Transmission format for multi-segment pusch

Abstract

To provide devices and methods of operating a network node in a wireless telecommunication network.SOLUTION: A method includes generating (710) a configuration message that includes transmission format data corresponding to a multiple segment transmission on a physical shared channel. The transmission format data includes at least one of transport block size data (TBS) determination data, redundancy version (RV) determination data, starting point and length of PUSCH transmission data, time domain resource allocation (TDRA) table data, and / or demodulated reference signal (DMRS) data. The method includes initiating (720) the transmission of the configuration message to user equipment (UE) to identify the transmission format data for the multiple segment transmission.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 7

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] Related Applications This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 806,667, entitled "TRANSMIT FORMAT FOR MULTI-SEGMENT PUSCH," filed February 15, 2019, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to communications, and more particularly to wireless communications and related wireless devices and network nodes. [Background technology]

[0003] The New Radio (NR) standard in 3GPP is designed to provide services for multiple use cases, such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC), and machine-type communications (MTC). Each of these services may have different technical requirements. For example, a general requirement for eMBB may be high data rates with moderate latency and moderate coverage, while URLLC services may rely on low latency and reliable transmission, but only require moderate data rates.

[0004] One of the solutions for low-latency data transmission involves shorter transmission time intervals. In NR, in addition to transmission in slots, minislot transmissions may also be allowed to reduce latency. A minislot may consist of any number of OFDM symbols from 1 to 14. Note that the concept of slots and minislots is not specific to a particular service, which means that minislots can be used for either eMBB, URLLC, and / or other services. Summary of the Invention

[0005] Some embodiments herein are directed to methods of operating a network node in a wireless communication network. Such methods include generating a configuration message including transmit format data corresponding to a multiple-segment transmission on a physical shared channel. The transmit format data includes at least one of transport block size data (TBS) decision data, redundancy version (RV) decision data, a start point and length of the transmit data, time domain resource allocation (TDRA) table data, and / or demodulation reference signal (DMRS) data. The method includes initiating transmission of the configuration message to a user equipment to identify the transmit format data for the multiple-segment transmission.

[0006] In some embodiments, the physical shared channel comprises a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH).

[0007] Some embodiments provide that the multi-segment physical shared channel comprises a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH).

[0008] In some embodiments, the TBS determination data is Determined by TIFF2025114559000002.tif12170, where: TIFF2025114559000003.tif10170 is the number of symbols in the PUSCH allocation in slot i, TIFF2025114559000004.tif9170 is the number of Re for DM-RS per physical resource block (PRB) during the scheduled duration, including RS CDM group overhead, without data for slot I, and the sum is over all slots in a multi-segment transmission.

[0009] Some embodiments may include the TBS decision data being TIFF2025114559000005.tif10170, where: TIFF2025114559000006.tif10170 is the number of symbols in the PUSCH allocation in slot i, TIFF2025114559000007.tif11170 provides the number of Re for DM-RS per PRB during the scheduled duration, including RS CDM group overhead, without data for slot i, and the sum is over all slots in a multi-segment transmission.

[0010] In some embodiments, the TBS determination data is Determined by TIFF2025114559000008.tif9170, where: TIFF2025114559000009.tif10170 is the number of symbols in the PUSCH allocation in segment or repetition i, TIFF2025114559000010.tif9170 is the number of Re for DM-RS per PRB during the scheduled duration, including RS CDM group overhead, without data for segment or repetition i, and the sum is over all segments or repetitions in a multi-segment transmission.

[0011] Some embodiments may include the TBS decision data being Determined by TIFF2025114559000011.tif12170, where: TIFF2025114559000012.tif10170 is the number of symbols in the PUSCH allocation in segment or repetition i, TIFF2025114559000013.tif10170 provides that ∑ i = 1 ...

[0012] In some embodiments, the RV decision data is determined by an initial RV for the initial PUSCH segment and the next RV in the RV sequence. Some embodiments provide that a radio resource control (RRC) signal provides the initial RV for the initial PUSCH segment. In some embodiments, an RV field in an activation downlink control indicator (DCI) provides the initial RV for the initial PUSCH segment. Some embodiments provide that RVs are assigned to different segments for different transmission opportunities. In some embodiments, the segment with the longest length is found, and other segments in the transmission opportunity use the RV determined by the RV sequence. Some embodiments provide that the RV sequence is used cyclically.

[0013] In some embodiments, a SFI (Slot Format Indicator) DCI message is used to determine which symbols are used for UL transmission.

[0014] Some embodiments provide that RRC signaling is used to determine which symbols are used for UL transmission.

[0015] In some embodiments, the symbols used for transmission of the SRS are not used for UL transmission.

[0016] Some embodiments provide that if the resulting segment is shorter than a given number of symbols, then no set of consecutive symbols in the same slot that is allowed for UL transmission is assigned to the segment.

[0017] In some embodiments, the DCI provides the starting point S and length L of the PUSCH transmission.

[0018] Some embodiments provide that each segment includes a set of consecutive symbols used for UL transmission, and all symbols in a segment are in the same slot.

[0019] In some embodiments, the number and length of the PUSCH segments used are determined based on the starting point and length to determine which symbols are used for UL transmission.

[0020] Some embodiments provide that rows in the TDRA table are associated with multiple combinations of starting symbol identifiers and symbol length values.

[0021] In some embodiments, each segment includes a demodulation reference signal (DMRS). Some embodiments provide that the symbols to use for the DMRS in each segment are inherited from the DMRS allocation configured for the multi-segment transmission.

[0022] Some embodiments provide that only the first segment in a slot includes a demodulation reference signal (DMRS). In some embodiments, only the first segment in a transmission and the first segment after a disallowed symbol includes a DMRS. Some embodiments provide that the first segment in a slot does not include a DMRS responsive to a previous slot, including a segment in the last symbol.

[0023] Some embodiments are directed to a base station (gNB) of a wireless communication network. According to some embodiments, the base station includes a transceiver configured to provide wireless network communications with a wireless terminal, and a processor coupled to the transceiver. The processor is configured to provide the wireless network communications through the transceiver, and the processor is configured to perform the operations disclosed herein.

[0024] Some embodiments are directed to a base station (eNB) of a radio access network, the base station adapted to perform the operations disclosed herein.

[0025] Some embodiments are directed to a method of operating a network node configured to provide link adaptation and / or resource reselection based on feedback information from a receiver user equipment, the method adapted to perform the operations disclosed herein.

[0026] Some embodiments are directed to a method of operating a wireless device in a wireless communication network. The method includes receiving a configuration message including transmit format data corresponding to a multiple segment transmission on a physical shared channel, the transmit format data including at least one of transport block size data (TBS) decision data, redundancy version (RV) decision data, a starting point and length of PUSCH transmission data, time domain resource allocation (TDRA) table data, and / or demodulation reference signal (DMRS) data. The method includes initiating the multiple segment transmission on the physical shared channel based on the configuration message.

[0027] In some embodiments, the physical shared channel comprises a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH).

[0028] Some embodiments provide that the multi-segment physical shared channel comprises a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH).

[0029] In some embodiments, the TBS determination data is Determined by TIFF2025114559000014.tif11170, where: TIFF2025114559000015.tif10170 is the number of symbols in the PUSCH allocation in slot i, TIFF2025114559000016.tif9170 is the number of Re for DM-RS per physical resource block (PRB) during the scheduled duration, including RS CDM group overhead, without data for slot I, and the sum is over all slots in a multi-segment transmission.

[0030] Some embodiments may include the TBS decision data being Determined by TIFF2025114559000017.tif11170, where: TIFF2025114559000018.tif10170 is the number of symbols in the PUSCH allocation in slot i, TIFF2025114559000019.tif10170 provides the number of Re for DM-RS per PRB during the scheduled duration, including RS CDM group overhead, without data for slot i, and the sum is over all slots in a multi-segment transmission.

[0031] In some embodiments, the TBS determination data is Determined by TIFF2025114559000020.tif10167, where: TIFF2025114559000021.tif10170 is the number of symbols in the PUSCH allocation in segment or repetition i, TIFF2025114559000022.tif11170 is the number of Re for DM-RS per PRB during the scheduled duration, including RS CDM group overhead, without data for segment or repetition i, and the sum is over all segments or repetitions in a multi-segment transmission.

[0032] Some embodiments may include the TBS decision data being Determined by TIFF2025114559000023.tif9170, where: TIFF2025114559000024.tif10170 is the number of symbols in the PUSCH allocation in segment or repetition i, TIFF2025114559000025.tif10170 provides that ∑ i = 1 ...

[0033] In some embodiments, the RV decision data is determined by an initial RV for the initial PUSCH segment and the next RV in the RV sequence. Some embodiments provide that a radio resource control (RRC) signal provides the initial RV for the initial PUSCH segment. In some embodiments, an RV field in an activation downlink control indicator (DCI) provides the initial RV for the initial PUSCH segment. Some embodiments provide that RVs are assigned to different segments for different transmission opportunities, the segment with the longest length is found, and the other segments in the transmission opportunity use the RV determined by the RV sequence. In some embodiments, the RV sequence is used cyclically.

[0034] In some embodiments, a SFI (Slot Format Indicator) DCI message is used to determine which symbols are used for UL transmission.

[0035] Some embodiments provide that RRC signaling is used to determine which symbols are used for UL transmission.

[0036] In some embodiments, the symbols used for transmission of the SRS are not used for UL transmission.

[0037] Some embodiments provide that if the resulting segment is shorter than a given number of symbols, then no set of consecutive symbols in the same slot that is allowed for UL transmission is assigned to the segment.

[0038] In some embodiments, the DCI provides the starting point S and length L of the PUSCH transmission.

[0039] Some embodiments provide that each segment includes a set of consecutive symbols used for UL transmission, and all symbols in a segment are in the same slot.

[0040] In some embodiments, the number and length of the PUSCH segments used are determined based on the starting point and length to determine which symbols are used for UL transmission.

[0041] Some embodiments provide that rows in the TDRA table are associated with multiple combinations of starting symbol identifiers and symbol length values.

[0042] In some embodiments, each segment includes a demodulation reference signal (DMRS). Some embodiments provide that the symbols to use for the DMRS in each segment are inherited from the DMRS allocation configured for the multi-segment transmission.

[0043] In some embodiments, only the first segment in a slot contains a demodulation reference signal (DMRS).

[0044] Some embodiments provide that only the first segment in a transmission, and the first segment after a disallowed symbol, includes a DMRS.

[0045] In some embodiments, the first segment in a slot does not include a DMRS in response to the previous slot, including the segment in the last symbol.

[0046] Some embodiments are directed to a wireless device including a transceiver configured to provide wireless network communications with a wireless communication network and a processor coupled to the transceiver, the processor configured to provide wireless network communications through the transceiver and configured to perform the operations disclosed herein.

[0047] As provided herein, technical advantages are realized by providing for multi-segment PUSCH transmission for both dynamically scheduled PUSCH and PUSCH associated with a UL configured grant (CG).

[0048] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the present disclosure and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate several non-limiting embodiments of the inventive concepts. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0049] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a diagram of example radio resources in NR, in accordance with some embodiments herein. [Figure 2] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an NR slot structure, in accordance with certain embodiments herein. [Figure 3] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating potential variations of the NR slot structure, in accordance with some embodiments herein. [Figure 4] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a minislot with two OFDM symbols, in accordance with certain embodiments herein. [Figure 5] 1 is a block diagram illustrating a wireless device in accordance with some embodiments of the inventive concept. [Figure 6] 1 is a block diagram illustrating a network node eNB according to some embodiments of the inventive concept. [Figure 7] 1 is a block diagram illustrating operations according to some embodiments of the inventive concept. [Figure 8]1 is a block diagram illustrating operations according to some embodiments of the inventive concept. [Figure 9] 1 is a block diagram of a wireless network according to some embodiments. [Figure 10] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a user equipment according to some embodiments. [Figure 11] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a virtualized environment, according to some embodiments. [Figure 12] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a communications network connected to a host computer through an intermediate network, according to some embodiments. [Figure 13] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a host computer communicating with user equipment via a base station over a partially wireless connection, according to some embodiments. [Figure 14] 1 is a block diagram of a method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station, and user equipment, according to some embodiments. [Figure 15] 1 is a block diagram of a method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station, and user equipment, according to some embodiments. [Figure 16] 1 is a block diagram of a method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station, and user equipment, according to some embodiments. [Figure 17] 1 is a block diagram of a method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station, and user equipment, according to some embodiments. [Figure 18] FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating a long alignment delay due to transmission across slot border limits in accordance with some embodiments. [Figure 19] FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing slot aggregation in NR Rel. 15 when applied to short transmission repetition, providing an illustration of minislot aggregation where a 4 os minislot allocation is repeated in two adjacent slots, separated by a 10 os time gap between minislots. [Figure 20]1 is a block diagram illustrating a two-segment PUSCH transmission in accordance with some embodiments. [Figure 21] FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating segmenting with two or more UL periods in a slot according to some embodiments. [Figure 22] 10 is a graph illustrating a plot of BLER performance degradation when an inappropriate modulation order is used in minislot aggregation, according to some embodiments. [Figure 23] 10 is a graph illustrating a plot of BLER performance degradation when an inappropriate modulation order is used in minislot aggregation, according to some embodiments. [Figure 24] 10 is a bar graph illustrating circular buffer usage for minislot repetition, according to some embodiments. [Figure 25] 10 is a bar graph illustrating circular buffer usage for a two-segment PUSCH in accordance with some embodiments. [Figure 26] 10 is a graph plotting a performance comparison between minislot repetition and a two-segment PUSCH in accordance with some embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0050] The inventive concepts will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which example embodiments of the inventive concepts are shown. However, the inventive concepts may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the inventive concepts to those skilled in the art. It should also be noted that these embodiments are not mutually exclusive. It can be implicitly assumed that elements from one embodiment are present / used in another embodiment.

[0051] The following description presents various embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. These embodiments are presented as instructional examples and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosed subject matter. For example, some details of the described embodiments may be modified, omitted, or expanded without departing from the scope of the described subject matter.

[0052] Reference is now made to Figure 1, which is an example radio resource in NR, according to some embodiments herein. In Rel-15 NR, a UE may be configured with up to four carrier bandwidth portions in the downlink, with a single downlink carrier bandwidth portion active at a given time. A UE may be configured with up to four carrier bandwidth portions in the uplink, with a single uplink carrier bandwidth portion active at a given time. If a UE is configured with a supplemental uplink, the UE may also be configured with up to four carrier bandwidth portions in the supplemental uplink, with a single supplemental uplink carrier bandwidth portion active at a given time.

[0053] Given numerology μ i For a carrier bandwidth portion with TIFF2025114559000026.tif8170, where i is the index of the carrier bandwidth portion. A resource block (RB) is defined as 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain.

[0054] As given by Table 1, multiple OFDM numerologies μ are supported in NR, where the subcarrier spacing Δf and cyclic prefix for the carrier bandwidth portion are set by different higher layer parameters for the downlink and uplink, respectively. TIFF2025114559000027.tif43170

[0055] A downlink physical channel corresponds to a set of resource elements that carry information originating from higher layers. The following downlink physical channels are defined: Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)

[0056] The PDSCH may be the primary physical channel used for unicast downlink data transmission and may also be used for transmitting RARs (random access responses), some system information blocks, and / or paging information, among others. The PBCH may carry basic system information required by UEs to access the network. The PDCCH may be used to transmit downlink control information (DCI). For example, the PDCCH may be used to transmit scheduling decisions that may be required for reception of the PDSCH and for uplink scheduling grants to enable transmissions on the PUSCH.

[0057] An uplink physical channel corresponds to a set of resource elements that carry information originating from higher layers. The following uplink physical channels are defined: Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

[0058] The PUSCH is the uplink counterpart to the PDSCH. The PUCCH is used by the UE to transmit uplink control information, including HARQ acknowledgements, channel state information reports, etc. The PRACH is used for random access preamble transmission.

[0059] In general, the UE shall use the resource allocation field in the detected DCI carried in the PDCCH to determine the RB allocation in the frequency domain for the PUSCH or PDSCH. For the PUSCH carrying msg3 in the random access procedure, the frequency domain resource allocation may be signaled by using the UL grant included in the RAR.

[0060] In NR, two frequency resource allocation schemes are supported for PUSCH and PDSCH: Type 0 and Type 1. Which type should be used for PUSCH / PDSCH transmission can either be specified by an RRC configured parameter or directly indicated in the corresponding DCI in the RAR or UL grant (in which case Type 1 is used).

[0061] The RB indexing for uplink / downlink Type 0 and Type 1 resource allocation may be determined within the UE's active carrier bandwidth portion, and when the UE detects a PDCCH intended for the UE, it shall first determine the uplink / downlink carrier bandwidth portion and then determine the resource allocation within that carrier bandwidth portion. The UL BWP for the PUSCH carrying msg3 may be configured by higher layer parameters.

[0062] For cell search and initial access, the channels may include SS / PBCH blocks, PDSCH carrying RMSI / RAR / MSG4 scheduled by PDCCH channel carrying DCI, PRACH channel carrying MSG3 and PUSCH channel.

[0063] The synchronization signal and PBCH block (SS / PBCH block, or SSB for short) includes the above signals (PSS, SSS, and PBCH DMRS) and the PBCH. Depending on the frequency range, the SSB may have a 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 120 kHz, or 240 kHz SCS.

[0064] In the 3GPP NR standard, downlink control information (DCI) is received on a physical layer downlink control channel (PDCCH). The PDCCH may carry DCI in messages with different formats. DCI formats 0_0 and 0_1 are DCI messages used to convey uplink grants to UEs for transmission of a physical layer data channel (PUSCH) in the uplink, and DCI formats 1_0 and 1_1 are used to convey downlink grants for transmission of a physical layer data channel (PDSCH) on the downlink. Other DCI formats (2_0, 2_1, 2_2, and 2_3) are used for other purposes, such as transmitting slot format information, reserved resources, transmit power control information, etc.

[0065] PDCCH candidates are searched in a common search space or a UE-specific search space, which is mapped to a set of time and frequency resources called a control resource set (CORESET). The search space in which PDCCH candidates must be monitored is configured in the UE via radio resource control (RRC) signaling. The monitoring periodicity is also configured for different PDCCH candidates. In any particular slot, the UE may be configured to monitor multiple PDCCH candidates in multiple search spaces, which may be mapped to one or more CORESETs. PDCCH candidates may need to be monitored multiple times in a slot, once per slot, or once in multiple slots.

[0066] The smallest unit used to define the CORESET is the resource element group (REG), which is defined as spanning one PRB by one OFDM symbol in frequency and time. Each REG includes a demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) to aid in estimating the wireless channel over which the REG is transmitted. When transmitting the PDCCH, a precoder may be used to apply weights at the transmit antenna based on some knowledge of the wireless channel prior to transmission. If the precoders used at the transmitter for the REGs are not different, it is possible to improve channel estimation performance at the UE by estimating the channel across multiple REGs that are close in time and frequency. To assist the UE in channel estimation, multiple REGs may be grouped together to form a REG bundle, and the REG bundle size for the CORESET is indicated to the UE. The UE may assume that the precoder used for transmitting the PDCCH is the same for all REGs in the REG bundle. A REG bundle may consist of two, three, or six REGs.

[0067] A control channel element (CCE) may contain six REGs. The REGs within a CCE may be either contiguous or distributed in frequency. When the REGs are distributed in frequency, the CORESET is said to be using interleaved mapping of REGs to CCEs, and when the REGs are not distributed in frequency, non-interleaved mapping is said to be used.

[0068] Interleaving can provide frequency diversity. Not using interleaving can be beneficial for cases where channel knowledge allows the use of a precoder in a specific part of the spectrum to improve the SINR at the receiver.

[0069] A PDCCH candidate can span 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 CCEs. If more than one CCE is used, the information in the first CCE is repeated in the other CCEs. Thus, the number of aggregated CCEs used is called the aggregation level for the PDCCH candidate.

[0070] A hashing function may be used to determine the CCEs that correspond to the PDCCH candidates that the UE must monitor in the search space set. The hashing is performed differently for different UEs, thus randomizing the CCEs used by the UE and reducing the probability of collisions between multiple UEs whose PDCCH messages are included in the CORESET.

[0071] Reference is now made to FIG. 2, a block diagram illustrating an NR slot structure according to some embodiments of the present specification. An NR slot consists of several OFDM symbols, and according to current agreement, consists of either 7 symbols or 14 symbols (OFDM subcarrier spacing≦60 kHz), and 14 symbols (OFDM subcarrier spacing>60 kHz). For example, FIG. 2 shows a subframe with 14 OFDM symbols. In FIG. 2, T s and T symb denote the slot duration and OFDM symbol duration, respectively.

[0072] Additionally, slots may also be shortened to accommodate DL / UL transitions and / or both DL and UL transmissions. For example, brief reference is now made to Figure 3, which is a block diagram illustrating potential variations of an NR slot structure in accordance with some embodiments herein. As shown, variations may include DL-only transmissions with slow start, DL bulk transmissions with UL portions, UL bulk transmissions with DL control, and UL-only transmissions.

[0073] Furthermore, NR also defines Type B scheduling, sometimes referred to as minislots. Brief reference is now made to FIG. 4, which is a block diagram of a minislot with two OFDM symbols according to some embodiments of this specification. A minislot can be shorter than a slot (from one or two symbols to the number of symbols in the slot minus one, according to current agreement) and can start at any symbol. A minislot can be used when the transmission duration of a slot is too long or the next slot start (slot alignment) occurs too late. Examples of applications for minislots include, among others, latency-critical transmissions (where both minislot length and frequent minislot opportunities are important) and unlicensed spectrum (where frequent minislot opportunities may be particularly important), where transmission should start immediately after successful listen-before-talk.

[0074] A multi-segment PUSCH design may now be considered. This design, according to some embodiments, provides for at least one UL grant that schedules two or more PUSCH repetitions in consecutive available slots for a scheduled PUSCH. There may be one repetition in each slot, possibly with a different starting symbol and / or duration; this may be referred to as a "multi-segment transmission." The option may include time-domain resource determination, where a time-domain resource allocation field in the DCI indicates the starting symbol and transmission duration of all repetitions. An FFS multiple SLIV may indicate the starting symbol and duration of each repetition. The FFS SLIV details may include the possibility to modify the SLIV to support the case where S+L>14. The time-domain resource determination may further provide interaction with the FFS UL / DL direction determination procedure.

[0075] For transmission within one slot, if there is more than one UL period within the slot (each UL period is the duration of a set of adjacent symbols within the slot for potential UL transmissions as determined by the UE), one repetition is within one UL period. FFS If more than one UL period is used for transmission. If more than one UL period is used, this may void the previous provision of this option, and each repetition may occupy adjacent symbols. Otherwise, a single PUSCH repetition is transmitted within the slot, following Rel-15 behavior.

[0076] In frequency hopping, the method supports at least inter-slot FH, and FFS includes other FH methods.

[0077] The FFS TBS decision may be made based on the entire duration or based on the first iteration as an overhead assumption.

[0078] In 38.214 v15.3.0, the transport block size for PDSCH is determined as follows: The transport block size for PUSCH is determined in a similar manner, but the modulation order and target code rate are determined from other tables if transform precoding is used.

[0079] Modulation order and target code rate determination. For a PDSCH scheduled by a PDCCH with DCI format 1_0 or format 1_1 with CRC scrambled by the C-RNTI, MCS-C-RNTI, TC-RNTI, CS-RNTI, SI-RNTI, RA-RNTI, or P-RNTI, or for a PDSCH scheduled without a corresponding PDCCH transmission using the higher layer provided PDSCH configuration SPS-config when the higher layer parameter mcs-Table provided by PDSCH-Config is set to "qam256", the PDSCH is scheduled by a PDCCH with DCI format 1_1 with CRC scrambled by the C-RNTI. Some embodiments provide that the UE shall use the IMCS and Table 5.1.3.1-2 to determine the modulation order (Qm) and target code rate (R) to be used in the physical downlink shared channel. If the UE is not configured with MCS-C-RNTI, the higher layer parameter mcs-Table given by PDSCH-Config is set to "qam64LowSE", the PDSCH is scheduled by PDCCH in a UE-specific search space, and the CRC is scrambled by C-RNTI. The UE shall use IMCS and Table 5.1.3.1-3 to determine the modulation order (Qm) and target code rate (R) to be used on the physical downlink shared channel. If the UE is configured with MCS-C-RNTI and the PDSCH is scheduled by PDCCH with CRC scrambled by MCS-C-RNTI, the UE shall use IMCS and Table 5.1.3.1-3 to determine the modulation order (Qm) and target code rate (R) to be used on the physical downlink shared channel. If the UE is not configured with the higher layer parameter mcs-Table given by SPS-config, the higher layer parameter mcs-Table given by PDSCH-Config is set to "qam256".If a PDSCH is scheduled by a PDCCH with DCI format 1_1 with CRC scrambled by CS-RNTI or if a PDSCH is scheduled without a corresponding PDCCH transmission using SPS-config, the UE shall use IMCS and Table 5.1.3.1-2 to determine the modulation order (Qm) and target code rate (R) to be used on the physical downlink shared channel. If a UE is configured with the higher layer parameter mcs-Table given by SPS-config set to "qam64LowSE" and if a PDSCH is scheduled by a PDCCH with CRC scrambled by CS-RNTI or if a PDSCH is scheduled without a corresponding PDCCH transmission using SPS-config, the UE shall use IMCS and Table 5.1.3.1-3 to determine the modulation order (Qm) and target code rate (R) to be used on the physical downlink shared channel.

[0080] Otherwise, the UE shall use the IMCS and Table 5.1.3.1-1 to determine the modulation order (Qm) and target code rate (R) to be used on the physical downlink shared channel. The UE is not expected to decode PDSCHs scheduled with P-RNTI, RA-RNTI, SI-RNTI and Qm>2. TIFF2025114559000028.tif187170TIFF2025114559000029.tif188170TIFF2025114559000030.tif188170

[0081] Transport block size determination. If the upper layer parameter maxNrofCodeWordsScheduledByDCI indicates that two codeword transmissions are enabled, one of the two transport blocks is I for the corresponding transport block. MCS = 26 and rv id= 1, it is disabled by DCI format 1_1. If both transport blocks are enabled, transport blocks 1 and 2 are mapped to codewords 0 and 1, respectively. If only one transport block is enabled, the enabled transport block is always mapped to the first codeword.

[0082] For a PDSCH allocated by a PDCCH with DCI format 1_0 or format 1_1 with CRC scrambled by C-RNTI, MCS-C-RNTI, TC-RNTI, CS-RNTI, or SI-RNTI, Table 5.1.3.1-2 is used, and 0 ≤ I MCS ≤ 27, or if a table other than Table 5.1.3.1-2 is used, and 0 ≤ I MCS If ≦28, the UE shall first determine the TBS as specified below, except if the transport block is disabled in DCI format 1_1.

[0083] The UE first determines the number of REs in a slot (N RE ) The UE shall first determine The number of REs allocated for PDSCH in a PRB by TIFF2025114559000031.tif11170 (N' RE ), where: TIFF2025114559000032.tif9170 is the number of subcarriers in the physical resource block, TIFF2025114559000033.tif9170 is the number of symbols in the PDSCH allocation in the slot, TIFF2025114559000034.tif10170 is the number of REs for DM-RS per PRB during the scheduled duration, including DM-RS CDM group overhead, without data, as indicated by DCI Format 1_1 or as described for Format 1_0 in subclause 5.1.6.2; TIFF2025114559000035.tif10170 is the overhead set by the higher layer parameter xOverhead in PDSCH-ServingCellConfig. If xOverhead in PDSCH-ServingCellconfig is not set (a value from 0, 6, 12, or 18), TIFF2025114559000036.tif9170 is set to 0. If the PDSCH is scheduled by a PDCCH with CRC scrambled by SI-RNTI, RA-RNTI or P-RNTI, TIFF2025114559000037.tif9170 is assumed to be 0.

[0084] UE is N RE =min(156,N ’ RE )·n PRB The total number of REs allocated for PDSCH (N RE ), where n PRB is the total number of allocated PRBs for the UE.

[0085] The median number of information bits (N info ) is N info =N RE ·R·Q m Obtained by υ.

[0086] N info If ≦3824, use step 3 as the next step in determining the TBS. Otherwise, use step 4 as the next step in determining the TBS. N info ≦3824, and TBS is the quantized intermediate number of information bits, determined as follows: TIFF2025114559000038.tif15170, where TIFF2025114559000039.tif11170. N' info Use Table 5.1.3.2-1 to find the closest TBS that is greater than or equal to

[0087] RRC settings for TDRA In NR Rel-15, the time domain resource allocation (TDRA) information for a PDSCH transmission in a slot includes information that allows the UE to determine the slot in which the PDSCH is expected to be received (also known as K), the starting symbol in the slot for PDSCH reception, and the length or duration of PDSCH reception (also known as SLIV). The UE is also provided with the mapping type used to determine the DMRS location. In NR, there is a designated TDRA table consisting of different combinations of K, SLIV, etc. The UE may be signaled an index to a row in the table that provides information about the K and SLIV to be used for reception.

[0088] A similar procedure applies for PUSCH transmission, where the slot intended for PUSCH transmission is obtained from a field in the UL allocation given by K2. SLIV information is similarly provided for DL reception and mapping type depending on the UL allocation and / or configuration.

[0089] The TDRA is the time domain resource allocation for the first instant of PDSCH reception or PUSCH transmission. As mentioned above, if the UE is configured with an aggregation factor, the transmission in that slot is repeated in multiple slots based on the aggregation factor.

[0090] To illustrate the usage of these parameters, the relevant information elements (IEs) from TS38.331 are listed below. PDSCH-TimeDomainResourceAllocationList information element --ASN1START --TAG-PDSCH-TIMEDOMAINRESOURCEALLOCATIONLIST-START PDSCH-TimeDomainResourceAllocationList ::= SEQUENCE(SIZE(1..maxNrofDL-Allocations)) OF PDSCH-TimeDomainResourceAllocation PDSCH-TimeDomainResourceAllocation ::= SEQUENCE { k0 INTEGER(0..32) OPTIONAL, -- Need S mappingType ENUMERATED {typeA, typeB}, startSymbolAndLength INTEGER(0..127) } -- TAG-PDSCH-TIMEDOMAINRESOURCEALLOCATIONLIST-STOP -- ASN1STOP TIFF2025114559000040.tif75170PUSCH-TimeDomainResourceAllocation information element -- ASN1START -- TAG-PUSCH-TIMEDOMAINRESOURCEALLOCATIONLIST-START PUSCH-TimeDomainResourceAllocationList ::= SEQUENCE(SIZE(1..maxNrofUL-Allocations)) OF PUSCH-TimeDomainResourceAllocation PUSCH-TimeDomainResourceAllocation ::= SEQUENCE { k2 INTEGER(0..32) OPTIONAL, -- Need S mappingType ENUMERATED {typeA, typeB}, startSymbolAndLength INTEGER(0..127) } --TAG-PUSCH-TIMEDOMAINRESOURCEALLOCATIONLIST-STOP --ASN1STOP TIFF2025114559000041.tif68170

[0091] In addition to the RRC configuration of time domain resource allocation for PDSCH and PUSCH, several default TDRA tables are also defined for PDSCH and PUSCH, respectively. The default tables may be used when PDSCH reception or PUSCH transmission is required before an RRC connection, e.g., during initial access.

[0092] Currently, in eURLLC PUSCH transmission, it is not clear how the transmission format of the multi-segment PUSCH should be set.

[0093] Some embodiments disclosed herein include a method for indicating a transmission format of a multi-segment PUSCH. The transmission format may include TBS determination, RV sequence signaling, and PUSCH starting point and duration signaling.

[0094] Although the solutions are described in terms of a PUSCH, either dynamically scheduled or UL CG (Uplink Configured Grant), the solutions apply equally to a PDSCH, either dynamically scheduled or DL SPS (Downlink Semi-Persistent Scheduling). Although the embodiments disclosed herein may be written in terms of PUSCH segmentation, the embodiments may also apply to slot or minislot repetition. In this case, a segment may be equivalent to a repetition.

[0095] TBS decision Let m0 be the number of useful symbols occupied by PUSCH in the first slot. Let m1 be the number of useful symbols occupied by PUSCH in the second slot. Let m = min(13,m0 + m1). Perform TBS decision based on m symbols. Here, symbol refers to OFDM symbol if OFDM is used for PUSCH transmission, and refers to DFT-s-OFDM symbol if DFT-s-OFDM is used.

[0096] In some embodiments, operation 1) in the TBS determination procedure in TS38.214 section "5.1.3.2 Transport Block Size Determination" includes: TIFF2025114559000042.tif20170 and corrected by where: TIFF2025114559000043.tif10170 is the number of symbols in the PUSCH allocation in slot i, TIFF2025114559000044.tif10170 is the number of Re for DM-RS per PRB during the scheduled duration, including RS CDM group overhead, without data for slot I, and the sum is over all slots in the transmission.

[0097] In some embodiments, operation 1) in the TBS determination procedure in TS38.214 section "5.1.3.2 Transport Block Size Determination" includes: TIFF2025114559000045.tif20170 and corrected by where: TIFF2025114559000046.tif10170 is the number of symbols in the PUSCH allocation in slot i, TIFF2025114559000047.tif8170 is the number of Re for DM-RS per PRB during the scheduled duration, including RS CDM group overhead, without data for slot i, and the sum is over all slots in the transmission.

[0098] In some embodiments, operation 1) in the TBS determination procedure in TS38.214 section "5.1.3.2 Transport Block Size Determination" includes: TIFF2025114559000048.tif21170 and corrected by where: TIFF2025114559000049.tif9170 is the number of symbols in the PUSCH allocation in segment (or repetition) i, TIFF2025114559000050.tif10170 is the number of Re for DM-RS per PRB during the scheduled duration, including RS CDM group overhead, without data for segment (or repetition) i, and the sum is over all segments (or repetitions) in the transmission.

[0099] In some embodiments, operation 1) in the TBS determination procedure in TS38.214 section "5.1.3.2 Transport Block Size Determination" includes: TIFF2025114559000051.tif21170 and corrected by where: TIFF2025114559000052.tif10170 is the number of symbols in the PUSCH allocation in segment (or repetition) i, TIFF2025114559000053.tif11170 is the number of Re for DM-RS per PRB during the scheduled duration, including RS CDM group overhead, without data for segment (or repetition) i, and the sum is over all segments (or repetitions) in the transmission.

[0100] RV decision In a dynamically scheduled multi-segment PUSCH, the RV field in the uplink grant DCI provides the initial RV for the initial PUSCH segment. For subsequent PUSCH segments, the RV may be taken cyclically from the RV sequence {0, 2, 3, 1}.

[0101] In another embodiment, each segment has an individually signaled RV.

[0102] In some embodiments, for multi-segment PUSCH associated with UL CG, the RV sequence {0,2,3,1} should be used instead of being configured by RRC.

[0103] In a Type 1 UL CG configuration, the RRC signaling provides the initial RV for the initial PUSCH segment.

[0104] In a Type 2 UL CG configuration, the RV field in the activation DCI provides the initial RV for the initial PUSCH segment.

[0105] In some embodiments, multiple possible CG PUSCH allocations may be configured with a single RRC configuration or activation DCI. An example of this is when the grant periodicity is less than the total length of the grant, including any repetition or segmentation. For example, assume that the configuration allows the following transmission opportunities for PUSCH CG, starting at slot n: TIFF2025114559000054.tif66170

[0106] It may be advantageous to use redundancy version (RV) 0 for the segment with the longest length in each transmission.

[0107] Let RV_init be the RV signaled in RRC or in the activation DCI as the initial RV. In some embodiments, RV_init is not signaled but is fixed to a single value, e.g., 0.

[0108] In some embodiments, the following procedure is followed to assign RVs to different segments for different transmission opportunities: First, the segment with the longest length (counted in OFDM symbols or DFT-S-OFDM symbols) is found. If there are two or more segments with the longest length, one of them is selected by a predefined rule. For example, the first segment is selected. The selected segment uses RV_init. The other segments in the transmission opportunity use RVs given by the sequence. If segment k uses the lth RV in the sequence, segment k-1 uses the l-1th RV in the sequence, segment k+1 uses the l+1th one in the sequence, and so on. The sequences are used in a cyclic manner, so if a segment uses the last RV in the sequence, the next segment will use the first RV in the sequence. In the same way, if a segment uses the first RV in the sequence, the previous segment will use the last segment in the sequence.

[0109] In one set of embodiments, the RV sequence used is (0,2,3,1).

[0110] As an example of the previous embodiment, let the initial RV be 0, and ties between segments of equal length be broken by choosing the first of these segments, using the sequence (0,2,3,1). Then, the different segments for different transmission opportunities in the example in the table above would be given as follows: TIFF2025114559000055.tif69170

[0111] In occasions 4-6, there are two segments. In occasion 4, segment 1 is the longest and uses RV0, then segment 2 uses RV2, the next RV in the sequence. Opportunity 5 is similar; the two segments are of equal length, but segment 1 is chosen by the tie-breaker rule. In that case, segment 2 uses RV2. In occasion 6, segment 2 is the longest and uses RV0. In that case, segment 1 uses the RV that precedes RV0 in the sequence, which is RV1, wrapping around circularly in the sequence.

[0112] The same embodiment given above can be used for occasions using more than two segments.

[0113] In some embodiments, there is only a single segment per slot.

[0114] In some embodiments, there are two or more segments per slot.

[0115] Dynamically scheduled multi-segment PUSCH The DCI provides the starting point S (in symbols) and length L of the PUSCH transmission, where both S and L use the unit symbol (OS).

[0116] In some embodiments, if any of the symbols between the start of the transmission (given by symbol S) and the end of the transmission (calculated from starting point S and length L) are not allowed to be used for uplink transmission, or if any of the symbols are in different slots, then more than one PUSCH segment is used.

[0117] Each segment contains a set of consecutive symbols that are used for UL transmission if all symbols in the segment are in the same slot.

[0118] In some embodiments, the segments are chosen to be as large as possible, i.e., if two consecutive symbols in an allocation are in the same slot and both are allowed for UL transmission, they belong to the same segment. In some embodiments, the number and length of the PUSCH segments used are determined based on S, L, which symbols are used for UL transmission, and which symbols are in which slots.

[0119] As an example, see the table below where S=0 and L=28. TIFF2025114559000056.tif69170

[0120] In some embodiments, a SFI (Slot Format Indicator) DCI message is used to determine which symbols are used for UL transmission.

[0121] In some embodiments, RRC signaling is used to determine which symbols are used for UL transmission.

[0122] In some embodiments, symbols used for transmission of SRS are not allowed to be used for UL transmission.

[0123] In some embodiments, if the resulting segment is shorter than a certain number of symbols, a set of consecutive symbols in the same slot that are allowed for UL transmission may not be assigned to the segment. For example, if the resulting segment is only one symbol long, it will not be assigned to its own segment.

[0124] Multi-segment PUSCH associated with UL CG In Type 1 UL CG configuration, (S, L) is provided by the RRC configuration timeDomainAllocation.

[0125] In a Type 2 UL CG configuration, (S, L) is provided by the activation DCI.

[0126] For CG scheduled PUSCH, the same rules for determining segments may be used as for dynamically scheduled PUSCH.

[0127] Scheduling via entries in the TDRA table In some embodiments, a row in the TDRA table may be associated with multiple combinations of (S, L, and K2) values, where each combination will indicate one PUSCH segment when such a row is indicated. TIFF2025114559000057.tif29170

[0128] In the above example, if a given row is used, it corresponds to two segments: a segment in slot j with start symbol 12 of length 2, and a segment in slot j+1 with start symbol 0 and length 2. The row index can be dynamically signaled through DCI in the activation DCI of the CG, or configured through RRC.

[0129] If the same method is used to signal the PDSCH segments, K2 may be replaced by K0.

[0130] DMRS for multi-segment PUSCH In some embodiments, each segment includes a DMRS.

[0131] In some embodiments, only the first segment in a slot contains a DMRS.

[0132] In some embodiments, only the first segment in a transmission, and the first segment after some symbols not allowed for UL transmission, uses DMRS.

[0133] In some embodiments, the first segment in a slot does not include a DMRS if the previous slot included a segment in the last symbol.

[0134] If a segment contains DMRS, the number of symbols used for DMRS and which symbols in the segment should be used for DMRS are inherited from the DMRS allocation signaled or configured for the transmission, i.e., each segment containing DMRS is treated as a separate PUSCH when determining the DMRS sequence and allocation, and the rel.15 rules for placing DMRS are used for this segment.

[0135] 5 is a block diagram illustrating elements of a wireless device UE (also referred to as a wireless terminal, wireless communication device, wireless communication terminal, user equipment (UE), user equipment node / terminal / device, etc.) configured to provide wireless communications in accordance with an embodiment of the inventive concept. As shown, the wireless device UE may include an antenna 1407 and transceiver circuitry 1401 (also referred to as a transceiver) including a transmitter and a receiver configured to provide uplink and downlink wireless communications with base stations eNBs of a wireless communications network (also referred to as a radio access network (RAN)). The wireless device UE may also include a processor circuitry 1403 (also referred to as a processor) coupled to the transceiver circuitry and a memory circuitry 1405 (also referred to as a memory) coupled to the processor circuitry. The memory circuitry 1405 may include computer-readable program code that, when executed by the processor circuitry 1403, causes the processor circuitry to perform operations in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein. According to other embodiments, the processor circuitry 1403 may be defined to include memory such that a separate memory circuit is not required. The wireless device UE may also include an interface (such as a user interface) coupled to the processor 1403, and / or the wireless device UE may be an IoT and / or MTC device.

[0136] As described herein, operations of the wireless device UE may be performed by the processor 1403 and / or the transceiver 1401. For example, the processor 1403 may control the transceiver 1401 to transmit uplink communications over an air interface to a base station eNB of the wireless communication network through the transceiver 1401 and / or receive downlink communications over an air interface from a base station eNB of the wireless communication network through the transceiver 1401. Moreover, modules may be stored in the memory 1405 that, when their instructions are executed by the processor 1403, cause the processor 1403 to perform respective operations (e.g., operations described below with respect to exemplary embodiments).

[0137] 6 is a block diagram illustrating elements of a node (also referred to as a network node, base station, eNB, eNodeB, etc.) of a wireless communication network (also referred to as a radio access network (RAN)) configured to provide cellular communications, in accordance with an embodiment of the inventive concept. As shown, the network node may include a transceiver circuit 1501 (also referred to as a transceiver) including a transmitter and a receiver configured to provide uplink and downlink wireless communications with wireless devices. The network node may include a network interface circuit 1507 (also referred to as a network interface) configured to provide communications with other nodes in the RAN (e.g., with other base stations and / or core network nodes). The network node may also include a processor circuit 1503 (also referred to as a processor) coupled to the transceiver circuit and a memory circuit 1505 (also referred to as a memory) coupled to the processor circuit. The memory circuit 1505 may include computer-readable program code that, when executed by the processor circuit 1503, causes the processor circuit to perform operations according to embodiments disclosed herein. According to other embodiments, the processor circuitry 1503 may be defined to include memory such that a separate memory circuitry is not required.

[0138] As described herein, operations of the network node may be performed by the processor 1503, the network interface 1507, and / or the transceiver 1501. For example, the processor 1503 may control the transceiver 1501 to transmit downlink communications through the transceiver 1501 over the air interface to one or more UEs and / or receive uplink communications through the transceiver 1501 from one or more UEs over the air interface. Similarly, the processor 1503 may control the network interface 1507 to transmit communications through the network interface 1507 to one or more other network nodes and / or receive communications from one or more other network nodes through the network interface. Moreover, modules may be stored in the memory 1505 that, when executed by the processor 1503, cause the processor 1503 to perform respective operations (e.g., operations described below with respect to exemplary embodiments).

[0139] Reference is now made to Figure 7, a block diagram illustrating operations in accordance with some embodiments of the inventive concept. The operations may include generating a configuration message (block 710) including transmit format data corresponding to a multiple segment transmission on a physical shared channel. In some embodiments, the transmit format data includes at least one of transport block size data (TBS) decision data, redundancy version (RV) decision data, a starting point and length of PUSCH transmission data, time domain resource allocation (TDRA) table data, and / or demodulation reference signal (DMRS) data.

[0140] In some embodiments, the network device may perform an operation of determining that a transmission needs to be split into multiple segments. Some embodiments provide that determining that the transmission needs to be split may be performed before a multi-segment transmission configuration is sent to the wireless device. In such embodiments, generating the configuration message may be based on such a determination. Some embodiments provide that the network device includes a processor and a memory storing instructions that, when executed, cause the processor circuitry to determine that the transmission needs to be split.

[0141] The operations further include initiating transmission of a configuration message to a user equipment (UE) to identify transmit format data for the multiple segment transmission (block 720).

[0142] Reference is now made to Figure 8, a block diagram illustrating operations in accordance with some embodiments of the inventive concept. The operations include receiving a configuration message including transmit format data corresponding to a multiple-segment transmission on a physical shared channel (block 810). In some embodiments, the transmit format data includes at least one of transport block size data (TBS) decision data, redundancy version (RV) decision data, a starting point and length of PUSCH transmission data, time domain resource allocation (TDRA) table data, and / or demodulation reference signal (DMRS) data. The operations include initiating a multiple-segment transmission on the physical shared channel based on the configuration message (block 820).

[0143] Exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept are described below. Embodiment 1. A method of operating a network node in a wireless communication network, the method comprising: generating a configuration message including transmit format data corresponding to a multiple segment transmission on a physical shared channel, the transmit format data including at least one of transport block size data (TBS) decision data, redundancy version (RV) decision data, a starting point and length of PUSCH transmission data, time domain resource allocation (TDRA) table data, and / or demodulation reference signal (DMRS) data; Initiating transmission of a configuration message to a user equipment (UE) to identify transmission format data for a multiple segment transmission; A method comprising: Embodiment 2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the physical shared channel comprises a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH). Embodiment 3. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the multi-segment physical shared channel comprises a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH). Embodiment 4. TBS Decision Data Determined by TIFF2025114559000058.tif11170, where: TIFF2025114559000059.tif9170 is the number of symbols in the PUSCH allocation in slot i, A method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein TIFF2025114559000060.tif10170 is the number of Re for DM-RS per physical resource block (PRB) during the scheduled duration, including RS CDM group overhead, without data for slot I, and the sum is over all slots in a multiple segment transmission. Embodiment 5. TBS decision data Determined by TIFF2025114559000061.tif10170, where: TIFF2025114559000062.tif10170 is the number of symbols in the PUSCH allocation in slot i, A method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein TIFF2025114559000063.tif9170 is the number of Re for DM-RS per PRB during the scheduled duration, including RS CDM group overhead, without data for slot i, and the sum is over all slots in a multiple segment transmission. Embodiment 6. TBS decision data Determined by TIFF2025114559000064.tif11170, where: TIFF2025114559000065.tif10170 is the number of symbols in the PUSCH allocation in segment or repetition i, A method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein TIFF2025114559000066.tif9170 is the number of Re for DM-RS per PRB during the scheduled duration, including RS CDM group overhead, without data for segment or repetition i, and the sum is over all segments or repetitions in a multi-segment transmission. Embodiment 7. TBS decision data Determined by TIFF2025114559000067.tif10170, where: TIFF2025114559000068.tif9170 is the number of symbols in the PUSCH allocation in segment or repetition i, A method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein TIFF2025114559000069.tif9170 is the number of Re for DM-RS per PRB during the scheduled duration, including RS CDM group overhead, without data for segment or repetition i, and the sum is over all segments or repetitions in a multi-segment transmission. Embodiment 8. The method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the RV decision data is determined by an initial RV for an initial PUSCH segment and a next RV in an RV sequence. Embodiment 9. The method of embodiment 8, wherein a radio resource control (RRC) signal provides an initial RV for an initial PUSCH segment. Embodiment 10. The method of embodiment 8 or 9, wherein an RV field in an activation downlink control indicator (DCI) provides an initial RV for an initial PUSCH segment. Embodiment 11. The method according to any one of embodiments 8 to 10, wherein RVs are assigned to different segments for different transmission opportunities, the segment with the longest length is found, and other segments in the transmission opportunity use the RV determined by the RV sequence. Embodiment 12. The method of any one of embodiments 8 to 11, wherein the RV sequence is used cyclically. Embodiment 13. The method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein a SFI (Slot Format Indicator) DCI message is used to determine which symbols are used for UL transmission. Embodiment 14. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 13, wherein RRC signaling is used to determine which symbols are used for UL transmission. Embodiment 15. The method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 14, wherein the symbols used for transmitting the SRS are not used for UL transmission. Embodiment 16. The method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 15, wherein if the resulting segment is shorter than a given number of symbols, UL transmission is permitted, and a set of consecutive symbols in the same slot is not assigned to the segment. Embodiment 17. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 16, wherein the DCI provides a starting point S and a length L of the PUSCH transmission. Embodiment 18. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 17, wherein each segment includes a set of consecutive symbols used for UL transmission, and all symbols in a segment are in the same slot. Embodiment 19. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 18, wherein the number and length of the PUSCH segments used are determined based on the starting point and length to determine which symbols are used for UL transmission. Embodiment 20. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 19, wherein a row in the TDRA table is associated with a plurality of combinations of starting symbol identifiers and symbol length values. Embodiment 21. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 20, wherein each segment includes a demodulation reference signal (DMRS). Embodiment 22. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 20, wherein only the first segment in a slot includes a demodulation reference signal (DMRS). Embodiment 23. The method of embodiment 21, wherein only the first segment in the transmission, and the first segment after a disallowed symbol, includes a DMRS. Embodiment 24. The method of embodiment 21, wherein the first segment in a slot does not include a DMRS corresponding to a previous slot including a segment in the last symbol. Embodiment 25. A base station (gNB) of a wireless communication network, the base station comprising: a transceiver (1501) configured to provide wireless network communication with a wireless terminal; a processor (1503) coupled to the transceiver; 25. A base station (gNB) comprising: a processor configured to provide wireless network communication through a transceiver; and the processor configured to perform the operations of any one of embodiments 1 to 24. Embodiment 26. A base station (eNB) of a radio access network, wherein the base station is adapted to implement according to any one of embodiments 1 to 24. Embodiment 27. A method of operating a network node configured to provide link adaptation and / or resource reselection based on feedback information from a receiver user equipment (UE), the method being adapted to perform the operations described in any one of embodiments 1 to 24. Embodiment 28. A method of operating a wireless device in a wireless communication network, the method comprising: receiving a configuration message including transmit format data corresponding to a multiple segment transmission on a physical shared channel, the transmit format data including at least one of transport block size data (TBS) decision data, redundancy version (RV) decision data, a starting point and length of PUSCH transmission data, time domain resource allocation (TDRA) table data, and / or demodulation reference signal (DMRS) data; Initiating multiple segment transmissions on a physical shared channel based on the configuration message; A method comprising:

[0082] Embodiment 29. The method of embodiment 28, wherein the physical shared channel comprises a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH).

[0047] Embodiment 30. The method of embodiment 28, wherein the multi-segment physical shared channel comprises a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH). Embodiment 31. TBS decision data TIFF2025114559000070.tif10170, where TIFF2025114559000071.tif11170 is the number of symbols in the PUSCH allocation in slot i, A method according to any one of embodiments 28 to 30, wherein TIFF2025114559000072.tif11170 is the number of Re for DM-RS per physical resource block (PRB) during the scheduled duration, including RS CDM group overhead, without data for slot I, and the sum is over all slots in a multiple segment transmission. Embodiment 32. TBS decision data Determined by TIFF2025114559000073.tif11170, where: TIFF2025114559000074.tif9170 is the number of symbols in the PUSCH allocation in slot i, A method according to any one of embodiments 28 to 31, wherein TIFF2025114559000075.tif12170 is the number of Re for DM-RS per PRB during the scheduled duration, including RS CDM group overhead, without data for slot i, and the sum is over all slots in a multiple segment transmission. Embodiment 33. TBS decision data Determined by TIFF2025114559000076.tif10170, where: TIFF2025114559000077.tif10170 is the number of symbols in the PUSCH allocation in segment or repetition i, A method according to any one of embodiments 28 to 32, wherein TIFF2025114559000078.tif9170 is the number of Re for DM-RS per PRB during the scheduled duration, including RS CDM group overhead, without data for segment or repetition i, and the sum is over all segments or repetitions in a multi-segment transmission. Embodiment 34. TBS decision data TIFF2025114559000079.tif10170, where TIFF2025114559000080.tif11170 is the number of symbols in the PUSCH allocation in segment or repetition i, A method according to any one of embodiments 28 to 33, wherein TIFF2025114559000081.tif9170 is the number of Re for DM-RS per PRB during the scheduled duration, including RS CDM group overhead, without data for segment or repetition i, and the sum is over all segments or repetitions in a multi-segment transmission. Embodiment 35. The method according to any one of embodiments 28 to 34, wherein the RV decision data is determined by an initial RV for an initial PUSCH segment and a next RV in an RV sequence.

[0081] Embodiment 36. The method of embodiment 35, wherein a radio resource control (RRC) signal provides an initial RV for an initial PUSCH segment. Embodiment 37. The method of embodiment 35 or 36, wherein an RV field in an activation downlink control indicator (DCI) provides an initial RV for an initial PUSCH segment. Embodiment 38. The method of any one of embodiments 35 to 37, wherein RVs are assigned to different segments for different transmission opportunities, the segment with the longest length is found, and other segments in the transmission opportunity use the RV determined by the RV sequence. Embodiment 39. The method of any one of embodiments 35 to 38, wherein the RV sequence is used cyclically. Embodiment 40. The method of any one of embodiments 28 to 37, wherein a SFI (Slot Format Indicator) DCI message is used to determine which symbols are used for UL transmission.

[0082] Embodiment 41. The method of any one of embodiments 28 to 40, wherein RRC signaling is used to determine which symbols are used for UL transmission. Embodiment 42. The method of any one of embodiments 28 to 41, wherein symbols used for transmitting SRS are not used for UL transmission. Embodiment 43. The method according to any one of embodiments 28 to 42, wherein if the resulting segment is shorter than a given number of symbols, UL transmission is permitted, and a set of consecutive symbols in the same slot is not assigned to the segment.

[0082] Embodiment 44. The method of any one of embodiments 28 to 43, wherein the DCI provides a starting point S and length L of the PUSCH transmission. Embodiment 45. The method of any one of embodiments 28 to 44, wherein each segment includes a set of consecutive symbols used for UL transmission, and all symbols in a segment are in the same slot. Embodiment 46. The method of any one of embodiments 28 to 45, wherein the number and length of the PUSCH segments used are determined based on the starting point and length to determine which symbols are used for UL transmission. Embodiment 47. The method of any one of embodiments 28 to 46, wherein a row in the TDRA table is associated with a plurality of combinations of starting symbol identifiers and symbol length values.

[0081] Embodiment 48. The method of any one of embodiments 28 to 47, wherein each segment includes a demodulation reference signal (DMRS).

[0081] Embodiment 49. The method of any one of embodiments 28 to 48, wherein only the first segment in a slot includes a demodulation reference signal (DMRS). Embodiment 50. The method of embodiment 48, wherein only the first segment in the transmission, and the first segment after a disallowed symbol, includes a DMRS. Embodiment 51. The method of embodiment 48, wherein the first segment in a slot does not include a DMRS corresponding to a previous slot including a segment in the last symbol. Embodiment 52. a transceiver (1401) configured to provide wireless network communication with a wireless communication network; a processor (1403) coupled to the transceiver; Equipped with A first wireless device (UE) configured to provide wireless network communication through a transceiver, the processor configured to perform the operations described in any one of embodiments 28 to 51.

[0144] Explanations of abbreviations from the above disclosure are provided below. Abbreviation Description SL Side Link Tx transmitter Rx Receiver BSM Basic Safety Message BW Bandwidth BSR Buffer Status Reporting CAM Collaboration Awareness Message CBR Channel Busy Rate DPTF Data Packet Transmission Format D2D Device-to-Device Communication DENM Distributed Environment Notification Message DSRC dedicated short-range communication eNB eNodeB ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute LTE Long-Term Evolution NW Network RS reference signal TF Transport Format SAE Society of Automotive Engineers UE User Equipment V2I Vehicle-to-Infrastructure V2P Vehicle-to-Pedestrian V2V Vehicle-to-(vehicle) communication V2X Vehicle-to-anything-you-can-imagine MAC Media Access Control PDU Packet Data Unit 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project 5G (5th Generation) RRC Radio Resource Control ProSe Proximity Services PRB Physical Resource Block ME Mobile Device ID Identifier PDB Packet Delay Budget CBR Congestion Busy Rate SDU Service Data Unit PDU Protocol Data Unit BLER Block Error Rate MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme TBS Transport Block Size MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output PSCCH Physical Sidelink Control Channel ITS Intelligent Transport Systems PPPP ProSe packet priority QoS Quality of Service QCI QoS Class Identifier 5QI 5G QoS Indicator ACK / NACK Acknowledgement / Negative Acknowledgement CG Set Grant DCI Downlink Control Information DFT-OFDM Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM DL Downlink DMRS demodulation reference signal GF Grant Free gNB Next Generation Node B LTE Long-Term Evolution MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme NR new radio PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio SPS semi-persistent scheduling SUL Auxiliary Uplink TTI Transmission Time Interval TO Transmission Opportunity UL Uplink URLLC Ultra-reliable low latency communication

[0145] Further definitions and embodiments are described below.

[0146] In the above description of various embodiments of the inventive concept, it should be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the inventive concept. Unless otherwise specified, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the inventive concept belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning in accordance with the meaning of those terms in the context of this specification and the related art, and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

[0147] When an element is referred to as being "connected," "coupled," or "responsive" to another element, or variations thereof, the element may be directly connected, coupled, or responsive to the other element, or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being "directly connected," "directly coupled," or "directly responsive" to another element, or variations thereof, there are no intervening elements present. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. Furthermore, as used herein, "coupled," "connected," "responsive," or variations thereof may include wirelessly coupled, wirelessly connected, or wirelessly responsive. As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" are intended to include the plural unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For brevity and / or clarity, well-known functions or constructions may not be described in detail. The term "and / or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0148] Although terms such as first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements / operations, it will be understood that these elements / operations are not limited by these terms. These terms are merely used to distinguish one element / operation from another. Thus, a first element / operation in some embodiments may be referred to as a second element / operation in other embodiments without departing from the teachings of the inventive concept. The same reference numbers or characters may refer to the same or similar elements throughout this specification.

[0149] As used herein, the terms "comprise," "comprising," "comprises," "include," "including," "includes," "have," "has," "having," or variations thereof, are open-ended and include one or more stated features, integers, elements, steps, components, or functions, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, elements, steps, components, functions, or groups thereof. Furthermore, as used herein, the common abbreviation "eg," from the Latin phrase "exempli gratia," may be used to introduce or specifically name one or more general examples of the aforementioned items, without limiting such items. The common abbreviation "ie," from the Latin phrase "id est," may be used to specifically name a particular item from a more general statement.

[0150] Exemplary embodiments are described herein with reference to block diagrams and / or flowchart illustrations of computer-implemented methods, apparatus (systems and / or devices), and / or computer program products. It should be understood that blocks of the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustrations, can be implemented by computer program instructions performed by one or more computer circuits. These computer program instructions can be provided to processor circuits of general-purpose computer circuits, special-purpose computer circuits, and / or other programmable data processing circuits to create machines, such that the instructions executing via the processor of the computer and / or other programmable data processing apparatus transform and control transistors, values stored in memory locations, and other hardware components within such circuits to implement the functions / acts specified in one or more blocks of the block diagrams and / or flowcharts, and thereby create means (functions) and / or structures for implementing the function / acts specified in the block diagram and / or flowchart block(s).

[0151] The computer program instructions may also be stored on a tangible computer-readable medium that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored on the computer-readable medium produce an article of manufacture containing instructions that implement the functions / acts specified in one or more blocks of the block diagrams and / or flowcharts. Thus, embodiments of the inventive concepts may be embodied in hardware and / or in software (including firmware, resident software, microcode, etc.) running on a processor, such as a digital signal processor, which may be collectively referred to as a "circuit," "module," or variations thereof.

[0152] It should also be noted that in some alternative implementations, the functions / acts noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the flowcharts. For example, two blocks shown in succession may in fact be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending on the functions / acts involved. Moreover, the functionality of a given block of the flowcharts and / or block diagrams may be separated into multiple blocks, and / or the functionality of two or more blocks of the flowcharts and / or block diagrams may be at least partially integrated. Finally, other blocks may be added / inserted between the shown blocks, and / or blocks / acts may be omitted without departing from the scope of the inventive concept. Moreover, while some of the figures include arrows on communication paths to indicate a primary direction of communication, it should be understood that communication may occur in the opposite direction to the illustrated arrows.

[0153] Numerous variations and modifications may be made to the embodiments without substantially departing from the principles of the inventive concept. All such variations and modifications are intended to be included herein within the scope of the inventive concept. Accordingly, the subject matter disclosed above should be considered illustrative and not limiting, and the example embodiments are intended to cover all such modifications, extensions, and other embodiments that fall within the spirit and scope of the inventive concept. Therefore, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the scope of the inventive concept should be determined by the broadest permissible interpretation of this disclosure, including example embodiments and their equivalents, and should not be limited or restricted by the above detailed description.

[0154] Further explanation is provided below.

[0155] In general, all terms used herein should be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning in the relevant technical field unless a different meaning is expressly given and / or implied from the context in which the term is used. All references to an element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc. should be openly interpreted as referring to at least one instance of that element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc., unless expressly stated otherwise. The steps of any method disclosed herein need not be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless a step is explicitly described as following or preceding another step and / or if it is implicit that a step must follow or precede another step. Any feature of any of the embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to any other embodiment, wherever appropriate. Likewise, any advantage of any of the embodiments may be applied to any other embodiment, and vice versa. Other objects, features, and advantages of the enclosed embodiments will become apparent from the following description.

[0156] Some of the embodiments contemplated herein will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, other embodiments are included within the scope of the subject matter disclosed herein, and the disclosed subject matter should not be construed as being limited to only the embodiments described herein; rather, these embodiments are provided as examples to convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art.

[0157] FIG. 9: A wireless network according to some embodiments. Although the subject matter described herein may be implemented in any suitable type of system using any suitable components, the embodiments disclosed herein are described with reference to a wireless network, such as the exemplary wireless network shown in FIG. 9. For simplicity, the wireless network of FIG. 9 illustrates only network QQ106, network nodes QQ160 and QQ160b, and WDs QQ110, QQ110b, and QQ110c (also referred to as mobile terminals). In practice, the wireless network may further include any additional elements suitable for supporting communication between wireless devices or between a wireless device and another communication device, such as a landline telephone, a service provider, or any other network node or end device. Of the components shown, network node QQ160 and wireless device (WD) QQ110 are illustrated with additional detail. A wireless network may provide communication and other types of services to one or more wireless devices to facilitate their access to the wireless network and / or use of services offered by or via the wireless network.

[0158] A wireless network may include and / or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, and / or radio network, or other similar type of system. In some embodiments, a wireless network may be configured to operate according to a particular standard or other type of predefined rules or procedures. Accordingly, particular embodiments of a wireless network may implement communications standards such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Long Term Evolution (LTE), and / or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, or 5G standards, wireless local area network (WLAN) standards such as the IEEE 802.11 standard, and / or any other suitable wireless communication standard, such as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), Bluetooth, Z-Wave, and / or ZigBee standards.

[0159] Network QQ106 may comprise one or more backhaul networks, core networks, IP networks, public switched telephone networks (PSTN), packet data networks, optical networks, wide area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), wireless local area networks (WLANs), wired networks, wireless networks, metropolitan area networks, and other networks for enabling communication between devices.

[0160] Network nodes QQ160 and WD QQ110 comprise various components, which are described in more detail below. These components cooperate to provide network node and / or wireless device functionality, such as providing wireless connectivity in a wireless network. In different embodiments, a wireless network may comprise any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, base stations, controllers, wireless devices, relay stations, and / or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and / or signals, whether via wired or wireless connections.

[0161] As used herein, a network node refers to a device capable of, set up, configured, and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with wireless devices and / or other network nodes or devices in a wireless network to enable and / or provide wireless access to wireless devices and / or perform other functions (e.g., administration) in the wireless network. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., wireless access points), base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs), and NR Node Bs (gNBs)). Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated another way, their transmit power level), and may then be referred to as femto, pico, micro, or macro base stations. A base station may also be a relay node or a relay donor node, controlling a relay. A network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station, such as a centralized digital unit and / or a remote radio unit (RRU), sometimes referred to as a remote radio head (RRH). Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna-integrated radio. Portions of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS). Still further examples of network nodes include multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as an MSR BS, a network controller such as a radio network controller (RNC) or base station controller (BSC), a base transceiver station (BTS), a transmission point, a transmitting node, a multi-cell / multicast coordination entity (MCE), a core network node (e.g., MSC, MME), an O&M node, an OSS node, a SON node, a positioning node (e.g., E-SMLC), and / or an MDT. As another example, a network node may be a virtual network node, as described in more detail below.However, more generally, a network node may represent any suitable device (or group of devices) that is capable of, set up, configured, and / or operable to enable and / or provide wireless devices with access to a wireless network or to provide some service to wireless devices that have accessed the wireless network.

[0162] In FIG. 9 , network node QQ160 includes processing circuit QQ170, device-readable medium QQ180, interface QQ190, auxiliary equipment QQ184, power supply QQ186, power circuit QQ187, and antenna QQ162. While network node QQ160 shown in the exemplary wireless network of FIG. 9 may represent a device including the depicted combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise network nodes with different combinations of components. It should be understood that a network node comprises any suitable combination of hardware and / or software required to perform the tasks, features, functions, and methods disclosed herein. Moreover, while the components of network node QQ160 are illustrated as a single box located within a larger box or nested within multiple boxes, in reality, the network node may comprise multiple different physical components that make up the single depicted component (e.g., device-readable medium QQ180 may comprise multiple separate hard drives and multiple RAM modules).

[0163] Similarly, network node QQ160 may be assembled from multiple physically separate components (e.g., Node B and RNC components, or BTS and BSC components, etc.), each of which may have its own respective components. In some scenarios in which network node QQ160 comprises multiple separate components (e.g., BTS and BSC components), one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple Node Bs. In such scenarios, each unique Node B and RNC pair may, in some instances, be considered a single separate network node. In some embodiments, network node QQ160 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs). In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate device-readable media QQ180 for different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., the same antenna QQ162 may be shared by the RATs). Network node QQ160 may also include multiple sets of the various shown components for different wireless technologies, such as, for example, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, or Bluetooth wireless technologies, integrated into network node QQ160. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chips or sets of chips and other components within network node QQ160.

[0164] Processing circuit QQ170 is configured to perform any decision, calculation, or similar operations (e.g., some acquisition operations) described herein as being provided by a network node. These operations performed by processing circuit QQ170 may include processing information acquired by processing circuit QQ170, for example, by converting the acquired information into other information, comparing the acquired or converted information with information stored in the network node, and / or performing one or more operations based on the acquired or converted information and as a result of the processing making a decision.

[0165] Processing circuit QQ170 may comprise one or more combinations of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software, and / or coded logic operable to provide network node QQ160 functionality, either alone or in conjunction with other network node QQ160 components, such as device-readable medium QQ180. For example, processing circuit QQ170 may execute instructions stored on device-readable medium QQ180 or in memory within processing circuit QQ170. Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features, functions, or benefits described herein. In some embodiments, processing circuit QQ170 may include a system-on-chip (SOC).

[0166] In some embodiments, the processing circuit QQ170 may include one or more of a radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuit QQ172 and a baseband processing circuit QQ174. In some embodiments, the radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuit QQ172 and the baseband processing circuit QQ174 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips), boards, or units such as a radio unit and a digital unit. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the RF transceiver circuit QQ172 and the baseband processing circuit QQ174 may be on the same chip or set of chips, board, or unit.

[0167] In some embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being provided by a network node, base station, eNB, or other such network device may be performed by processing circuitry QQ170 executing instructions stored in device-readable medium QQ180 or memory within processing circuitry QQ170. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by processing circuitry QQ170 without executing instructions stored in a separate or distinct device-readable medium, such as in a hardwired manner. In any of these embodiments, processing circuitry QQ170 may be configured to perform the described functionality, regardless of whether it executes instructions stored in a device-readable storage medium. Benefits provided by such functionality are enjoyed by network node QQ160 as a whole, and / or by end users and the wireless network generally, without being limited to processing circuitry QQ170 alone or other components of network node QQ160.

[0168] The device-readable medium QQ180 may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer-readable memory, including, but not limited to, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), mass storage media (e.g., hard disk), removable storage media (e.g., flash drive, compact disc (CD) or digital video disc (DVD)), and / or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device-readable and / or computer-executable memory device that stores information, data, and / or instructions that can be used by the processing circuit QQ170. The device-readable medium QQ180 may store any suitable instructions, data, or information, including applications including one or more of computer programs, software, logic, rules, code, tables, etc., and / or other instructions that can be executed by the processing circuit QQ170 and utilized by the network node QQ160. The device-readable medium QQ180 may be used to store calculations performed by the processing circuit QQ170 and / or data received via the interface QQ190. In some embodiments, the processing circuit QQ170 and the device-readable medium QQ180 may be considered to be integrated.

[0169] The interface QQ190 is used in wired or wireless communication of signaling and / or data between the network node QQ160, the network QQ106, and / or the WD QQ110. As shown, the interface QQ190 includes a port(s) / terminal(s) QQ194 for sending and receiving data to and from the network QQ106, e.g., over a wired connection. The interface QQ190 also includes a radio front-end circuit QQ192 that is coupled to the antenna QQ162 or, in some embodiments, may be part of the antenna QQ162. The radio front-end circuit QQ192 includes a filter QQ198 and an amplifier QQ196. The radio front-end circuit QQ192 may be connected to the antenna QQ162 and the processing circuit QQ170. The radio front-end circuit may be configured to condition signals communicated between the antenna QQ162 and the processing circuit QQ170. The radio front-end circuit QQ192 may receive digital data to be sent to another network node or WD via a wireless connection. The radio front-end circuit QQ192 may convert the digital data into a radio signal with appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of a filter QQ198 and / or an amplifier QQ196. The radio signal may then be transmitted via the antenna QQ162. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna QQ162 may collect the radio signal, which is then converted to digital data by the radio front-end circuit QQ192. The digital data may be passed to the processing circuit QQ170. In other embodiments, the interface may include different components and / or different combinations of components.

[0170] In some alternative embodiments, the network node QQ160 may not include a separate radio front-end circuit QQ192; instead, the processing circuit QQ170 may include a radio front-end circuit and may be connected to the antenna QQ162 without a separate radio front-end circuit QQ192. Similarly, in some embodiments, all or a portion of the RF transceiver circuit QQ172 may be considered part of the interface QQ190. In still other embodiments, the interface QQ190 may include one or more ports or terminals QQ194, the radio front-end circuit QQ192, and the RF transceiver circuit QQ172 as part of a radio unit (not shown), and the interface QQ190 may communicate with a baseband processing circuit QQ174 that is part of a digital unit (not shown).

[0171] Antenna QQ162 may include one or more antennas or antenna arrays configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals. Antenna QQ162 may be coupled to radio front-end circuit QQ190 and may be any type of antenna capable of wirelessly transmitting and receiving data and / or signals. In some embodiments, antenna QQ162 may comprise one or more omnidirectional, sector, or panel antennas operable to transmit / receive wireless signals, for example, between 2 GHz and 66 GHz. An omnidirectional antenna may be used to transmit / receive wireless signals in any direction, a sector antenna may be used to transmit / receive wireless signals from devices within a specific area, and a panel antenna may be a line-of-sight antenna used to transmit / receive wireless signals in a relatively straight line. In some instances, the use of two or more antennas may be referred to as MIMO. In some embodiments, antenna QQ162 may be separate from network node QQ160 and connectable to network node QQ160 through an interface or port.

[0172] Antenna QQ162, interface QQ190, and / or processing circuit QQ170 may be configured to perform any receiving operation and / or some acquisition operation described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data, and / or signals may be received from a wireless device, another network node, and / or any other network equipment. Similarly, antenna QQ162, interface QQ190, and / or processing circuit QQ170 may be configured to perform any transmitting operation described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data, and / or signals may be transmitted to a wireless device, another network node, and / or any other network equipment.

[0173] The power circuit QQ187 may include or be coupled to a power management circuit and be configured to supply power to the components of the network node QQ160 for performing the functions described herein. The power circuit QQ187 may receive power from the power source QQ186. The power source QQ186 and / or the power circuit QQ187 may be configured to provide power to the various components of the network node QQ160 in a form suitable for each component (e.g., at the voltage and current levels required for each respective component). The power source QQ186 may either be included in the power circuit QQ187 and / or the network node QQ160 or may be external to the power circuit QQ187 and / or the network node QQ160. For example, the network node QQ160 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., an electrical outlet) via an input circuit or interface, such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to the power circuit QQ187. As a further example, power supply QQ186 may include a power source in the form of a battery or battery pack connected to or integrated into power circuit QQ187. The battery may provide backup power if the external power source fails. Other types of power sources, such as photovoltaic devices, may also be used.

[0174] 9 that may be responsible for providing some aspects of the network node's functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and / or functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, network node QQ160 may include user interface devices to enable input of information into network node QQ160 and output of information from network node QQ160. This may enable a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for network node QQ160.

[0175] As used herein, a wireless device (WD) refers to a device capable of, configured to, and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and / or other wireless devices. Unless otherwise noted, the term WD may be used interchangeably with user equipment (UE) herein. Communicating wirelessly may involve transmitting and / or receiving radio signals using electromagnetic, radio, infrared, and / or other types of signals suitable for conveying information over the air. In some embodiments, a WD may be configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For example, a WD may be designed to transmit information to a network on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to a request from the network. Examples of WDs include, but are not limited to, smartphones, mobile phones, cell phones, voice-over-IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, desktop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), wireless cameras, gaming consoles or devices, music storage devices, playback appliances, wearable terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, tablets, laptop computers, laptop embedded equipment (LEEs), laptop mounted equipment (LMEs), smart devices, wireless customer premises equipment (CPEs), in-vehicle wireless terminal devices, etc. A WD may support device-to-device (D2D) communications, e.g., by implementing 3GPP standards for sidelink communications, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-everything (V2X), and in this case may be referred to as a D2D communications device. As yet another specific example, in an Internet of Things (IoT) scenario, a WD may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurements and transmits results of such monitoring and / or measurements to another WD and / or network node. The WD in this case may be a machine-to-machine (M2M) device, which may be referred to as an MTC device in the 3GPP context.As one specific example, a WD may be a UE implementing the 3GPP Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) standard. Specific examples of such machines or devices are sensors, metering devices such as power meters, industrial machinery, or household or personal appliances (e.g., refrigerators, televisions, etc.), and personal wearables (e.g., watches, fitness trackers, etc.). In other scenarios, a WD may represent a vehicle or other equipment capable of monitoring and / or reporting on its operational status or other functions related to its operation. The WD described above may represent an endpoint of a wireless connection, in which case the device may be referred to as a wireless terminal. Furthermore, the WD described above may be mobile, in which case the device may be referred to as a mobile device or mobile terminal.

[0176] As shown, wireless device QQ110 includes antenna QQ111, interface QQ114, processing circuit QQ120, device-readable medium QQ130, user interface equipment QQ132, auxiliary equipment QQ134, power supply QQ136, and power circuit QQ137. WD QQ110 may include multiple sets of one or more of the shown components for different wireless technologies supported by WD QQ110, such as GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, WiMAX, or Bluetooth wireless technologies, to name just a few. These wireless technologies may be integrated on the same or different chips or sets of chips as other components within WD QQ110.

[0177] The antenna QQ111 may include one or more antennas or antenna arrays configured to send and / or receive wireless signals and is connected to the interface QQ114. In some alternative embodiments, the antenna QQ111 may be separate from the WD QQ110 and connectable to the WD QQ110 through an interface or port. The antenna QQ111, the interface QQ114, and / or the processing circuit QQ120 may be configured to perform any receiving or transmitting operation described herein as being performed by a WD. Any information, data, and / or signals may be received from a network node and / or another WD. In some embodiments, the wireless front-end circuit and / or the antenna QQ111 may be considered an interface.

[0178] As shown, the interface QQ114 includes a radio front-end circuit QQ112 and an antenna QQ111. The radio front-end circuit QQ112 includes one or more filters QQ118 and an amplifier QQ116. The radio front-end circuit QQ114 is connected to the antenna QQ111 and the processing circuit QQ120 and is configured to condition signals communicated between the antenna QQ111 and the processing circuit QQ120. The radio front-end circuit QQ112 may be coupled to or part of the antenna QQ111. In some embodiments, the WD QQ110 may not include a separate radio front-end circuit QQ112; rather, the processing circuit QQ120 may include the radio front-end circuit and be connected to the antenna QQ111. Similarly, in some embodiments, some or all of the RF transceiver circuit QQ122 may be considered part of the interface QQ114. The radio front-end circuit QQ112 may receive digital data to be sent to another network node or WD via a wireless connection. The radio front-end circuit QQ112 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of a filter QQ118 and / or an amplifier QQ116. The radio signal may then be transmitted via the antenna QQ111. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna QQ111 may collect the radio signal, which is then converted to digital data by the radio front-end circuit QQ112. The digital data may be passed to the processing circuit QQ120. In other embodiments, the interface may include different components and / or different combinations of components.

[0179] The processing circuit QQ120, either alone or in conjunction with other WD QQ110 components such as the device-readable medium QQ130, may comprise one or more combinations of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field-programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software, and / or coded logic operable to provide WD QQ110 functionality. Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features or benefits described herein. For example, the processing circuit QQ120 may execute instructions stored on the device-readable medium QQ130 or in memory within the processing circuit QQ120 to provide the functionality disclosed herein.

[0180] As shown, the processing circuit QQ120 includes one or more of an RF transceiver circuit QQ122, a baseband processing circuit QQ124, and an application processing circuit QQ126. In other embodiments, the processing circuit may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components. In some embodiments, the processing circuit QQ120 of the WD QQ110 may comprise a SOC. In some embodiments, the RF transceiver circuit QQ122, the baseband processing circuit QQ124, and the application processing circuit QQ126 may be on separate chips or sets of chips. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the baseband processing circuit QQ124 and the application processing circuit QQ126 may be combined into one chip or set of chips, and the RF transceiver circuit QQ122 may be on a separate chip or set of chips. In further alternative embodiments, some or all of the RF transceiver circuitry QQ122 and the baseband processing circuitry QQ124 may be on the same chip or set of chips, and the application processing circuitry QQ126 may be on a separate chip or set of chips. In still other alternative embodiments, some or all of the RF transceiver circuitry QQ122, the baseband processing circuitry QQ124, and the application processing circuitry QQ126 may be combined in the same chip or set of chips. In some embodiments, the RF transceiver circuitry QQ122 may be part of the interface QQ114. The RF transceiver circuitry QQ122 may condition the RF signals for the processing circuitry QQ120.

[0181] In some embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being performed by the WD may be provided by the processing circuitry QQ120 executing instructions stored on a device-readable medium QQ130, which in some embodiments may be a computer-readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by the processing circuitry QQ120 without executing instructions stored on a separate or distinct device-readable storage medium, such as in a hardwired manner. In any of these particular embodiments, the processing circuitry QQ120 may be configured to perform the described functionality, regardless of whether it executes instructions stored on a device-readable storage medium. Benefits provided by such functionality are enjoyed by the processing circuitry QQ120 alone or by other components of the WD QQ110, but are not limited to the processing circuitry QQ120 alone or by the WD QQ110 as a whole and / or by end users and wireless networks generally.

[0182] The processing circuit QQ120 may be configured to perform any of the decision, calculation, or similar operations (e.g., some acquisition operations) described herein as being performed by the WD. These operations as performed by the processing circuit QQ120 may include processing information acquired by the processing circuit QQ120, for example, by converting the acquired information into other information, comparing the acquired or converted information with information stored by the WD QQ110, and / or performing one or more operations based on the acquired or converted information and as a result of the processing making a decision.

[0183] The device-readable medium QQ130 may be operable to store applications, including one or more of computer programs, software, logic, rules, codes, tables, etc., and / or other instructions that can be executed by the processing circuit QQ120. The device-readable medium QQ130 may include computer memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM)), mass storage media (e.g., hard disks), removable storage media (e.g., compact discs (CDs) or digital video discs (DVDs)), and / or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device-readable and / or computer-executable memory devices that store information, data, and / or instructions that can be used by the processing circuit QQ120. In some embodiments, the processing circuit QQ120 and the device-readable medium QQ130 may be considered to be integrated.

[0184] The user interface device QQ132 may provide components that allow a human user to interact with the WD QQ110. Such interaction may be in many forms, such as visual, auditory, or tactile. The user interface device QQ132 may be operable to generate output to the user and to allow the user to provide input to the WD QQ110. The type of interaction may vary depending on the type of user interface device QQ132 installed on the WD QQ110. For example, if the WD QQ110 is a smartphone, interaction may be via a touchscreen; if the WD QQ110 is a smart meter, interaction may be through a screen that provides usage (e.g., the number of gallons used) or a speaker that provides an audible alarm (e.g., if smoke is detected). The user interface device QQ132 may include input interfaces, devices, and circuits, as well as output interfaces, devices, and circuits. The user interface device QQ132 is configured to allow information to be input to the WD QQ110 and is connected to the processing circuit QQ120 to allow the processing circuit QQ120 to process the input information. The user interface device QQ132 may include, for example, a microphone, proximity or other sensors, keys / buttons, a touch display, one or more cameras, a USB port, or other input circuitry. The user interface device QQ132 is also configured to enable the output of information from the WD QQ110 and to enable the processing circuit QQ120 to output information from the WD QQ110. The user interface device QQ132 may include, for example, a speaker, a display, a vibration circuit, a USB port, a headphone interface, or other output circuitry. Using one or more input and output interfaces, devices, and circuits of the user interface device QQ132, the WD QQ110 may communicate with end users and / or wireless networks, enabling the end users and / or wireless networks to benefit from the functionality described herein.

[0185] Ancillary device QQ 134 is operable to provide more specific functions that may not generally be performed by a WD. It may include specialized sensors for taking measurements for various purposes, interfaces for additional types of communication such as wired communication, etc. The inclusion and types of components of ancillary device QQ 134 may vary depending on the embodiment and / or scenario.

[0186] The power source QQ136 may be in the form of a battery or battery pack in some embodiments. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electrical outlet), a photovoltaic device, or a battery, may also be used. The WD QQ110 may further include a power circuit QQ137 for delivering power from the power source QQ136 to various portions of the WD QQ110 that require power from the power source QQ136 to perform any of the functions described or indicated herein. The power circuit QQ137 may, in some embodiments, include a power management circuit. The power circuit QQ137 may additionally or alternatively be operable to receive power from an external power source, in which case the WD QQ110 may be connectable to an external power source (such as an electrical outlet) via an input circuit or interface, such as a power cable. The power circuit QQ137 may also, in some embodiments, be operable to deliver power from the external power source to the power source QQ136. This may be, for example, for charging the power source QQ136. Power circuit QQ137 may perform any formatting, conversion, or other modification on the power from power supply QQ136 to make the power suitable for each component of WD QQ110 being powered.

[0187] FIG. 10: User equipment according to some embodiments FIG. 10 illustrates one embodiment of a UE in accordance with various aspects described herein. User equipment or UE, as used herein, does not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates an associated device. Instead, a UE may represent a device (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller) intended for sale to or operation by a human user, but which may not be associated with or initially associated with a particular human user. Alternatively, a UE may represent a device (e.g., a smart power meter) that is not intended for sale to or operation by an end user, but which may be associated with or operated for the user's benefit. The UE QQ2200 may be any UE identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), including an NB-IoT UE, a machine-type communication (MTC) UE, and / or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE. The UE QQ200 shown in Figure 10 is an example of a WD configured for communication according to one or more communications standards promulgated by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), such as the 3GPP's GSM, UMTS, LTE, and / or 5G standards. As mentioned above, the terms WD and UE may be used interchangeably. Thus, while Figure 10 is a UE, the components described herein are equally applicable to a WD, and vice versa.

[0188] In FIG. 10, UE QQ200 includes a processing circuit QQ201 operably coupled to an input / output interface QQ205, a radio frequency (RF) interface QQ209, a network connection interface QQ211, memory QQ215 including random access memory (RAM) QQ217, read-only memory (ROM) QQ219, and storage medium QQ221, a communications subsystem QQ231, a power source QQ233, and / or any other components, or any combination thereof. Storage medium QQ221 includes an operating system QQ223, application programs QQ225, and data QQ227. In other embodiments, storage medium QQ221 may include other similar types of information. Some UEs may utilize all of the components shown in FIG. 10 or only a subset of those components. The level of integration between components may vary from UE to UE. Furthermore, some UEs may include multiple instances of components, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, and receivers.

[0189] In Figure 10, processing circuit QQ201 may be configured to process computer instructions and data. Processing circuit QQ201 may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operable to execute machine instructions stored in memory as a machine-readable computer program, such as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, FPGA, ASIC, etc.), programmable logic with appropriate firmware, one or more pre-programmed, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) with appropriate software, or any combination of the above. For example, processing circuit QQ201 may include two central processing units (CPUs). Data may be information in a format suitable for use by a computer.

[0190] In the illustrated embodiment, the input / output interface QQ205 may be configured to provide an input device, an output device, or a communication interface for an input / output device. The UE QQ200 may be configured to use an output device via the input / output interface QQ205. The output device may use the same type of interface port as the input device. For example, a USB port may be used to provide input to and output from the UE QQ200. The output device may be a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smart card, another output device, or any combination thereof. The UE QQ200 may be configured to use an input device via the input / output interface QQ205 to allow a user to capture information on the UE QQ200. The input device may include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a webcam, etc.), a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smart card, etc. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor for detecting input from a user. The sensor may be, for example, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, a light sensor, a proximity sensor, another similar sensor, or any combination thereof. For example, the input device may be an accelerometer, a magnetometer, a digital camera, a microphone, and a light sensor.

[0191] In FIG. 10, the RF interface QQ209 may be configured to provide a communication interface to RF components, such as a transmitter, receiver, and antenna. The network connection interface QQ211 may be configured to provide a communication interface to the network QQ243a. The network QQ243a may encompass a wired and / or wireless network, such as a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a communications network, another similar network, or any combination thereof. For example, the network QQ243a may comprise a Wi-Fi network. The network connection interface QQ211 may be configured to include a receiver and transmitter interface used to communicate with one or more other devices over a communications network according to one or more communications protocols, such as Ethernet, TCP / IP, SONET, ATM, etc. The network connection interface QQ211 may implement receiver and transmitter functions appropriate for a communications network link (e.g., optical, electrical, etc.). The transmitter and receiver functions may share circuit components, software, or firmware, or alternatively, may be implemented separately.

[0192] The RAM QQ217 may be configured to interface with the processing circuit QQ201 via the bus QQ202 to provide storage or caching of data or computer instructions during the execution of software programs, such as an operating system, application programs, and device drivers. The ROM QQ219 may be configured to provide computer instructions or data to the processing circuit QQ201. For example, the ROM QQ219 may be configured to store unchanging low-level system code or data for basic system functions, such as basic input / output (I / O), booting, or receiving keystrokes from a keyboard, stored in non-volatile memory. The storage medium QQ221 may be configured to include memory, such as RAM, ROM, programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic disk, optical disk, floppy disk, hard disk, removable cartridge, or flash drive. In one example, storage medium QQ221 may be configured to include an operating system QQ223, an application program QQ225, such as a web browser application, a widget or gadget engine, or another application, and data files QQ227. Storage medium QQ221 may store any of a variety of different operating systems or combinations of operating systems for use by UE QQ200.

[0193] The storage medium QQ221 may be configured to include several physical drive units, such as a redundant array of independent disks (RAID), a floppy disk drive, flash memory, a USB flash drive, an external hard disk drive, a thumb drive, a pen drive, a key drive, a high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disk drive, an internal hard disk drive, a Blu-ray optical disk drive, a holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disk drive, an external mini dual in-line memory module (DIMM), a synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), an external micro-DIMM SDRAM, a smart card memory such as a subscriber identity module or removable user identity module (SIM / RUIM) module, other memory, or any combination thereof. The storage medium QQ221 may enable the UE QQ200 to access, offload, or upload data, computer-executable instructions, application programs, etc. stored on a temporary or non-transitory memory medium. An article of manufacture, such as an article of manufacture utilizing the communication system, may be tangibly embodied in a storage medium QQ221, which may comprise a device-readable medium.

[0194] In FIG. 10, the processing circuit QQ201 may be configured to communicate with network QQ243b using communication subsystem QQ231. Network QQ243a and network QQ243b may be the same network or networks or different networks or networks. Communication subsystem QQ231 may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with network QQ243b. For example, communication subsystem QQ231 may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication, such as another WD, UE, or base station of a radio access network (RAN), according to one or more communication protocols such as IEEE802.QQ2, CDMA, WCDMA, GSM, LTE, UTRAN, WiMax, etc. Each transceiver may include a transmitter QQ233 and / or a receiver QQ235 for implementing transmitter or receiver functions, respectively, appropriate for the RAN link (e.g., frequency allocation, etc.). Furthermore, the transmitter QQ233 and receiver QQ235 of each transceiver may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively may be implemented separately.

[0195] In the illustrated embodiment, the communication capabilities of the communication subsystem QQ231 may include data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communication such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as using a global positioning system (GPS) to determine location, another similar communication capability, or any combination thereof. For example, the communication subsystem QQ231 may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication, Bluetooth communication, and GPS communication. The network QQ243b may encompass wired and / or wireless networks, such as a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a communications network, another similar network, or any combination thereof. For example, the network QQ243b may be a cellular network, a Wi-Fi network, and / or a near-field network. The power supply QQ213 may be configured to provide alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) power to the components of the UE QQ200.

[0196] The features, benefits, and / or functions described herein may be implemented in one of the components of the UE QQ200 or split across multiple components of the UE QQ200. Furthermore, the features, benefits, and / or functions described herein may be implemented in any combination of hardware, software, or firmware. In one example, the communication subsystem QQ231 may be configured to include any of the components described herein. Furthermore, the processing circuit QQ201 may be configured to communicate with any of such components over the bus QQ202. In another example, any of such components may be represented by program instructions stored in memory that, when executed by the processing circuit QQ201, perform the corresponding functions described herein. In another example, the functions of any of such components may be split between the processing circuit QQ201 and the communication subsystem QQ231. In another example, non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware, and computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware.

[0197] FIG. 11: Virtualization environment according to some embodiments. 11 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment QQ300 in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In this context, virtualizing means creating a virtual version of an apparatus or device, which may include virtualizing a hardware platform, storage devices, and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization may apply to a node (e.g., a virtualized base station or a virtualized radio access node) or to a device (e.g., a UE, a wireless device, or any other type of communication device) or component of that device, and relates to implementations in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components (e.g., via one or more applications, components, functions, virtual machines, or containers executing on one or more physical processing nodes in one or more networks).

[0198] In some embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines implemented in one or more virtual environments QQ300 hosted by one or more of the hardware nodes QQ330. Furthermore, in embodiments where the virtual nodes are not wireless access nodes or do not require wireless connectivity (e.g., core network nodes), the network nodes may be fully virtualized.

[0199] The functionality may be implemented by one or more applications QQ320 (which may alternatively be referred to as software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc.) operable to implement some of the features, functions, and / or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein. The application QQ320 runs in a virtualization environment QQ300, which provides hardware QQ330 comprising a processing circuit QQ360 and a memory QQ390. The memory QQ390 includes instructions QQ395 executable by the processing circuit QQ360, such that the application QQ320 is operable to provide one or more of the features, benefits, and / or functions disclosed herein.

[0200] The virtualization environment QQ300 includes a general-purpose or dedicated network hardware device QQ330 that includes a set of one or more processors or processing circuits QQ360, which may be commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) processors, dedicated application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or any other type of processing circuitry, including digital or analog hardware components or dedicated processors. Each hardware device may include memory QQ390-1, which may be non-persistent memory for temporarily storing instructions QQ395 or software executed by the processing circuit QQ360. Each hardware device may include one or more network interface controllers (NICs) QQ370, also known as network interface cards, that include physical network interfaces QQ380. Each hardware device may also include a non-transitory, persistent, machine-readable storage medium QQ390-2 storing software QQ395 and / or instructions executable by processing circuitry QQ360. The software QQ395 may include any type of software, including software for instantiating one or more virtualization layers (also called hypervisors) QQ350, software for running virtual machine QQ340, and software that enables it to perform the functions, features, and / or benefits described in connection with some embodiments described herein.

[0201] The virtual machine QQ340 may comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interfaces, and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer QQ350 or hypervisor. Different embodiments of the virtual appliance QQ320 instance may be implemented on one or more of the virtual machines QQ340, and the implementation may be done in different ways.

[0202] During operation, processing circuitry QQ360 executes software QQ395 to instantiate a hypervisor or virtualization layer QQ350, sometimes referred to as a virtual machine monitor (VMM). Virtualization layer QQ350 may present a virtual operating platform to virtual machine QQ340 that appears as networking hardware.

[0203] As shown in Figure 11, the hardware QQ330 may be a standalone network node with general or specific components. The hardware QQ330 may include an antenna QQ3225 and may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, the hardware QQ330 may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g., as in a data center or customer premises equipment (CPE)) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via a management and orchestration (MANO) QQ3100 that, among other things, oversees the lifecycle management of the application QQ320.

[0204] Hardware virtualization is referred to in some contexts as network functions virtualization (NFV), which can be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry-standard high-volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage that may be located in data centers and customer premises equipment.

[0205] In the context of NFV, virtual machine QQ340 may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if those programs were running on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each virtual machine QQ340 and the portion of hardware QQ330 on which it runs, whether hardware dedicated to that virtual machine and / or hardware shared by that virtual machine with other ones of virtual machines QQ340, form a separate virtual network element (VNE).

[0206] Further in the context of NFV, a Virtual Network Function (VNF) is responsible for handling a specific network function running in one or more virtual machines QQ340 on top of the hardware networking infrastructure QQ330, and corresponds to application QQ320 in FIG. 11.

[0207] In some embodiments, one or more radio units QQ3200, each including one or more transmitters QQ3220 and one or more receivers QQ3210, may be coupled to one or more antennas QQ3225. The radio units QQ3200 may communicate directly with the hardware node QQ330 via one or more suitable network interfaces and may be used in combination with virtualization components to provide a virtual node with wireless capabilities, such as a wireless access node or base station.

[0208] In some embodiments, some signaling may be realized using a control system QQ3230, which may alternatively be used for communication between the hardware node QQ330 and the wireless unit QQ3200.

[0209] FIG. 12: A communications network connected to a host computer through an intermediate network, according to some embodiments. 12, according to one embodiment, a communication system includes a communication network QQ410, such as a 3GPP-type cellular network, including an access network QQ411, such as a wireless access network, and a core network QQ414. The access network QQ411 includes multiple base stations QQ412a, QQ412b, and QQ412c, such as NBs, eNBs, gNBs, or other types of wireless access points, each defining a corresponding coverage area QQ413a, QQ413b, and QQ413c. Each base station QQ412a, QQ412b, and QQ412c can be connected to the core network QQ414 over a wired or wireless connection QQ415. A first UE QQ491 located in the coverage area QQ413c is configured to wirelessly connect to or be paged by the corresponding base station QQ412c. A second UE QQ492 in coverage area QQ413a can wirelessly connect to corresponding base station QQ412a. Although multiple UEs QQ491, QQ492 are shown in this example, the disclosed embodiments are equally applicable to situations where only one UE is in a coverage area or only one UE is connected to corresponding base station QQ412.

[0210] The communications network QQ410 is itself connected to a host computer QQ430, which may be embodied in hardware and / or software as a standalone server, a cloud-implemented server, a distributed server, or as a processing resource in a server farm. The host computer QQ430 may be owned or controlled by a service provider, or may be operated by or on behalf of the service provider. The connections QQ421 and QQ422 between the communications network QQ410 and the host computer QQ430 may extend directly from the core network QQ414 to the host computer QQ430 or may proceed via an optional intermediate network QQ420. The intermediate network QQ420 may be one of a public network, a private network, or a hosted network, or a combination of two or more of them. The intermediate network QQ420 may be a backbone network or the Internet, if any. In particular, the intermediate network QQ420 may comprise two or more subnetworks (not shown).

[0211] The communication system of FIG. 12 as a whole enables connectivity between connected UEs QQ491, QQ492 and a host computer QQ430. The connectivity may be described as an over-the-top (OTT) connection QQ450. The host computer QQ430 and connected UEs QQ491, QQ492 are configured to communicate data and / or signaling via the OTT connection QQ450 using the access network QQ411, the core network QQ414, any intermediate networks QQ420, and possible further infrastructure (not shown) as intermediaries. The OTT connection QQ450 may be transparent in the sense that participating communication devices through which the OTT connection QQ450 passes are unaware of the routing of the uplink and downlink communications. For example, base station QQ412 may not be aware of, or need not be aware of, the past routing of incoming downlink communications involving data originating from host computer QQ430 that is to be forwarded (e.g., handed over) to connected UE QQ491. Similarly, base station QQ412 does not need to be aware of the future routing of outgoing uplink communications originating from UE QQ491 and destined for host computer QQ430.

[0212] FIG. 13: A host computer communicating with user equipment via a base station over a partially wireless connection, according to some embodiments. Next, an exemplary implementation of the UE, base station, and host computer described in the previous paragraph according to one embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. 13. In the communication system QQ500, the host computer QQ510 comprises hardware QQ515 including a communication interface QQ516 configured to set up and maintain wired or wireless connections with interfaces of different communication devices of the communication system QQ500. The host computer QQ510 further comprises a processing circuit QQ518, which may have storage and / or processing capabilities. In particular, the processing circuit QQ518 may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field-programmable gate arrays, or combinations thereof (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The host computer QQ510 further comprises software QQ511 stored on or accessible by the host computer QQ510 and executable by the processing circuit QQ518. The software QQ511 includes a host application QQ512. The host application QQ512 may be operable to provide services to a remote user, such as the UE QQ530, connecting via an OTT connection QQ550 that terminates at the UE QQ530 and the host computer QQ510. In providing services to the remote user, the host application QQ512 may provide user data that is transmitted using the OTT connection QQ550.

[0213] The communication system QQ500 further includes a base station QQ520 provided in the communication system, the base station QQ520 comprising hardware QQ525 that enables the base station QQ520 to communicate with the host computer QQ510 and the UE QQ530. The hardware QQ525 may include a communication interface QQ526 for setting up and maintaining wired or wireless connections with interfaces of different communication devices in the communication system QQ500, as well as a wireless interface QQ527 for setting up and maintaining at least a wireless connection QQ570 with a UE QQ530 located within a coverage area (not shown in FIG. 13) served by the base station QQ520. The communication interface QQ526 may be configured to facilitate a connection QQ560 to the host computer QQ510. The connection QQ560 may be direct, or the connection QQ560 may pass through a core network (not shown in FIG. 13) of the communication system and / or one or more intermediate networks external to the communication system. In the illustrated embodiment, the hardware QQ525 of the base station QQ520 further includes processing circuitry QQ528, which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays, or combinations thereof (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The base station QQ520 further has software QQ521 stored internally or accessible via an external connection.

[0214] The communication system QQ500 further includes the previously mentioned UE QQ530. The hardware QQ535 of the UE QQ530 may include a wireless interface QQ537 configured to set up and maintain a wireless connection QQ570 with a base station serving the coverage area in which the UE QQ530 is currently located. The hardware QQ535 of the UE QQ530 further includes a processing circuit QQ538, which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field-programmable gate arrays, or combinations thereof (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The UE QQ530 further includes software QQ531 stored in or accessible by the UE QQ530 and executable by the processing circuit QQ538. The software QQ531 includes a client application QQ532. The client application QQ532 may be operable to provide services to a human or non-human user via the UE QQ530 with support from the host computer QQ510. On the host computer QQ510, the running host application QQ512 may communicate with the running client application QQ532 via an OTT connection QQ550 that terminates at the UE QQ530 and the host computer QQ510. In providing services to the user, the client application QQ532 may receive request data from the host application QQ512 and provide user data in response to the request data. The OTT connection QQ550 may transfer both the request data and the user data. The client application QQ532 may interact with the user to generate the user data that the client application QQ532 provides.

[0215] It should be noted that the host computer QQ510, base station QQ520, and UE QQ530 shown in Figure 13 may be similar to or equivalent to the host computer QQ430, one of the base stations QQ412a, QQ412b, and QQ412c, and one of the UEs QQ491 and QQ492, respectively, of Figure 12. That is, the internal workings of these entities may be as shown in Figure 13, and separately, the surrounding network topology may be that of Figure 12.

[0216] 13, the OTT connection QQ550 is depicted abstractly to show communication between the host computer QQ510 and the UE QQ530 via the base station QQ520, without explicit reference to intermediary devices and the exact routing of messages through these devices. The network infrastructure may determine the routing, and the network infrastructure may be configured to hide the routing from the UE QQ530, the service provider operating the host computer QQ510, or both. While the OTT connection QQ550 is active, the network infrastructure may also make decisions to dynamically change the routing (e.g., based on network load balancing considerations or reconfiguration).

[0217] The wireless connection QQ570 between the UE QQ530 and the base station QQ520 follows the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. One or more of the various embodiments may improve the performance of the OTT service provided to the UE QQ530 using the OTT connection QQ550, of which the wireless connection QQ570 forms the last segment. More precisely, the teachings of these embodiments may improve deblocking filtering for video processing, thereby providing benefits such as improved video encoding and / or decoding.

[0218] Measurement procedures may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rates, latency, and other factors that one or more embodiments improve upon. There may further be an optional network function for reconfiguring the OTT connection QQ550 between the host computer QQ510 and the UE QQ530 in response to fluctuations in the measurement results. The measurement procedures and / or the network function for reconfiguring the OTT connection QQ550 may be implemented in software QQ511 and hardware QQ515 of the host computer QQ510, or in software QQ531 and hardware QQ535 of the UE QQ530, or both. In embodiments, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or associated with communication devices through which the OTT connection QQ550 passes, and the sensors may participate in the measurement procedures by providing values of the monitored quantities exemplified above or other physical quantities from which the software QQ511, QQ531 may calculate or estimate the monitored quantities. Reconfiguration of the OTT connection QQ550 may include message formats, retransmission settings, preferred routing, etc., and the reconfiguration need not affect base station QQ520, and the reconfiguration may be unknown or imperceptible to base station QQ520. Such procedures and functions may be known and practiced in the art. In some embodiments, the measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling that facilitates the host computer QQ510's measurements of throughput, propagation time, latency, etc. The measurements may be implemented in software QQ511 and QQ531 causing messages, particularly empty or "dummy" messages, to be sent using the OTT connection QQ550 while the software QQ511 and QQ531 monitor propagation times, errors, etc.

[0219] FIG. 14: A method implemented in a communications system including a host computer, a base station, and user equipment, according to some embodiments. FIG. 14 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE, which may be as described with reference to FIGS. QQ4 and QQ5. For simplicity of this disclosure, only a drawing reference to FIG. 14 is included in this section. In step QQ610, the host computer provides user data. In sub-step QQ611 of step QQ610 (which may be optional), the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step QQ620, the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. In step QQ630 (which may be optional), the base station transmits the user data carried in the host computer-initiated transmission to the UE, according to the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step QQ640 (which may also be optional), the UE executes a client application associated with the host application executed by the host computer.

[0220] FIG. 15: A method implemented in a communications system including a host computer, a base station, and user equipment, according to some embodiments. FIG. 15 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE, which may be as described with reference to FIGS. QQ4 and QQ5. For simplicity of this disclosure, only drawing references to FIG. 15 are included in this section. In step QQ710 of the method, the host computer provides user data. In an optional substep (not shown), the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step QQ720, the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. The transmission may proceed via the base station in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step QQ730 (which may be optional), the UE receives the user data carried in the transmission.

[0221] FIG. 16: A method implemented in a communications system including a host computer, a base station, and user equipment, according to some embodiments. FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE, which may be as described with reference to FIGS. QQ4 and QQ5. For simplicity of this disclosure, only a drawing reference to FIG. 16 is included in this section. In step QQ810 (which may be optional), the UE receives input data provided by the host computer. Additionally or alternatively, in step QQ820, the UE provides user data. In sub-step QQ821 (which may be optional) of step QQ820, the UE provides the user data by executing a client application. In sub-step QQ811 (which may be optional) of step QQ810, the UE executes a client application that provides the user data in response to the received input data provided by the host computer. In providing the user data, the executed client application may further consider user input received from the user. Regardless of the particular manner in which the user data is provided, the UE initiates transmission of the user data to the host computer in sub-step QQ830 (which may be optional). In method step QQ840, the host computer receives user data transmitted from the UE according to the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure.

[0222] FIG. 17: A method implemented in a communications system including a host computer, a base station, and user equipment, according to some embodiments. FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE, which may be as described with reference to FIGS. QQ4 and QQ5. For simplicity of this disclosure, only a drawing reference to FIG. 17 is included in this section. In step QQ910 (which may be optional), the base station receives user data from the UE in accordance with the teachings of embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step QQ920 (which may be optional), the base station initiates transmission of the received user data to the host computer. In step QQ930 (which may be optional), the host computer receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the base station.

[0223] Any suitable step, method, feature, function, or benefit disclosed herein may be implemented through one or more functional units or modules of one or more virtual devices. Each virtual device may comprise several of these functional units. These functional units may be implemented via processing circuitry, which may include one or more microprocessors or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include digital signal processors (DSPs), dedicated digital logic, and the like. The processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory, such as read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, and the like. The program code stored in memory includes program instructions for implementing one or more communication and / or data communication protocols, as well as instructions for performing one or more of the techniques described herein. In some implementations, the processing circuitry may be used to cause each functional unit to perform a corresponding function according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0224] Additional explanation Some embodiments aim to investigate ways to further improve reliability and reduce latency for different use cases with different requirements (such as factory automation, transportation industry, and power distribution). Some embodiments describe extending PUSCH transmission to meet URLLC requirements.

[0225] Some embodiments provide at least for a scheduled PUSCH one UL grant that schedules two or more PUSCH repetitions that may be in one slot and / or span slot boundaries in consecutive available slots (also called "minislot-based repetition"). Such embodiments may include time-domain resource determination. The time-domain resource information may provide: that the time-domain resource allocation field in the DCI indicates the resources for the first repetition; that the time-domain resources for the remaining repetitions are derived based on the resources for at least the first repetition and the UL / DL direction of the symbols; to the FFS detailed interaction with the UL / DL direction determination procedure; that each repetition occupies adjacent symbols; and to the FFS as to whether / how to handle "orphan" symbols (the # of UL symbols is not enough to carry one complete repetition).

[0226] The grant may further include frequency hopping (at least two hops), supporting at least inter-PUSCH repetition hopping and inter-slot hopping, FFS other FH schemes, and a number of hops greater than FFS 2.

[0227] The grant may further include a dynamic indication of the number of FFS iterations (eg, based on the overall duration or based on the first iteration), FFS DMRS sharing, and FFS TBS determination.

[0228] For at least the option of one UL grant to schedule two or more PUSCH repetitions in consecutive available slots, with one repetition in each slot, possibly with different starting symbols and / or durations, for the scheduled PUSCH (also called "multi-segment transmission"), if supported, the grant further comprises a time domain resource determination, where the time domain resource allocation field in the DCI indicates the starting symbol and transmission duration of all repetitions, and the FFS starting symbol and duration of each repetition, details of the SLIVs, including the possibility to modify the SLIVs to support multiple SLIVs, the case where FFS S+L>14, and interaction with the FFS UL / DL direction determination procedure.

[0229] For transmission within one slot, if there is more than one UL period within the slot (each UL period is the duration of a set of adjacent symbols within the slot for potential UL transmissions determined by the UE), one repetition is within one UL period, and FFS. If more than one UL period is used for that transmission, each repetition occupies adjacent symbols. Otherwise, a single PUSCH repetition is transmitted within the slot, following Rel-15 behavior. Frequency hopping may be supported, where support includes at least inter-slot FH and FFS support for other FH schemes.

[0230] An FFS TBS determination may be provided and may be based on the entire duration or on a first iteration, overhead assumption.

[0231] Some embodiments may down-select between "minislot-based repetition" and "two-segment transmission" and / or the option of using separate grants to schedule PUSCH repetitions in FFS consecutive available slots.

[0232] Some embodiments include details of time domain resource determination, including interaction with DL / UL direction of symbols, details of TBS determination, and determination of what is different for scheduled PUSCH and configured grants. For example, for configured grants, it may be determined whether a transmission should be allowed to be deferred when conflicting with a DL symbol. A comparison may be made between the two schemes, including potential performance evaluation / analysis (including latency, reliability, etc.), complexity, overhead, etc. A multi-segment solution may consider the case where there are slots with more than one UL period, and a performance comparison may be made between mini-slot repetition and multi-segment PUSCH.

[0233] Different relevant use cases can be considered, with potentially different reliability requirements. 6 Extremely stringent reliability is required. It is worth noting that techniques for enhancing reliability can be implemented at different layers in the protocol stack. 1-10 6 Requiring overall transmission reliability does not necessarily mean that all solutions must come from the physical layer. For example, NR supports higher layer reliability extensions in the form of PDCP duplication, where reliability requirements on the physical layer can be relaxed.

[0234] In NR Rel-15, a new CQI table was introduced for CQI reporting corresponding to a BLER target of 10-5. This is intended to support URLLC DL transmissions with high reliability requirements. Furthermore, a new MCS table was introduced supporting new MCS entries with lower spectral efficiency values to support highly robust PDSCH and PUSCH transmissions. These PHY reliability enhancements made in NR Rel.15 can be considered sufficient for eURLLC.

[0235] Regarding latency, NR Rel. 15 supports data transmissions with durations shorter than a slot. PDSCH / PUSCH mapping type B allows transmissions to start at any symbol within a slot, which is highly desirable from a latency perspective. PDSCH mapping type B supports transmission durations of 2, 4, and 7 symbols, while PUSCH mapping type B supports any symbol duration from 1 to 14 symbols. These features serve as key elements for enabling the low-latency transmissions required for URLLC.

[0236] However, there are still some limitations regarding scheduling flexibility in NR Rel. 15 to fully enable ultra-low latency transmissions. One example is the restriction on scheduling across slot borders. For URLLC services with strict latency budgets, it is highly desirable that data can be transmitted as soon as possible. For example, it may occur that UL data for an UL transmission is ready to be transmitted (after some processing time in the UE) in a symbol too close to a slot border. Because NR Rel. 15 does not allow transmissions to cross slot borders, the UE must wait until the beginning of the next slot to transmit. This can lead to increased latency beyond the allowed budget. Furthermore, this restriction extends to Rel. 16, at least for grant-based transmissions, based on the later agreement that, at least for grant-based PUSCH, one PUSCH transmission instance is not allowed to cross a slot boundary.

[0237] Reference is now made to Figure 18, a block diagram illustrating long alignment delays due to transmissions across slot border limits, in accordance with some embodiments. For example, Figure 18 is an illustration of high alignment delays when data with a seven-symbol duration arrives too close to a slot border. For a seven-symbol transmission, this alignment delay would occur in 50% of UL transmissions, assuming uniform data arrival. The problem is particularly severe for UL transmissions where UE power is limited, since increasing bandwidth does not help improve performance.

[0238] An alternative to waiting until the next slot is to schedule multiple transmissions with shorter durations so that the transmission can begin already in the current slot. NR Rel. 15 supports slot aggregation, where a transmission can be repeated over multiple slots, with the limitation that the TB repetition in the next slot must have the same resource allocation as the transmission in the first slot. Therefore, a repetition of a transmission of fewer than 14 symbols across multiple slots will have a time gap between the slots.

[0239] Reference is now made to Figure 19, which is a block diagram showing slot aggregation in NR Rel. 15 when applied to short transmission repetitions, providing an illustration of minislot aggregation in which a 4 os minislot allocation is repeated in two adjacent slots, separated by a 10 os time gap between minislots. While the alignment delay is reduced, overall latency is not improved by this approach because the receiver must accumulate all repetitions in most cases to be able to achieve the desired reliability.

[0240] To support true ultra-low latency transmission for eURLLC in Rel. 16 in RAN1#95, it was agreed to improve latency by adopting one of the following solutions:

[0241] Some embodiments provide support for one or more of: one UL grant scheduling two or more PUSCH repetitions, which may be in one slot or span slot boundaries in consecutive available slots; one UL grant scheduling two or more PUSCH repetitions in consecutive available slots, with one repetition in each slot, possibly with different starting symbols and / or durations; N UL grants scheduling N (N≧2) PUSCH repetitions on consecutive available slots, with one repetition in each slot, where the i-th UL grant may be received before the end of the PUSCH transmission scheduled by the (i−1)-th UL grant; and the FFS available slot definition. The first two of the above alternatives are sometimes referred to as minislot-based repetition and multi-segment transmission.

[0242] Regarding minislot repetition, several considerations should be made. The DMRS overhead at each repetition creates unnecessary additional overhead. Therefore, additional mechanisms should be considered to reduce the DMRS overhead. Second, a repetition-based solution does not guarantee that symbols around the slot boundaries are fully utilized for PUSCH transmission to reduce delay. The repetition factor should be dynamically adapted depending on data arrival and allocated PUSCH resources. Since slot aggregation is RRC-configured in Rel-15, introducing this feature implies that dynamic repetition should be supported in Rel-16 to make the feature meaningful.

[0243] Some embodiments provide that multi-segment transmission is the most efficient transmission. From a performance standpoint, splitting the PUSCH into two PUSCHs has the advantage of improved coding gain in one of the segments compared to repetition-based solutions.

[0244] Also, the third alternative appears to be inefficient in terms of UL grant efficiency, and we believe that multiple PUSCH repetitions can be achieved by using a single UL grant.

[0245] Reference is now made to Figure 20, a block diagram illustrating a two-segment PUSCH transmission according to some embodiments. This figure helps explain how multiple grants can be scheduled using a single UL grant. That is, a UE can expect to receive an UL grant or a configured UL grant that allocates resources in the time domain that cross a slot border. The UE then interprets the PUSCH transmission as being split into two PUSCH transmissions. In the left graphic, UL data with an N-symbol duration is configured or scheduled to cross the slot border. In the right graphic, the UL data is split into two segments. The first PUSCH starts at the configured or allocated starting symbol and ends at the end of the current slot. The second PUSCH starts at the beginning of the subsequent slot and ends at the symbol corresponding to the original configured or scheduled length.

[0246] A simple signaling method may be based on implicit signaling, for example, by allowing a direct indicator of the starting symbol (S) and allocation length (L) in the time-domain resource allocation to result in S+L>14. In this case, a first PUSCH segment starting at the configured or scheduled starting symbol and lasting until the end of the first slot, and a second PUSCH segment starting immediately in the subsequent slot until the end of the scheduled symbol or symbol 14, whichever comes first. For both segments of the PUSCH transmission, the same TB may be used and the RV may follow a pre-configured RV sequence. For TBs requiring transmission in more than two slots, a similar segmentation of the PUSCH transmission applies.

[0247] During RAN1 1901 Ad-Hoc, a concern was raised about how to handle slots with a TDD pattern that result in more than one UL period per slot when a multi-segmented PUSCH is employed. Assume that a signaling method based on signaling a starting point S and a transmission length L is used, and that S+L is permitted to be greater than 14. If there are more than one UL periods contained in the interval between S and S+L, the UE transmits only on the symbols on which it is permitted to transmit, and each set of consecutive UL symbols in a single slot constitutes a segment. This is consistent with the intent of a multi-segmented PUSCH, which is to segment as few times as possible to reduce complexity. Reference is now made to FIG. 21, a block diagram illustrating segmenting with more than one UL period in a slot according to some embodiments. As shown, the example provides that S=0 and L=28. In this case, there are two UL periods per slot, as provided by the TDD pattern, and therefore two segments per slot.

[0248] Furthermore, reliability can be improved by frequency hopping. However, it should be taken into consideration whether frequency hopping will result in a fragmented spectrum and affect overall system performance. Therefore, frequency hopping should be dynamically enabled or disabled. Moreover, when enabled, frequency hopping can be performed based on existing inter-slot and intra-slot frequency hopping. However, in some cases, it may not be desirable to have hopping positions in an asymmetric manner with respect to PUSCH allocation. In that case, it is possible to consider a hopping pattern in which the hopping positions are based on intra-slot frequency hopping of any of the repeating slots with some rule, for example, a slot with a larger number of symbols.

[0249] Based on the above discussion and later performance observations in the contributing documents, we propose that the following embodiments may include employing a multi-segment PUSCH, where one TB is carried by multiple PUSCH transmissions in consecutive available slots with one segment per UL period.

[0250] Some embodiments include determining a transport block size for repeating minislots. When scheduling PUSCH transmissions, the target code rate and modulation order are determined from the MCS index, which is typically signaled in the DCI. The transport block size is then calculated from the target code rate, modulation order, number of layers, and allocated resources, as described in section 6.1.4.2 of TS38.214.

[0251] In the following, the problems of the Rel-15 procedure when (mini) slot aggregation is applied are analyzed.

[0252] For reduced scheduling flexibility, in the case of Rel-15 slot aggregation, the transport block size is determined using the parameters for the first slot, and then the same transport block size is used in each of the aggregated slots. The same approach can be used for minislot repetition, where the transport block size is determined by the amount of allocated resources in the first minislot along with the signaled target code rate and modulation order. One drawback of this is that it can affect scheduling flexibility. With repetition, if a TB needs to be transmitted with a low MCS index, a very large bandwidth is required. In some cases, it is not even possible to schedule a given TB using some MCS indices, as the required bandwidth would be too large. We illustrate this issue by considering three different ways of transmitting an 8OS-long PUSCH: four repetitions of a 2OS-long PUSCH, two repetitions of a 4OS-long PUSCH, or a single 8-symbol-long PUSCH.

[0253] The first two options represent the case where the TBS is determined based on the parameters for the first transmission and then the TB is repeated multiple times, and the third option represents the case where the TBS is determined based on the total amount of resources used for the TB.

[0254] Three different target packet sizes from the evaluation assumptions are considered: 100 bytes, 250 bytes, or 1370 bytes. The assumed 40 MHz BW and SCS=30 kHz give a maximum number of PRBs equal to 106 for CP-OFDM. According to the MCS table below, all MCS indices are considered to find the number of PRBs required to support the target TBS. Sometimes, the same number of PRBs gives almost equal TBS when using adjacent MCS indices. In this case, select the MCS index with the lowest spectral efficiency, which corresponds to the highest reliability. TIFF2025114559000082.tif33170TIFF2025114559000083.tif33170TIFF2025114559000084.tif32170

[0255] In the considered case, basing the TBS decision on the number of available resources in the first iteration leads to less flexibility in the available {MCS, NPRB} combinations for achieving the target TBS compared to basing the TBS decision on the total number of resources. For example, for all three TB sizes above, option (a) offers less {MCS, NPRB} flexibility than option (c). Here, flexibility means the range of MCS and NPRB that can be used in transmission. For example, in the top table for 8 OS and 1 iteration, it is possible for MCS indices from 2 to 24 and NPRBs from 3 to 95, which means that depending on the channel quality, small or large allocations and low or high MCSs can be used. However, in the first column of the top table for 2 OS and 4 iterations, the range of MCSs is smaller (the lowest MCS index is 11), and the minimum allocation is 15 PRBs. For large TBS sizes the situation is even worse and, as the last table shows, for only 2OS and 4 repetitions it is not even possible to transmit the TBS.

[0256] Another advantage of basing the TBS on the total number of available resources is that it is possible to change the TBS both by changing the number of allocated PRBs as well as by changing the number of OFDM symbols. Changing the TBS is not as easy when using (mini)slot aggregation and the Rel-15 TBS determination procedure, where the number of OSs in the first transmission may need to remain fixed to keep the alignment delay low. Changing only the number of repetitions changes the total transmission length but does not change the number of OSs in the first transmission, which is used to determine the TBS in Rel-15.

[0257] Basing the TBS decision on the allocated resources in the first transmission may lead to inflexible scheduling and inefficient usage of the MCS table.

[0258] In the considered case, when using the full bandwidth, it is not possible to reach the lowest spectral efficiency in the Rel-15 MCS table even with one repetition, so using more repetitions and basing the TBS decision on the allocated resources in the first transmission does not provide a significant gain in spectral efficiency compared to the Rel-15 MCS table.

[0259] The TBS decision is extended to be based on the total amount of resources occupied.

[0260] In some embodiments, there is a mismatch between the modulation order and the base graph: when (minislot) aggregation with K repetitions is used, the transmission uses {RMCS,K, QMCS,K, K}, where RMCS,K is the code rate signaled by the MCS index, QMCS,K is the modulation order signaled by the MCS index, and K is the number of repetitions.

[0261] Alternatively, if we assume that the MCS is selected according to the total amount of resources occupied, the TBS will be sent with {RMCS,1, QMCS,1,1}.

[0262] When applying the Rel-15 approach, RMCS,1 can deviate significantly from RMCS,K, and thus QMCS,1 QMCS,K. When this happens, link performance suffers significantly. The reason is that in this case, the base graph is optimized for a different code rate, so it does not match the new modulation order. To demonstrate this, we compare two cases: (A) - 4 repetitions of 2OS PUSCH and (B) - 1 repetition of 8OS PUSCH.

[0263] In the first case (A), the first OFDM symbol is occupied by DMRS, followed by seven OFDM symbols occupied by PUSCH payload. In the second case (B), DMRS is artificially made to occupy only the first OFDM symbol of the first repetition, so the same DMRS overhead (=1 os) is used in both cases. A target TBS of 32 or 100 bytes is used. Using the assumed transmission parameters, the BLER performance of (A) vs. (B) is shown in Figure 22 below. Referring briefly to Figure 22, a graph shows a plot of BLER performance degradation when an inappropriate modulation order is used in minislot aggregation, according to some embodiments.

[0264] Referring to FIG. 23, a graph shows a plot of BLER performance degradation when an inappropriate modulation order is used in minislot aggregation, according to some embodiments.

[0265] It can be seen that (A) with 4 repetitions performs about 1.5-1.8 dB worse than (B) with 1 repetition. The reason is that (A) uses {RMCS,4, QMCS,4=64QAM, K=4}, (B) uses {RMCS,1 RMCS,4 / 16, QMCS,1=QPSK,1}, and (B) is the correct choice when all occupied resources are taken into consideration.

[0266] For target TBS = 800 bits, a similar issue arises for base graph selection, since it is partly determined by the target code rate in the MCS. Since the target code rate is above 0.67, the base graph switches from BG2 to BG1. Since the mother code rate of BG1 is 1 / 3 and the mother code rate of BG2 is 1 / 5, this also negatively impacts performance by using circular buffer repetition below rate 1 / 3 for BG1 instead of fresh parity bits.

[0267] When (mini) slot aggregation is used, basing the TBS decision on the allocated resources in the first transmission may result in an excessively high target code rate and cause a mismatch between the modulation order and the base graph.

[0268] Some embodiments provide channel coding considerations when comparing minislot-based repetition with multi-segment PUSCH.

[0269] The rate matching and bit selection method for NR LDPC codes is based on circular buffer rate matching with a predefined starting point or redundancy version in the circular buffer. The LDPC base graph is designed through code extension by first designing a high-rate kernel and then extending the parity-check matrix with a single parity-check variable node. The coded bits are written to the circular buffer in the same order, starting with the systematic bits followed by the parity bits in the order in which the matrix is extended. This has the effect of creating an optimal order in which bits should be read from the circular buffer when selecting coded bits to be transmitted. The systematic bits are more important than the parity bits, and for optimal performance, the parity bits should be read from the circular buffer in the order in which the matrix is extended. In HARQ-based retransmissions, ideally, the second transmission should start reading bits in the circular buffer exactly where the first transmission stopped reading bits. Instead, four different possible starting positions in the circular buffer were defined as a trade-off between performance and signaling overhead. This consideration directly impacts performance when comparing minislot-based repetition with multi-segment PUSCH. In each segment, or minislot, one of the RVs is chosen, which makes it more difficult to select the coded bits in the optimal order.

[0270] Consider the following example, which compares a two-segment PUSCH transmission with segments of length 2 and 6 with a minislot-based repetition of four minislots of length 2 symbols each. Assume that each PUSCH segment contains one symbol dedicated to DMRS, and that DMRS sharing is used for minislot-based repetition with one DMRS in the first repetition and one DMRS in the third repetition. Therefore, both cases have the same DMRS overhead. Assume QPSK modulation with 10 PRBs allocated and an 848-bit TBS. There are a total of 1440 transmitted coded bits. To approximate the optimal reading order in the circular buffer, which is to read starting from the beginning, we choose the RV order for successive repetitions or segments from the sequence {0, 2, 3, 1}. Figures 24 and 25 show the bits used from the circular buffer in these two cases. For example, Figure 24 is a bar graph showing circular buffer usage for minislot repetition, and Figure 25 is a bar graph showing circular buffer usage for a two-segment PUSCH according to some embodiments. Each column in the figure corresponds to one column in the base matrix before lifting, or 88 coded bits after lifting. The height of each bar corresponds to the percentage of bits in this group that are transmitted, with a height greater than 1 meaning that some bits in that group are repeated. Note that the first eight columns correspond to systematic bits, and that with minislot repetition, it is not possible to transmit all systematic bits, regardless of the order in which the RVs are selected. It can also be seen that the selected bits are spread approximately equally across the circular buffer by selecting sequential RVs cyclically. On the other hand, for a two-segment PUSCH, a longer segment can be selected to correspond to RV0, allowing for a larger number of consecutive bits to be read from the beginning of the buffer.

[0271] Segmenting into more segments than necessary leads to shorter successive reads from the circular buffer and a suboptimal selection of coded bits from the circular buffer.

[0272] Note that this directly impacts the performance of the two schemes. As shown in Figure 26, which is a graph plotting a performance comparison between minislot repetition and two-segment PUSCH according to some embodiments, two-segment PUSCH outperforms minislot repetition by more than 2 dB at BLER 1e-5. Note, for example, that multi-segment PUSCH performs better than minislot repetition.

[0273] How the PUSCH transmission should be extended to meet URLLC requirements is described herein.

[0274] Basing the TBS decision on the allocated resources in the first transmission may lead to inflexible scheduling and inefficient usage of the MCS table.

[0275] In the considered case, when using the full bandwidth, it is not possible to reach the lowest spectral efficiency in the Rel-15 MCS table even with one repetition, so using more repetitions and basing the TBS decision on the allocated resources in the first transmission does not provide a significant gain in spectral efficiency compared to the Rel-15 MCS table.

[0276] When (mini) slot aggregation is used, basing the TBS decision on the allocated resources in the first transmission may result in an excessively high target code rate and cause a mismatch between the modulation order and the base graph.

[0277] Segmenting into more segments than necessary leads to shorter successive reads from the circular buffer and a suboptimal selection of coded bits from the circular buffer.

[0278] Multi-segment PUSCH performs better than mini-slot repetition.

[0279] Based on the discussion in the previous section, it is proposed to employ a multi-segment PUSCH, where one TB is carried by multiple PUSCH transmissions in consecutive available slots with one segment per UL period.

[0280] The TBS decision is extended to be based on the total amount of resources occupied.

[0281] The term unit may have its usual meaning in the field of electronics, electrical devices, and / or electronic devices, and may include, for example, electrical and / or electronic circuits, devices, modules, processors, memories, logical solids and / or discrete devices, computer programs or instructions, etc., for performing respective tasks, procedures, calculations, output, and / or display functions, such as those described herein.

Claims

1. A method of operating a network node (QQ160) in a wireless communication network, said method comprising: generating (710) a configuration message including transmit format data corresponding to a multiple segment transmission on a physical shared channel, the transmit format data including at least one of transport block size data (TBS) decision data, redundancy version (RV) decision data, a start point and length of transmission data, time domain resource allocation (TDRA) table data, and / or demodulation reference signal (DMRS) data; Initiating (720) transmission of the configuration message to a user equipment (UE) (QQ530) to identify the transmission format data for the multiple segment transmission; A method comprising:

2. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the physical shared channel comprises a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH).

3. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the multi-segment physical shared channel comprises a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH).

4. The TBS decision data is determined by, where: is the number of symbols in the PUSCH allocation in slot i, 4. The method of claim 1, wherein ∑ i = 1 ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ i ⁢ ⁢ is the number of Re for DM-RS per physical resource block (PRB) during the scheduled duration, including RS CDM group overhead, without data for slot i, and the sum is over all slots in the multiple segment transmission.

5. The TBS decision data is determined by where: is the number of symbols in the PUSCH allocation in slot i, is the number of Re for DM-RS per PRB during the scheduled duration, including the overhead of the RS CDM group without data for slot i, and the sum is over all slots in the multi-segment transmission.

5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4.

6. The TBS decision data is determined by where: is the number of symbols of PUSCH allocation in segment or repetition i, is the number of Re for DM-RS per PRB during the scheduled duration, including RS CDM group overhead, without data for segment or repetition i, and the sum is over all segments or repetitions in the multi-segment transmission.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5.

7. The TBS decision data is determined by where: is the number of symbols of PUSCH allocation in segment or repetition i, is the number of Re for DM-RS per PRB during the scheduled duration, including overhead for the RS CDM group, without data for segment or repetition i, and the sum is over all segments or repetitions in the multi-segment transmission.

7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6.

8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the RV decision data is determined by an initial RV for an initial PUSCH segment and a next RV in an RV sequence.

9. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein a radio resource control (RRC) signal provides the initial RV for the initial PUSCH segment.

10. 10. The method of claim 8 or 9, wherein an RV field in an activation downlink control indicator (DCI) provides the initial RV for the initial PUSCH segment.

11. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein RVs are assigned to different segments for different transmission opportunities, the segment with the longest length is found, and other segments in the transmission opportunity use the RV determined by the RV sequence.

12. 12. The method according to claim 8, wherein the RV sequences are used cyclically.

13. 13. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein a SFI (Slot Format Indicator) DCI message is used to determine which symbols are used for UL transmission.

14. 14. The method of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein RRC signaling is used to determine which symbols are used for UL transmission.

15. 15. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein symbols used for transmission of SRS are not used for UL transmission.

16. 16. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein if the resulting segment is shorter than a given number of symbols, a set of consecutive symbols in the same slot for which UL transmission is allowed is not assigned to the segment.

17. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the DCI provides a starting point S and a length L of the PUSCH transmission.

18. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein each segment comprises a set of consecutive symbols used for UL transmission, and all symbols in the segment are in the same slot.

19. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the number and length of PUSCH segments used are determined based on the starting point and length to determine which symbols are used for UL transmission.

20. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein rows in the TDRA table are associated with multiple combinations of starting symbol identifiers and symbol length values.

21. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein each segment comprises a demodulation reference signal (DMRS).

22. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein symbols to use for DMRS in each segment are inherited from a DMRS allocation configured for the multiple segment transmission.

23. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein only the first segment in a slot contains a demodulation reference signal (DMRS).

24. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein only the first segment in a transmission and the first segment after a disallowed symbol includes DMRS.

25. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the first segment in a slot does not include a DMRS responsive to a previous slot including a segment in a last symbol.

26. A base station (gNB) of a wireless communication network, the base station comprising: a transceiver (1501) configured to provide wireless network communications with a wireless terminal; a processor (1503) coupled to the transceiver; 26. A base station (gNB) comprising: a processor configured to provide wireless network communications through the transceiver; and a processor configured to perform the operations of any one of claims 1 to 25.

27. A base station (eNB) of a radio access network, said base station adapted to implement according to any one of claims 1 to 25.

28. 26. A method of operating a network node (QQ160) configured to provide link adaptation and / or resource reselection based on feedback information from a receiver user equipment (UE) (QQ530), said method adapted to perform the operations of any one of claims 1 to 25.

29. 1. A method of operating a wireless device (QQ110) in a wireless communication network, the method comprising: receiving 810 a configuration message including transmit format data corresponding to a multiple segment transmission on a physical shared channel, the transmit format data including at least one of transport block size data (TBS) determination data, redundancy version (RV) determination data, a start point and length of PUSCH transmission data, time domain resource allocation (TDRA) table data, and / or demodulation reference signal (DMRS) data; Initiating one of sending and receiving the multiple segment transmission on the physical shared channel based on the configuration message (820); A method comprising:

30. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the physical shared channel comprises a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH).

31. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the multi-segment physical shared channel comprises a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH).

32. The TBS decision data is determined by, where: is the number of symbols in the PUSCH allocation in slot i, 32. The method of claim 29, wherein R is the number of Re for DM-RS per physical resource block (PRB) during the scheduled duration, including RS CDM group overhead, without data for slot I, and the sum is over all slots in the multiple segment transmission.

33. The TBS decision data is determined by where: is the number of symbols in the PUSCH allocation in slot i, is the number of Re for DM-RS per PRB during the scheduled duration, including the overhead of the RS CDM group without data for slot i, and the sum is over all slots in the multi-segment transmission.

33. The method of any one of claims 29 to 32.

34. The TBS decision data is determined by where: is the number of symbols of PUSCH allocation in segment or repetition i, is the number of Re for DM-RS per PRB during the scheduled duration, including RS CDM group overhead, without data for segment or repetition i, and the sum is over all segments or repetitions in the multi-segment transmission.

34. The method of any one of claims 29 to 33.

35. The TBS decision data is determined by where: is the number of symbols of PUSCH allocation in segment or repetition i, is the number of Re for DM-RS per PRB during the scheduled duration, including overhead for the RS CDM group, without data for segment or repetition i, and the sum is over all segments or repetitions in the multi-segment transmission.

35. The method of any one of claims 29 to 34.

36. 36. The method of any one of claims 29 to 35, wherein the RV decision data is determined by an initial RV for an initial PUSCH segment and a next RV in an RV sequence.

37. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein a radio resource control (RRC) signal provides the initial RV for the initial PUSCH segment.

38. 38. The method of claim 36 or 37, wherein an RV field in an activation downlink control indicator (DCI) provides the initial RV for the initial PUSCH segment.

39. 39. The method of any one of claims 36 to 38, wherein RVs are assigned to different segments for different transmission opportunities, the segment with the longest length is found, and other segments in the transmission opportunity use the RV determined by the RV sequence.

40. 40. The method of any one of claims 36 to 39, wherein the RV sequences are used cyclically.

41. 39. The method of any one of claims 29 to 38, wherein a SFI (Slot Format Indicator) DCI message is used to determine which symbols are used for UL transmission.

42. 42. The method of any one of claims 29 to 41, wherein RRC signaling is used to determine which symbols are used for UL transmission.

43. 43. The method of any one of claims 29 to 42, wherein symbols used for transmission of SRS are not used for UL transmission.

44. 44. The method of any one of claims 29 to 43, wherein if the resulting segment is shorter than a given number of symbols, a set of consecutive symbols in the same slot that is allowed for UL transmission is not assigned to the segment.

45. 45. The method of any one of claims 29 to 44, wherein the DCI provides a starting point S and length L of the PUSCH transmission.

46. 46. The method of any one of claims 29 to 45, wherein each segment comprises a set of consecutive symbols used for UL transmission, and all symbols in the segment are in the same slot.

47. 47. The method of any one of claims 29 to 46, wherein the number and length of PUSCH segments used are determined based on the starting point and length to determine which symbols are used for UL transmission.

48. 48. The method of any one of claims 29 to 47, wherein rows in the TDRA table are associated with multiple combinations of starting symbol identifiers and symbol length values.

49. 49. The method of any one of claims 29 to 48, wherein each segment comprises a demodulation reference signal (DMRS).

50. 50. The method of claim 49, wherein symbols to use for DMRS in each segment are inherited from a DMRS allocation configured for the multiple segment transmission.

51. 51. The method of any one of claims 29 to 50, wherein only the first segment in a slot contains a demodulation reference signal (DMRS).

52. 51. The method of claim 50, wherein only the first segment in a transmission and the first segment after a disallowed symbol includes DMRS.

53. 51. The method of claim 50, wherein the first segment in a slot does not include a DMRS responsive to a previous slot including a segment in a last symbol.

54. a transceiver (1401) configured to provide wireless network communication with a wireless communication network; a processor (1403) coupled to the transceiver; Equipped with 54. A first wireless device (UE), wherein the processor is configured to provide wireless network communications through the transceiver, the processor being configured to perform the operations of any one of claims 29 to 53.

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