Apparatus, system and method to reduce crazing

Abstract

To provide an apparatus, a system and a method to reduce crazing.SOLUTION: A coating system that reduces parasitic currents that may cause crazing in coatings on a substrate. In one example, the system includes a pair of low impedance shunt paths to ground for parasitic AC currents generated from the plasma in the chamber. The low impedance shunts may be provided through a balanced triaxial connection between a power supply of each chamber and the magnetrons of each chamber. In another example, potential differences between adjacent chambers are minimized through synchronized power supply signals between chambers.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] (CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS) This Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 62 / 667,569, filed May 6, 2018, and entitled "Apparatus, System and Method to Reduce Crazing," the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

[0002] Aspects of the present disclosure involve coating systems that reduce parasitic currents within a substrate being coated, thereby reducing conditions that cause crazing within the substrate. [Background technology]

[0003] Glass sheets can be coated with layers of metal and dielectric-containing films to vary the optical properties of the coated glass sheet. In many cases, glass is coated with films that are transparent to visible wavelengths but can block or reduce other wavelengths. Such films can reduce heat transfer and are particularly useful in architectural and automotive glass.

[0004] Glass coatings, especially on a large scale, are often applied in plasma chambers, with the glass slab being coated moving between chambers, typically on a conveyor belt, where various layers are deposited on the glass. Some large-scale glass coating machines can be 200-300 feet long and have 15-30 plasma chambers or more. Each deposition chamber can contain one or more sputtering targets and power supplies such that different thin film layers are deposited as the glass passes through each chamber. Given a series of dozens of chambers, a sheet of glass can be rapidly and uniformly coated with dozens of thin film layers. Similar processes may be used with other substrates in addition to glass.

[0005] In some cases, crazing near the edges of the deposited layer (sometimes referred to as "arc defects") can be caused. Figure 1 is a representative image of the crazing effect. Crazing appears like a lightning strike and is therefore accompanied by a visible defect in the coating, referred to as an "arc defect." When crazing is significant or extends away from the edges, it can destroy the glass slab and render it unusable; therefore, reducing or eliminating crazing is an ongoing challenge in the industry.

[0006] It is with these observations, among others, in mind that the aspects of the present disclosure have been conceived. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0007] In one embodiment, a deposition system includes an alternating current power supply having a first output and a second output. The system further includes a first grounded triaxial cable having a first center conductor and a first conductive shield. In one example, the first triaxial cable includes an outer conductive shield connected to a system ground, providing a grounded cable. The system further includes a second grounded triaxial cable having a second center conductor and a second conductive shield. In one example, the second triaxial cable includes an outer conductive shield connected to a system ground, providing a grounded cable. The system further includes a deposition chamber having a first terminal and a second terminal. The first output of the power supply is coupled to the first center conductor and the second output of the power supply is coupled to the first conductive shield. The first output of the power supply is coupled to the second conductive shield and the second output of the power supply is coupled to the second center conductor. The first center conductor is coupled to the first terminal, and the second inner conductive shield is coupled to the first terminal. Finally, the first inner conductive shield is coupled to the second terminal, and the second center conductor is coupled to the second terminal. In one specific implementation, the deposition system is a glass coating system, and the first triaxial cable and the second triaxial cable provide a capacitive or low impedance path to ground for parasitic currents that would otherwise cause defects on substrates being processed in the glass coating system.

[0008] According to another embodiment, a deposition system includes a power supply having a first output and a second output. The system further includes a first conductive assembly configured to coat a substrate, the first conductive assembly including a first conductor coupled to a first terminal of a plasma deposition chamber, and a second conductive assembly including a second conductor coupled to a second terminal of the plasma deposition chamber. Impedance elements are coupled between the first terminal and ground and between the second terminal and ground, and the impedance elements provide shunt paths to ground for parasitic currents away from the substrate to reduce defect generation.

[0009] According to another embodiment, a deposition system includes a first deposition chamber including a first terminal and a second terminal. A first power supply is coupled to the first terminal and the second terminal. The second deposition chamber includes a third terminal and a fourth terminal, and a second power supply is coupled to the third terminal and the fourth terminal. A conveyor system moves substrates between the first deposition chamber and the second deposition chamber, the first deposition chamber being positioned adjacent to the second deposition chamber. The first power supply provides a first alternating current signal to the first terminal and the second terminal, and is coordinated with a second power supply provides a second alternating current signal to the third terminal and the fourth terminal, the coordination minimizing at least a potential difference between the second terminal of the first deposition chamber and the third terminal of the second deposition chamber.

[0010] In another exemplary embodiment, a deposition system includes a first deposition chamber including first and second terminals coupled to a first power supply, and a second deposition chamber including third and fourth terminals coupled to a second power supply. The second deposition chamber is positioned adjacent to the first deposition chamber, and the system includes a transport system for moving and processing substrates between the first and second deposition chambers. The second terminal of the first deposition chamber is proximate to the third terminal of the second deposition chamber, and the first power supply is configured to provide an AC power signal to the second terminal and is synchronized with the second power supply, which provides a second AC power signal to the third terminal such that a first polarity of the first AC signal at the second terminal is simultaneously the same as a second polarity of the second AC signal at the third terminal.

[0011] Aspects of the present disclosure may also involve a method in a system involving a first AC signal driving a plasma coating process of a substrate in a first chamber and a second AC signal driving a plasma coating process of the same substrate in a second chamber, the first chamber being adjacent to the second chamber, including controlling the first AC signal and the second AC signal to minimize a potential difference across the substrate or potential plasma interaction between the first and second chambers.

[0012] In another embodiment, a deposition system includes an alternating current power supply including a first output and a second output. The system includes a first triaxial cable connected to ground, the first triaxial cable including a first center conductor and a first conductive shield. The system further includes a second triaxial cable connected to ground, the second triaxial cable including a second center conductor and a second conductive shield. The system further includes a deposition chamber having a first terminal and a second terminal, the first output coupled to the first center conductor and the second output coupled to the first conductive shield. The first output coupled to the second conductive shield and the second output coupled to the second center conductor. The first center conductor is coupled to the first terminal and the second inner conductive shield is coupled to the first terminal. The first inner conductive shield is coupled to the second terminal and the second center conductor is coupled to the second terminal.

[0013] In yet another embodiment, a deposition system includes a power supply including a first output coupled to a first terminal of a deposition chamber providing a first conductive path. The power supply further includes a second output coupled to a second terminal of the deposition chamber providing a second conductive path. The deposition chamber processes a substrate. The system further includes impedance elements between the first conductive path and ground and between the second conductive path and ground, the impedance elements providing balanced shunt paths for parasitic currents to ground and away from the substrate.

[0014] In yet another embodiment, a deposition system includes a first deposition chamber including a first terminal and a second terminal coupled to a first power supply. The system further includes a second deposition chamber including a third terminal and a fourth terminal coupled to a second power supply, the second deposition chamber positioned adjacent to the first deposition chamber, and a transport system for moving and processing a substrate between the first and second deposition chambers. The second terminal of the first deposition chamber is proximate to the third terminal of the second deposition chamber, and the first power supply is configured to provide an AC power signal to the second terminal and is synchronized with the second power supply, which provides the second AC power signal to the third terminal such that a first polarity of the first AC signal at the second terminal is simultaneously the same as a second polarity of the second AC signal at the third terminal.

[0015] In another embodiment, a method includes, in a system involving a first AC signal driving a plasma coating process of a substrate in a first chamber and a second AC signal driving a plasma coating process of the same substrate in a second chamber, the first chamber being adjacent to the second chamber, controlling the first AC signal and the second AC signal to minimize at least one of a potential difference across the substrate, a potential difference between the first chamber and the second chamber, and a potential difference from the plasma in the first chamber to the plasma in the second chamber.

[0016] These and other aspects of the disclosure are further described below. For example, the present invention provides the following: (Item 1) 1. A deposition system comprising: an alternating current power supply including a first output and a second output; a first triaxial cable to be grounded, the first triaxial cable comprising a first center conductor and a first conductive shield; a second triaxial cable that is grounded, the second triaxial cable comprising a second center conductor and a second conductive shield; a deposition chamber having a first terminal and a second terminal; Equipped with the first output is coupled to the first center conductor, the second output is coupled to the first conductive shield, the first output is coupled to the second conductive shield, and the second output is coupled to the second center conductor; the first center conductor is coupled to the first terminal, and the second inner conductive shield is coupled to the first terminal; A deposition system, wherein a first inner conductive shield is coupled to the second terminal and the second center conductor is coupled to the second terminal. (Item 2) Item 1. The deposition system of item 1, wherein the first triaxial cable further comprises a first outer conductive shield that is grounded at the alternating current power supply and the deposition chamber, and the second triaxial cable further comprises a second outer conductive shield that is grounded at the alternating current power supply and the deposition chamber. (Item 3) 3. The deposition system of claim 2, wherein the deposition system is a glass coating system, and the first triaxial cable and the second triaxial cable provide a capacitive or low impedance path to ground for parasitic currents that would otherwise cause defects on a substrate being processed in the glass coating system. (Item 4) 2. The deposition system of claim 1, wherein the power supply includes a first ground connection and the deposition chamber includes a second ground connection, and the system further comprises a low impedance return path coupled between the first ground connection and the second ground connection. (Item 5) 3. The deposition system of claim 2, wherein the low impedance return path is a ground strap that provides the low impedance return path for high frequency current from the chamber. (Item 6) 1. A deposition system comprising: a power supply including a first output coupled to a first terminal of a deposition chamber providing a first conductive path, the power supply further including a second output coupled to a second terminal of the deposition chamber providing a second conductive path, the deposition chamber being for processing a substrate; impedance elements between the first conductive path and ground and between the second conductive path and ground, the impedance elements providing balanced shunt paths for parasitic currents to ground and away from the substrate; A deposition system comprising: (Item 7) 7. The deposition system of claim 6, wherein the impedance element comprises a first capacitor coupled between the first terminal and ground and a second capacitor coupled between the second terminal and ground. (Item 8) 7. The deposition system of claim 6, wherein the impedance element comprises a first capacitor coupled between the first output and ground and a second capacitor coupled between the second output and ground. (Item 9) 7. The deposition system of claim 6, wherein the impedance element comprises a first impedance element between the first conductive path and ground and a second impedance element between the second conductive path and ground, the first impedance element and the second impedance element having the same impedance, providing the balanced shunt path. (Item 10) a first conductive assembly including a first conductor coupled to a first terminal of the plasma deposition chamber; a second conductive assembly including a second conductor coupled to a second terminal of the plasma deposition chamber; Item 7. The deposition system of item 6, further comprising: (Item 11) the impedance element comprises a first impedance element and a second impedance element; the first conductive assembly comprising the first conductor and the first impedance element between the first conductor and ground; the second conductive assembly comprises the second conductor and the second impedance element between the second conductor and ground, the second impedance element providing the same impedance as the first impedance element; Item 11. The deposition system of item 10, wherein the first impedance element and the second impedance element provide the balanced shunt path to ground. (Item 12) Item 12. The deposition system of item 11, wherein the first impedance element and the second impedance element have the same impedance. (Item 13) Item 12. The deposition system of item 11, wherein the first conductive assembly is a first triaxial cable and the second conductive assembly is a second triaxial cable. (Item 14) the first triaxial cable includes a first center conductor and a first conductive shield; the second triaxial cable includes a second center conductor and a second conductive shield; the first output is coupled to the first center conductor, the second output is coupled to the first conductive shield, the first output is coupled to the second conductive shield, and the second output is coupled to the second center conductor; the first center conductor is coupled to the first terminal, and the second inner conductive shield is coupled to the first terminal; a first inner conductive shield coupled to the second terminal, and a second center conductor coupled to the second terminal; the first impedance element comprises a first capacitor formed by the first center conductor and the first conductive shield and a first insulator therebetween, and a second capacitor formed by the first conductive shield and a first outer shield and a second insulator therebetween; Item 14. The deposition system of item 13, wherein the second impedance element comprises a third capacitor formed by the second center conductor and the second conductive shield and a third insulator therebetween, and a fourth capacitor formed by the second conductive shield and a second outer shield and a fourth insulator therebetween. (Item 15) 7. The deposition system of claim 6, wherein the power supply includes a first ground connection and the deposition chamber includes a second ground connection, and the system further comprises a low impedance path coupled between the first ground connection and the second ground connection. (Item 16) Item 16. The deposition system of item 15, wherein the low impedance path comprises a ground strap that provides a return path for high frequency current from the chamber. (Item 17) 1. A deposition system comprising: a first deposition chamber including a first terminal and a second terminal; a first power supply coupled to the first terminal and the second terminal; a second deposition chamber including a third terminal and a fourth terminal; a second power supply coupled to the third terminal and the fourth terminal; a conveyor system for moving a substrate between the first deposition chamber and the second deposition chamber, the first deposition chamber being positioned adjacent to the second deposition chamber, the first power supply providing a first alternating current signal to the first terminal and the second terminal being coordinated with the second power supply providing a second alternating current signal to the third terminal and the fourth terminal, the coordination minimizing a potential difference between at least the second terminal of the first deposition chamber and the third terminal of the second deposition chamber; A deposition system comprising: (Item 18) Item 18. The deposition system of item 17, wherein the second terminal of the first deposition chamber is adjacent to the third terminal of the second deposition chamber. (Item 19) 20. The deposition system of claim 18, wherein the first deposition chamber is operated to deposit material on the substrate simultaneously with the second deposition chamber, and coordination of the first power supply source and the second power supply source includes managing the first alternating current signal and the second alternating current signal to simultaneously have the same polarity at the second terminal and the third terminal. (Item 20) Item 18. The deposition system of item 17, wherein the system is operated to minimize frequency transitions imposed on the substrate between the first deposition chamber and the second deposition chamber. (Item 21) Item 18. The deposition system of item 17, wherein the system is operated to synchronize a transition between the first deposition chamber and the second deposition chamber. (Item 22) 1. A deposition system comprising: a first deposition chamber including a first terminal and a second terminal coupled to a first power supply; a second deposition chamber including a third terminal and a fourth terminal coupled to a second power supply, the second deposition chamber being positioned adjacent to the first deposition chamber and including a transport system for moving a substrate between the first deposition chamber and the second deposition chamber and for processing the substrate; Equipped with a second terminal of the first deposition chamber proximate to a third terminal of the second deposition chamber, the first power supply configured to provide an AC power signal to the second terminal and synchronized with the second power supply providing a second AC power signal to the third terminal such that a first polarity of the first AC signal at the second terminal is simultaneously the same as a second polarity of the second AC signal at the third terminal. (Item 23) 23. The deposition system of claim 22, wherein the second terminal and the third terminal each include the same type of magnetron. (Item 24) 1. A method comprising: In a system involving a first AC signal driving a plasma coating process of a substrate in a first chamber and a second AC signal driving a plasma coating process of the same substrate in a second chamber, the first chamber being adjacent to the second chamber, controlling the first AC signal and the second AC signal to minimize at least one of a potential difference across the substrate, a potential difference between the first chamber and the second chamber, and a potential difference from a plasma in the first chamber to a plasma in the second chamber. A method comprising: (Item 25) 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising controlling the first AC signal and the second AC signal to apply the same polarity to adjacent magnetrons in the first chamber and the second chamber. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0017] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a representative schematic diagram of a glass substrate with crazing on a coating thereon.

[0018] [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a portion of a coating system with a low impedance shunt path between a power supply and one of the plasma chambers of the coating system, according to an aspect of the present disclosure, which diverts parasitic AC currents that could otherwise cause crazing in the coating on the substrate.

[0019] [Figure 3] FIG. 3 is a model of a plasma chamber of a coating system according to an aspect of the present disclosure.

[0020] [Figure 4A] FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view of a triaxial cable.

[0021] [Figure 4B]FIG. 4B is an electrical diagram of the capacitive coupling between the center conductor of the triaxial cable of FIG. 4 and ground.

[0022] [Figure 4C] FIG. 4C is an electrical diagram of the capacitive coupling between the inner shield conductor of the triaxial cable of FIG. 4 and ground.

[0023] [Figure 4D] FIG. 4D is an electrical diagram of balanced capacitive coupling between terminals of a plasma chamber through the use of a pair of triaxial cables, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, in contrast to that shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, where one terminal of the plasma chamber has a center conductor connection to a power supply using one triaxial cable, the terminal also has an inner shield conductor connection to a power supply using another triaxial cable, and the other terminal has a mirrored connection with the same pair of cables, such that a balanced connection is provided per terminal.

[0024] [Figure 5] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram depicting a power supply coupled to a chamber of a coating system according to an aspect of the present disclosure, the power supply being coupled using a balanced triaxial cable connection as represented by FIG. 4C.

[0025] [Figure 6] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram depicting a power supply coupled to a chamber of a coating system, according to an aspect of the present disclosure, where a low impedance path is connected between the ground of the chamber and the ground of the power supply.

[0026] [Figure 7A] FIG. 7A is a schematic diagram depicting the parasitic currents that can flow between chambers of a coating system when the AC signals to each chamber are not synchronized, resulting in possible potential differences between the chambers.

[0027] [Figure 7B]FIG. 7B is a diagram depicting a balanced AC signal waveform to each plasma chamber in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure.

[0028] [Figure 7C] FIG. 7C is a diagram depicting AC signal polarity synchronization between chambers according to an aspect of the present disclosure.

[0029] [Figure 8] FIG. 8 is a diagram depicting a computer system, according to an aspect of the disclosure, that may be used to implement, or be integrated with, a control system or controller for a power system and that may implement various methods. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0030] Some aspects of the present disclosure can be understood through a new understanding represented by new models of deposition systems used in substrate coating and how those models can be used to identify possible causes of crazing. Traditionally, crazing is understood to be initiated by electrostatic discharge. The discharge is thought to involve current flowing through the substrate, appearing like a lightning strike, starting at the edge of the glass and spreading inward toward the center of the glass, melting or vaporizing one or more of the deposited layers. For purposes of this disclosure, a substrate can be a glass substrate, such as architectural glass, display technology glass (e.g., laptop and TV screens), or any other substrate on which a thin-film coating can be deposited. In this new understanding of the possible causes of crazing, it is believed that electrical arcing can be caused when parasitic currents, not necessarily electrostatic discharges, flowing within the substrate and any coating thereon exceed the thermal capacity of the film, melting and vaporizing it. Substrate film currents can be unintentional and caused by potential differences between separate areas on the glass, unintentional impedance to system ground, and film impedance. These currents are always present to some degree and can be induced within or between sputtering zones, even within a single zone.

[0031] FIG. 2 is a representative schematic diagram of a substrate coating system 200 including several deposition chambers 202A-202C arranged in a processing line. The various deposition chambers are powered by various possible power sources, including a power supply 204, which is generally represented as an AC source but may provide square wave, sine wave, other possible waveforms, and alternating current signals. The AC source may be an AC or bipolar DC power supply (such as Crystal AC Power Supply and Ascent DMS manufactured by Advanced Energy Industries, Fort Collins, Co.). The coating system includes a transport system 206 that provides substrate support, such as conveyor rollers 208, to move the substrate 210 from chamber to chamber and continuously deposit thin films or perform other operations on the various chambers as the substrate 210 passes through each chamber. Often, some combination of chambers deposits films at different locations on the substrate 508 at any given moment.

[0032] The power supply 204 can be coupled to two or more terminals, A and B, which may also be referred to herein as the chamber's electrodes or magnetrons. When two electrodes are used, as shown, the pair of electrodes can be an anode-less pair, meaning that each electrode acts as a cathode and an anode depending on the AC cycle of the AC power supply. In an AC system, the potential applied to each terminal varies between the terminals according to an AC signal that generates and maintains a plasma in the chamber. The electrodes can take any shape, form, and arrangement, and such substitutions will not affect the results of the present disclosure. For example, the electrodes can be cylindrical or cubic, to name just two non-limiting examples. The electrodes can also be arranged to contact the sides of the deposition chamber 202 within which they are positioned.

[0033] Aspects of the present disclosure involve the use of a balanced triaxial connection between the power supply and the chamber, which in the illustrated embodiment is provided by two grounded triaxial cables 212A, 212B connecting the power supply 204 to the respective electrodes A and B through the combined use of the center and outer conductors of each cable. In one example, the outer conductive shields of the respective triaxial cables are connected to the power supply and the system ground at the chamber. The balanced connection takes advantage of the inherent capacitance in the cable to provide an alternative low-impedance path to ground for parasitic currents, reducing conditions that can cause defects such as crazing. Traditionally, the connection between the source and the chamber may be embodied in a single cable, such as a separate coaxial cable for each connection, a triaxial cable with discrete conductors between the power supply and the deposition chamber terminals, wires, leads, or other forms of connection. It is recognized that when driven by an AC source, the bias of the plasma may be modeled as a current source coupled to the glass substrate. Furthermore, it is recognized that current pulses generated within the plasma will seek a path to ground, and that parasitic currents will flow, at least to some extent, through the substrate (and coating thereon) in conventional systems. The use of a balanced triaxial cable provides an impedance path (capacitance) to ground that can reduce parasitic currents flowing within the substrate and coating, thereby reducing crazing.

[0034] In one embodiment, a system is proposed that provides a low impedance path for current pulses formed within the chamber to ground and not through the substrate. Through the principle of current division, some current is diverted away from the substrate, reducing conditions that cause crazing. To contextualize and explain the concept and advantages of the alternative path to ground, FIG. 3 illustrates a proposed model 300 of a chamber system 302, power supply 304, substrate 306, and related features, where an impedance element in parallel with current source 310 (e.g., as provided by a balanced capacitive coupling to ground through a pair of triaxial cables as discussed herein) represents the current pulse from the AC-powered plasma, which can be considered a parasitic current coupling to the substrate. The model further includes a source impedance 316 (R SOURCE 3 illustrates the bias presented by the plasma, along with its resistance, shown as plasma bias 314, in series with the substrate. During coating, the plasma contacts the substrate, and thus the plasma bias creates a source of current through the substrate. In conventional systems, the current is generated by a voltage equal to R SUBSTRATE It will find a path through the substrate to ground, represented by 312.

[0035] The effect would be to create conditions under which crazing could occur. Referring to the model, it is likely that the chamber impedance (R) of the existing chamber is high, but nevertheless CHAMBER ), and possibly through other chambers, rollers, and the like (but not shown in the model). It is believed that unintended parasitic currents through a coating or film on a substrate can exceed the film thermal threshold and induce a crazing event (melting and vaporizing the film in a lightning-like pattern). The crazing can continue to etch paths into the film until the potential is reduced and the crazing event ceases. As discussed herein, various solutions are proposed to divert such parasitic currents to avoid parasitic levels that could initiate crazing.

[0036] In one example, a portion of the unintended parasitic current may instead find a path to ground through impedance element 308, bypassing the substrate and thereby reducing a condition that could cause crazing. In one particular embodiment, an impedance connection, which may be provided through a balanced capacitor from each plasma terminal of a given chamber to ground, is provided to provide an alternate path away from the substrate for a portion of such parasitic current to flow to ground. In a more particular configuration, i.e., a balanced triaxial cable array configuration, the connection between the power supply and the chamber terminals, the inherent capacitance of the cable, in a balanced connection, provides a path to ground for the chamber's AC parasitic current pulses, thereby causing a portion of the current to bypass the substrate.

[0037] 4A is a cross-sectional view of a triaxial cable 400, a pair of which may be used to provide a balanced triaxial connection as discussed herein. The triaxial cable 400 includes a center conductor 402 surrounded by a first insulator 404, which is surrounded by a first conductive shield (second conductor) 406, which is surrounded by a second insulator 408 with an outer conductive shield (third conductor) 410 and an outer (third) insulator 412. Due to the nature of its construction, a triaxial cable may form a capacitor. More specifically, the combination of the center conductor 402, first insulator 404, and inner conductive shield 406 forms a first capacitor (C1), and the combination of the first inner conductive shield 406, second insulator 408, and outer conductive shield 410 forms a second capacitor (C2).

[0038] In some conventional configurations, a single conventional triaxial cable is used to couple the power supply to the chamber's terminals. Figures 4B and 4C illustrate the unbalanced nature of a conventional arrangement, in which one terminal of the chamber (e.g., A) is connected to the power supply 204 using a center conductor 402 (Figure 4B) and another terminal of the chamber (e.g., B) is connected to the power supply using a first inner conductive shield 406 (Figure 4C). Referring to Figure 4B, it can be seen that in an unbalanced manner, conductor 402 (for terminal A) provides a path to ground through both capacitors C1 and C2, while conductor 406 (for terminal B) is connected to ground through C2—i.e., one path has two capacitors and the other path has a single capacitor. While illustrated as two capacitors C1 and C2 in series in the path between the center conductor and ground (Figure 4B), inner shield 406 effectively shields the center conductor to ground, which effectively prevents a capacitor from grounding the center conductor. Thus, in an unbalanced conventional connection, the center conductor 402 does not have a low impedance path to ground, especially for some of the high frequency parasitic currents experienced within a plasma coating system.

[0039] FIG. 4D is a representation of a balanced triaxial connection that can be provided by using two triaxial cables per connection between the power supply 204 and the chamber 202 terminals (A) and (B). It can be seen that in this arrangement, both connections between the A and B sides each have a connection between the inner shield and ground, and therefore both have a low-impedance path to ground for high-frequency currents. FIG. 5 is another schematic diagram illustrating a balanced dual triaxial cable connection between the deposition chamber power supply and terminals (A) and (B). Each triaxial cable 500A, 500B shown in FIG. 5 has the cross-section shown in FIG. 4A. To achieve a balanced AC current shunt, two triaxial cables 500A, 500B are used to connect the power supply 204 to the chamber's two terminals, A and B. In the first cable 500A, terminal A is connected to the power supply 204 on side (A) via center conductor 502A, and terminal B is connected to the power supply side (B) using first inner shield conductor 506A. In the second cable 500B, terminal A is connected to the power supply side (B) via center conductor 502B, and terminal B is connected to the power supply side (A) using first inner shield conductor 506B. This connection provides the balanced arrangement depicted in FIG. 4D.

[0040] More specifically, through the combined use of triaxial cables, in a first cable, there is one center conductor path (first A connection) from one side of the power source (e.g., A) to one of the terminals (e.g., A) and one shield conductor path (first B connection) from the other side of the power source (e.g., B) to the other terminal (e.g., B). In the first cable, there are two capacitors to ground in the first connection between the A side and the A terminal and one capacitor to ground in the second connection between the B side and the B terminal. In a second cable, balance is achieved in the A-side connection by providing a second A connection between the A side of the power source and the A terminal through an inner shield conductor with one capacitor to ground, and in the B-side connection by providing a second B connection between the B side of the power source and the B terminal through a center conductor connection with two capacitors to ground. Thus, for the connection between the A side and the A terminal, there is one path with two capacitors to ground in the first triaxial cable and a parallel path with one capacitor to ground in the other second triaxial cable. For the connection between the B side and the B terminal, there is one path with two capacitors to ground in the second triaxial cable and another path with one capacitor to ground in the first triaxial cable. Thus, the connections between each side of the power supply and the individual terminals have identical (balanced) paths provided by the parallel connection of each path, with identical capacitive connections to ground provided by the combined parallel connection of each path. Furthermore, the A and B connections each have a low impedance path for high frequency parasitic currents provided by the inner shield and capacitive coupling to ground, represented by C2 in FIG. 4D.

[0041] FIG. 6 illustrates a chamber 602, which may be one of many chambers in a coating system, with an AC ground directly to its power supply 604. This system provides a low-impedance path between the chamber and the power supply. A low-impedance return path can be provided, with the power supply mounted directly on the chamber or through a dedicated low-impedance frame or other member interconnected to the chamber and the power supply. In one example, a copper strap 606 is connected between a plasma chamber ground 608 and a ground 610 of the associated power supply 604. The strap provides a dedicated low-impedance path between the chamber and its power supply ground for the purpose of reducing crazing by diverting parasitic currents from the plasma in the chamber away from the substrate and any coating thereon. While a copper strap is provided in one example, other low-impedance connections between the source ground and the chamber ground are also possible. Additionally, FIG. 6 also illustrates a balanced triaxial coupling between the power supply and the magnetron; the AC return path between the chamber and the source ground further reduces the possibility of crazing. However, the AC return path may be used without a balanced triaxial or other shunt impedance approach.

[0042] The AC ground between the chamber and the power supply provides a dedicated return path for high frequency AC parasitic currents from the plasma in the chamber to the power supply. Referring back to the model depicted in FIG. 3, the AC ground return path includes a shunt impedance element 308, a current source 310 (modeling the plasma as a current source), a plasma bias 314 and associated source impedance 316, and the chamber impedance (R CHAMBER ) The strap provides a dedicated low impedance path for any AC source induced parasitic currents away from the substrate and to the source ground.

[0043] Another aspect of the present disclosure recognizes that potential differences can be induced between chambers, resulting in parasitic current flow across and between the coatings. Generally, as shown in FIG. 2 , a substrate coating system 200 or processing line typically includes many plasma deposition chambers (e.g., 202A-202C), each configured to deposit either an insulator or a conductor. A substrate 210, such as a slab of architectural glass, is shown within the system. The substrate may be sized to straddle multiple plasma deposition chambers and thus undergo the deposition of different layers simultaneously. Conventional glass coating systems, including a series of plasma deposition chambers between which the substrate moves and is coated or otherwise processed in each chamber, are not synchronized with respect to the power supply and energy provided to each deposition chamber. In other words, the deposition chambers are part of an overall system for coating or otherwise processing substrates that move between chambers, but the power driving each chamber and the process in a given chamber are not synchronized or controlled relative to the other chambers.

[0044] Within the discrete chambers, a power supply generates a differential voltage between magnetrons (terminals) to initiate and sustain a plasma as part of the coating process. Traditionally, a plasma process in one chamber can generate a bias on the substrate that differs from the bias from a process in an adjacent chamber. Therefore, another aspect of the present disclosure involves the recognition that a current path can be formed between adjacent chambers due to a potential difference between the chambers from a differential voltage applied within such adjacent chambers. The current path between chambers can include the substrate and any coating present on the substrate as it is simultaneously processed in the adjacent chambers.

[0045] FIG. 7A is a schematic diagram depicting a deposition system 700 with a conventional arrangement of three adjacent chambers (702A, 702B, and 702C) and a substrate 710 being moved from chamber to chamber on a transport system (e.g., see rollers 206 in FIG. 2 ). Each chamber has a separate AC power supply 704A, 704B, and 704C that powers each chamber's individual magnetrons A and B, igniting and sustaining a plasma within each chamber. Three chambers are shown solely for illustrative purposes; the system may have more such chambers. Substrates can be processed simultaneously in various adjacent chambers as the substrates are transported from chamber to chamber. In conventional systems such as that shown in FIG. 7A , magnetrons A and B in each chamber are typically identical, resulting in the B magnetron being immediately adjacent to the A magnetron, as shown.

[0046] Without controlling the AC power signals in each chamber and / or modifying the magnetron arrangement, it is possible, and indeed likely, that a potential difference would be induced between the chambers. With the A magnetron assuming the positive portion of the duty cycle and the B magnetron assuming the negative portion of the duty cycle for each chamber, it can be seen that the terminal in chamber 702A (labeled B) may receive a negative voltage signal, while the adjacent terminal in adjacent chamber 702B (labeled A) may receive a positive voltage signal. For purposes of discussion, if each signal is identical, with the positive voltage being +500V and the negative voltage being -500V, a potential difference of 100 volts can be created between the terminals of adjacent chambers. Such a potential difference can cause current to flow through the substrate (and any coating that may be applied to the substrate) between the two adjacent chambers. The current can initiate crazing in the coating.

[0047] To reduce or eliminate current paths between chambers and across the coated substrate that can cause crazing, aspects of the present disclosure involve synchronization of power signals between adjacent terminals (e.g., as shown in FIG. 7A) so that potential differences between adjacent terminals of adjacent chambers are minimized or eliminated, and physical arrangement of terminals or adjacent chambers so that adjacent terminals of adjacent chambers receive power signals of the same polarity (e.g., as shown in FIG. 7C), which, alone or in combination with power signal synchronization, may also be at the same or substantially the same voltage.

[0048] FIG. 7B illustrates AC signals that may be applied from three separate power supplies coupled to a pair of terminals of each chamber. These signals are illustrated in a synchronized fashion (e.g., the three signals depict a unidirectional wave pattern with a 50% duty cycle). With regard to signal synchronization, the controller of each power supply, or a controller operably coupled to control multiple power supplies, may be configured to control the process in any given deposition chamber to synchronize with the process in the adjacent chamber and minimize potential differences between adjacent magnetrons in adjacent chambers. For illustrative purposes, consider the signals illustrated in FIG. 7B being applied to the chambers of FIG. 7C. When the first and second signals applied to the first and second chambers, respectively, are low, the magnetrons B in each chamber will be synchronized to be low simultaneously. Thus, the adjacent terminals of adjacent chambers have the same polarity. This may be achieved through signal control and / or through connections between the individual sources and the chamber terminals. Returning to the example introduced above with an AC pattern between +500 volts and -500 volts, -500 volts is applied to B of chamber 702A simultaneously with -500 volts being applied to B of chamber 702B. Because the values ​​are identical and both negative, there will be no potential difference within the direct area between the chambers. Even if waveforms with different voltage levels are used for each chamber, because the polarity of the signals is identical at adjacent terminals, the potential difference will be less than if one signal were positive and the other negative at adjacent terminals. When the second and third signals applied to the second and third chambers, respectively, are high, the magnetrons A of each chamber will be synchronized to go high simultaneously. Although illustrated in the context of rearranging electrodes A and B of each chamber for A and B neighbors (e.g., anode and cathode neighbors between chambers), synchronization may also be managed in conventional chamber arrangements to coordinate signals and minimize potential differences between magnetrons of adjacent chambers.The process and therefore the signals to each chamber may be different, but it is nevertheless conceivable that such signals may be synchronized to minimize potential differences between adjacent (terminal) magnetrons in adjacent chambers.

[0049] In many cases, the AC signals controlling the process in any given chamber may be the same or similar, with differences only in voltage level. In such cases, particularly for signals of the same type with the same duty cycle, the polarity to each chamber may be controlled with adjacent terminals of adjacent chambers having the same polarity. In other cases, differences in signal frequency or type may make signal coordination more complicated. Nevertheless, it is still possible to control the signals so that there is some overlap in signal polarity between adjacent chambers, or otherwise coordinate the signals so that potential differences are minimized as much as possible.

[0050] FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing device or computer system 800, which may be used, for example, to implement a controller. The controller may also be integrated with an RF power supply or other form of supply, integrated into an impedance matching network, or otherwise provided in a variety of possible forms. Referring to the example of FIG. 8, computing system 800 may be a control device for providing any control signals to any of the switching devices for the driver circuits discussed above. The computer system (system) includes one or more processors 802-806. Processors 802-806 may include one or more internal levels of cache (not shown) and a bus controller or bus interface unit for directing interaction with a processor bus 812. A processor bus 812, also known as a host bus or front-side bus, may be used to couple processors 802-806 to a system interface 814. The system interface 814 may be connected to processor bus 812 to allow other components of system 800 to interface with processor bus 812. For example, system interface 814 may include a memory controller 818 for interfacing main memory 816 with processor bus 812. Main memory 816 typically includes one or more memory cards and control circuitry (not shown). System interface 814 may also include an input / output (I / O) interface 820 for interfacing one or more I / O bridges or I / O devices with processor bus 812. One or more I / O controllers and / or I / O devices may be connected to I / O bus 826, such as I / O controller 828 and I / O device 830 as shown. System interface 814 may further include a bus controller 822 for interacting with processor bus 812 and / or I / O bus 826.

[0051] The I / O devices 830 may also include input devices (not shown), such as an alphanumeric input device including alphanumeric and other keys, for communicating information and / or command selections to the processors 802-806. Another type of user input device includes a cursor control, such as a mouse, trackball, or cursor direction keys, for communicating directional information and command selections to the processors 802-806 and for controlling cursor movement on a display device.

[0052] System 800 may include a dynamic storage device, referred to as main memory 816, or random access memory (RAM), or other computer-readable device coupled to processor bus 812 for storing information and instructions to be executed by processors 802-806. Main memory 816 may also be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions by processors 802-806. System 800 may also include read-only memory (ROM) and / or other static storage devices coupled to processor bus 812 for storing static information and instructions for processors 802-806. The system described in FIG. 8 is only one possible example of a computer system that may be employed or configured in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0053] According to one embodiment, the above techniques may be performed by computer system 800 in response to processor 804 executing one or more sequences of one or more instructions contained in main memory 816. These instructions may be read into main memory 816 from another machine-readable medium, such as a storage device. Execution of the sequences of instructions contained in main memory 816 may cause processors 802-806 to perform the process steps described herein. In alternative embodiments, circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions. Thus, embodiments of the present disclosure may include both hardware and software components.

[0054] A machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing or transmitting information in a form (e.g., software, processing application) readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). Such media may take the form of, but is not limited to, non-volatile and volatile media. Non-volatile media include optical or magnetic disks. Volatile media includes dynamic memory, such as main memory 816. Common forms of machine-readable media may include, but are not limited to, magnetic storage media, optical storage media (e.g., CD-ROM), magneto-optical storage media, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), erasable programmable memory (e.g., EPROM and EEPROM), flash memory, or other types of media suitable for storing electronic instructions.

[0055] Embodiments of the present disclosure include various steps described herein. The steps may be performed by hardware components or embodied in machine-executable instructions that can be used to cause a general-purpose or special-purpose processor programmed with the instructions to perform the steps. Alternatively, the steps may be performed by a combination of hardware, software, and / or firmware.

[0056] The above description includes example systems, methods, techniques, instruction sequences, and / or computer program products that embody the techniques of the present disclosure. However, it should be understood that the described disclosure may be practiced without these specific details. In the present disclosure, the disclosed methods may be implemented as a set of device-readable instructions or software. Furthermore, it should be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps of the disclosed methods is an example of an example approach. Based on design preferences, it should be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps of the method may be rearranged while remaining within the scope of the disclosed subject matter. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various steps in a sample order, and are not necessarily intended to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.

[0057] It will be believed that the present disclosure and many of its attendant advantages will be understood from the foregoing description, and it will be apparent that various changes can be made in the form, construction and arrangement of the elements without departing from the disclosed subject matter or sacrificing all of its substantial advantages. The described forms are illustrative only, and it is the intent of the following claims to embrace and include such modifications.

[0058] While the present disclosure has been described with reference to various embodiments, it should be understood that these embodiments are illustrative and that the scope of the disclosure is not limited thereto. Many variations, modifications, additions, and improvements are possible. More generally, embodiments according to the present disclosure are described in the context of particular implementations. Functionality may be separated differently, combined in blocks, or described using different terminology in various embodiments of the present disclosure. These and other variations, modifications, additions, and improvements may be within the scope of the present disclosure as defined in the claims that follow.

Claims

[Claim 1] The invention described in this specification.

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