Oil-in-water type skin cosmetic

Abstract

To provide an oil-in-water type skin cosmetic which has excellent penetration feeling during application, leaves no stickiness to the skin after application, has excellent adhesion feeling and provides a smooth and moist feeling even after washing the face in the next morning.SOLUTION: There is provided an oil-in-water type skin cosmetic which comprises the following components (A) to (D). (A) 1 to 10 mass% of a water-soluble vitamin, (B) 1 to 15 mass% of a liquid hydrocarbon oil, (C) 1 to 10 mass% of a sugar alcohol, (D) 0.1 to 10 mass% of an alkylene oxide derivative of the formula (1). Z-[O(PO)m-(EO)n-(BO)p-H]a: formula (1) (Z is a residue excluding a hydroxyl group from a polyhydric alcohol, a is 2 to 4. m, n and p are the average addition numbers of moles of an oxyalkylene group PO having 3 carbon atoms, an oxyethylene group EO and an oxyalkylene group BO having 4 carbon atoms, respectively, 0≤m≤50, 0≤n≤50, 0≤p≤5, which are not simultaneously 0. When both m and n are not 0, the addition mole ratio (m / n) of PO and EO is 1 / 5 to 5 / 1.)SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to an oil-in-water type skin cosmetic preparation. [Background technology]

[0002] Wrinkles are one of the symptoms of skin aging caused by factors such as exposure to ultraviolet rays, stress, and aging. As wrinkles affect the appearance of the body, there is a great deal of interest in wrinkles and how to improve them. However, the mechanism of wrinkle formation has not been fully elucidated because it involves multiple factors such as aging, dryness, oxidation, glycation, and ultraviolet rays. In recent years, skin cosmetics containing anti-wrinkle agents have attracted attention. For example, a method containing a vitamin A derivative such as retinol (Patent Document 1) and a method using hyaluronic acid (Patent Document 2) have been reported, and among them, a method using niacinamide (Patent Document 3) has been actively developed as a method that has various effects on anti-aging care such as whitening and improving rough skin, as well as wrinkles.

[0003] These conventional technologies appear to have a certain degree of effectiveness in anti-aging care, but when niacinamide is blended in high concentrations as an active ingredient in quasi-drugs, it causes stickiness and a squeaky feeling, which does not provide an excellent feel when used as a skin cosmetic. In this situation, there is a demand for the development of skin cosmetics that have an excellent penetration feeling when applied, do not leave the skin sticky after application, have a good, supple adhesion feeling, and leave the skin feeling smooth and moisturized even after washing the face the next morning.

[0004] Patent Document 3 proposes a skin preparation for improving wrinkles with reduced stickiness, which contains an acrylic water-soluble polymer, one or more selected from trimethylglycine, highly polymerized polyethylene glycol, polyoxyalkylene alkyl glucoside, and polyoxybutylene polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene glyceryl ether, and niacinamide. However, this skin preparation is insufficient in terms of penetration upon application and moisturizing feeling the next morning.

[0005] Patent Document 4 proposes an oil-in-water emulsion cosmetic that is non-sticky and has excellent moisturizing properties after rinsing, which contains a multi-chain polyhydrophilic group surfactant, one or more selected from higher alcohols having 12 to 22 carbon atoms and / or fatty acid monoglyceryls having 12 to 22 carbon atoms, a paste oil, and niacinamide. However, this oil-in-water emulsion cosmetic is insufficient in terms of penetration and adhesion. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0006] [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2-288822 [Patent Document 2] Special Publication No. 4-065047 [Patent Document 3] Patent Publication No. 2021-063061 [Patent Document 4] JP 2019-178125 A Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0007] To provide an oil-in-water type skin cosmetic which has an excellent penetration feeling when applied, is not sticky after application, has an excellent and firm adhesion feeling, and gives a smooth and moist feeling even after washing the face the next morning. [Means for solving the problem]

[0008] As a result of intensive research into solving the above problems, the inventors discovered that the above problems could be solved by an oil-in-water type skin cosmetic preparation containing the below-described components (A) to (D) in specific ratios, and thus completed the present invention.

[0009] That is, the present invention is an oil-in-water type skin cosmetic preparation containing the following components (A) to (D): (A) 1 to 10% by mass of water-soluble vitamins (B) 1 to 15 mass% of a liquid hydrocarbon oil at 25°C (C) 1 to 10% by mass of at least one sugar alcohol selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, erythritol, and xylitol (D) 0.1 to 10% by mass of an alkylene oxide derivative represented by the following formula (1): Z-[O(PO)m-(EO)n-(BO)pH]a...Formula (1) (In formula (1), Z is a residue obtained by removing hydroxyl groups from a polyhydric alcohol having 2 to 4 hydroxyl groups, a is 2 to 4, PO is an oxyalkylene group having 3 carbon atoms, EO is an oxyethylene group, and BO is an oxyalkylene group having 4 carbon atoms. m and n are average addition mole numbers of the PO and the EO, respectively, and 0≦m≦50 and 0≦n≦50. p is average addition mole number of the BO, and 0≦p≦5, provided that m, n, and p are not 0 at the same time. When neither m nor n is 0, the addition molar ratio (m / n) of PO to EO is 1 / 5 to 5 / 1.) Effect of the Invention

[0010] The oil-in-water skin cosmetic of the present invention has an excellent penetration feeling when applied, is not sticky after application, has an excellent, firm adhesion feeling, and leaves the skin feeling smooth and moisturized even after washing the face the next morning. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0011] Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described, however, the present invention is not limited to the embodiment described in this specification, and various modifications are possible without departing from the gist of the present invention. In this specification, a numerical range defined using the symbol "~" is intended to include both the upper and lower limits of the range. For example, "2~5" means 2 or more and 5 or less. Furthermore, in any numerical range described in this specification, the upper or lower limit of the numerical range can be replaced with a value shown in an example or a value that is uniquely derived from an example.

[0012] <Oil-in-water type skin cosmetic> The oil-in-water skin cosmetic of the present invention contains a predetermined amount of each of (A) a water-soluble vitamin, (B) a hydrocarbon oil that is liquid at 25° C., (C) at least one sugar alcohol selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, erythritol, and xylitol, and (D) a specific alkylene oxide derivative. Each component will be described below. In the present invention, "skin" refers to the body surface of the head, neck, torso, arms and legs, including the face, and the oil-in-water skin cosmetic composition of the present invention can be used on the face, body and the like. The content of each component described below is expressed as mass % when the total amount of the oil-in-water skin cosmetic preparation is taken as 100 mass %.

[0013] [Component (A): Water-soluble vitamins] The component (A) used in the present invention is a water-soluble vitamin, for example, a vitamin B group (B 1 , B 2 , B 6 , B 12 , niacin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, biotin), vitamin C, and their salts and derivatives. Examples include L-ascorbic acid 2-glucoside and niacinamide, with niacinamide being preferred. Niacinamide has the molecular structure C 6 H 6 N 2 Vitamin B O (molecular weight 122.12) 3 It is a water-soluble vitamin derivative, also called nicotinic acid amide or nicotinamide, and is known to have whitening effects, wrinkle improving effects, and rough skin improving effects. The component (A) of the present invention can be obtained by extraction or synthesis from natural products, and commercially available products can also be used. The component (A) may be one selected from the above water-soluble vitamins, or two or more may be used in appropriate combination.

[0014] The content of component (A) is 1 to 10% by mass, preferably 2 to 8% by mass, and more preferably 3 to 7% by mass, based on the total amount of the oil-in-water skin cosmetic preparation. If the content of component (A) is too low, the expected whitening effect and wrinkle improvement effect may not be obtained, whereas if the content of component (A) is too high, stickiness may be excessive.

[0015] [Component (B): Hydrocarbon oil that is liquid at 25°C] The component (B) used in the present invention is a hydrocarbon oil that is liquid at 25°C, and is an oily substance that contains a hydrocarbon as a main component, has a melting point lower than 25°C, and is liquid at 25°C. The hydrocarbon oil may be one obtained by separating or refining petroleum, coal, natural gas, or the like, or one produced by chemical synthesis using a method known per se, or may be a commercially available product provided by various companies. Specific examples of the hydrocarbon oil include mineral oil, polybutene, hydrogenated polyisobutene, hydrogenated polydecene, squalane, squalene, tetradecene, isohexadecane, isododecane, and the like. Among these, hydrogenated polyisobutene is preferred.

[0016] The hydrocarbon oil used in the present invention preferably has an average molecular weight of 150 to 1500. From the viewpoint of enhancing the feeling of penetration, the hydrocarbon oil preferably has an average molecular weight of 150 to 500, more preferably 250 to 400. If the average molecular weight (or molecular weight) is too low, the feeling of adhesion may be insufficient, and if the average molecular weight (or molecular weight) is too high, the feeling of penetration may be reduced. In the present invention, the average molecular weight of the hydrocarbon oil is a number average molecular weight, and the number average molecular weight (polystyrene equivalent) can be determined by GPC (gel permeation chromatography).

[0017] Examples of hydrocarbon oils that can be used include hydrogenated polyisobutene, such as "Pearlream 3" (average molecular weight: 203), "Pearlream 4" (average molecular weight: 272), "Pearlream EX" (average molecular weight: 354), "Pearlream 6" (average molecular weight: 428), and "Pearlream 18" (average molecular weight: 1242) (all manufactured by NOF Corporation). The oil-in-water skin cosmetic composition of the present invention may contain, as component (B), a single type selected from the various hydrocarbon oils described above that differ in type and average molecular weight, or may contain an appropriate combination of two or more types.

[0018] The content of component (B) is 1 to 15% by mass, preferably 3 to 10% by mass, and more preferably 4 to 8% by mass, based on the total amount of the oil-in-water skin cosmetic preparation. If the content of component (B) is too low, the feeling of penetration and adhesion may decrease, and if the content of component (B) is too high, stickiness may occur.

[0019] [Component (C): Sugar alcohol] The component (C) used in the present invention is at least one sugar alcohol selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, erythritol, and xylitol. Sorbitol and erythritol are preferred, and sorbitol is more preferred. One of these sugar alcohols may be used alone, or two or more of them may be used in appropriate combination.

[0020] The content of component (C) is 1 to 10% by mass, preferably 2 to 8% by mass, and more preferably 3 to 5% by mass, based on the total amount of the oil-in-water skin cosmetic preparation. If the content of component (C) is too low, the feeling of moisture after washing the face the next morning may not be sufficiently obtained, whereas if the content of component (C) is too high, stickiness may occur or the feeling of penetration may decrease.

[0021] [Component (D): Alkylene oxide derivative] The component (D) used in the present invention is an alkylene oxide derivative represented by the following formula (1). Z-[O(PO)m-(EO)n-(BO)pH]a...Formula (1)

[0022] In formula (1), Z is a polyhydric alcohol having 2 to 4 hydroxyl groups, that is, a residue obtained by removing all the hydroxyl groups from (Z(OH)a). a is the number of hydroxyl groups in the polyhydric alcohol and is 2 to 4.

[0023] The polyhydric alcohol (Z(OH)a) is preferably a hydroxyl group-containing hydrocarbon, more preferably a hydroxyl group-containing saturated hydrocarbon. For example, when a=2, ethylene glycol, propanediol, butylene glycol, when a=3, glycerin, trimethylolpropane, when a=4, erythritol, pentaerythritol, sorbitan, alkyl glucoside, diglycerin, etc. can be mentioned, and mixtures of these can also be used. Among these, the polyhydric alcohol (Z(OH)a) is preferably a hydroxyl group-containing saturated hydrocarbon where a=3 to 4, for example, glycerin or an alkyl glucoside having 1 to 2 carbon atoms is preferred, and in particular, methyl glucoside where a=4 is preferred from the viewpoint of improving the feeling of penetration.

[0024] In formula (1), PO is an oxyalkylene group having 3 carbon atoms, such as an oxypropylene group or an oxytrimethylene group. An oxypropylene group is preferable. EO is an oxyethylene group. BO is an oxyalkylene group having 4 carbon atoms, such as a 1,2-oxybutylene group, an oxyisobutylene group, an oxytetramethylene group, or an oxyt-butylene group. From the viewpoint of polymerizability, BO is preferably a 1,2-oxybutylene group. m, n, and p are the average number of moles added per one hydroxyl group of PO, EO, and BO, respectively. m and n are 0≦m≦50, 0≦n≦50, respectively. p is 0≦p≦5. However, m, n, and p are not 0 at the same time. The total number of moles of m, n and p added, a×(m+n+p), is preferably 2-50, and more preferably 10-30. When m=0, n=2.5 to 10 and p=0 are preferable, and n=6 to 9 and p=0 are more preferable. When n=0, m=2.5 to 7.5 and p=0 are preferable, and m=4 to 6 and p=0 are more preferable. When neither m nor n is 0, it is preferable that both m and n are 1 to 10 and p=0 to 2, and it is more preferable that both m and n are 1 to 8 and p=1 to 2. Among these, those in which m=4 to 6, n=0 and p=0 are particularly preferred from the viewpoint of penetration and adhesion. When neither m nor n is 0, the addition molar ratio (m / n) of PO to EO is 1 / 5 to 5 / 1, preferably 1 / 4 to 3 / 1, and more preferably 1 / 3 to 2 / 1. If the addition molar ratio (m / n) of PO to EO is too small, the adhesiveness may decrease, and if the addition molar ratio (m / n) of PO to EO is too large, stickiness may occur. Incidentally, EO, PO and BO may be added randomly or in blocks, and random and block portions may be mixed.

[0025] The oil-in-water skin cosmetic composition of the present invention may contain, as component (D), a single type selected from various alkylene oxide derivatives represented by formula (1), or may contain an appropriate combination of two or more types.

[0026] The content of component (D) is 0.1 to 10% by mass, preferably 0.5 to 8% by mass, and more preferably 1 to 5% by mass, based on the total amount of the oil-in-water skin cosmetic preparation. If the content of component (D) is too low, the feeling of penetration may decrease, whereas if the content of component (D) is too high, stickiness and a decrease in the feeling of moisture after washing the face the next morning may occur. The content ratio of component (D) to component (A) [(D) / (A)] is preferably 0.15-5, more preferably 0.2-3, and particularly preferably 0.5-1, from the viewpoint of adhesion.

[0027] 〔water〕 The oil-in-water skin cosmetic preparation of the present invention contains water in addition to the above components (A) to (D). Examples of water include purified water such as distilled water and deionized water, tap water, and industrial water, and water suitable for the production of cosmetics, quasi-drugs, pharmaceuticals, and the like is used.

[0028] The water content is set so that the total amount of the above components (A) to (D) plus any additives described below as necessary becomes 100% by mass, and is usually 30 to 80% by mass, preferably 60 to 75% by mass, and more preferably 50 to 70% by mass.

[0029] [Other ingredients] In addition to the above components (A) to (D) and water, the oil-in-water skin cosmetic preparation of the present invention may contain additives used in cosmetics, quasi-drugs, pharmaceuticals, etc., as necessary, within the scope of the present invention. Examples of such additives include ultraviolet absorbers such as ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, t-butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane, bisethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine, etc.; moisturizers such as 1,3 butylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, propylene glycol, etc.; anionic surfactants such as acylmethyl taurine salts, alkyl ether sulfate salts, amide ether sulfate salts, etc.; viscosity adjusters such as carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, etc.; preservatives such as parabens; colorants; pigments; and fragrances. If necessary, one type selected from the above additives can be used alone, or two or more types can be used in appropriate combination.

[0030] The content of the above-mentioned additives in the oil-in-water skin cosmetic of the present invention can be set according to the amount typically used in cosmetics and the like depending on the purpose, but is usually 20% by mass or less, preferably 0.1 to 15% by mass, and more preferably 0.5 to 10% by mass, based on the total mass of the oil-in-water skin cosmetic.

[0031] [Production of oil-in-water type skin cosmetic preparation] The oil-in-water skin cosmetic of the present invention is formed by emulsifying an oily component and an aqueous component, with an oily phase dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase, and can be produced according to a conventional method. For example, an oily component such as component (B) is mixed and dissolved, and aqueous components such as components (A) and (C) are added together with water and dispersed to form an emulsifier. Then, components such as component (D) and additives that are added as needed are added, and water is used to make the total amount 100% by mass so that each component has a desired content, thereby producing the oil-in-water skin cosmetic of the present invention. EXAMPLES

[0032] The embodiments of the present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to examples and comparative examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

[0033] [Examples 1 to 10 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4] An oil-in-water sunscreen cosmetic was prepared as an oil-in-water skin cosmetic using components (A) to (D), component (D'), other additives, and purified water according to the formulations shown in Tables 2 and 3. As component (D), four types of components with the compositions shown in Table 1 were used. The symbols in Table 1 are synonymous with the symbols in formula (1).

[0034] [Table 1]

[0035] The raw materials shown below were used for each component shown in Tables 2 and 3. The numerical values ​​corresponding to each component in Tables 2 and 3 indicate the content (mass%) of each component relative to the total amount of the oil-in-water sunscreen cosmetic, and "-" in the tables indicates that the component is not contained. Ingredient (B) (B-1): "Pearlream 4" (NOF Corporation) (average molecular weight: 272) (B-2): "Pearlream 18" (manufactured by NOF Corporation) (average molecular weight: 1242) Ingredients (D) (D-1): "UNIOX (registered trademark) G-1200" (manufactured by NOF Corporation) (D-2): "WILBRIDE (registered trademark) S-753" (manufactured by NOF Corporation) (D-3): "WILBRIDE (registered trademark) MG-2070" (manufactured by NOF Corporation) (D-4): "MacbioBride (registered trademark) MG-20P" (manufactured by NOF Corporation) Component (D') Polyethylene glycol (number average molecular weight 1500) "PEG#1540" (NOF Corporation) The nine types of additives shown in Table 4 were used as common components.

[0036] Each of the oil-in-water skin cosmetics of Examples 1 to 10 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 was applied according to the method of use described below, and evaluated for (1) penetration sensation, (2) non-stickiness, (3) firm adhesion, and (4) moisturizing sensation after face washing the following morning.

[0037] (1) Penetration feeling Twenty women (aged 24-55) were selected as panelists, and the feeling of penetration when spreading the oil-in-water type skin cosmetic preparations of the Examples and Comparative Examples on the face was scored according to the following evaluation criteria. The feeling of penetration at this time refers to the sensation that the applied cosmetic preparation takes a short time to become absorbed into the skin, and the cosmetic preparation that has become absorbed into the skin penetrates from the skin surface. The panelists were informed in advance of the standard cosmetic preparation that they felt had a feeling of penetration. The evaluation points of the 20 panelists were calculated, and if the total score was 20 points or more and no panelist gave an evaluation point of 0, it was determined that the oil-in-water type skin cosmetic preparation had a feeling of penetration. <Evaluation criteria> 2 points: I felt it penetrated. 1 point: A slight feeling of penetration was felt. 0 points: No penetration was felt. <Judgment criteria> ◎: Total score is 30 or more ○: Total score is 20 or more and less than 30 points △: Total score is 10 or more but less than 20 points ×: Total score is less than 10 points

[0038] (2) Non-sticky Twenty women (aged 24-55) were selected as panelists, who spread the oil-in-water skin cosmetic preparations of the Examples and Comparative Examples on their faces, blended them in, and scored the stickiness felt on the skin after blending according to the following evaluation criteria. The scores of the 20 panelists were calculated in total, and if the total score was 20 or more and no panelist scored 0, the oil-in-water skin cosmetic preparation was determined to be non-sticky. <Evaluation criteria> 2 points: Did not feel sticky. 1 point: Slightly sticky feeling. 0 points: felt sticky. <Judgment criteria> ◎: Total score is 30 or more ○: Total score is 20 or more and less than 30 points △: Total score is 10 or more but less than 20 points ×: Total score is less than 10 points

[0039] (3) Soft and firm adhesion Twenty women (aged 24-55) were selected as panelists, and the oil-in-water skin cosmetic compositions of the Examples and Comparative Examples were spread on the face, and the feeling of adhesion felt when blended was scored according to the following evaluation criteria. The "soft and firm feeling of adhesion" at this time refers to the feeling that the skin at the applied site is sticking to the hand, and the feeling that the elasticity of the inside of the skin is transmitted from the hand. The panelists were informed in advance of the standard cosmetic composition that gave them a feeling of a soft and firm adhesion. The evaluation points of the 20 panelists were calculated, and if the total score was 20 points or more and no panelist gave an evaluation point of 0, it was judged that the oil-in-water skin cosmetic composition had a good adhesion. <Evaluation criteria> 2 points: I felt there was sufficient adhesion. 1 point: I felt it was tightly fitted. 0 points: No adhesion was felt. <Judgment criteria> ◎: Total score is 30 or more ○: Total score is 20 or more and less than 30 points △: Total score is 10 or more but less than 20 points ×: Total score is less than 10 points

[0040] (4) Moisturizing feeling after washing the face the next morning Twenty women (aged 24-55) were selected as panelists, and the oil-in-water skin cosmetic compositions of the Examples and Comparative Examples were applied to the face before going to bed. The following morning, the face was washed with water or lukewarm water only, and the skin condition after lightly wiping off the water with a towel was scored according to the following evaluation criteria. The scores of the 20 panelists were calculated, and if the total score was 20 points or more and no panelist scored 0 points, it was determined that the oil-in-water skin cosmetic composition provided excellent moisturizing sensation after washing the face the following morning. <Evaluation criteria> 2 points: I felt like my skin was sufficiently moisturized even after washing my face. 1 point: I felt like my skin was moisturized even after washing my face. 0 points: I felt there was no moisture. <Judgment criteria> ◎: Total score is 30 or more ○: Total score is 20 or more and less than 30 points △: Total score is 10 or more but less than 20 points ×: Total score is less than 10 points

[0041] The evaluation results are shown in Tables 2 and 3. The numbers in parentheses next to each evaluation result indicate the total score. When the total score was 20 or more, no panelist gave a score of 0.

[0042] As shown in Table 2, the oil-in-water skin cosmetics of Examples 1 to 10 were all evaluated as having excellent penetration upon application, not sticky after application, excellent firm adhesion, and excellent smooth, moisturized feeling even after washing the face the next morning. In particular, Examples 1 and 10, in which the contents of Components (A) to (D) were within the above-mentioned more preferable ranges, were rated as "Excellent" in all evaluation items.

[0043] On the other hand, none of the oil-in-water skin cosmetics of Comparative Examples 1 to 4 received an evaluation of "good" or better in any of the evaluation items. Specifically, Comparative Example 1, which does not contain component (B), was evaluated as having poor penetration and a firm, close contact, and Comparative Example 2, which does not contain component (C), was evaluated as having insufficient moisturizing feeling after washing the face the next morning. Comparative Example 3, which does not contain component (D), was evaluated as having poor penetration, lack of stickiness, and a firm, close contact. Comparative Example 4, which contains component (D)' instead of component (D), was evaluated as having poor, firm, close contact.

[0044] [Table 2]

[0045] [Table 3]

[0046] [Table 4]

Claims

[Claim 1] An oil-in-water type skin cosmetic composition comprising the following components (A) to (D): (A) 1 to 10% by mass of water-soluble vitamins (B) 1 to 15% by mass of a hydrocarbon oil that is liquid at 25°C (C) 1 to 10% by mass of at least one sugar alcohol selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, erythritol, and xylitol (D) 0.1 to 10% by mass of an alkylene oxide derivative represented by the following formula (1): Z-[O(PO)m-(EO)n-(BO)p-H]a...Formula (1) (In formula (1), Z is a residue obtained by removing hydroxyl groups from a polyhydric alcohol having 2 to 4 hydroxyl groups, a is 2 to 4, PO is an oxyalkylene group having 3 carbon atoms, EO is an oxyethylene group, and BO is an oxyalkylene group having 4 carbon atoms. m and n are the average molar numbers of PO and EO added, respectively, and 0≦m≦50 and 0≦n≦50. p is the average molar number of BO added, and 0≦p≦5, with the proviso that m, n, and p are not 0 at the same time. When neither m nor n is 0, the addition molar ratio (m / n) of PO to EO is 1 / 5 to 5 / 1.)

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