40 was generated by stably transfecting the expression vector pFCm331 for human OX40 into Jurkat Dual cells by electroporation. The expression vector pFCm331 (FIG. 1C) has the same structure as pHuM195-IgG1, except that (a) the SpeI-EagI fragment was replaced with a DNA fragment (SEQ ID NO: 21) encoding human OX40, and (b) the light chain gene was deleted. Puromycin-resistant Jurkat Dual cells (JD / OX40) expressing OX40 on their surface were maintained in RPMI1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 37°C in a 7.5% CO2 incubator. No expression of CD33 was detected in JD / OX40 cells by flow cytometry using HuM195-IgG1 and a secondary PE-labeled goat anti-human IgG antibody.

[0123] NS0 / CD33 was generated by stably transfecting NS0 cells with the expression vector pFCm267 for expressing human CD33 by electroporation. The expression vector pFCm267 (FIG. 1D) has the same structure as pFCm331, except that (a) the puromycin N-acetyltransferase gene (puro) was replaced with Escherichia coli xanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyltransferase (gpt), and (b) the SpeI-EagI fragment was replaced with a DNA fragment encoding recombinant human CD33 composed from the N-terminus to the C-terminus of a synthetic signal peptide (SEQ ID NO:26), the extracellular domain of human CD33 (CD33 EC; SEQ ID NO:27), a FLAG polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:9), and a GPI anchorage signal (SEQ ID NO:10) (CD33-FLAG-GPI). NS0 stable transfectants that (i) survived in DME medium containing 10% FBS, 1 μg / ml mycophenolic acid, HT medium supplement (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and 0.25 mg / ml xanthine, and (ii) expressed CD33-FLAG-GPI on their surface, were maintained in DME medium containing 10% FBS at 37°C in a 7.5% CO2 incubator.

[0124] OX40, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily of immune costimulatory molecules, requires trimerization at the cell surface to trigger the NF-κB pathway of intracellular signaling (Watts, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 23:23-68, 2005; Croft et al., Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 12:147-168, 2013; Willoughby et al., Mol. Immunol. 83:13-22, 2017). In JD / OX40 cells, multimeric cross-linking of OX40 on the surface upregulates the expression and secretion of luciferase. Approximately 200,000 JD / OX40 cells were incubated in 200 μl of RPMI1640 medium containing 10% FBS, 0.5 μg / ml mouse anti-human CD3 IgG antibody OKT3 (BioLegend, San Diego, CA) and 5 μg / ml goat anti-mouse IgG antibody (human IgG-absorbed) (Jackson ImmunoResearch) in the presence or absence of approximately 200,000 NS0 / CD33 cells in a 96-well plate in a 7.5% CO2 incubator at 37° C. to provide a primary signal for activating T cells, with (i) 1 μg / ml HuM195-IgG1 (anti-CD33), (ii) 1 μg / ml HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA (anti-OX40), (iii) 1 μg / ml BS824, or (iv) no antibody. Luciferase activity in culture supernatants was measured in triplicate using QUANTI-Luc reagent (InvivoGen) according to the vendor's protocol. Luminescence was measured using a Synergy HT microplate reader (BioTek, Winooski, VT). The results are shown in Figure 3.

[0125] The mean relative luciferase units (RLU) in JD / OX40 cells were 6,458 without antibody, 5,997 with HuM195-IgG1, 7,361 with HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA, 5,009 with BS824, 6,918 with NS0 / CD33, 6,240 with HuM195-IgG1 and NS0 / CD33, 8,698 with HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA and NS0 / CD33, and 21,684 with BS824 and NS0 / CD33. Luciferase activity in JD / OX40 cells was significantly increased only in the presence of both the bispecific antibody binding to CD33 and OX40 (BS824) and CD33-expressing cells (NS0 / CD33). These results indicate that only BS824 (but not HuM195-IgG1 or HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA), which can bridge JD / OX40 cells and NS0 / CD33 cells, clusters OX40 on the surface of JD / OX40 cells in close proximity to NS0 / CD33 cells, activating JD / OX40 cells to increase luciferase expression.

[0126] Example 4: Construction of a bispecific antibody (BS827) that binds EGFR and GITR

[0127] A mammalian expression vector pCh225-IgG1 for expressing a chimeric IgG1 / kappa antibody that binds to the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; SEQ ID NO: 28) was generated as follows: The gene encoding mouse 225 (Ch225) VH (SEQ ID NO: 29) was synthesized as an exon containing a splice donor signal at the 3' end of the coding region, a SpeI site at the 5' end of the fragment, and a HindIII site at the 3' end of the fragment. The gene encoding mouse 225 (Ch225) VL (SEQ ID NO: 30) was also synthesized as an exon containing a splice donor signal at the 3' end of the coding region, a NheI site at the 5' end of the fragment, and an EcoRI site at the 3' end of the fragment. The VH and VL exons of Ch225 were cloned into the corresponding sites of the antibody expression vector. As a result, the plasmid pCh225-IgG1 for expressing the anti-EGFR antibody Ch225-IgG1 had the same structure as pHuM195-IgG1 (Figure 1A), except that the VH and VL coding regions were replaced with Ch225 VH and VL, respectively.

[0128] A murine hybridoma producing IgG / kappa monoclonal antibody GAB11 that specifically binds human and cynomolgus GITR (also known as TNFRSF18 and CD357) was isolated as described in Example 1. The extracellular domain of human GITR fused to the Fc domain of the human gamma-1 heavy chain (hGITR-Fc; SEQ ID NO: 31) was used as the immunogen. GAB11 VH and VL were sequenced and humanized as described in Tsurushita et al. (supra).

[0129] The amino acid sequence of humanized GAB11 (HuGAB11) VH is MAVLGLLLCLVTFPSCVLSQVTLKESGPVLVKPTETLTLTCTVSGFSLTDYGVSWIRQPPGKALEWLGVIWGGGGTYYNSALKSRLTISKDTSKSQVVLTMTNMDPVDTATYYCAKHPYGHFGMDYWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 32). The amino acid sequences of CDR1, 2, and 3 of HuGAB11 VH are DYGVS (SEQ ID NO: 33), VIWGGGGTYYNSALKS (SEQ ID NO: 34), and HPYGHFGMDY (SEQ ID NO: 35), respectively, according to the definition by Kabat et al. (supra). The gene encoding HuGAB11 VH was synthesized as an exon containing a splice donor signal at the 3' end of the coding region, a SpeI site at the 5' end of the fragment, and a HindIII site at the 3' end of the fragment.

[0130] The amino acid sequence of humanized GAB11 (HuGAB11) VL is MRVLAELLGLLLFCFLGVRCDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCHASQNINVWLSWYQQKPGKVPKLLIYKASNLHTGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDVATYYCQQGQSYPLTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 36). The amino acid sequences of CDR1, 2, and 3 of HuGAB11 VL are HASQNINVWLS (SEQ ID NO: 37), KASNLHT (SEQ ID NO: 38), and QQGQSYPLT (SEQ ID NO: 39), respectively, according to the definition by Kabat et al. (supra). The gene encoding HuGAB11 VL was synthesized as an exon containing a splice donor signal at the 3' end of the coding region, an NheI site at the 5' end of the fragment, and an EcoRI site at the 3' end of the fragment.

[0131] The expression vector pHuGAB11-IgG1.AA has the same structure as pHuM195-IgG1 (FIG. 1A), except that (i) the HuGAB11 VH exon is placed between SpeI and HindIII sites, (ii) the HuGAB11 VL exon is placed between NheI and EcoRI sites, and (iii) two leucine residues at positions 234 and 235 (EU numbering) in CH2 have been replaced with alanine residues (L234A and L235A, respectively) (SEQ ID NO: 20) to eliminate effector function (Hezareh et al., supra). The new vector pHuGAB11-IgG1.AA expresses a humanized anti-GITR IgG1 / kappa antibody (HuGAB11-IgG1.AA) in mammalian cells.

[0132] A mammalian expression vector pBS827 designed for the expression of a bispecific antibody binding both human EGFR (SEQ ID NO: 28) and human GITR (SEQ ID NO: 40) was constructed by modifying pCh225-IgG1 as follows: The VL and VH coding regions of the humanized anti-human GITR monoclonal antibody pHuGAB11-Ig1.AA were converted to scFv form in the order of VL, polypeptide linker, and VH from N-terminus to C-terminus (HuGAB11.scFv; SEQ ID NO: 41). The N-terminus of HuGAB11.scFv was fused to the penultimate glycine residue of CH3 of pCh225-IgG1 using a polypeptide linker (CH3-HuGAB11.scFv; SEQ ID NO: 42). In addition, two leucine residues at positions 234 and 235 (EU numbering) of CH2 were replaced with alanine residues (L234A and L235A, respectively). The resulting vector, pBS827, expresses a bispecific IgG antibody, designated BS827, that binds to both human EGFR and GITR.

[0133] The amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS827 is (SEQ ID NO:43).

[0134] The amino acid sequence of the mature light chain encoded by pBS827 is DILLTQSPVILSVSPGERVSFSCRASQSIGTNIHWYQQRTNGSPRLLIKYASESISGIPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLSINSVESEDIADYYCQQNNNWPTTFGAGTKLELKRTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC (SEQ ID NO:44).

[0135] The schematic structure of BS827 is shown in Figure 2.

[0136] The three expression vectors, pCh225-IgG1, pHuGAB11-IgG1.AA and pBS827, were stably transfected into CHO-K1 as described above. Ch225-IgG1, HuGAB11-IgG1.AA and BS827 were purified from the culture supernatants of the respective CHO-K1 stable transfectants using a protein A affinity column as described above. SDS-PAGE analysis under reducing conditions showed only two predominant bands for each of the three antibodies: a heavy chain of approximately 50 kD and a light chain of 25 kD (for Ch225-IgG1 and HuGAB11-IgG1.AA) or a heavy chain of approximately 75 kD and a light chain of 25 kD (for BS827).

[0137] Example 5: Biological activity of a bispecific antibody (BS827) that binds EGFR and GITR

[0138] The biological activity of BS827, which binds to EGFR and GITR, was examined using Jurkat Dual cells (InvivoGen) expressing human GITR on their surface (JD / GITR) and the mouse myeloma cell line NS0 expressing human EGFR on its surface (NS0 / EGFR).

[0139] JD / GITR was generated by stably transfecting Jurkat Dual cells with the expression vector pFCm343 for human GITR by electroporation. The expression vector pFCm343 has the same structure as pFCm331 (Figure 1C), except that the SpeI-EagI fragment was replaced with a DNA fragment encoding a synthetic signal peptide (SEQ ID NO: 26) fused to mature human GITR (SEQ ID NO: 45). Puromycin-resistant Jurkat Dual cells expressing GITR on their surface (JD / GITR) were maintained in RPMI1640 medium containing 10% FBS at 37°C in a 7.5% CO2 incubator. No expression of EGFR was detected in JD / GITR cells by flow cytometry using Ch225-IgG1 and a secondary PE-labeled goat anti-human IgG antibody.

[0140] NS0 / EGFR was generated by stably transfecting NS0 cells with the expression vector pFCm507 by electroporation. The expression vector pFCm507 has the same structure as pFCm331 (Figure 1C), except that the SpeI-EagI fragment was replaced with a DNA fragment encoding recombinant human EGFR (EGFR-FLAG-GPI) consisting of a synthetic signal peptide (SEQ ID NO:26), the extracellular domain of human EGFR (SEQ ID NO:46), a FLAG polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:9), and the GPI anchorage signal of human CD55 (SEQ ID NO:10) from the N-terminus to the C-terminus. Puromycin-resistant NS0 stable transfectants expressing EGFR-FLAG-GPI on their surface were maintained at 37°C in a 7.5% CO2 incubator using DME medium containing 10% FBS.

[0141] GITR, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily of immune costimulatory molecules, requires trimerization at the cell surface to trigger the NF-κB pathway of intracellular signaling (Watts, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 23:23-68, 2005; Chattopadhyay et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104: 19452-19457, 2007; Croft et al., Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 12:147-168, 2013). In JD / GITR cells, multimeric cross-linking of surface GITR upregulates the expression and secretion of luciferase. Approximately 200,000 JD / GITR cells were incubated in 200 μl of RPMI1640 medium containing 10% FBS, 0.5 μg / ml mouse anti-human CD3 IgG antibody OKT3 (BioLegend), and 5 μg / ml goat anti-mouse IgG antibody (human IgG absorbed) (Jackson ImmunoResearch) with approximately 200,000 NS0 or NS0 / EGFR cells in a 96-well plate at 37° C. in a 7.5% CO2 incubator for 1 day, with (i) 1 μg / ml Ch225-IgG1 (anti-EGFR), (ii) 1 μg / ml HuGAB11-IgG1.AA (anti-GITR), (iii) 1 μg / ml BS827, or (iv) no antibody to provide a primary signal for activating T cells. Luciferase activity in the culture supernatant was measured in triplicate using QUANTI-Luc reagent (InvivoGen) according to the vendor's protocol. Luminescence was measured using a Synergy HT microplate reader (BioTek). The results are shown in Figure 4.

[0142] The mean relative luciferase units (RLU) in JD / GITR cells were 18,086 in NS0 cells alone, 17,183 in Ch225-IgG1 and NS0 cells, 18,504 in HuGAB11-IgG1.AA and NS0 cells, 17,490 in BS827 and NS0 cells, 18,662 in NS0 / EGFR cells alone, 20,748 in Ch225-IgG1 and NS0 / EGFR cells, 18,391 in HuGAB11-IgG1.AA and NS0 / EGFR cells, and 47,523 in BS827 and NS0 / EGFR cells. Luciferase activity in JD / GITR cells was significantly increased only in the presence of both a bispecific antibody binding to EGFR and GITR (BS827) and EGFR-expressing cells (NS0 / EGFR). These results indicate that only BS827 (but not Ch225-IgG1 or HuGAB11-IgG1.AA), which can bridge JD / GITR and NS0 / EGFR cells, clusters GITR on the surface of JD / GITR cells in close proximity to NS0 / EGFR cells, activating JD / GITR cells to increase luciferase expression.

[0143] Example 6: Bispecific antibody (BS828) that binds to CD33 and CD40

[0144] A murine hybridoma producing IgG / kappa monoclonal antibody ACS2 that binds human and cynomolgus CD40 (also known as TNFRSF5) was isolated as described in Example 1. The extracellular domain of human CD40 fused to the Fc domain of the human gamma-1 heavy chain (hCD40-Fc; SEQ ID NO: 47) was used as the immunogen. Sequencing and humanization of ACS2 VH and VL were performed as described in Tsurushita et al. (Methods 36:69-83, 2005).

[0145] The amino acid sequence of humanized ACS2 (HuACS2) VH is MKLWLNWVFLLTLLHGIQCQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTSYWLHWVRQAPGQGLEWIGRIDPNSGDTKYNEKFKSRATITVDKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARYYYGRSYFDYWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 48). The amino acid sequences of CDR1, 2, and 3 of HuACS2 VH are SYWLH (SEQ ID NO: 49), RIDPNSGDTKYNEKFKS (SEQ ID NO: 50), and YYYGRSYFDY (SEQ ID NO: 51), respectively, according to the definition by Kabat et al. (supra). The gene encoding HuACS2 VH was synthesized as an exon containing a splice donor signal at the 3' end of the coding region, a SpeI site at the 5' end of the fragment, and a HindIII site at the 3' end of the fragment.

[0146] The amino acid sequence of mature humanized ACS2 (HuACS2) VL is MDFQVQIFSFLLISAVIISRGEIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCSASSSVSYMHWYQQKPGQAPRRWIYDTSKLASGVPARFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCQQWSSNPLTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 52). The amino acid sequences of CDR1, 2, and 3 of HuACS2 VL are SASSSVSYMH (SEQ ID NO: 53), DTSKLAS (SEQ ID NO: 54), and QQWSSNPLT (SEQ ID NO: 55), respectively, as defined by Kabat et al. (supra). The gene encoding HuACS2 VL was synthesized as an exon containing a splice donor signal at the 3' end of the coding region, an NheI site at the 5' end of the fragment, and an EcoRI site at the 3' end of the fragment.

[0147] The expression vector pHuACS2-IgG1.AA has the same structure as pHuM195-IgG1 (FIG. 1A), except that (i) the HuACS2 VH exon is placed between SpeI and HindIII sites, (ii) the HuACS2 VL exon is placed between NheI and EcoRI sites, and (iii) two leucine residues at positions 234 and 235 (EU numbering) in CH2 are replaced with alanine residues (L234A and L235A, respectively) (SEQ ID NO: 20) to eliminate effector function (Hezareh et al., supra). The new vector pHuACS2-IgG1.AA expresses a humanized anti-CD40 IgG1 / kappa antibody (HuACS2-IgG1.AA) in mammalian cells.

[0148] A mammalian expression vector pBS828 designed for the expression of a bispecific antibody that binds both human CD33 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and human CD40 (SEQ ID NO: 56) was constructed by modifying pHuM195-IgG1 as follows: The VL and VH coding regions of the humanized anti-human CD40 monoclonal antibody of pHuACS2-Ig1.AA were converted to a single-chain Fv (scFv) form in the order of VL, polypeptide linker, and VH from N-terminus to C-terminus (HuACS2.scFv; SEQ ID NO: 57). The N-terminus of HuACS2.scFv was fused to the penultimate glycine residue of CH3 of pHuM195-IgG1 using a polypeptide linker (CH3-HuACS2.scFv; SEQ ID NO: 58). In addition, two leucine residues at positions 234 and 235 (Eu numbering) of CH2 were replaced with alanine residues (L234A and L235A, respectively). The resulting vector, pBS828, expresses a bispecific IgG antibody, designated BS828, that binds to both human CD33 and CD40.

[0149] The amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS828 is (SEQ ID NO:59).

[0150] The amino acid sequence of the mature light chain encoded by pBS828 is the same as the mature light chain sequence encoded by pBS824 (SEQ ID NO:25).

[0151] The schematic structure of BS828 is shown in Figure 2.

[0152] Each of the three expression vectors, pHuM195-IgG1, pHuACS2-IgG1.AA and pBS828, was stably transfected into CHO-K1 cells as described above. HuM195-IgG1, HuACS2-IgG1.AA and BS828 were purified from the culture supernatants of the respective CHO-K1 stable transfectants using a protein A affinity column as described above. SDS-PAGE analysis under reducing conditions showed only two predominant bands for each of the three antibodies: a heavy chain of approximately 50 kD and a light chain of 25 kD (for HuM195-IgG1 and HuACS2-IgG1.AA) or a heavy chain of approximately 75 kD and a light chain of 25 kD (for BS828).

[0153] The human Burkitt's B lymphoma cell line Ramos expresses CD40 on its surface. It is known that crosslinking of CD40 on the surface of Ramos cells with the natural CD40 ligand, soluble trimeric CD154 (also called CD40L and TNFSF5), induces upregulation of CD95 expression (Henriquez et al., J. Immunol. 162:3298-3307, 1999). The biological activity of BS828, which increases CD95 expression in Ramos cells, was examined in the presence or absence of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60, which expresses CD33 on its surface.

[0154] Approximately 100,000 Ramos cells were incubated in 200 μl of RPMI1640 medium containing 10% FBS with (i) 0.5 μg / ml HuM195-IgG1 (anti-CD33), (ii) 0.5 μg / ml HuACS2-IgG1.AA (anti-CD40), (iii) 0.5 μg / ml BS828, or (iv) no antibody in the presence or absence of approximately 50,000 HL-60 cells in a 96-well plate at 37°C in a 7.5% CO2 incubator for 3 days. The expression of CD95 on Ramos cells was analyzed by flow cytometry using FITC-labeled mouse anti-human CD20 monoclonal antibody (clone 2H7, BioLegend) and PE-labeled mouse anti-human CD95 antibody (clone DX2, BioLegend) to detect Ramos cells. Ramos cells are CD20 positive and HL-60 cells are CD20 negative. The results of the FACS analysis are shown in FIG.

[0155] The percentage of the CD95-positive population among CD20-positive Ramos cells was 1.3% without antibody, 0.8% with HuM195-IgG1, 1.4% with HuACS2-IgG1.AA, and 1.6% with BS828. When Ramos cells were incubated with HL-60 cells, the percentage of the CD95-positive population among Ramos cells was 1.0% without antibody, 1.1% with HuM195-IgG1, 0.7% with HuACS2-IgG1.AA, and 58.4% with BS828. CD95 expression on Ramos cells was significantly increased only in the presence of both a bispecific antibody that binds CD33 and CD40 (BS828) and cells expressing CD33 (HL-60 cells). These results indicate that only BS828 (but not HuM195-IgG1 or HuACS2-IgG1.AA), which can bridge between Ramos cells and HL-60 cells, induces multimeric cross-linking of CD40 on the surface of Ramos cells in close proximity to HL-60 cells, leading to upregulation of CD95 on Ramos cells.

[0156] Example 7: Bispecific antibody (BS809) that binds PD-L1 and GITR

[0157] PD-L1 (also known as B7H1 and CD274) is a type I transmembrane protein that functions as a ligand for the checkpoint molecule PD-1. Binding of PD-L1 to PD-1 on T cells suppresses immune responses. PD-L1 is highly expressed on cancer cells (Patel et al. 2015 Mol. Cancer Ther. 14:847-856; Brody et al. 2017 Lung Cancer 112:200-215; Sun et al. 2018 Immunity 48:434-452). A mouse hybridoma producing the IgG / kappa monoclonal antibody PRO1 that binds to human and cynomolgus monkey PD-L1 and blocks the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1 was isolated as described in Example 1. The immunogen used was the extracellular domain of human PD-L1 fused to the Fc region of the human gamma-1 heavy chain (hPD-L1-Fc; SEQ ID NO: 60). Sequencing and humanization of PRO1 VH and VL was performed as described in Tsurushita et al. (supra).

[0158] The amino acid sequence of humanized PRO1 (HuPRO1) VH is MEWNWVVLFLLSLTAGVYAQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGFTFSSSYISWVRQAPGQGLEWIAWIYAGTGGTSYNQKFTGRATITVDESTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARHEGVYWYFDVWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 61). The amino acid sequences of CDR1, 2, and 3 of HuPRO1 VH are SSYIS (SEQ ID NO: 62), WIYAGTGGTSYNQKFTG (SEQ ID NO: 63), and HEGVYWYFDV (SEQ ID NO: 64), respectively, according to the definition by Kabat et al. (supra). The gene encoding HuPRO1 VH was synthesized as an exon containing a splice donor signal at the 3' end of the coding region, a SpeI site at the 5' end of the fragment, and a HindIII site at the 3' end of the fragment.

[0159] The amino acid sequence of humanized PRO1 (HuPRO1) VL is MDFQVQIFSFLLISAVIMSRGEIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCSASSSVSYMHWYQQKPGQAPRPWIYDTSNLASGFPARFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCHQRSSYPWTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 65). The amino acid sequences of CDR1, 2, and 3 of HuPRO1 VL are SASSSVSYMH (SEQ ID NO: 66), DTSNLAS (SEQ ID NO: 67), and HQRSSYPWT (SEQ ID NO: 68), respectively, according to the definition by Kabat et al. (supra). The gene encoding HuPRO1 VL was synthesized as an exon containing a splice donor signal at the 3' end of the coding region, an NheI site at the 5' end of the fragment, and an EcoRI site at the 3' end of the fragment.

[0160] The expression vector pHuPRO1-IgG1.AA has the same structure as pHuM195-IgG1 (Figure 1A), except that (i) the HuPRO1 VH exon is placed between SpeI and HindIII sites, (ii) the HuPRO1 VL exon is placed between NheI and EcoRI sites, and (iii) two leucine residues at positions 234 and 235 (EU numbering) in CH2 have been replaced with alanine residues (L234A and L235A, respectively) (SEQ ID NO: 20) to eliminate effector function (Hezareh et al., supra). The new vector pHuPRO1-IgG1.AA expresses a humanized anti-PD-L1 IgG1 / kappa antibody (HuPRO1-IgG1.AA) in mammalian cells.

[0161] A mammalian expression vector pBS809, designed for expression of a bispecific antibody that binds both human PD-L1 (SEQ ID NO: 69) and human GITR (SEQ ID NO: 45), was constructed in pHuPRO1-IgG1.AA by replacing the CH3 coding region with the coding region of CH3-HuGAB11.scFv (SEQ ID NO: 42).

[0162] The amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS809 is (SEQ ID NO:70).

[0163] The amino acid sequence of the mature light chain encoded by pBS809 is: EIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCSASSSVSYMHWYQQKPGQAPRPWIYDTSNLASGFPARFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCHQRSSYPWTFGGGTKVEIKRTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC (SEQ ID NO:71).

[0164] The schematic structure of BS809 is shown in Figure 2.

[0165] Each of the three expression vectors, pHuPRO1-IgG1.AA, pHuGAB11-IgG1.AA and pBS809, was stably transfected into CHO-K1 as described above. HuPRO1-IgG1.AA, HuGAB11-IgG1.AA and BS809 were purified from the culture supernatants of the respective CHO-K1 stable transfectants using a protein A affinity column as described above. SDS-PAGE analysis under reducing conditions showed only two predominant bands for each of the three antibodies: a heavy chain of approximately 50 kD and a light chain of 25 kD (for HuPRO1-IgG1.AA and HuGAB11-IgG1.AA) or a heavy chain of approximately 75 kD and a light chain of 25 kD (for BS809).

[0166] The biological activity of BS809 in enhancing immune responses was analyzed by measuring the expression levels of IL-2 in human T cells (Malek, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 26:453-79, 2008; Liao et al., Immunity 38:13-25, 2013). Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from two donors (3124 and 4143) were obtained from iQ Biosciences (Berkeley, CA). PBMCs were cultured in RPMI-1640 containing 10% FBS and 5 μg / ml phytohemagglutinin-L (PHA-L) at 37°C in a 7.5% CO2 incubator for 3 days to enrich for T cells (3-day-old PBMCs). The expression of PD-1, PD-L1, and GITR in 3-day-old PBMCs was confirmed by flow cytometry. Approximately 100,000 cells of 3-day-old PBMCs were incubated in wells of a 96-well plate precoated with 1 μg / ml of mouse anti-human CD3 monoclonal antibody OKT3 in the presence of (i) no additional antibody (control), (ii) 1 μg / ml HuPRO1-IgG1.AA (anti-PD-L1), (iii) 1 μg / ml HuGAB11-IgG1.AA (anti-GITR), (iv) 1 μg / ml HuPRO1-IgG1.AA and 1 μg / ml HuGAB11-IgG1.AA, and (v) 1 μg / ml BS809 in a 7.5% CO2 incubator at 37°C for 1 day. IL-2 concentrations in the culture supernatants were measured using the Human IL-2 ELISA MAX Standard Kit (BioLegend, San Diego, CA). The results are shown in Figure 6.

[0167] The mean IL-2 concentrations in T cells derived from PBMCs of donor 3124 were (i) 2,776 pg / ml without antibody (control), (ii) 3,075 pg / ml with HuPRO1-IgG1.AA, 2,577 pg / ml with HuGAB11-IgG1.AA, 2,747 pg / ml with a mixture of HuPRO1-IgG1.AA and HuGAB11-IgG1.AA, and 4,826 pg / ml with BS809. IL-2 expression was significantly increased compared to IL-2 levels in untreated control cells only in the presence of a bispecific antibody that binds both PD-L1 and GITR. This is due to the fact that bridging between PD-L1-expressing cells and GITR-expressing T cells by BS809 results in multimeric cross-linking of surface GITR in close proximity to PD-L1-expressing cells, activating T cells and upregulating IL-2 expression.

[0168] The mean IL-2 concentrations in T cells derived from PBMCs of donor 4143 were (i) 658 pg / ml without antibody, (ii) 1,453 pg / ml with HuPRO1-IgG1.AA, (iii) 659 pg / ml with HuGAB11-IgG1.AA, (iv) 2,136 pg / ml with a mixture of HuPRO1-IgG1.AA and HuGAB11-IgG1.AA, and (v) 4,196 pg / ml with BS809. IL-2 expression was increased in the presence of HuPRO1-IgG1.AA compared to IL-2 levels in untreated control cells. This is likely due to blocking of PD-L1 and PD-1 interactions, which suppress immune responses, by HuPRO1-IgG1.AA. The expression of IL-2 was further significantly increased in the presence of BS809, which was attributed to (a) its anti-PD-L1 antagonist activity and (b) its ability to bridge between PD-L1-expressing cells and GITR-expressing T cells and multimeric cross-link GITR on their surface, resulting in potent activation of T cells.

[0169] Example 8: Bispecific antibody (BS813) that binds PD-L1 and OX40

[0170] A mammalian expression vector pBS813, designed for expression of a bispecific antibody that binds both human PD-L1 (SEQ ID NO: 69) and human OX40 (SEQ ID NO: 21), was constructed by replacing the CH3 coding region of pHuPRO1-IgG1.AA with the coding region of CH3-HuOHX14DS.scFv (SEQ ID NO: 23).

[0171] The amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS813 is (SEQ ID NO:72).

[0172] The amino acid sequence of the mature light chain encoded by pBS813 is identical to the sequence of the mature light chain encoded by pBS809 (SEQ ID NO:71).

[0173] The schematic structure of BS813 is shown in Figure 2.

[0174] Each of the three expression vectors, pHuPRO1-IgG1.AA, pHuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA and pBS813, was stably transfected into CHO-K1 cells as described above. HuPRO1-IgG1.AA, HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA and BS813 were purified from the culture supernatants of the respective CHO-K1 stable transfectants using a protein A affinity column as described above. SDS-PAGE analysis under reducing conditions showed only two predominant bands for each of the three antibodies: a heavy chain of approximately 50 kD and a light chain of 25 kD (for HuPRO1-IgG1.AA and HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA) and a heavy chain of approximately 75 kD and a light chain of about 25 kD (for BS813). NS0 / PD-L1 cells expressing recombinant human PD-L1 on their surface were generated by stably transfecting NS0 cells with the expression vector pFCm370 by electroporation. The expression vector pFCm370 has the same structure as pFCm331, except that the SpeI-EagI fragment is replaced with a DNA fragment (PD-L1-FLAG-GPI) encoding recombinant human PD-L1, which is composed, from N- to C-terminus, of a synthetic signal peptide (SEQ ID NO:26), the extracellular domain of human PD-L1 (SEQ ID NO:73), a FLAG polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:9), and the GPI anchorage signal of human CD55 (SEQ ID NO:10). NS0 stable transfectants that (i) survived in DME medium containing 10% FBS, 1 μg / ml mycophenolic acid, HT medium supplement, and 0.25 mg / ml xanthine, and (ii) expressed PD-L1-FLAG-GPI on their surface, were maintained in DME medium containing 10% FBS at 37°C in a 7.5% CO2 incubator.

[0175] Approximately 200,000 JD / OX40 cells were cultured in 200 μl of RPMI1640 medium containing 10% FBS, 0.5 μg / ml mouse anti-human CD3 IgG antibody OKT3 (BioLegend, San Diego, CA), and 5 μg / ml goat anti-mouse IgG antibody (human IgG-absorbed) (Jackson ImmunoResearch) without antibody (a and f), or 1 μg / ml HuPRO1-IgG1. AA (anti-PD-L1) (b and g), 1 μg / ml HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA (anti-OX40) (c and h), 1 μg / ml HuPRO1-IgG1.AA and 1 μg / ml HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA (d and i), and 1 μg / ml BS813 (e and j) were incubated in a 96-well plate at 37°C in a 7.5% CO2 incubator for 1 day. 200,000 NS0 cells were added to reactions a, b, c, d, and e. 200,000 NS0 / PD-L1 cells were added to reactions f, g, h, i, and j. Luciferase activity in culture supernatants was measured in triplicate using QUANTI-Luc reagent (InvivoGen) according to the vendor's protocol. Luminescence was measured using a Synergy HT microplate reader (BioTek, Winooski, VT). The results are shown in Figure 7.

[0176] The average relative luciferase units (RLU) in JD / OX40 cells were 4,683 in NS0 cells, 6,193 in HuPRO1-IgG1.AA and NS0 cells (b), 7,230 in HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA (c), and 7,671 in HuPRO1-IgG1.AA and HuOHX14DS-Ig1.AA (d). The results were 7,671 (d) in AA, HuOHX14DS-Ig1.AA, and NS0 cells, 6,146 (e) in BS813 and NS0 cells, 3,842 (f) in NS0 / PD-L1 cells, 3,866 (g) in HuPRO1-IgG1.AA and NS0 / PD-L1 cells, 5,921 (h) in HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA and NS0 / PD-L1 cells, 2,836 (i) in HuPRO1-IgG1.AA, HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA, and NS0 / PD-L1 cells, and 23,715 (j) in BS813 and NS0 / PD-L1 cells. Only in the presence of both the bispecific antibody (BS813) that binds PD-L1 and OX40 and PD-L1-expressing cells (NS0 / PD-L1) was the luciferase activity of JD / OX40 cells significantly increased. This result indicates that only BS813 (but not HuPRO1-IgG1.AA, HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA or the combination of these two monospecific antibodies), which can bridge between JD / OX40 and NS0 / PD-L1 cells, induces multimeric cross-linking of OX40 on the surface of JD / OX40 cells in close proximity to NS0 / PD-L1 cells, resulting in activation of JD / OX40 cells and increased expression of luciferase.

[0177] Example 9: Generation of a bispecific antibody (BS841) that binds PD-L1 and OX40

[0178] A mouse hybridoma producing the IgG / kappa monoclonal antibody PRO2, which (i) binds to human and cynomolgus PD-L1, and (ii) blocks the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1, was isolated as described in Example 1. Sequencing and humanization of the VH and VL of PRO2 was performed as described in Tsurushita et al., supra.

[0179] The amino acid sequence of humanized PRO2 (HuPRO2) VH is MGWNWIFLFLSGTAGVHCQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTSYGINWVRQAPGQGLEWIGYIYPGSGGPVYNQKFKGRVTLTADKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARENYRYWYFDVWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 74). The amino acid sequences of CDR1, 2, and 3 of HuPRO2 VH are SYGIN (SEQ ID NO: 75), YIYPGSGGPVYNQKFKG (SEQ ID NO: 76), and ENYRYWYFDV (SEQ ID NO: 77), respectively, according to the definition by Kabat et al. (supra). The gene encoding HuPRO2 VH was synthesized as an exon containing a splice donor signal at the 3' end of the coding region, a SpeI site at the 5' end of the fragment, and a HindIII site at the 3' end of the fragment.

[0180] The amino acid sequence of humanized PRO2 (HuPRO2) VL is MHFQVQIFSFLLISASVIMSRGDIQLTQSPSFLSASVGDRVTITCSASSSVNYMHWFQQKPGKAPKLWIYSTSNLASGVPSRFSGSGSGTEFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQRSSYPLTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 78). The amino acid sequences of CDR1, 2 and 3 of HuPRO2 VL are SASSSVNYMH (SEQ ID NO: 79), STSNLAS (SEQ ID NO: 80) and QQRSSYPLT (SEQ ID NO: 81), respectively, according to the definition by Kabat et al. (supra). The gene encoding HuPRO2 VL was synthesized as an exon containing a splice donor signal at the 3' end of the coding region, an NheI site at the 5' end of the fragment, and an EcoRI site at the 3' end of the fragment.

[0181] The expression vector pHuPRO2-IgG1.AA has the same structure as pHuM195-IgG1 (Figure 1A), except that (i) the HuPRO2 VH exon is placed between SpeI and HindIII sites, (ii) the HuPRO2 VL exon is placed between NheI and EcoRI sites, and (iii) two leucine residues at positions 234 and 235 (Eu numbering) in CH2 are replaced with alanine residues (L234A and L235A, respectively) (SEQ ID NO: 20) for removal of effector function (Hezareh et al., supra). The new vector pHuPRO2-IgG1.AA expresses a humanized anti-PD-L1 IgG1 / kappa antibody (HuPRO2-IgG1.AA) in mammalian cells.

[0182] A mammalian expression vector pBS841, designed for expression of a bispecific antibody that binds both human PD-L1 (SEQ ID NO: 69) and human OX40 (SEQ ID NO: 21), was constructed by replacing the CH3 coding region of pHuPRO2-IgG1.AA with the coding region of CH3-HuOHX14DS.scFv (SEQ ID NO: 23).

[0183] The amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS841 is (SEQ ID NO:82).

[0184] The amino acid sequence of the mature light chain encoded by pBS841 is DIQLTQSPSFLSASVGDRVTITCSASSSVNYMHWFQQKPGKAPKLWIYSTSNLASGVPSRFSGSGSGTEFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQRSSYPLTFGGGTKVEIKRTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC (SEQ ID NO:83).

[0185] Example 10: Generation of a bispecific antibody (BS839) that binds PD-L1 and OX40

[0186] A mouse hybridoma producing the IgG / kappa monoclonal antibody PRO5, which (i) binds to human and cynomolgus PD-L1, and (ii) blocks the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1, was isolated as described in Example 1. Sequencing and humanization of the VH and VL of PRO5 was performed as described in Tsurushita et al., supra.

[0187] The amino acid sequence of humanized PRO5 (HuPRO5) VH is MMVLSLLYLLTALPGILSQVQLQESGPGLVKPSQTLSLTCTVSGDSISSGYWNWIRQPPGKGLEYMGYISYTGSTYSNPSLKSRVTISRDTSKNQFSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCARSQNWERAWFAYWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 84). The amino acid sequences of CDR1, 2, and 3 of HuPRO5 VH are SGYWN (SEQ ID NO: 85), YISYTGSTYSNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 86), and SQNWERAWFAY (SEQ ID NO: 87), respectively, according to the definition by Kabat et al. (supra). The gene encoding HuPRO5 VH was synthesized as an exon containing a splice donor signal at the 3' end of the coding region, a SpeI site at the 5' end of the fragment, and a HindIII site at the 3' end of the fragment.

[0188] The amino acid sequence of humanized PRO5 (HuPRO5) VL is MDFQVQIFSFLLISASVIMSRGDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCSASSSVSYMHWYQQKPGKAPKLWIYDTSKLASGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCFQGSGYPFTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 88). The amino acid sequences of CDR1, 2, and 3 of HuPRO5 VL are SASSSVSYMH (SEQ ID NO: 89), DTSKLAS (SEQ ID NO: 90), and FQGSGYPFT (SEQ ID NO: 91), respectively, according to the definition by Kabat et al. (supra). The gene encoding HuPRO5 VL was synthesized as an exon containing a splice donor signal at the 3' end of the coding region, an NheI site at the 5' end of the fragment, and an EcoRI site at the 3' end of the fragment.

[0189] The expression vector pHuPRO5-IgG1.AA has the same structure as pHuM195-IgG1 (Figure 1A), except that (i) the HuPRO5 VH exon is located between SpeI and HindIII sites, (ii) the HuPRO5 VL exon is located between NheI and EcoRI sites, and (iii) two leucine residues at positions 234 and 235 (Eu numbering) in CH2 have been replaced with alanine residues (L234A and L235A, respectively) (SEQ ID NO: 20) to eliminate effector function (Hezareh et al., supra). The new vector pHuPRO5-IgG1.AA expresses a humanized anti-PD-L1 IgG1 / kappa antibody (HuPRO5-IgG1.AA) in mammalian cells.

[0190] A mammalian expression vector pBS839, designed for expression of a bispecific antibody that binds both human PD-L1 (SEQ ID NO: 69) and human OX40 (SEQ ID NO: 21), was constructed by replacing the CH3 coding region of pHuPRO5-IgG1.AA with the coding region of CH3-HuOHX14DS.scFv (SEQ ID NO: 23).

[0191] The amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS839 is (SEQ ID NO:92).

[0192] The amino acid sequence of the mature light chain encoded by pBS839 is DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCSASSSVSYMHWYQQKPGKAPKLWIYDTSKLASGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCFQGSGYPFTFGGGTKVEIKRTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC (SEQ ID NO:93).

[0193] Example 11: Expression and characterization of bispecific antibodies BS839 and BS841 that bind PD-L1 and OX40

[0194] The four expression vectors, pHuPRO2-IgG1.AA, pHuPRO5-IgG1.AA, pBS839 and pBS841, are stably transfected into CHO-K1 as described above. HuPRO2-IgG1AA, HuPRO5-IgG1.AA, BS839 and BS841 are purified from the culture supernatant of each CHO-K1 transfectant using a Protein A affinity column as described above. The sizes of the heavy and light chains of these four antibodies are examined by SDS-PAGE analysis under reducing conditions.

[0195] The biological activity of BS839 and BS841 in enhancing immune responses is analyzed by measuring the expression levels of IL-2 in human T cells. Human PBMCs are cultured in RPMI-1640 containing 10% FBS and 10 μg / ml PHA-L for 3 days as described above (3-day-old PBMCs). Approximately 100,000 cells of 3-day-old PBMCs are incubated in wells of a 96-well plate precoated with 1 μg / ml of mouse anti-human CD3 monoclonal antibody OKT3 in the presence of (i) no additional antibody, (ii) 1 μg / ml HuPRO2-IgG1.AA, (iii) 1 μg / ml HuPRO5-IgG1.AA, (iv) 1 μg / ml HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA, (v) 1 μg / ml HuPRO2-IgG1.AA and HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA, (vi) 1 μg / ml HuPRO5-IgG1.AA and HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA, (vii) 1 μg / ml S841, and iii) 1 μg / ml S839 in a 7.5% CO incubator at 37° C. for 1 day. The IL-2 concentration in the culture supernatant is measured using the Human IL-2 ELISA MAX Standard Kit (BioLegend).

[0196] Example 12: Bispecific antibodies that bind to cancer cells and costimulatory molecules

[0197] Monoclonal antibodies that bind to cancer cells are isolated using hybridoma or display technology (Akamatsu et al., J. Immunol. Methods, 327:40-52, 2007; Bradbury et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 29:245-254, 2011; Hammers et al., J. Invest. Dermatol. 134:e17, 2014; Cherf et al., Methods Mol. Biol. 1319:155-175, 2015; Saeed et al., MOJ Immunol. 3:00099, 2016; Mahmuda et al., Trop. J. Pharm. Res. 16:713-722, 2017). The VH and VL regions of such isolated anti-cancer antibodies, or their humanized forms, are cloned into an expression vector, such as pHuM195-IgG1 (Figure 1A), as described above. Also, other monoclonal antibodies that bind to immune costimulatory molecules (Bakdash et al., Front. Immunol. 4: Article 53, 2013; Mahoney et al., Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 14:561-584, 2015) are isolated using hybridoma or display technology. The VH and VL regions of such isolated anti-costimulatory molecule antibodies, or their humanized forms, are converted into single-chain Fv (scFv) forms (Nelson, mAbs 2:77-83, 2010; Ahmad et al., Clin. Dev. Immunol. Article ID 980250, 2012). An scFv form of an anti-costimulatory molecule antibody is fused to the C-terminus of the heavy chain of an anti-cancer antibody to generate a new vector expressing a bispecific antibody that binds to cancer cells and costimulatory molecules.The biological activity of the bispecific antibodies thus generated that can (i) bridge between cancer cells and immune cells, and (ii) activate such immune cells by multimeric cross-linking of costimulatory molecules, is tested in appropriate disease models, e.g., tumor xenograft models using humanized mice with immune cells of human origin (Day et al., Cell 163:39-53, 2015; Morton et al., Cancer Res. 76:6153-6158, 2016).

[0198] Example 13: Bispecific antibodies that bind pathogen-derived molecules and costimulatory molecules

[0199] A monoclonal antibody that binds to a pathogen expressed by an infectious agent on the surface of a host cell is isolated using hybridoma or display technology as described above. The VH and VL regions of such an isolated anti-pathogen antibody, or a humanized form thereof, are cloned into an expression vector such as pHuM195-IgG1 (FIG. 1A) as described above. Another monoclonal antibody that binds to an immune costimulatory molecule is isolated using hybridoma or display technology. The VH and VL regions of such an isolated anti-costimulatory molecule antibody, or a humanized form thereof, are converted into scFv form as described above. The scFv form of the anti-costimulatory antibody is fused to the C-terminus of the heavy chain of the anti-pathogen antibody as described above in an expression vector for the anti-pathogen IgG antibody. The novel vector thus obtained expresses a bispecific IgG antibody that can bind to pathogen-infected cells and costimulatory molecules. The biological activity of the bispecific antibodies thus generated that can (i) bridge between pathogen-infected cells and immune cells, and (ii) activate such immune cells by multimeric cross-linking of costimulatory molecules, is tested in appropriate disease models, e.g., humanized mice bearing immune cells from pathogen-infected humans (Shultz et al., Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1245:50-54, 2011; Leung et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 43: 2246-2254, 2013).

[0200] Example 14: Replacement of scFv with receptor binding modules of different formats

[0201] The scFv region of the bispecific antibody of the invention, which provides a second antigen-binding site on the IgG molecule, is replaced with a polypeptide capable of binding to a cell surface receptor (e.g., growth factor, cytokine, chemokine, soluble form of a receptor), a single domain antibody such as a VH, VL, or VHH (Holt et al., Trends Biotechnol. 21:484-490, 2003; Bannas et al, Front. Immunol. 8: Article 1603, 2017), or an antibody mimetic (Yu et al., Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 10: 293-320, 2017). The bispecific antibody thus generated is tested for its biological activity in activating immune cells via multivalent crosslinking of costimulatory molecules in appropriate disease model animals, such as those described above for cancer and infectious diseases.

[0202] Example 15: Fusion of scFv at the C-terminus of the light chain

[0203] The scFv region of an anti-costimulatory molecule is fused to the C-terminus of the light chain of an IgG antibody against a checkpoint molecule, cancer cell, or pathogen, and the bispecific antibody thus generated is tested for its biological activity in activating immune cells via multivalent cross-linking of the costimulatory molecule in appropriate animal models, such as those described above for cancer or infectious disease.

[0204] Example 16: Activation of T cells with BS809

[0205] Approximately 100,000 JD / GITR cells were cultured in 200 μl / well of RPMI1640 medium containing 10% FBS, 0.5 μg / ml mouse anti-human CD3 IgG antibody OKT3 (BioLegend, San Diego, CA), 5 μg / ml goat anti-mouse IgG antibody (human IgG-adsorbed) (Jackson ImmunoResearch), or cultured in the presence of no antibody (a and f), 1 μg / ml HuPRO1-IgG1.AA (anti-PD-L1) (b and g), or 1 μg / ml HuGAB11-IgG1.AA (anti-PD-L1) (Fig. 8 ). AA (anti-GITR in Figure 8) (c and h), 1 μg / ml HuPRO1-IgG1.AA and 1 μg / ml HuGAB11-IgG1.AA (d and i), and 1 μg / ml BS809 (e and j) were incubated in a 96-well plate at 37 °C in a 7.5% CO2 incubator. Reactions a, b, c, d, and e contain 100,000 NS0 cells. Reactions f, g, h, i, and j contain 100,000 NS0 / PD-L1 cells. After 1 day of culture, luciferase activity in the culture supernatant was measured in triplicate using QUANTI-Luc reagent (InvivoGen) according to the vendor's protocol. Luminescence was measured using a Synergy HT microplate reader equipped with Gen5 software (BioTek, Winooski, VT). The results are shown in Figure 8.

[0206] The average relative luciferase units (RLU) in the culture supernatants of JD / GITR cells were (a) 479,187 for NS0 cells, (b) 400,158 for HuPRO1-IgG1.AA and NS0 cells, (c) 472,050 for HuGAB11-IgG1.AA and NS0 cells, (d) 531,275 for HuPRO1-IgG1.AA, HuGAB11-IgG1.AA and NS0 cells, and (e) 422,9 for BS809 and NS0 cells. (f) 405,780 in NS0 / PD-L1 cells, (g) 443,588 in HuPRO1-IgG1.AA and NS0 / PD-L1 cells, (h) 568,268 in HuGAB11-IgG1.AA and NS0 / PD-L1 cells, (i) 569,172 in HuPRO1-IgG1.AA, HuGAB11-Ig1.AA and NS0 / PD-L1 cells, and (j) 1,035,453 in BS809 and NS0 / PD-L1 cells. Luciferase activity in JD / GITR cells was significantly increased only in the presence of both a bispecific antibody binding PD-L1 and GITR (BS809) and PD-L1-expressing cells (NS0 / PD-L1). These results indicate that only BS809 (but not HuPRO1-IgG1.AA, HuGAB11-IgG1.AA, or the combination of these two monospecific antibodies), which can bridge between JD / GITR cells and NS0 / PD-L1 cells, induces multimeric cross-linking of GITR on the surface of JD / GITR cells in close proximity to NS0 / PD-L1 cells, thereby activating JD / GITR cells and increasing luciferase expression.

[0207] Example 17: Activation of PHA-L-treated PBMCs with BS813, BS841 and BS839

[0208] The biological activity of BS813, BS841 and BS839 in enhancing immune responses was analyzed by measuring IL-2 expression in human T cells. The respective bispecific antibodies BS813, BS841 and BS839, which bind PD-L1 and OX40, were purified using a protein A affinity column from the culture supernatant of CHO-K1 cells stably transfected with pBS813, pBS841 and pBS839, respectively. Human PBMCs were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% FBS and 10 μg / ml PHA-L for 3 days as described above (3-day-old PBMCs). Approximately 100,000 cells of 3-day-old PBMCs were added to 96-well plates pre-coated with 1 μg / ml of mouse anti-human CD3 monoclonal antibody OKT3 at 200 μl / well with: (a) no additional antibody; (b) HuPRO1-IgG1.AA (anti-PD-L1 #1 in Figure 9) at 1 μg / ml and HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA (anti-OX40 in Figure 9) at 1 μg / ml; (c) HuPRO2-IgG1.AA (anti-PD-L1 #2 in Figure 9) at 1 μg / ml and HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA at 1 μg / ml; (d) HuPRO5-IgG1.AA (anti-PD-L1 #3 in Figure 9) at 1 μg / ml. The cells were incubated for one day at 37°C in a 7.5% CO2 incubator in the presence of (a) 1 μg / ml HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA, (b) 1 μg / ml BS813, (c) 1 μg / ml BS841, and (d) 1 μg / ml BS839. The IL-2 concentration in the culture supernatant was measured in triplicate using the Human IL-2 ELISA MAX Standard Kit (BioLegend). The results are shown in Figure 9.

[0209] The mean IL-2 concentrations in human PBMC-derived T cells were: (a) 439 pg / ml without test antibody (control), (b) 324 pg / ml with the combination of HuPRO1-IgG1.AA and HuOHX14DS-IgG1.A, (c) 281 pg / ml with the combination of HuPRO2-IgG1.AA and HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA, (d) 53 pg / ml with the combination of HuPRO5-IgG1.AA and HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA, (e) 2,202 pg / ml with BS813, (f) 1,698 pg / ml with BS841, and (g) 1,259 pg / ml with BS839. IL-2 expression was significantly increased only in the presence of any one of the bispecific antibodies (BS813, BS841, and BS839) that bind both PD-L1 and OX40, compared to the IL-2 levels in the control or the combination of the two parent antibodies, BS813, BS841, and BS839, respectively. This is because bridging between PD-L1-expressing cells and OX40-expressing T cells by each of BS813, BS841, and BS839 results in multimeric cross-linking of OX40 on the cell surface in close proximity to PD-L1-expressing cells, leading to activation of OX40-expressing T cells and upregulation of IL-2 expression.

[0210] Example 18: Activation of SEB-treated PBMCs by BS813, BS841 and BS839

[0211] Superantigens such as SEB (Staphylococcus enterotoxin B) activate T cells by ligating MHC class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells to the νβ element of the T cell receptor, resulting in the production of cytokines including interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and interferon gamma (IFNγ) (see, for example, Krakauer et al., Toxins (Basel). 2010 Aug; 2(8): 1963-1983). SEB can activate up to 10-20% of T cells in human blood, depending on the proportion of T cells with νβ3, νβ12, νβ14, and νβ17 found in each particular blood donor. Thus, SEB can be used in T cell-based cytokine secretion assays to monitor activation of immune costimulatory molecules.

[0212] Approximately 400,000 human PBMCs were cultured in 200 μl / well of RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% FBS and 1 μg / ml SEB in a 96-well plate with (a) no antibody (control), (b) HuPRO1-IgG1.AA (anti-PD-L1 #1 in Figure 10) and HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA (anti-OX40 in Figure 10) at 1 μg / ml, (c) HuPRO2-IgG1.AA (anti-PD-L1 #2 in Figure 10) and HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA at 1 μg / ml, (d) HuPRO5-IgG1.AA (anti-PD-L1 #3 in Figure 10) at 1 μg / ml, and (e) HuPRO6-IgG1.AA (anti-PD-L1 #4 in Figure 10) at 1 μg / ml. #5) and 1 μg / ml HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA, (e) 1 μg / ml BS813, (f) 1 μg / ml BS841, and (g) 1 μg / ml BS839 in a 96-well plate. After culturing for one day at 37°C in a 7.5% CO2 incubator, the IL-2 concentration in the culture supernatant was measured in triplicate using the Human IL-2 ELISA MAX Standard Kit (BioLegend). The results are shown in Figure 10.

[0213] The mean IL-2 concentrations were (a) 11.3 ng / ml without test antibody, (b) 10.5 ng / ml with the combination of HuPRO1-IgG1.AA and HuOHX14DS-IgG1.A, (c) 10.0 ng / ml with the combination of HuPRO2-IgG1.AA and HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA, (d) 10.0 ng / ml with the combination of HuPRO5-IgG1.AA and HuOHX14DS-IgG1.AA, (e) 17.7 ng / ml with BS813, (f) 16.5 ng / ml with BS841, and (g) 15.8 ng / ml with BS839. IL-2 expression was significantly increased only in the presence of one of the bispecific antibodies that bind both PD-L1 and OX40 (BS813, BS841, BS839) compared to the IL-2 levels in control SEB-treated PBMCs where no antibody was added. In addition, the combination of the two parent antibodies BS813, BS841, and BS839 did not increase the expression of IL-2 above the control level. This result indicates that each of BS813, BS841, and BS839 can bridge between PD-L1-expressing cells and OX40-expressing T cells, which leads to multimeric cross-linking of OX40 on the cell surface in close proximity to PD-L1-expressing cells, resulting in the activation of OX40-expressing T cells and upregulating IL-2 expression.

[0214] Example 19: Bispecific antibodies with disulfide-linked single chain Fv

[0215] Brinkman et al. previously reported that the introduction of a disulfide bond by converting the amino acid residue at position 100 of VL to a cysteine ​​residue and another amino acid residue at position 44 of VH to a cysteine ​​residue stabilizes the binding of VH and VL in the Fv format (dsFv) (Eu numbering) (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90:7538-7542, 1993). It has also been reported that different positions in VH and VL are used to introduce a pair of cysteine ​​residues to stabilize the Fv structure (Brinkman et al. supra; Young et al. FEBS Lett. 377:135-139, 1995; Schmiedl et al. Protein Eng. 13:724-730, 2000).

[0216] The bispecific anti-PD-L1 / GITR antibody of the invention (BS809) was engineered by site-directed mutagenesis in pBS809 to introduce two cysteine ​​residues (underlined) into the anti-GITR variable region (one at position 44 of VH and the other at position 100 of VL) to stabilize the single chain Fv structure. The resulting expression vector, pBS853, has the same structure as pBS809, except that the amino acid sequence of the anti-GITR single chain Fv region differs between pBS853 and pBS809. Vectors pBS809 and pBS853 have the same light chain sequence (SEQ ID NO:71). The amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS853 is QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGFTFSSSYISWVRQAPGQGLEWIAWIYAGTGGTSYNQKFTGRATITVDESTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARHEGVYWYFDVWGQGTTVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPEAAGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVV VDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSK LTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGSGGGGSGGGGSDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCHASQNINVWLSWYQQKPGKVPKLLIYKASNLHTGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDVATYYCQQGQSYPLTFG C GTKVEIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVTLKESGPVLVKPTETLTLTCTVSGFSLTDYGVSWIRQPPGK CLEWLGVIWGGGGTYYNSALKSRLTISKDTSKSQVVLTMTNMDPVDTATYYCAKHPYGHFGMDYWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 106). Cysteine ​​substitutions are underlined.

[0217] The engineered bispecific antibody (BS853) encoded by pBS853 was transiently expressed in HEK293 cells according to the procedure of Durocher et al. (Nucl. Acids Res. 30:e9, 2002). BS853 showed comparable binding to PD-L1 and GITR as BS809 by ELISA.

[0218] Example 20: Bispecific antibody (BS859) that binds PD-L1 and ICOS

[0219] ICOS (inducible T-cell costimulatory), also known as CD278, is an immune costimulatory molecule that belongs to the CD28 family. Multimeric cross-linking of ICOS on the cell surface of immune cells is required to initiate intracellular signaling to enhance immune responses (Wikenheiser et al., Front. Immunol. 7: Article 304, 2016).

[0220] A rat hybridoma producing IgG / kappa monoclonal antibody TAM14 that specifically binds human and cynomolgus ICOS was isolated as described in Example 1, except that Sprague Dawley rats were used for immunization. The extracellular domain of human ICOS fused to the Fc domain of the human gamma-1 heavy chain (hICOS-Fc; SEQ ID NO: 107) was used as the immunogen. Sequencing and humanization of TAM14 VH and VL were performed as described in Tsurushita et al. (supra).

[0221] The amino acid sequence of humanized TAM14 (HuTAM14) VH is MAVLVLLLCLVTFPSCALSQVQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCTVSGFSISSNSVSWVRQPPGKGLEWMGAIWSGGSTDYNSALKSRVTISRDTSKNQVSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCTRWEQPYYFDYWGQGTMVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 108). The amino acid sequences of CDR1, 2, and 3 of HuTAM14 VH are SNSVS (SEQ ID NO: 109), AIWSGGSTDYNSALKS (SEQ ID NO: 110), and WEQPYYFDY (SEQ ID NO: 111), respectively, according to the definition by Kabat et al. (supra). The gene encoding HuTAM14 VH was synthesized as an exon containing a splice donor signal at the 3' end of the coding region, a SpeI site at the 5' end of the fragment, and a HindIII site at the 3' end of the fragment.

[0222] The amino acid sequence of humanized TAM14 (HuTAM14) VL is MRTSIQLLGLLLFWLHDAQCDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCQASQNIYKYIAWYQQKPGKAPKLLIRYTSTLESGTPSRFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVNLYTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 112). The amino acid sequences of CDR1, 2, and 3 of HuTAM14 VL are QASQNIYKYIA (SEQ ID NO: 113), YTSTLES (SEQ ID NO: 114), and LQYVNLYT (SEQ ID NO: 115), respectively, as defined by Kabat et al. (supra). The gene encoding HuTAM14 VL was synthesized as an exon containing a splice donor signal at the 3' end of the coding region, an NheI site at the 5' end of the fragment, and an EcoRI site at the 3' end of the fragment.

[0223] The expression vector pHuTAM14-IgG1.AA has the same structure as pHuM195-IgG1 (FIG. 1A), except that (i) the HuTAM14 VH exons are placed between SpeI and HindIII sites, (ii) the HuTAM14 VL exons are placed between NheI and EcoRI sites, and (iii) two leucine residues at positions 234 and 235 of CH2 (EU numbering in Kabat et al., supra) have been replaced with alanine residues (L234A and L235A, respectively) (SEQ ID NO: 20) to eliminate effector function (Hezareh et al., J. Virol. 75:12161-12168, 2001). The new vector pHuTAM14-IgG1.AA expresses a humanized anti-ICOS IgG1 / kappa antibody (HuTAM14-IgG1.AA) in mammalian cells.

[0224] A mammalian expression vector designed for the expression of a bispecific antibody that binds both human PD-L1 (SEQ ID NO: 69) and human ICOS (SEQ ID NO: 116) was constructed by modifying pHuPRO1-IgG1.AA as follows: The VL and VH coding regions of the humanized anti-human ICOS monoclonal antibody of pHuTAM14-IgG1.AA were converted into a single-chain Fv (scFv) form in the following order from N- to C-terminus: VL, polypeptide linker, and VH (HuTAM14.scFv; SEQ ID NO: 117). The N-terminus of HuTAM14.scFv was fused to the penultimate glycine residue of CH3 of pHuPRO1-IgG1.AA via a polypeptide linker (CH3-HuTAM14.scFv; SEQ ID NO: 118). The resulting vector, pBS859, expresses a bispecific IgG antibody designated BS859 that binds both human PD-L1 and ICOS.

[0225] The amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS859 is (SEQ ID NO:119).

[0226] The amino acid sequence of the mature light chain encoded by pBS859 is the same as the mature light chain sequence encoded by pBS809 (SEQ ID NO:71).

[0227] The schematic structure of a bispecific IgG antibody of the invention, such as BS859, is shown in FIG.

[0228] Each of the three expression vectors, pHuPRO1-IgG1.AA, pHuTAM14-IgG1.AA, and pBS859, was stably transfected into CHO-K1 cells as described above. HuPRO1-IgG1.AA, HuTAM14-IgG1.AA, and BS859 were purified from the culture supernatants of the respective CHO-K1 stable transfectants using a protein A affinity column as described above. SDS-PAGE analysis under reducing conditions showed only two predominant bands for each of the three antibodies: a heavy chain of approximately 50 kD and a light chain of 25 kD (for HuPRO1-IgG1.AA and HuTAM14-IgG1.AA), or a heavy chain of approximately 75 kD and a light chain of 25 kD (for BS859).

[0229] The biological activity of BS859 in enhancing immune responses was analyzed by measuring the expression levels of IL-2 and IL-10 in human T cells. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from two donors (3486 and 4239) were obtained from iQ Biosciences (Berkeley, CA). Human PBMCs were cultured in RPMI-1640 containing 10% FBS and 10 μg / ml phytohemagglutinin-L (PHA-L) at 37°C in a 7.5% CO2 incubator for 3 days to enrich for T cells (3-day-old PBMCs).

[0230] Approximately 200,000 cells of 3-day-old PBMCs were incubated in wells of a 96-well plate precoated with 1 μg / ml mouse anti-human CD3 monoclonal antibody OKT3 and 1 μg / ml human PD-L1-Fc fusion protein (Recombinant Human B7-H1-Fc Chimera, BioLegend, San Diego, CA) in the presence of (i) no additional antibody (control), (ii) 1 μg / ml HuPRO1-IgG1.AA (anti-PD-L1), (iii) 1 μg / ml HuTAM14-IgG1.AA (anti-ICOS), (iv) 1 μg / ml HuPRO1-IgG1.AA and 1 μg / ml HuTAM14-IgG1.AA, and (v) 1 μg / ml BS859 in a 7.5% CO2 incubator at 37°C for 1 day. The concentrations of IL-2 and IL-10 in the culture supernatant were measured using ELISA MAX Standard Set Human IL-2 and ELISA MAX Standard Set Human IL-10 (BioLegend, San Diego, CA), respectively. The results are shown in Figure 11.

[0231] The mean IL-2 concentrations in PBMC-derived T cells from donor 3486 were (i) 3.3 ng / ml in no antibody (control), (ii) 13.3 ng / ml in HuPRO1-IgG1.AA, (iii) 3.6 ng / ml in HuTAM14-IgG1.AA, (iv) 9.9 ng / ml in the mixture of HuPRO1-IgG1.AA and HuTAM14-IgG1.AA, and (v) 46.2 ng / ml in BS859.

[0232] The mean IL-10 concentrations in T cells derived from PBMC of donor 3486 were (i) 604 pg / ml in no antibody (control), (ii) 676 pg / ml in HuPRO1-IgG1.AA, (iii) 527 pg / ml in HuTAM14-IgG1.AA, (iv) 699 pg / ml in the mixture of HuPRO1-IgG1.AA and HuTAM14-IgG1.AA, and (v) 1,201 pg / ml in BS859.

[0233] The mean IL-2 concentrations in T cells derived from PBMC of donor 4239 were (i) 0.01 ng / ml in no antibody (control), (ii) 0.15 ng / ml in HuPRO1-IgG1.AA, (iii) 0.01 ng / ml in HuTAM14-IgG1.AA, (iv) 0.06 ng / ml in the mixture of HuPRO1-IgG1.AA and HuTAM14-IgG1.AA, and (v) 13.6 ng / ml in BS859.

[0234] The mean IL-10 concentrations in T cells derived from PBMC of donor 4239 were (i) 238 pg / ml in no antibody (control), (ii) 252 pg / ml in HuPRO1-IgG1.AA, (iii) 217 ​​pg / ml in HuTAM14-IgG1.AA, (iv) 220 pg / ml in the mixture of HuPRO1-IgG1.AA and HuTAM14-IgG1.AA, and (v) 537 pg / ml in BS859.

[0235] HuPRO1-IgG1.AA alone was able to increase IL-2 expression in PHA-L-treated PBMC from two different donors compared to the respective non-antibody-treated control groups, and BS859 further significantly increased IL-2 expression in these two donors.

[0236] Expression of IL-10 in PHA-L-treated PBMC from two different donors was significantly increased only in the presence of a bispecific antibody of the invention (BS859) that binds both PD-L1 and ICOS.

[0237] Example 21: Bispecific antibody (BS840) that binds PD-L1 and GITR

[0238] The mammalian expression vector pBS840, designed for the expression of a bispecific antibody that binds to both human PD-L1 (SEQ ID NO:69) and human GITR (SEQ ID NO:40), has the same structure as pBS841, except that CH3-HuOHX14DS.scFv (SEQ ID NO:23) is replaced with CH3-HuGAB11.scFv (SEQ ID NO:42). Vector pBS840 expresses a bispecific IgG antibody designated BS840 that binds to both human PD-L1 and GITR.

[0239] The amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS840 is (SEQ ID NO:120).

[0240] The amino acid sequence of the mature light chain encoded by pBS840 is identical to the amino acid sequence of the light chain encoded by pBS841 (SEQ ID NO:83).

[0241] The expression vector pBS840 was stably transfected into CHO-K1 cells as described above. BS840 was purified from the culture supernatant of the resulting CHO-K1 stable transfectants using a protein A affinity column as described above. Protein A-purified BS840 showed a single dominant peak of the expected size (approximately 200 kDa) by gel filtration using a Superose 6 size-exclusion 10 / 300 column (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA). SDS-PAGE analysis under reducing conditions showed only two predominant bands, a heavy chain of approximately 75 kD and a light chain of 25 kD.

[0242] The biological activity of BS840 in enhancing immune responses was examined using Jurkat Dual cells (JD / GITR) stably expressing human GITR as described above, and the data are shown in FIG. The average relative luciferase units (RLU) in the culture supernatants of JD / GITR cells were: (a) 354,057 in NS0 cells; (b) 341,277 in HuPRO2-IgG1.AA (anti-PD-L1 #2 in Figure 12; parent monospecific IgG antibody of BS840), HuGAB11-IgG1.AA (anti-GITR in Figure 12) and NS0 cells; (c) 326,577 in BS840 and NS0 cells; (d) 282,554 in NS0 / PD-L1 cells; (e) 386,137 in HuPRO2-IgG1.AA, HuGAB11-Ig1.AA and NS0 / PD-L1 cells; and (f) 989,407 in BS840 and NS0 / PD-L1 cells. Luciferase activity in JD / GITR cells was significantly increased only in the presence of both a bispecific antibody (BS840) that binds PD-L1 and GITR and PD-L1-expressing cells (NS0 / PD-L1).

[0243] Example 22: Bispecific antibody that binds PD-L1 and CD40 (BS846)

[0244] The mammalian expression vector pBS846, designed for the expression of a bispecific antibody that binds both human PD-L1 (SEQ ID NO:69) and human CD40 (SEQ ID NO:56), has the same structure as pBS809, except that CH3-HuGAB11.scFv (SEQ ID NO:42) is replaced with CH3-HuACS2.scFv (SEQ ID NO:58). Vector pBS846 expresses a bispecific IgG antibody designated BS846 that binds both human PD-L1 and CD40.

[0245] The amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS846 is (SEQ ID NO:121).

[0246] The amino acid sequence of the mature light chain encoded by pBS846 is identical to the amino acid sequence of the light chain encoded by pBS809 (SEQ ID NO:71).

[0247] The expression vector pBS846 was stably transfected into CHO-K1 cells as described above. BS846 was purified from the culture supernatant of the resulting CHO-K1 stable transfectants using a protein A affinity column as described above. Protein A-purified BS846 showed a single dominant peak of the expected size (approximately 200 kDa) by gel filtration using a Superose 6 size exclusion 10 / 300 column (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA). SDS-PAGE analysis under reducing conditions showed only two predominant bands, a heavy chain of approximately 75 kD and a light chain of 25 kD.

[0248] The biological activity of BS846 in enhancing CD40-mediated immune responses was examined using Ramos cells as described above. Ramos cells were incubated in DME medium containing 10% FBS with (a) no antibody and NS0 cells, (b) 1 μg / ml HuPRO1-IgG1.AA (anti-PD-L1) and NS0 cells, (c) 1 μg / ml HuACS2-IgG1.AA (anti-CD40) and NS0 cells, and (d) 1 μg / ml HuPRO1-IgG1.AA, 1 μg / ml HuACS2-IgG1. (e) BS846 and NS0 cells at 1 μg / ml; (f) no antibody and NS0 / PD-L1 cells; (g) HuPRO1-IgG1.AA and NS0 / PD-L1 cells at 1 μg / ml; (h) HuACS2-IgG1.AA and NS0 / PD-L1 cells at 1 μg / ml; (i) HuPRO1-IgG1.AA, 1 μg / ml of HuACS2-IgG1.AA and NS0 / PD-L1 cells at 1 μg / ml; (j) BS846 and NS0 / PD-L1 cells at 1 μg / ml. The expression of CD95 on Ramos cells was analyzed by flow cytometry using an FITC-conjugated mouse anti-human CD20 monoclonal antibody (Clone 2H7, BioLegend) to detect Ramos cells and a PE-conjugated mouse anti-human CD95 antibody (Clone DX2, BioLegend) to monitor the expression of CD95.

[0249] The percentage of the CD95 positive population in the CD20 positive Ramos cells was 0.3% without antibody and with NS0 cells (a), 0.3% with 1 μg / ml HuPRO1-IgG1.AA and with NS0 cells (b), 0.3% with 1 μg / ml HuACS2-IgG1.AA and with NS0 cells (c), 0.3% with 1 μg / ml HuPRO1-IgG1.AA, 1 μg / ml HuACS2-IgG1.AA and with NS0 cells (d), 2.5% with 1 μg / ml BS846 and with NS0 cells (e), and 1.0% with no antibody and with NS0 cells (f). the concentrations were 0.2% in S0 / PD-L1 cells (f), 0.3% in HuPRO1-IgG1.AA at 1 μg / ml and NS0 / PD-L1 cells (g), 0.3% in HuACS2-IgG1.AA at 1 μg / ml and NS0 / PD-L1 cells (h), 0.2% in HuPRO1-IgG1.AA at 1 μg / ml, HuACS2-IgG1.AA at 1 μg / ml and NS0 / PD-L1 cells (i), and 59.5% in BS846 at 1 μg / ml and NS0 / PD-L1 cells (j) (Figure 13). Only BS846, which can bridge between Ramos cells and NS0 / PD-L1 cells, could significantly increase the CD95 expression of Ramos cells, because BS846 could multimerically cross-link CD40 on the surface of Ramos cells at the intercellular junction with NS0 / PD-L1 cells, triggering CD40-mediated intracellular signaling to upregulate CD95 expression on Ramos cells.

[0250] Example 24: Disulfide-linked single chain Fv

[0251] The structures of the single-chain Fv (scFv) antibodies against OX40 (HuOHX14DS.scFv; sequence number 22), CD40 (HuACS2.scFv; sequence number 57), and ICOS (HuTAM14.scFv) were stabilized by site-directed mutagenesis to replace the amino acid residue at position 44 of VH with a cysteine ​​residue and the amino acid residue at position 100 of VL with a cysteine ​​residue (Eu numbering) (Brinkman et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90:7538-7542, 1993).

[0252] The amino acid sequence of the mature HuOHX14DS.scFv with two cysteine ​​substitutions (HuOHX14DS.scFv.ds) is: DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQDIRTYLNWYQQKPGKVPKLLIYYTSRLHSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLQPEDVATYYCQQGNTLPWTFG C GTKVEIKGGGGSGGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTSYIMHWVRQAPGQ C LEWIGYINPYNSGTKYNEKFKGRVTITSDKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCAHYYGSTFTMDYWGQGTTVTVSS (sequence number 122).

[0253] The amino acid sequence of the mature HuACS2.scFv with two cysteine ​​substitutions (HuACS2.scFv.ds) is: C GTKVEIKGGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTSYWLHWVRQAPGQ C LEWIGRIDPNSGDTKYNEKFKSRATITVDKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARYYYGRSYFDYWGQGTTVTVSS (sequence number 123).

[0254] The amino acid sequence of the mature HuTAM14.scFv with two cysteine ​​substitutions (HuTAM14.scFv.ds) is: DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCQASQNIYKYIAWYQQKPGKAPKLLIRYTSTLESGTPSRFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVNLYTFG C GTKVEIKGGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCTVSGFSISSNSVSWVRQPPGK CLEWMGAIWSGGSTDYNSALKSRVTISRDTSKNQVSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCTRWEQPYYFDYWGQGTMVTVSS (sequence number 124).

[0255] The amino acid sequence of the mature HuGAB11.scFv (HuGAB11.scFv.ds) with two cysteine ​​substitutions (construction described in Example 19) is: C GTKVEIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVTLKESGPVLVKPTETLTLTCTVSGFSLTDYGVSWIRQPPGK C LEWLGVIWGGGGTYYNSALKSRLTISKDTSKSQVVLTMTNMDPVDTATYYCAKHPYGHFGMDYWGQGTTVTVSS (sequence number 125).

[0256] In the amino acid sequence shown in Example 24, the cysteine ​​substitutions are underlined.

[0257] Example 25: Construction of bispecific antibodies (BS883 and BS884) that bind to PD-L1 and 4-1BB

[0258] 4-1BB, also known as CD137 and TNFRSF9, is an immune co-stimulatory molecule that belongs to the TNF receptor superfamily. Cross-linking of 4-1BB on the cell surface of immune cells is required to initiate intracellular signaling to enhance immune responses (Chester et al. 2016 Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 65:1243-1248).

[0259] A murine hybridoma producing IgG / kappa monoclonal antibody FOB5 that specifically binds human and cynomolgus 4-1BB was isolated as described in Example 1. The extracellular domain of human 4-1BB fused to the Fc domain of the human gamma-1 heavy chain (h4-1BB-Fc; SEQ ID NO: 126) was used as the immunogen. Sequencing and humanization of FOB5 VH and VL were performed as described in Tsurushita et al. (supra).

[0260] The amino acid sequence of humanized FOB5 (HuFOB5) VH is MERHWIFLFLFSVTAGVHSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYIFINYWMHWVRAPGQGLEWIGYINPSTGYTESNQKFKDRVTITADKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSYVGYYYAVDYWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 127). The amino acid sequences of CDR1, 2, and 3 of HuFOB5 VH are NYWMH (SEQ ID NO: 128), YINPSTGYTESNQKFKD (SEQ ID NO: 129), and SYVGYYYAVDY (SEQ ID NO: 130), respectively, according to the definition by Kabat et al. (supra). The gene encoding HuFOB5 VH was synthesized as an exon containing a splice donor signal at the 3' end of the coding region, a SpeI site at the 5' end of the fragment, and a HindIII site at the 3' end of the fragment.

[0261] The amino acid sequence of humanized FOB5 (HuFOB5) VL is MDSQAQVLMLLLLWVSGTCGDIVMTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCKSSQSLLYSNNEKNYLAWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYWASTRESGVPDRFSGSGSGTIFTLTISSLQAEDVAVYYCQQYYSYPYTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 131). The amino acid sequences of CDR1, 2 and 3 of HuFOB5 VL are KSSQSLLYSNNEKNYLA (SEQ ID NO: 132), WASTRES (SEQ ID NO: 133) and QQYYSYPYT (SEQ ID NO: 134), respectively, according to the definition by Kabat et al. (supra). The gene encoding HuFOB5 VL was synthesized as an exon containing a splice donor signal at the 3' end of the coding region, an NheI site at the 5' end of the fragment, and an EcoRI site at the 3' end of the fragment.

[0262] The expression vector pHuFOB5-IgG1.AA has the same structure as pHuM195-IgG1 (FIG. 1A), except that (i) the HuFOB5 VH exon is placed between SpeI and HindIII sites, (ii) the HuFOB5 VL exon is placed between NheI and EcoRI sites, and (iii) two leucine residues at positions 234 and 235 of CH2 (EU numbering in Kabat et al., supra) have been replaced with alanine residues (L234A and L235A, respectively) (SEQ ID NO: 20) to eliminate effector function (Hezareh et al., J. Virol. 75:12161-12168, 2001). The new vector pHuFOB5-IgG1.AA expresses a humanized anti-4-1BB IgG1 / kappa antibody (HuFOB5-IgG1.AA) in mammalian cells.

[0263] A mammalian expression vector designed for the expression of a bispecific antibody binding both human PD-L1 (SEQ ID NO: 69) and human 4-1BB (SEQ ID NO: 135) was constructed by modifying pHuPRO1-IgG1.AA as follows: The VL and VH coding regions of the humanized anti-human 4-1BB monoclonal antibody of pHuFOB5-IgG1.AA were converted into a single-chain Fv (scFv) form with the VL, polypeptide linker, and VH in the order from N-terminus to C-terminus. In addition, the glycine residue at position 44 of HuFOB5 VH was changed to a cysteine ​​residue, and the glycine residue at position 100 of HuFOB5 VL was changed to a cysteine ​​residue to construct a disulfide-linked HuFOB5 scFv (HuFOB5.scFv.LH.ds; SEQ ID NO: 136). The N-terminus of HuFOB5.scFv was fused to the penultimate glycine residue of CH3 of pHuPRO1-IgG1.AA via a polypeptide linker (CH3-HuFOB5.scFv.LH.ds; SEQ ID NO: 137). The CH3 coding region of pHuPRO1-IgG1.AA was replaced with the coding region of CH3-FOB5.scFv.LH.ds. The resulting vector, pBS883, expresses a bispecific IgG antibody designated BS883 that binds to both human PD-L1 and 4-1BB.

[0264] The amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS883 is: QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGFTFSSSYISWVRQAPGQGLEWIAWIYAGTGGTSYNQKFTGRATITVDESTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARHEGVYWYFDVWGQGTTVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPEAAGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDV SHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDK SRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGSGGGGSGGGGSDIVMTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCKSSQSLLYSNNEKNYLAWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYWASTRESGVPDRFSGSGSGTIFTLTISSLQAEDVAVYYCQQYYSYPYTFG C GTKVEIKGGGGSGGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYIFINYWMHWVRAPGQ C LEWIGYINPSTGYTESNQKFKDRVTITADKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSYVGYYYAVDYWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 138). Cysteine ​​substitutions are underlined.

[0265] The amino acid sequence of the mature light chain encoded by pBS883 is identical to the sequence of the mature light chain encoded by pBS809 (SEQ ID NO:71).

[0266] Another mammalian expression vector designed for the expression of a bispecific antibody binding both human PD-L1 (SEQ ID NO: 69) and human 4-1BB (SEQ ID NO: 135) was constructed by modifying pHuPRO1-IgG1.AA as follows: The VH and VL coding regions of the humanized anti-human 4-1BB monoclonal antibody of pHuFOB5-IgG1.AA were converted into scFv form in the order of VH, polypeptide linker, and VL from N-terminus to C-terminus. In addition, the glycine residue at position 44 of HuFOB5 VH was changed to a cysteine ​​residue, and the glycine residue at position 100 of HuFOB5 VL was changed to a cysteine ​​residue to construct a disulfide-linked HuFOB5 scFv (HuFOB5.scFv.HL.ds; SEQ ID NO: 139). The N-terminus of HuFOB5.scFv was fused to the penultimate glycine residue of CH3 of pHuPRO1-IgG1.AA via a polypeptide linker (CH3-FOB5.scFv.HL.ds; SEQ ID NO: 140). The CH3 coding region of pHuPRO1-IgG1.AA was replaced with the coding region of CH3-HuFOB5.scFv.HL.ds. The resulting vector, pBS884, expresses a bispecific IgG antibody designated BS884 that binds to both human PD-L1 and 4-1BB.

[0267] The amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS884 is: QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGFTFSSSYISWVRQAPGQGLEWIAWIYAGTGGTSYNQKFTGRATITVDESTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARHEGVYWYFDVWGQGTTVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPEA AGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLT CLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYIFINYWMHWVRAPGQ C LEWIGYINPSTGYTESNQKFKDRVTITADKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSYVGYYYAVDYWGQGTTVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSDIVMTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCKSSQSLLYSNNEKNYLAWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYWASTRESGVPDRFSGSGSGTIFTLTISSLQAEDVAVYYCQQYYSYPYTFG C GTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 141). Cysteine ​​substitutions are underlined.

[0268] The amino acid sequence of the mature light chain encoded by pBS884 is identical to the sequence of the mature light chain encoded by pBS809 (SEQ ID NO:71).

[0269] The schematic structure of bispecific IgG antibodies of the invention, such as BS883 and BS884, is shown in FIG.

[0270] Example 26: Blocking the interaction between PD-L1 and PD-1

[0271] The ability of HuPRO1-IgG1.AA, HuPRO2-IgG1.AA and HuPRO5-IgG1.AA to block the interaction of human PD-1 (SEQ ID NO: 142) with human PD-L1 was analyzed by flow cytometry using NS0 / PD-L1 cells and PD-1-Fc fusion protein. For use as a ligand that binds to PD-L1, the extracellular domain of human PD-1 was fused to the Fc domain of the human gamma-1 heavy chain (hPD-1-Fc; SEQ ID NO: 143), expressed in NS0 cells and purified by Protein A affinity chromatography. To monitor binding to NS0 / PD-L1 cells, hPD-1-Fc was labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) using standard conjugation methods. NS0 / PD-L1 cells were incubated with a subsaturating concentration of FITC-labeled hPD-1-Fc and various concentrations of test antibodies (HuPRO1-IgG1.AA, HuPRO2-IgG1.AA, or HuPRO5-IgG1.AA) in FACS Buffer (PBS containing 0.5% BSA and 0.05% sodium azide) for 60 minutes at 4°C. After washing and resuspension in FACS Buffer, cells were subjected to flow cytometry analysis. The half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for blocking the binding of hPD-1-Fc to NS0 / PD-L1 cells were 106ng / ml for HuPRO1-IgG1.AA, 55ng / ml for HuPRO2-IgG1.AA, and 87ng / ml for HuPRO5-IgG1.AA. Sequence Listing

[0272] SEQ ID NO:1

[0273] Amino acid sequence of human CD33

[0274] MPLLLLLPLLWAGALAMDPNFWLQVQESVTVQEGLCVLVPCTFFHPIPYYDKNSPVHGYWFREGAIISRDSPVATNKLDQEVQEETQGRFRLLGDPSRNNCSLSIVDARRRDNGSYFFRMERGSTKYSYKSPQLSVHVTDLTHRPKILIPGTLEPGHSKNLTCSVSWACEQGTPPIFSWLSA APTSLGPRTTHSSVLIITPRPQDHGTNLTCQVKFAGAGVTTERTIQLNVTYVPQNPTTGIFPDGSGKQETRAGVVHGAIGGAGVTALLALCLCLIFFIVKTHRRKAARTAVGRNDTHPTTGSASPKHQKKSKLHGPTETSSCSGAAPTVEMDEELHYASLNFHGMNPSKDTSTEYSEVRTQ

[0275] SEQ ID NO:2

[0276] Amino acid sequence of HuM195 VH

[0277] MGWSWIFFFLLSGTASVLSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTDYNMHWVRQAPGQGLEWIGYIYPYNGGTGYNQKFKSKATITADESTNTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARGRPAMDYWGQGTLVTVSS

[0278] SEQ ID NO:3

[0279] Amino acid sequence of the CH1 region of the human gamma-1 heavy chain encoded by pHuM195-IgG1

[0280] ASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKV

[0281] SEQ ID NO:4

[0282] Amino acid sequence of the hinge region of the human gamma-1 heavy chain encoded by pHuM195-IgG1

[0283] EPKSCDKTHTCPPCP

[0284] SEQ ID NO:5

[0285] Amino acid sequence of the CH2 region of the human gamma-1 heavy chain encoded by pHuM195-IgG1

[0286] APELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAK

[0287] SEQ ID NO:6

[0288] Amino acid sequence of the CH3 region of the human gamma-1 heavy chain encoded by pHuM195-IgG1

[0289] GQPREPQVYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK

[0290] SEQ ID NO:7

[0291] Amino acid sequence of HuM195 VL

[0292] MEKDTLLLWVLLLWVPGSTGDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASESVDNYGISFMNWFQQKPGGAPKLLIYAASNQGSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPDDFATYYCQQSKEVPWTFGQGTKVEIK

[0293] SEQ ID NO:8

[0294] Amino acid sequence of the human kappa constant region encoded by pHuM195-IgG1

[0295] RTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC

[0296] SEQ ID NO:9

[0297] Amino acid sequence of FLAG peptide

[0298] DYKDDDDK

[0299] SEQ ID NO:10

[0300] Amino acid sequence of GPI anchorage signal

[0301] PNKGSGTTSGTTRLLSGHTCFTLTGLLGTLVTMGLLT

[0302] SEQ ID NO:11

[0303] Amino acid sequence of mature OX40-FLAG-GPI

[0304] LHCVGDTYPSNDRCCHECRPGNGMVSRCSRSQNTVCRPCGPGFYNDVVSSKPCKPCTWCNLRSGSERKQLCTATQDTVCRCRAGTQPLDSYKPGVDCAPCPPGHFPGDNQACKPWTNC TLAGKHTLQPASNSSDAICEDRDPPATQPQETQGPPARPITVQPTEAWPRTSQGPSTRPVEVPGGRATGGGDYKDDDDKGGGPNKGSGTTSGTTRLLSGHTCFTLTGLLGTLVTMGLLT

[0305] SEQ ID NO:12

[0306] Amino acid sequence of HuOHX14DS VH

[0307] MGRLTSSFLLLIVPAYVLSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTSYIMHWVRQAPGQGLEWIGYINPYNSGTKYNEKFKGRVTITSDKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCAHYYGSTFTMDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0308] SEQ ID NO:13

[0309] Amino acid sequence of CDR1 of HuOHX14DS VH

[0310] SYIMH

[0311] SEQ ID NO:14

[0312] Amino acid sequence of CDR2 of HuOHX14DS VH

[0313] YINPYNSGTKYNEKFKG

[0314] SEQ ID NO:15

[0315] Amino acid sequence of CDR3 of HuOHX14DS VH

[0316] YYGSTFTMDY

[0317] SEQ ID NO:16

[0318] Amino acid sequence of HuOHX14DS VL

[0319] MMSSAQFLGLLLLCFQGTRCDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQDIRTYLNWYQQKPGKVPKLLIYYTSRLHSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLQPEDVATYYCQQGNTLPWTFGGGTKVEIK

[0320] SEQ ID NO:17

[0321] Amino acid sequence of CDR1 of HuOHX14DS VL

[0322] RASQDIRTYLN

[0323] SEQ ID NO:18

[0324] Amino acid sequence of CDR2 of HuOHX14DS VL

[0325] YTSRLHS

[0326] SEQ ID NO:19

[0327] Amino acid sequence of CDR3 of HuOHX14DS VL

[0328] QQGNTLPWT

[0329] SEQ ID NO:20

[0330] Amino acid sequence of the CH2 region with the L234A and L235 mutations

[0331] APEAAGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAK

[0332] SEQ ID NO:21

[0333] Amino acid sequence of human OX40

[0334] MCVGARRLGRGPCAALLLLGLGLSTVTGLHCVGDTYPSNDRCCHECRPGNGMVSRCSRSQNTVCRPCGPGFYNDVVSSKPCKPCTWCNLRSGSERKQLCTATQDTVCRCRAGTQPLDSYKPGVDCAPCPPGHFPSPGDN QACKPWTNCTLAGKHTLQPASNSSDAICEDRDPPATQPQETQGPPARPITVQPTEAWPRTSQGPSTRPVEVPGGRAVAAILGLGLVLGLLGPLAILLALYLLRRDQRLPPDAHKPPGGGSFRTPIQEEQADAHSTLAKI

[0335] SEQ ID NO:22

[0336] Amino acid sequence of HuOHX14DS.scFv

[0337] DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQDIRTYLNWYQQKPGKVPKLLIYYTSRLHSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLQPEDVATYYCQQGNTLPWTFGGGTKVEIKGGGGGSGGGGSGGG GSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTSYIMHWVRQAPGQGLEWIGYINPYNSGTKYNEKFKGRVTITSDKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCAHYYGSTFTMDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0338] SEQ ID NO:23

[0339] Amino acid sequence of the fusion product of CH3 and HuOHX14DS.scFv (CH3-HuOHX14DS.scFv) encoded by pBS824

[0340] GQPREPQVYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGSGGGGSGGGGSDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQDIRTYLNWYQQKPGKVPKLLIYYTSRLHSGVPSRF SGSGSGTDYTLTISSLQPEDVATYYCQQGNTLPWTFGGGTKVEIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTSYIMHWVRQAPGQGLEWIGYINPYNSGTKYNEKFKGRVTITSDKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCAHYYGSTFTMDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0341] SEQ ID NO:24

[0342] Amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS824.

[0343] QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTDYNMHWVRQAPGQGLEWIGYIYPYNGGTGYNQKFKSKATITADESTNTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARGRPAMDYWGQGTLVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQ SSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPEAAGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVY TLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGSGGGGSGGGGSDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQDIRTYLNWYQQKPGKVPKLLIYYTSRLHSGVPSRFSGSG SGTDYTLTISSLQPEDVATYYCQQGNTLPWTFGGGTKVEIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTSYIMHWVRQAPGQGLEWIGYINPYNSGTKYNEKFKGRVTITSDKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCAHYYGSTFTMDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0344] SEQ ID NO:25

[0345] Amino acid sequence of the mature light chain encoded by pBS824.

[0346] DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASESVDNYGISFMNWFQQKPGGAPKLLIYAASNQGSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPDDFATYYCQQSKEVPWTFGQGTKVE IKRTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC

[0347] SEQ ID NO:26

[0348] Amino acid sequence of synthetic signal peptide

[0349] MGWSWIFFFLLSGTASVLS

[0350] SEQ ID NO:27

[0351] Amino acid sequence of the extracellular domain of human CD33 encoded by pFCm267

[0352] MDPNFWLQVQESVTVQEGLCVLVPCTFFHPIPYYDKNSPVHGYWFREGAIISRDSPVATNKLDQEVQEETQGRFRLLGDPSRNNCSLSIVDARRRDNGSYFFRMERGSTKYSYKSPQLSVH VTDLTHRPKILIPGTLEPGHSKNLTCSVSWACEQGTPPIFSWLSAAPTSLGPRTTHSSVLIITPRPQDHGTNLTCQVKFAGAGVTTERTIQLNVTYVPQNPTTGIFPDGSGKQETRAGVVH

[0353] SEQ ID NO:28

[0354] Amino acid sequence of human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)

[0355]

[0356] SEQ ID NO:29

[0357] Mouse 225 (Ch225) VH amino acid sequence

[0358] MAVLALLFCLVTFPSCVLSQVQLKQSGPGLVQPSQSLSITCTVSGFSLTNYGVHWVRQSPGKGLEWLGVIWSGGNTDYNTPFTSRLSINKDNSKSQVFFKMNSLQSNDTAIYYCARALTYYDYEFAYWGQGTLVTVSA

[0359] SEQ ID NO:30

[0360] Mouse 225 (Ch225) VL amino acid sequence

[0361] MRAPAQFLGFLLFWIPASRSDILLTQSPVILSVSPGERVSFSCRASQSIGTNIHWYQQRTNGSPRLLIKYASESISGIPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLSINSVESEDIADYYCQQNNNWPTTFGAGTKLELK

[0362] SEQ ID NO:31

[0363] Amino acid sequence of hGITR-Fc

[0364] QRPTGGPGCGPGRLLLGTGTDARCCRVHTTRCCRDYPGEECCSEWDCMCVQPEFHCGDPCCTTCRHHPCPPGQGVQSQGKFSFGFQCIDCASGTFSGGHEGHCKPWTDCTQFGFLTVFPGNKTHNAVCVPGSPPAEPLGTGGGEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEV TCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPP SRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK

[0365] SEQ ID NO:32

[0366] Amino acid sequence of HuGAB11 VH

[0367] MAVLGLLLCLVTFPSCVLSQVTLKESGPVLVKPTETLTLTCTVSGFSLTDYGVSWIRQPPGKALEWLGVIWGGGGTYYNSALKSRLTISKDTSKSQVVLTMTNMDPPVDTATYYCAKHPYGHFGMDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0368] SEQ ID NO:33

[0369] Amino acid sequence of CDR1 of HuGAB11 VH

[0370] DYGVS

[0371] SEQ ID NO:34

[0372] Amino acid sequence of CDR2 of HuGAB11 VH

[0373] VIWGGGTYYNSALKS

[0374] SEQ ID NO:35

[0375] Amino acid sequence of CDR3 of HuGAB11 VH

[0376] HPYGHFGMDY

[0377] SEQ ID NO:36

[0378] Amino acid sequence of HuGAB11 VL

[0379] MRVLAELLGLLLFCFLGVRCDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCHASQNINVWLSWYQQKPGKVPKLLIYKASNLHTGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDVATYYCQQGQSYPLTFGGGTKVEIK

[0380] SEQ ID NO:37

[0381] Amino acid sequence of CDR1 of HuGAB11 VL

[0382] HASQNINVWLS

[0383] SEQ ID NO:38

[0384] Amino acid sequence of CDR2 of HuGAB11 VL

[0385] KASNLHT

[0386] SEQ ID NO:39

[0387] Amino acid sequence of CDR3 of HuGAB11 VL

[0388] QQGQSYPLT

[0389] SEQ ID NO:40

[0390] Amino acid sequence of human GITR

[0391] MAQHGAMGAFRALCGLALLCALSLGQRPTGGPGCGPGRLLLGTGTDARCCRVHTTRCCRDYPGEECCSEWDCMCVQPEFHCGDPCCTTCRHHHPCPPGQGVQSQGKFSFGFQCIDCASGTF SGGHEGHCKPWTDCTQFGFLTVFPGNKTHNAVCVPGSPPAEPLGWLTVVLLAVAACVLLLTSAQLGLHIWQLRSQCMWPRETQLLLEVPPSTEDARSCQFPEEERGERSAEEKGRLGDLWV

[0392] SEQ ID NO:41

[0393] Amino acid sequence of HuGAB11.scFv

[0394] DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCHASQNINVWLSWYQQKPGKVPKLLIYKASNLHTGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDVATYYCQQGQSYPLTFGGGTKVEIKGGGGGSGGGGSGGG GSQVTLKESGPVLVKPTETLTLTCTVSGFSLTDYGVSWIRQPPGKALEWLGVIWGGGGTYYNSALKSRLTISKDTTSKSQVVLTMTNMDPVDTATYYCAKHPYGHFGMDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0395] SEQ ID NO:42

[0396] Amino acid sequence of the fusion product of CH3 and HuGAB11.scFv (CH3-HuGAB11.scFv) encoded by pBS827

[0397] GQPREPQVYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGSGGGGSGGGGSDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCHASQNINVWLSWYQQKPGKVPKLLIYKASNLHTGVPSR FSSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDVATYYCQQGQSYPLTFGGGTKVEIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVTLKESGPVLVKPTETLTLTCTVSGFSLTDYGVSWIRQPPGKALEWLGVIWGGGGTYYNSALKSRLTISKDTSKSQVVLTMTNMDPVDTATYYCAKHPYGHFGMDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0398] SEQ ID NO:43

[0399] Amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS827.

[0400] QVQLKQSGPGLVQPSQSLSITCTVSGFSLTNYGVHWVRQSPGKGLEWLGVIWSGGNTDYNTPFTSRLSINKDNSKSQVFFKMNSLQSNDTAIYYCARALTYYDYEFAYWGQGTLVTVSAASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPA VLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPEAAGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQ VYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGSGGGGSGGGGSDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCHASQNINVWLSWYQQKPGKVPKLLIYKASNLHTGVPSRFSGS GSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDVATYYCQQGQSYPLTFGGGTKVEIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVTLKESGPVLVKPTETLTLTCTVSGFSLTDYGVSWIRQPPGKALEWLGVIWGGGGTYYNSALKSRLTISKDTSKSQVVLTMTNMDPVDTATYYCAKHPYGHFGMDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0401] SEQ ID NO:44

[0402] Amino acid sequence of the mature light chain encoded by pBS827.

[0403] DILLTQSPVILSVSPGERVSFSCRASQSIGTNIHWYQQRTNGSPRLLIKYASESISGIPSRFSGSGGTDFTLSINSVESEDIADYYCQQNNNWPTTFGAGTKLELK RTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC

[0404] SEQ ID NO:45

[0405] Amino acid sequence of mature human GITR

[0406] QRPTGGPGCGPGRLLLGTGTDARCCRVHTTRCCRDYPGEECCSEWDCMCVQPEFHCGDPCCTTCRHHPCPPGQGVQSQGKFSFGFQCIDCASGTFSGGHEGHCKPWTD CTQFGFLTVFPGNKTHNAVCVPGSPPAEPLGWLTVVLLAVAACVLLLTSAQLGLHIWQLRSQCMWPRETQLLLEVPPSTEDARSCQFPEEERGERSAEEKGRLGDLWV

[0407] SEQ ID NO:46

[0408] Amino acid sequence of the extracellular domain of human EGFR encoded by pFCm507

[0409] LEEKKVCQGTSNKLTQLGTFEDHFLSLQRMFNNCEVVLGNLEITYVQRNYDLSFLKTIQEVAGYVLIALNTVERIPLENLQIIRGNMYYENSYALAVLSNYDANKTGLKELPMRNLQEILHGAVRFSNNPALCNVESIQWRDIVSSDFLSNMSMD FQNHLGSCQKCDPSCPNGSCWGAGEENCQKLTKIICAQQCSGRCRGKSPSDCCHNQCAAGCTGPRESDCLVCRKFRDEATCKDTCPLMLYNPTTYQMDVNPEGKYSFGATCVKCCPRNYVVTDHGSCVRACGADSYEMEEDGVRKCKKCEGPCR KVCNGIGIGEFKDSLSINATNIKHFKNCTSISGDLHILPVAFRGDSFTHTPPLDPQELDILKTVKEITGFLLIQAWPENRTDLHAFENLEIIRGRTKQHGQFSLAVVSLNITSLGLRSLKEISDGDVIISGNKNLCYANTINWKKLFGTSGQKTK IISNRGENSCKATGQVCHALCSPEGCWGPEPRDCVSCRNVSRGRECVDKCNLLEGEPREFVENSECIQCHPECLPQAMNITCTGRGPDNCIQCAHYIDGPHCVKTCPAGVMGENNTLVWKYADAGHVCHLCHPNCTYGCTGPGLEGCPTNGPKIPS

[0410] SEQ ID NO:47

[0411] Amino acid sequence of hCD40-Fc

[0412] EPPTACREKQYLINSQCCSLCQPGQKLVSDCTEFTETECLPCGESEFLDTWNRETHCHQHKYCDPNLGLRVQQKGTSETDTICTCEEGWHCTSEACESCVLHRSCSPGFGVKQIATGVSDTICEPCPVGFFSNVSSAFEKCHPWTSCETKDLVVQQAGTNKTDVVCGPQDRLRTGGGEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFL FPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPR EPQVYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK

[0413] SEQ ID NO:48

[0414] Amino acid sequence of HuACS2 VH

[0415] MKLWLNWVFLLTLLHGIQCQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTSYWLHWVRQAPGQGLEWIGRIDPNSGDTKYNEKFKSRATITVDKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARYYYGRSYFDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0416] SEQ ID NO:49

[0417] Amino acid sequence of CDR1 of HuACS2 VH

[0418] SYWLH

[0419] SEQ ID NO:50

[0420] Amino acid sequence of CDR2 of HuACS2 VH

[0421] RIDPNSGDTKYNEKFKS

[0422] SEQ ID NO:51

[0423] Amino acid sequence of CDR3 of HuACS2 VH

[0424] YYYGRSYFDY

[0425] SEQ ID NO:52

[0426] Amino acid sequence of HuACS2 VL

[0427] MDFQVQIFSFLLISAVIISRGEIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCSCSASSSVSYMHWYQQKPGQAPRRWIYDTSKLASGVPARFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCQQWSSNPLTFGGGTKVEIK

[0428] SEQ ID NO:53

[0429] Amino acid sequence of CDR1 of HuACS2 VL

[0430] SASSSVSYMH

[0431] SEQ ID NO:54

[0432] Amino acid sequence of CDR2 of HuACS2 VL

[0433] DTSKLAS

[0434] SEQ ID NO:55

[0435] Amino acid sequence of CDR3 of HuACS2 VL

[0436] QQWSSNPLT

[0437] SEQ ID NO:56

[0438] Amino acid sequence of human CD40

[0439] MVRLPLQCVLWGCLLTAVHPEPPTACREKQYLINSQCCSLCQPGQKLVSDCTEFTETECLPCGESEFLDTWNRETHCHQHKYCDPNLGLRVQQKGTSETDTICTCEEGWHCTSEACESCVLHRSCSPGFGVKQIATGV SDTICEPCPVGFFSNVSSAFEKCHPWTSCETKDLVVQQAGTNKTDVVCGPQDRLRALVVIPIIFGILFAILLVLVFIKKVAKKPTNKAPHPKQEPQEINFPDDLPGSNTAAPVQETLHGCQPVTQEDGKESRISVQERQ

[0440] SEQ ID NO:57

[0441] Amino acid sequence of HuACS2.scFv

[0442] EIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCSASSSVSYMHWYQQKPGQAPRRWIYDTSKLASGVPARFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCQQWSSNPLTFGGGTKVEIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGG SQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTSYWLHWVRQAPGQGLEWIGRIDPNSGDTKYNEKFKSRATITVDKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARYYYGRSYFDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0443] SEQ ID NO:58

[0444] Amino acid sequence of the fusion product of CH3 and HuACS2.scFv (CH3-HuACS2.scFv) encoded by pBS828

[0445] GQPREPQVYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGSGGGGSGGGGSEIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCSCSASSSVSYMHWYQQKPGQAPRRWIYDTSKLASGVPARF SGSGSGTDYTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCQQWSSNPLTFGGGTKVEIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTSYWLHWVRQAPGQGLEWIGRIDPNSGDTKYNEKFKSRATITVDKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARYYYGRSYFDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0446] SEQ ID NO:59

[0447] Amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS828.

[0448] QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTDYNMHWVRQAPGQGLEWIGYIYPYNGGTGYNQKFKSKATITADESTNTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARGRPAMDYWGQGTLVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQ SSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPEAAGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVY TLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGSGGGGSGGGGSEIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCSASSSVSYMHWYQQKPGQAPRRWIYDTSKLASGVPARFSGSGS GTDYTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCQQWSSNPLTFGGGTKVEIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTSYWLHWVRQAPGQGLEWIGRIDPNSGDTKYNEKFKSRATITVDKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARYYYGRSYFDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0449] SEQ ID NO:60

[0450] Amino acid sequence of hPD-L1-Fc

[0451] FTVTVPKDLYVVEYGSNMTIECKFPVEKQLDLAALIVYWEMEDKNIIQFVHGEEDLKVQHSSYRQRARLLKDQLSLGNAALQITDVKLQDAGVYRCMISYGGADYKRITVKVNA PYNKINQRILVVDPVTSEHELTCQAEGYPKAEVIWTSSDHQVLSGKTTTTNSKREEKLFNVTSTLRINTTTNEIFYCTFRRLDPEENHTAELVIPELPLAHPPNERTHTGGGEPK SCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPI EKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK

[0452] SEQ ID NO:61

[0453] Amino acid sequence of HuPRO1 VH

[0454] MEWNWVVLFLLSLTAGVYAQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGFTFSSSYISWVRQAPGQGLEWIAWIYAGTGGTSYNQKFTGRATITVDESTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARHEGVYWYFDVWGQGTTVTVSS

[0455] SEQ ID NO:62

[0456] Amino acid sequence of CDR1 of HuPRO1 VH

[0457] SSYIS

[0458] SEQ ID NO:63

[0459] Amino acid sequence of CDR2 of HuPRO1 VH

[0460] WIYAGTGGTSYNQKFTG

[0461] SEQ ID NO:64

[0462] Amino acid sequence of CDR3 of HuPRO1 VH

[0463] HEGVYWYFDV

[0464] SEQ ID NO:65

[0465] Amino acid sequence of HuPRO1 VL

[0466] MDFQVQIFSFLLISAVIMSRGEIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCSCSASSSVSYMHWYQQKPGQAPRPWIYDTSNLASGFPARFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCHQRSSYPWTFGGGTKVEIK

[0467] SEQ ID NO:66

[0468] Amino acid sequence of CDR1 of HuPRO1 VL

[0469] SASSSVSYMH

[0470] SEQ ID NO:67

[0471] Amino acid sequence of CDR2 of HuPRO1 VL

[0472] DTSNLAS

[0473] SEQ ID NO:68

[0474] Amino acid sequence of CDR3 of HuPRO1 VL

[0475] HQRSSYPWT

[0476] SEQ ID NO:69

[0477] Amino acid sequence of human PD-L1

[0478] MRIFAVFIFMTYWHLLNAFTVTVPKDLYVVEYGSNMTIECKFPVEKQLDLAALIVYWEMEDKNIIQFVHGEEDLKVQHSSYRQRARLLKDQLSLGNAALQITDVKLQDAGVYRCMISYGGADYKRITVKVNAPYNKINQRILVVD PVTSEHELTCQAEGYPKAEVIWTSSDHQVLSGKTTTTNSKREEKLFNVTSTLRINTTTNEIFYCTFRRLDPEENHTAELVIPELPLAHPPNERTHLVILGAILLCLGVALTFIFRLRKGRMMDVKKCGIQDTNSKKQSDTHLEET

[0479] SEQ ID NO:70

[0480] Amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS809.

[0481] QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGFTFSSSYISWVRQAPGQGLEWIAWIYAGTGGTSYNQKFTGRATITVDESTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARHEGVYWYFDVWGQGTTVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPA VLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPEAAGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQ VYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGSGGGGSGGGGSDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCHASQNINVWLSWYQQKPGKVPKLLIYKASNLHTGVPSRFSGS GSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDVATYYCQQGQSYPLTFGGGTKVEIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVTLKESGPVLVKPTETLTLTCTVSGFSLTDYGVSWIRQPPGKALEWLGVIWGGGGTYYNSALKSRLTISKDTSKSQVVLTMTNMDPVDTATYYCAKHPYGHFGMDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0482] SEQ ID NO:71

[0483] Amino acid sequences of the mature light chains encoded by pBS809 and pBS813

[0484] EIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCSASSSVSYMHWYQQKPGQAPRPWIYDTSNLASGFPARFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCHQRSSYPWTFGGGTKVEIK RTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC

[0485] SEQ ID NO:72

[0486] Amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS813.

[0487] QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGFTFSSSYISWVRQAPGQGLEWIAWIYAGTGGTSYNQKFTGRATITVDESTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARHEGVYWYFDVWGQGTTVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAV LQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPEAAGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQV YTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGSGGGGSGGGGSDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQDIRTYLNWYQQKPGKVPKLLIYYTSRLHSGVPSRFSGSG SGTDYTLTISSLQPEDVATYYCQQGNTLPWTFGGGTKVEIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTSYIMHWVRQAPGQGLEWIGYINPYNSGTKYNEKFKGRVTITSDKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCAHYYGSTFTMDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0488] SEQ ID NO:73

[0489] Amino acid sequence of the extracellular domain of human PD-L1

[0490] FTVTVPKDLYVVEYGSNMTIECKFPVEKQLDLAALIVYWEMEDKNIIQFVHGEEDLKVQHSSYRQRARLLKDQLSLGNAALQITDVKLQDAGVYRCMISYGGADYKRITVK VNAPYNKINQRILVVDPVTSEHELTCQAEGYPKAEVIWTSSDHQVLSGKTTTTNSKREEKLFNVTSTLRINTTTNEIFYCTFRRLDPEENHTAELVIPELPLAHPPNERTH

[0491] SEQ ID NO:74

[0492] Amino acid sequence of HuPRO2 VH

[0493] MGWNWIFLFLSGTAGVHCQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTSYGINWVRQAPGQGLEWIGYIYPGSGGPVYNQKFKGRVTLTADKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARENYRYWYFDVWGQGTTVTVSS

[0494] SEQ ID NO:75

[0495] Amino acid sequence of CDR1 of HuPRO2 VH

[0496] SYGIN

[0497] SEQ ID NO:76

[0498] Amino acid sequence of CDR2 of HuPRO2 VH

[0499] YIYPGSGGPVYNQKFKG

[0500] SEQ ID NO:77

[0501] Amino acid sequence of CDR3 of HuPRO2 VH

[0502] ENYRYWYFDV

[0503] SEQ ID NO:78

[0504] Amino acid sequence of HuPRO2 VL

[0505] MHFQVQIFSFLLISASVIMSRGDIQLTQSPSFLSASVGDRVTITCSASSSVNYMHWFQQKPGKAPKLWIYSTSNLASGVPSRFSGSGSGTEFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQRSSYPLTFGGGTKVEIK

[0506] SEQ ID NO:79

[0507] Amino acid sequence of CDR1 of HuPRO2 VL

[0508] SASSSVNYMH

[0509] SEQ ID NO:80

[0510] Amino acid sequence of CDR2 of HuPRO2 VL

[0511] STSNLAS

[0512] SEQ ID NO:81

[0513] Amino acid sequence of CDR3 of HuPRO2 VL

[0514] QQRSSYPLT

[0515] SEQ ID NO:82

[0516] Amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS841.

[0517] QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTSYGINWVRQAPGQGLEWIGYIYPGSGGPVYNQKFKGRVTITADKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARENYRYWYFDVWGQGTTVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAV LQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPEAAGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQV YTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGSGGGGSGGGGSDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQDIRTYLNWYQQKPGKVPKLLIYYTSRLHSGVPSRFSGSG SGTDYTLTISSLQPEDVATYYCQQGNTLPWTFGGGTKVEIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTSYIMHWVRQAPGQGLEWIGYINPYNSGTKYNEKFKGRVTITSDKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCAHYYGSTFTMDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0518] SEQ ID NO:83

[0519] Amino acid sequence of the mature light chain encoded by pBS841.

[0520] DIQLTQSPSFLSASVGDRVTITCSASSSVNYMHWFQQKPGKAPKLWIYSTSNLASGVPSRFSGSGSGTEFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQRSSYPLTFGGGTKVEIK RTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC

[0521] SEQ ID NO:84

[0522] Amino acid sequence of HuPRO5 VH MMVLSLLYLLTALPGILSQVQLQESGPGLVKPSQTLSLTCTVSGDSISSGYWNWIRQPPGKGLEYMGYISYTGSTYSNPSLKSRVTISRDTSKNQFSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCARSQNWERAWFAYWGQGTLVTVSS

[0523] SEQ ID NO:85

[0524] Amino acid sequence of CDR1 of HuPRO5 VH

[0525] SGYWN

[0526] SEQ ID NO:86

[0527] Amino acid sequence of CDR2 of HuPRO5 VH

[0528] YISYTGSTYSNPSLKS

[0529] SEQ ID NO:87

[0530] Amino acid sequence of CDR3 of HuPRO5 VH

[0531] SQNWERAWFAY

[0532] SEQ ID NO:88

[0533] Amino acid sequence of HuPRO5 VL

[0534] MDFQVQIFSFLLISASVIMSRGDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCSASSSVSYMHWYQQKPGKAPKLWIYDTSKLASGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCFQGSGYPFTFGGGTKVEIK

[0535] SEQ ID NO:89

[0536] Amino acid sequence of CDR1 of HuPRO5 VL

[0537] SASSSVSYMH

[0538] SEQ ID NO:90

[0539] Amino acid sequence of CDR2 of HuPRO5 VL

[0540] DTSKLAS

[0541] SEQ ID NO:91

[0542] Amino acid sequence of CDR3 of HuPRO5 VL

[0543] FQGSGYPFT

[0544] SEQ ID NO:92

[0545] Amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS839.

[0546] QVQLQESGPGLVKPSQTLSLTCTVSGDSISSGYWNWIRQPPGKGLEYMGYISYTGSTYSNPSLKSRVTISRDTSKNQFSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCARSQNWERAWFAYWGQGTLVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAV LQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPEAAGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQV YTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGSGGGGSGGGGSDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQDIRTYLNWYQQKPGKVPKLLIYYTSRLHSGVPSRFSGSG SGTDYTLTISSLQPEDVATYYCQQGNTLPWTFGGGTKVEIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTSYIMHWVRQAPGQGLEWIGYINPYNSGTKYNEKFKGRVTITSDKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCAHYYGSTFTMDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0547] SEQ ID NO:93

[0548] Amino acid sequence of the mature light chain encoded by pBS839.

[0549] DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCSASSSVSYMHWYQQKPGKAPKLWIYDTSKLASGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCFQGSGYPFTFGGGTKVEIK RTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC

[0550] SEQ ID NO:94

[0551] Amino acid sequence of CDR1 of HuM195 VH

[0552] DYNMH

[0553] SEQ ID NO:95

[0554] Amino acid sequence of CDR2 of HuM195 VH

[0555] YIYPYNGGTGYNQKFKS

[0556] SEQ ID NO:96

[0557] Amino acid sequence of CDR3 of HuM195 VH

[0558] GRPAMDY

[0559] SEQ ID NO:97

[0560] Amino acid sequence of CDR1 of HuM195 VL

[0561] RASESVDNYGISFMN

[0562] SEQ ID NO:98

[0563] Amino acid sequence of CDR2 of HuM195 VL

[0564] AASNQGS

[0565] SEQ ID NO:99

[0566] Amino acid sequence of CDR3 of HuM195 VL

[0567] QQSKEVPWT

[0568] SEQ ID NO:100

[0569] Amino acid sequence of CDR1 of Ch225 VH

[0570] NYGVH

[0571] SEQ ID NO:101

[0572] Amino acid sequence of CDR2 of Ch225 VH

[0573] VIWSGGNTDYNTPFTS

[0574] SEQ ID NO:102

[0575] Amino acid sequence of CDR3 of Ch225 VH

[0576] ALTYYDYEFAY

[0577] SEQ ID NO:103

[0578] Amino acid sequence of CDR1 of Ch225 VL

[0579] RASQSIGTNIH

[0580] SEQ ID NO:104

[0581] Amino acid sequence of CDR2 of Ch225 VL

[0582] YASESIS

[0583] SEQ ID NO:105

[0584] Amino acid sequence of CDR3 of Ch225 VL

[0585] QQNNWPTT

[0586] SEQ ID NO:106

[0587] Amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS853.

[0588] QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGFTFSSSYISWVRQAPGQGLEWIAWIYAGTGGTSYNQKFTGRATITVDESTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARHEGVYWYFDVWGQGTTVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSG GTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPEAAGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNW YVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSR WQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGSGGGGSGGGGSDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCHASQNINVWLSWYQQKPGKVPKLLIYKASNLHTGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDVATYYCQQGQSYPLTFG C GTKVEIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVTLKESGPVLVKPTETLTLTCTVSGFSLTDYGVSWIRQPPGK C LEWLGVIWGGGGTYYNSALKSRLTISKDTSKSQVVLTMTNMMDPVDTATYYCAKHPYGHFGMDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0589] SEQ ID NO:107

[0590] Amino acid sequence of hICOS-Fc

[0591] GEINGSANYEMFIFHNGGVQILCKYPDIVQQFKMQLLKGGQILCDLTKTKGSGNTVSIKSLKFCHSQLSNNSVSFFLYNLDHSHANYYFCNLSIFDPPPFKVTLTGGYLHIYESQLCCQLKTGGGEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSH EDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK

[0592] SEQ ID NO:108

[0593] Amino acid sequence of HuTAM14 VH

[0594] MAVLVLLLCLVTFPSCALSQVQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCTVSGFSISSNSVSWVRQPPGKGLEWMGAIWSGGSTDYNSALKSRVTISRDTSKNQVSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCTRWEQPYYFDYWGQGTMVTVSS

[0595] SEQ ID NO:109

[0596] Amino acid sequence of CDR1 of HuTAM14 VH

[0597] SNSVS

[0598] SEQ ID NO:110

[0599] Amino acid sequence of CDR2 of HuTAM14 VH

[0600] AIWSGGSTDYNSALKS

[0601] SEQ ID NO:111

[0602] Amino acid sequence of CDR3 of HuTAM14 VH

[0603] WEQPYYFDY

[0604] SEQ ID NO:112

[0605] Amino acid sequence of HuTAM14 VL

[0606] MRTSIQLLGLLLFWLHDAQCDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCQASQNIYKYIAWYQQKPGKAPKLLIRYTSTLESGTPSRFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVNLYTFGGGTKVEIK

[0607] SEQ ID NO:113

[0608] Amino acid sequence of CDR1 of HuTAM14 VL

[0609] QASQNIYKYIA

[0610] SEQ ID NO:114

[0611] Amino acid sequence of CDR2 of HuTAM14 VL

[0612] YTSTLES

[0613] SEQ ID NO:115

[0614] Amino acid sequence of CDR3 of HuTAM14 VL

[0615] LQYVNLYT

[0616] SEQ ID NO:116

[0617] Amino acid sequence of human ICOS

[0618] MKSGLWYFFLFCLRIKVLTGEINGSANYEMFIFHNGGVQILCKYPDIVQQFKMQLLKGGQILCDLTKTKGSGNTVSIKSLKFCHSQLSNNSVSFFLYNLDHSHANYYFCNLSIFDPPPFKVTLTGGYLHIYESQLCCQLKFWLPIGCAAFVVVCILGCILICWLTKKKYSSSVHDPNGEYMFMRAVNTAKKSRLTDVTL

[0619] SEQ ID NO:117

[0620] Amino acid sequence of HuTAM14.scFv

[0621] DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCQASQNIYKYIAWYQQKPGKAPKLLIRYTSTLESGTPSRFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVNLYTFGGGTKVEIKGGGGGSGGGGSGGG GSQVQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCTVSGFSISSNSVSWVRQPPGKGLEWMGAIWSGGSTDYNSALKSRVTISRDTSKNQVSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCTRWEQPYYFDYWGQGTMVTVSS

[0622] SEQ ID NO:118

[0623] Amino acid sequence of the fusion product of CH3 and HuTAM14.scFv (CH3-HuTAM14.scFv) encoded by pBS859

[0624] GQPREPQVYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGSGGGGSGGGGSDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCQASQNIYKYIAWYQQKPGKAPKLLIRYTSTLESGTPS RFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVNLYTFGGGTKVEIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCTVSGFSISSNSVSWVRQPPGKGLEWMGAIWSGGSTDYNSALKSRVTISRDTSKNQVSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCTRWEQPYYFDYWGQGTMVTVSS

[0625] SEQ ID NO:119

[0626] Amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS859.

[0627] QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGFTFSSSYISWVRQAPGQGLEWIAWIYAGTGGTSYNQKFTGRATITVDESTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARHEGVYWYFDVWGQGTTVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPA VLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPEAAGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREP QVYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGSGGGGSGGGGSDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCQASQNIYKYIAWYQQKPGKAPKLLIRYTSTLESGTPSRFS GSGSGTDYTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVNLYTFGGGTKVEIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCTVSGFSISSNSVSWVRQPPGKGLEWMGAIWSGGSTDYNSALKSRVTISRDTSKNQVSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCTRWEQPYYFDYWGQGTMVTVSS

[0628] SEQ ID NO:120

[0629] Amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS840.

[0630] QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTSYGINWVRQAPGQGLEWIGYIYPGSGGPVYNQKFKGRVTITADKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARENYRYWYFDVWGQGTTVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPA VLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPEAAGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQ VYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGSGGGGSGGGGSDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCHASQNINVWLSWYQQKPGKVPKLLIYKASNLHTGVPSRFSGS GSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDVATYYCQQGQSYPLTFGGGTKVEIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVTLKESGPVLVKPTETLTLTCTVSGFSLTDYGVSWIRQPPGKALEWLGVIWGGGGTYYNSALKSRLTISKDTSKSQVVLTMTNMDPVDTATYYCAKHPYGHFGMDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0631] SEQ ID NO:121

[0632] Amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS846

[0633] QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGFTFSSSYISWVRQAPGQGLEWIAWIYAGTGGTSYNQKFTGRATITVDESTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARHEGVYWYFDVWGQGTTVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPA VLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPEAAGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQ VYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGSGGGGSGGGGSEIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCSCSASSSVSYMHWYQQKPGQAPRRWIYDTSKLASGVPARFSGSG SGTDYTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCQQWSSNPLTFGGGTKVEIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTSYWLHWVRQAPGQGLEWIGRIDPNSGDTKYNEKFKSRATITVDKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARYYYGRSYFDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0634] SEQ ID NO:122

[0635] Amino acid sequence of HuOHX14DS.scFv.ds

[0636] DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQDIRTYLNWYQQKPGKVPKLLIYYTSRLHSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLQPEDVATYYCQQGNTLPWTFGCGTKVEIKGGGGGSGGGGSGGG GSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTSYIMHWVRQAPGQCLEWIGYINPYNSGTKYNEKFKGRVTITSDKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCAHYYGSTFTMDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0637] SEQ ID NO:123

[0638] Amino acid sequence of HuACS2.scFv.ds

[0639] EIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCSASSSVSYMHWYQQKPGQAPRRWIYDTSKLASGVPARFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCQQWSSNPLTFGCGTKVEIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGG SQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTSYWLHWVRQAPGQCLEWIGRIDPNSGDTKYNEKFKSRATITVDKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARYYYGRSYFDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0640] SEQ ID NO:124

[0641] Amino acid sequence of HuTAM14.scFv.ds

[0642] DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCQASQNIYKYIAWYQQKPGKAPKLLIRYTSTLESGTPSRFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVNLYTFGCGTKVEIKGGGGGSGGGGSGGG GSQVQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCTVSGFSISSNSVSWVRQPPGKCLEWMGAIWSGGSTDYNSALKSRVTISRDTSKNQVSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCTRWEQPYYFDYWGQGTMVTVSS

[0643] SEQ ID NO:125

[0644] Amino acid sequence of HuGAB11.scFv.ds

[0645] DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCHASQNINVWLSWYQQKPGKVPKLLIYKASNLHTGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDVATYYCQQGQSYPLTFGCGTKVEIKGGGGGSGGGGSGGG GSQVTLKESGPVLVKPTETLTLTCTVSGFSLTDYGVSWIRQPPGKCLEWLGVIWGGGGTYYNSALKSRLTISKDTTSKSQVVLTMTNMDPVDTATYYCAKHPYGHFGMDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0646] SEQ ID NO:126

[0647] Amino acid sequence of h4-1BB-Fc

[0648] FERTRSLQDPCSNCPAGTFCDNNRNQICSPCPPNSFSSAGGQRTCDICRQCKGVFRTRKECSSTSNAECDCTPGFHCLGAGCSMCEQDCKQGQELTKKGCKDCCFGTFNDQKRGICRPWTNCSLDGKSVLVNGTKERDVVCGPSPADLSPGASSVTPPAPAREPGHSPQTGGGEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFP PKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPRE PQVYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK

[0649] SEQ ID NO:127

[0650] Amino acid sequence of HuFOB5 VH

[0651] MERHWIFLFLFSVTAGVHSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYIFINYWMHWVRAPGQGLEWIGYINPSTGYTESNQKFKDRVTITADKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSYVGYYYAVDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0652] SEQ ID NO:128

[0653] Amino acid sequence of CDR1 of HuFOB5 VH

[0654] NYWMH

[0655] SEQ ID NO:129

[0656] Amino acid sequence of CDR2 of HuFOB5 VH

[0657] YINPSTGYTESNQKFKD

[0658] SEQ ID NO:130

[0659] Amino acid sequence of CDR3 of HuFOB5 VH

[0660] SYVGYYYAVDY

[0661] SEQ ID NO:131

[0662] Amino acid sequence of HuFOB5 VL

[0663] MDSQAQVLMLLLLWVSGTCGDIVMTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCKSSQSLLYSNNEKNYLAWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYWASTRESGVPDRFSGSGSGTIFTLTISSLQAEDVAVYYCQQYYSYPYTFGGGTKVEIK

[0664] SEQ ID NO:132

[0665] Amino acid sequence of CDR1 of HuFOB5 VL

[0666] KSSQSLLYSNNEKNYLA

[0667] SEQ ID NO:133

[0668] Amino acid sequence of CDR2 of HuFOB5 VL

[0669] WASTRES

[0670] SEQ ID NO:134

[0671] Amino acid sequence of CDR3 of HuFOB5 VL

[0672] QQYYSYPYT

[0673] SEQ ID NO:135

[0674] Amino acid sequence of human 4-1BB

[0675] MGNSCYNIVATLLLVLNFERTRSLQDPCSNCPAGTFCDNNRNQICSPCPPNSFSSAGGQRTCDICRQCKGVFRTRKECSSTSNAECDCTPGFHCLGAGCSMCEQDCKQGQELTKKGCKDCCFGTFND QKRGICRPWTNCSLDGKSVLVNGTKERDVVCGPSPADLSPGASSVTPPAPAREPGHSPQIISFFLALTSTALLFLLFFLTLRFSVVKRGRKKLLYIFKQPFMRPVQTTQEEDGCSCRFPEEEEGGCEL

[0676] SEQ ID NO:136

[0677] Amino acid sequence of HuFOB5.scFv.LH.ds

[0678] DIVMTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCKSSQSLLYSNNEKNYLAWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYWASTRESGVPDRFSGSGSGTIFTLTISSLQAEDVAVYYCQQYYSYPYTFGCGTKVEIKGGGGSGGGGS GGGGSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYIFINYWMHWVRAPGQCLEWIGYINPSTGYTESNQKFKDRVTITADKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSYVGYYYAVDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0679] SEQ ID NO:137

[0680] Amino acid sequence of the fusion product of CH3 and HuFOB5.scFv.LH.ds (CH3- HuFOB5.scFv.LH.ds) encoded by pBS883

[0681] GQPREPQVYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGSGGGGSGGGGSDIVMTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCKSSQSLLYSNNEKNYLAWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYWASTRESGVP DRFSSGSGTIFTLTISSLQAEDVAVYYCQQYYSYPYTFGCGTKVEIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYIFINYWMHWVRAPGQCLEWIGYINPSTGYTESNQKFKDRVTITADKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSYVGYYYAVDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0682] SEQ ID NO:138

[0683] Amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS883.

[0684] QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGFTFSSSYISWVRQAPGQGLEWIAWIYAGTGGTSYNQKFTGRATITVDESTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARHEGVYWYFDVWGQGTTVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVL QSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPEAAGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTL PPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGSGGGGSGGGGSDIVMTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCKSSQSLLYSNNEKNYLAWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYWASTRESGVPDRFSG SGSGTIFTLTISSLQAEDVAVYYCQQYYSYPYTFGCGTKVEIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYIFINYWMHWVRAPGQCLEWIGYINPSTGYTESNQKFKDRVTITADKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSYVGYYYAVDYWGQGTTVTVSS

[0685] SEQ ID NO:139

[0686] Amino acid sequence of HuFOB5.scFv.HL.ds

[0687] QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYIFINYWMHWVRAPGQCLEWIGYINPSTGYTESNQKFKDRVTITADKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSYVGYYYAVDYWGQGTTVTVSSGGGG SGGGGSGGGGSDIVMTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCKSSQSLLYSNNEKNYLAWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYWASTRESGVPDRFSGSGSGTIFTLTISSLQAEDVAVYYCQQYYSYPYTFGCGTKVEIK

[0688] SEQ ID NO:140

[0689] Amino acid sequence of the fusion product of CH3 and HuFOB5.scFv.HL.ds (CH3- HuFOB5.scFv.HL.ds) encoded by pBS884

[0690] GQPREPQVYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYIFINYWMHWVRAPGQCLEWIGYINPSTGYTESNQKFKD RVTITADKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSYVGYYYAVDYWGQGTTVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSDIVMTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCKSSQSLLYSNNEKNYLAWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYWASTRESGVPDRFSGSGTIFTLTISSLQAEDVAVYYCQQYYSYPYTFGCGTKVEIK

[0691] SEQ ID NO:141

[0692] Amino acid sequence of the mature heavy chain encoded by pBS884.

[0693] QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGFTFSSSYISWVRQAPGQGLEWIAWIYAGTGGTSYNQKFTGRATITVDESTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARHEGVYWYFDVWGQGTTVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVL QSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPEAAGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTL PPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYIFINYWMHWVRAPGQCLEWIGYINPSTGYTESNQKFKDRVTIT ADKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSYVGYYYYAVDYWGQGTTVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSDIVMTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCKSSQSLLYSNNEKNYLAWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYWASTRESGVPDRFSGSGSGTIFTLTISSLQAEDVAVYYCQQYYSYPYTFGCGTKVEIK

[0694] SEQ ID NO:142

[0695] Amino acid sequence of human PD-1

[0696] MQIPQAPWPVVWAVLQLGWRPGWFLDSPDRPWNPPTFSPALLVVTEGDNATFTCSFSNTSESFVLNWYRMSPSNQTDKLAAFPEDRSQPGQDCRFRVTQLPNGRDFHMSVVRARRNDSGTYLCGAISLAPKAQIKESLRAELRV TERRAEVPTAHPSPSPRPAGQFQTLVVGVVGGLLGSLVLLVWVLAVICSRAARGTIGARRTGQPLKEDPSAVPVFSVDYGELDFQWREKTPEPPVPCVPEQTEYATIVFPSGMGTSPARRGSADGPRSAQPLRPEDGHCSWPL

[0697] SEQ ID NO:143

[0698] Amino acid sequence of hPD-1-Fc

[0699] LDSPDRPWNPPTFSPALLVVTEGDNATFTCSFSNTSESFVLNWYRMSPSNQTDKLAAFPEDRSQPGQDCRFRVTQLPNGRDFHMSVVRARRNDSGTYLCGAISLAPKAQIKESLRAELRVTERRAEVPTAHPSPSPRPAGQFQTGGGEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKDTLMISRTP EVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLP PSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK

Claims

1. A bispecific antibody comprising a first binding site that specifically binds to PD-L1, and a second binding site that specifically binds to GITR, OX40, CD40, ICOS, or 4-1BB.

2. 2. The bispecific antibody of claim 1, further comprising an Fc region.

3. 3. The bispecific antibody of claim 1 or 2, wherein the first binding site antagonizes binding of PD-L1 to PD1, and the second binding site agonizes GITR, OX40, CD40, ICOS, or 4-1BB.

4. The first binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3 of SEQ ID NOs: 62-64, 75-77 or 85-87, respectively, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3 of SEQ ID NOs: 66-68, 79-81 or 89-91, respectively, and the second binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3 of SEQ ID NOs: 33-35, respectively, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3 of SEQ ID NOs: 37-39, respectively, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3 of SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, respectively, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3 of SEQ ID NOs: 17-19, respectively, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3 of SEQ ID NOs: 49-51, respectively, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3 of SEQ ID NOs: 53-55, respectively.

4. The bispecific antibody according to claim 1 , comprising a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 109 to 111 and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 113 to 115, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 128 to 130 and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 132 to 134.

5. the first binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20-138 of SEQ ID NO:61, residues 20-138 of SEQ ID NO:74, or residues 19-137 of SEQ ID NO:84, and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 23-127 of SEQ ID NO:65, residues 23-128 of SEQ ID NO:78, or residues 23-128 of SEQ ID NO:88, respectively; and the second binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20-137 of SEQ ID NO:32, and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21-127 of SEQ ID NO:36, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20-138 of SEQ ID NO:

12.

5. The bispecific antibody of claim 4, comprising a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 48 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 23 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 52, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 136 of SEQ ID NO: 108 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 126 of SEQ ID NO: 112, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 127 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 133 of SEQ ID NO:

131.

6. 5. The bispecific antibody of claim 4, wherein the first binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 61, residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 74, or residues 19 to 137 of SEQ ID NO: 84, and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 23 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 65, residues 23 to 128 of SEQ ID NO: 78, or residues 23-128 of SEQ ID NO: 88, respectively, and the second binding site comprises a single chain Fv fragment comprising SEQ ID NOs: 22, 41, 57, 117, 122, 123, 124, 125, 136, or 139.

7. 7. The bispecific antibody according to any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising a first pair of heavy and light chain variable regions forming a first binding site and a second pair of heavy and light chain variable regions forming a second binding site, forming an scFv in which the C-terminus of the heavy and light chain variable regions of the first pair is fused to the N-terminus of the heavy and light chain constant region and the heavy and light chain variable regions of the second pair is fused to the C-terminus of the heavy chain constant region, or vice versa.

8. 8. The bispecific antibody of claim 7, wherein the C-terminus of the heavy and light chain variable regions of the first pair are fused to the N-terminus of the heavy and light chain constant region and the heavy and light chain variable regions of the second pair are fused to the C-terminus of the heavy chain constant region to form an scFv.

9. 9. The bispecific antibody of claim 8, wherein the light chain variable region of the scFv is fused to the C-terminus of the heavy chain constant region.

10. 10. The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the first and second binding sites are humanized, veneered or human and the heavy and light chain constant regions are human.

11. 11. The bispecific antibody of claim 1, wherein the isotype of the heavy chain constant region is human IgG1 and the isotype of the light chain constant region is kappa.

12. 12. A bispecific antibody according to any one of claims 1 to 11, comprising two first binding sites and two second binding sites.

13. The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the heavy chain constant region comprises at least one mutation that reduces FcRγ binding.

14. The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the heavy chain constant region comprises at least one mutation that increases binding to FcRn.

15. 1. A bispecific antibody having a first binding site that specifically binds to an antigen on a cancer cell or a pathogen-infected cell and a second binding site that specifically binds to a costimulatory molecule, wherein the heavy and light chain variable regions of a first pair form the first binding site and the heavy and light chain variable regions of a second pair form the second binding site, forming an scFv in which the C-terminus of the heavy and light chain variable regions of the first pair is fused to the N-terminus of the heavy and light chain constant region and the heavy and light chain variable regions of the second pair is fused to the C-terminus of the heavy chain constant region, or vice versa.

16. 16. The bispecific antibody of claim 15, wherein the first binding site is linked to the N-terminus of the heavy and light chain constant regions and the second binding site is linked to the C-terminus of the heavy chain constant region.

17. A monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to PD-L1, the monoclonal antibody comprising a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2, and H3 of SEQ ID NO: 62-64, 75-77, or 85-87, respectively, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2, and L3 of SEQ ID NO: 66-68, 79-81, or 89-91, respectively.

18. 18. The monoclonal antibody of claim 17, comprising a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO:61, residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO:74, or residues 19 to 137 of SEQ ID NO:84, and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 23 to 127 of SEQ ID NO:65, residues 23 to 128 of SEQ ID NO:78, or residues 23 to 128 of SEQ ID NO:88, respectively.

19. A bispecific antibody comprising a first binding site that specifically binds to CD33 and a second binding site that specifically binds to GITR, OX40, CD40, ICOS, or 4-1BB.

20. 20. The bispecific antibody of claim 19, further comprising an IgG Fc region.

21. 21. The bispecific antibody of claim 19 or 20, wherein the second binding site agonizes GITR, OX40, CD40, ICOS or 4-1BB.

22. The first binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 94 to 96, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 97 to 99, and the second binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 33 to 35, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 37 to 39, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 13 to 15, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 17 to 19, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 49 to 51, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 53 to 55, or a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 109 to 111.

22. The bispecific antibody according to any one of claims 19 to 21, comprising a mature heavy chain variable region comprising H1, H2 and H3, respectively, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 113 to 115, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 128 to 130, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 132 to 134.

23. the first binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20-135 of SEQ ID NO:2 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21-131 of SEQ ID NO:7, and the second binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20-137 of SEQ ID NO:32 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21-127 of SEQ ID NO:36, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20-138 of SEQ ID NO:12 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21-127 of SEQ ID NO:16, or 23. The bispecific antibody of claim 22, comprising a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 48 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 23 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 52, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 136 of SEQ ID NO: 108 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 126 of SEQ ID NO: 112, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 127 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 133 of SEQ ID NO:

131.

24. 23. The bispecific antibody of claim 22, wherein the first binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 135 of SEQ ID NO: 2 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 131 of SEQ ID NO: 7, and the second binding site comprises a single chain Fv fragment comprising SEQ ID NOs: 22, 41, 57, 117, 122, 123, 124, 125, 136, or 139.

25. A bispecific antibody comprising a first binding site that specifically binds EGFR and a second binding site that specifically binds GITR, OX40, CD40, ICOS or 4-1BB.

26. 26. The bispecific antibody of claim 25, further comprising an Fc region.

27. 27. The bispecific antibody of claim 25 or 26, wherein the first binding site antagonizes binding of EGFR to EGF and the second binding site agonizes GITR, OX40, CD40, ICOS or 4-1BB.

28. The first binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3 of SEQ ID NOs: 100 to 102, respectively, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3 of SEQ ID NOs: 103 to 105, respectively, and the second binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3 of SEQ ID NOs: 33 to 35, respectively, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3 of SEQ ID NOs: 37 to 39, respectively, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3 of SEQ ID NOs: 13 to 15, respectively, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3 of SEQ ID NOs: 17 to 19, respectively, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3 of SEQ ID NOs: 49 to 51, respectively, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3 of SEQ ID NOs: 53 to 55, respectively, or a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3 of SEQ ID NOs: 109 to 111, respectively.

28. The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 25 to 27, comprising a mature heavy chain variable region comprising H1, H2 and H3, respectively, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 113 to 115, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 128 to 130, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 132 to 134.

29. the first binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20-138 of SEQ ID NO:29 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21-127 of SEQ ID NO:30, and the second binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20-137 of SEQ ID NO:32 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21-127 of SEQ ID NO:36, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20-138 of SEQ ID NO:12 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21-127 of SEQ ID NO:16, or 29. The bispecific antibody of claim 28, comprising a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 48, and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 23 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 52, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 136 of SEQ ID NO: 108 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 126 of SEQ ID NO: 112, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 127 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 133 of SEQ ID NO:

131.

30. 29. The bispecific antibody of claim 28, wherein the first binding site comprises a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 100 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 29 and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 30, and the second binding site comprises a single chain Fv fragment comprising SEQ ID NOs: 22, 41, 57, 117, 122, 123, 124, 125, 136, or 139.

31. A monoclonal antibody comprising a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 13 to 15, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 17 to 19, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 49 to 51, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 53 to 55, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 109 to 111, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 113 to 115, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 128 to 130, and a mature light chain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3, respectively, of SEQ ID NOs: 132 to 134.

32. 32. The monoclonal antibody of claim 31 , comprising a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 137 of SEQ ID NO: 32, and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 36, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 12, and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 16, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 48, and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 23 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 52, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 136 of SEQ ID NO: 108, and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 126 of SEQ ID NO: 112, or a mature heavy chain variable region comprising residues 20 to 138 of SEQ ID NO: 127, and a mature light chain variable region comprising residues 21 to 133 of SEQ ID NO:

131.

33. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the bispecific or monoclonal antibody of any one of claims 1 to 32 and a pharma- ceutically acceptable carrier.

34. 33. A method for the treatment or prevention of cancer, comprising administering to a subject having or at risk of having cancer an effective regimen of a bispecific or monoclonal antibody according to any one of claims 1 to 32.

35. 33. A method for treating an infectious disease, comprising administering to a subject having or at risk of having an infectious disease an effective regimen of a bispecific or monoclonal antibody according to any one of claims 1 to 32.

Images