Multi-level RF pulse monitoring and RF pulsing parameter optimization at manufacturing system

Abstract

To provide methods and systems for multi-level RF pulse monitoring and RF pulsing parameter optimization at a manufacturing system.SOLUTION: A method includes: pulsing a radio frequency (RF) signal within a processing chamber in accordance with a set of RF pulsing parameters; receiving sensor data from one or more sensors that indicates a multi-level RF pulse waveform; and identifying one or more peaks in the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform. Each identified peak corresponds to at least one RF signal pulse of the RF signal pulsing within the processing chamber. The method also includes: making a determination, based on the identified one or more peaks, whether the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to a target multi-level RF pulse waveform; and providing an indication of whether the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multi-level RF pulse waveform to a client device.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE Embodiments of the present disclosure relate generally to manufacturing systems, and more particularly to multi-level RF pulse monitoring and pulsing parameter optimization in manufacturing systems. [Background technology]

[0002] A substrate process (e.g., an etch process, a deposition process, etc.) may be performed on a substrate in a processing chamber of a manufacturing system. Each substrate process performed in the processing chamber may be performed according to a specific process recipe. In some cases, one or more operations of the process recipe may include pulsing one or more radio frequency (RF) signals in the processing chamber (e.g., via an RF generator in the processing chamber or an RF generator coupled to the processing chamber). For example, a user (e.g., an operator, a technician, etc.) of the manufacturing system may provide one or more RF pulsing parameters (e.g., a pulsed duty cycle parameter, a pulsed bias shift parameter, etc.) via a client device connected to the manufacturing system, and one or more RF generators in the manufacturing system may pulse the RF signals in the processing chamber according to the one or more provided RF pulsing parameters. It may be difficult for a user of the manufacturing system to tune the RF pulsing parameters to cause a target multi-level RF pulse waveform to be generated in the processing chamber according to the substrate process recipe. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The following is a simplified summary of the present disclosure to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the disclosure. This summary is not an extensive overview of the disclosure. It is not intended to identify key or critical elements of the disclosure, nor to delineate the scope of any particular implementation of the disclosure or the scope of the claims. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of the disclosure in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.

[0004] In one aspect of the present disclosure, a method includes pulsing a radio frequency (RF) signal in a processing chamber of a manufacturing system according to a set of RF pulsing parameters. The set of RF pulsing parameters corresponds to a target multi-level RF pulse waveform to be generated in the processing chamber based on the RF signal pulsing by one or more RF generators associated with the processing chamber. The method further includes receiving sensor data from one or more sensors associated with the processing chamber indicating a multi-level RF pulse waveform detected in the processing chamber based on the RF signal pulsing. The method further includes identifying one or more peaks in the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform. Each of the identified one or more peaks corresponds to at least one RF signal pulse of the RF signal pulsing in the processing chamber. The method further includes determining whether the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multi-level RF pulse waveform based on the identified one or more peaks. The method further includes providing an indication of whether the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multi-level RF pulse waveform to a client device connected to the manufacturing system.

[0005] In another aspect of the present disclosure, a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium stores instructions that, when executed, cause a processing device to pulse an RF signal in a processing chamber of a manufacturing system according to a set of radio frequency (RF) pulsing parameters. The set of RF pulsing parameters corresponds to a target multi-level RF pulse waveform to be generated in the processing chamber based on the RF signal pulsing by one or more RF generators associated with the processing chamber. The processing device is further for receiving sensor data from one or more sensors associated with the processing chamber indicating a multi-level RF pulse waveform detected in the processing chamber based on the RF signal pulsing. The processing device is further for identifying one or more peaks in the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform. Each of the identified one or more peaks corresponds to at least one RF signal pulse of the RF signal pulsing in the processing chamber. The processing device is further for determining whether the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multi-level RF pulse waveform based on the identified one or more peaks. The processing device is further for providing an indication of whether the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multi-level RF pulse waveform to a client device connected to the manufacturing system.

[0006] In another aspect of the present disclosure, a system includes a memory and a processing device coupled to the memory. The processing device is for pulsing an RF signal in a processing chamber of a manufacturing system according to a set of radio frequency (RF) pulsing parameters. The set of RF pulsing parameters corresponds to a target multi-level RF pulse waveform to be generated in the processing chamber based on the RF signal pulsing by one or more RF generators associated with the processing chamber. The processing device is further for receiving sensor data from one or more sensors associated with the processing chamber indicating a multi-level RF pulse waveform detected in the processing chamber based on the RF signal pulsing. The processing device is further for identifying one or more peaks in the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform. Each of the identified one or more peaks corresponds to at least one RF signal pulse of the RF signal pulsing in the processing chamber. The processing device is further for determining whether the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multi-level RF pulse waveform based on the identified one or more peaks. The processing device is further for providing an indication of whether the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multi-level RF pulse waveform to a client device connected to the manufacturing system.

[0007] The present disclosure is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which: It should be noted that different references to "an" or "one" embodiment in the present disclosure are not necessarily to the same embodiment, and that such references mean at least one. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0008] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example system architecture according to aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 2] 1 is a flow diagram of a method for RF pulse monitoring according to an aspect of the present disclosure. [Figure 3] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary radio frequency (RF) signal engine associated with measuring waveforms and multi-level pulsing within a processing chamber, according to aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 4] 1 is a graph illustrating a multi-level RF pulse waveform, associated spike signals, and associated peaks, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 5A-B] 1 is a flow diagram of a method for training and using a machine learning model to detect RF peaks in a detected multi-level RF pulse waveform, according to an aspect of the present disclosure. [Figure 5C] 1 is a flow diagram of a method for training and using a machine learning model to detect RF peaks in a detected multi-level RF pulse waveform, according to an aspect of the present disclosure. [Figure 6] 1 is a flow diagram of a method for updating a set of RF pulsing parameters according to an aspect of the present disclosure. [Figure 7] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a computer system according to an aspect of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0009] Embodiments disclosed herein include methods and systems for multi-level RF pulse monitoring and RF pulsing parameter optimization in a manufacturing system. The manufacturing system may include manufacturing equipment configured to perform a process on a substrate (referred to herein as a substrate process). The substrate may include a wafer, semiconductor, display, etc. The substrate process may include a deposition process (e.g., a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process, an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process, a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process, etc.) for depositing a thin film on the surface of the substrate. In other or similar embodiments, the substrate process may include an etch process for etching away portions of a material deposited on the surface of the substrate to create a target pattern. Substrate processing equipment in a manufacturing system (e.g., a processing chamber, etc.) may process a substrate by performing one or more operations of a process recipe (e.g., a deposition process recipe, an etch process recipe, etc.) associated with a particular substrate process. A process recipe may include multiple recipe operations, such as a transfer operation (e.g., a robot transporting a substrate to a different location), a processing operation (e.g., processing a substrate in a processing chamber), and a cleaning operation (e.g., cleaning a processing chamber after a processing operation).

[0010] In some substrate processes, a fluid is flowed into a processing chamber in a gaseous state, and radio frequency (RF) energy is applied to the fluid to change the state of the fluid from the gaseous state to a plasma state (e.g., referred to as striking the plasma) for a recipe operation. The applied RF energy is referred to herein as an RF signal. When the fluid changes from the gaseous state to the plasma state, there is dissociation of the fluid's molecules, which increases the pressure in the processing chamber. In some cases, the RF signal is applied as a series of pulses. In some cases, pulsing an RF signal includes generating an RF signal and oscillating the RF signal at a particular frequency. In some cases, the pulsed RF signal emits RF energy at varying levels (e.g., a higher energy level followed by a lower or zero energy level). A sensor in the processing chamber (e.g., an optical frequency sensor (OFS)) or coupled to the processing chamber can detect the pulses of the RF signal as a waveform. The waveform refers to the change in frequency detected in the processing chamber based on the RF pulsing over time. For example, one or more RF pulse generators can generate RF pulsed waveforms in the processing chamber.

[0011] In conventional systems, a single-level RF pulse is provided in the processing chamber. Such a single-level RF pulse is detectable as a single-level pulsed waveform. A single-level pulsed waveform refers to a waveform that is detectable (e.g., by a sensor in the processing chamber) for an RF signal oscillating at a single energy level within the RF pulsing period. The single-level pulsed waveform of the conventional method has a single frequency and a single duty cycle (in other words, the ratio of the time that the circuitry associated with providing energy for the RF signal is on compared to the time that the circuitry is off) associated with the RF signal provided in the chamber. The gas or plasma in the processing chamber responds to the RF signal pulsing, and the processing chamber sensor can therefore detect the single-level pulsed waveform. The detected waveform indicates the gas or plasma's response to the RF signal pulsing.

[0012] Traditionally, only single-level pulses with a single duty cycle are used in process operations due to the ease of measuring and controlling such pulses. The pulses of conventional systems or methods are square pulses, meaning that the RF signal oscillates between a baseline frequency (i.e., when the circuitry associated with providing energy for the RF signal is off) and a single energy level (e.g., single level) (i.e., the detected waveform for such a pulse exhibits a square shape). A multi-level pulse (e.g., multi-level) refers to an RF signal that oscillates between multiple frequency levels within a single RF pulsing period. For example, a single-level pulse modifies the RF energy in the chamber to a single level for each oscillation, whereas a multi-level pulse can modify the RF energy to multiple different levels for each oscillation.

[0013] As indicated above, conventional systems implement only single-level pulsing and do not perform the more complex operations enabled by multi-level pulsing due to the difficulty of monitoring and controlling such multi-level pulsing. Methods and techniques used to monitor and control single-level pulsing cannot be used to monitor and control multi-level pulsing. Increasingly complex waveforms can be used to produce increasingly complex and smaller-scale products (e.g., substrates, wafers, semiconductors, etc.), which cannot be produced using single-level RF pulsing. Because conventional methods for monitoring and controlling pulsed waveforms are inadequate to measure multi-level waveforms, multi-level RF pulsing cannot be implemented in conventional systems to manufacture such increasingly smaller and more complex products.

[0014] Methods and systems disclosed herein are directed to multi-level RF pulse monitoring and pulsing parameter optimization in a manufacturing system. A controller for the manufacturing system (referred to herein as a system controller) can cause one or more RF generators to pulse RF signals in a processing chamber of the manufacturing system. The RF generators can pulse the RF signals according to a set of RF pulsing parameters. In some embodiments, the RF generators generate pulsed RF signal waveforms based on the RF pulsing parameters, which are detectable in the processing chamber, as described above. The RF pulsing parameters may correspond to and / or include a pulsing duty cycle parameter, a pulsing power parameter, a pulsing frequency parameter, a pulsing amplitude parameter, a pulsing drop parameter, a pulsing bias shift parameter, and / or a pulsing time shift (e.g., delay) parameter. The RF pulsing parameters may correspond to a target multi-level RF pulse waveform to be generated in the processing chamber for a recipe operation. In some embodiments, the pulsing parameters are provided by a user (e.g., an operator, a technician, etc.) of the manufacturing system via a client device connected to the manufacturing system. In other or similar embodiments, one or more process recipe operations associated with substrate processing in the processing chamber can specify the pulsing parameters. In some embodiments, pulsing parameters are specified and provided to an RF generator, which causes the RF generator to generate an RF signal to generate a target response of a gas or plasma in the processing chamber corresponding to a target level or waveform. For example, one or more frequencies of an RF signal may be provided to the RF generator based on a target response of a fluid (e.g., gas or plasma) in the processing chamber during a process operation. Such frequencies may correspond to a target waveform to be detected in the chamber.

[0015] As indicated above, an RF generator can generate and pulse RF signals according to RF pulsing parameters. Each generated RF signal can contribute to a multi-level pulsed RF signal waveform that is detectable within the process chamber (e.g., by an optical frequency sensor (OFS) or the like). In some embodiments, multiple RF generators can each generate RF pulse signals that can be different from the RF pulse signals generated by other RF generators. Such RF pulse signals can contribute to a multi-level RF pulse waveform that is detectable within the processing chamber (e.g., by an OFS or the like). For example, each RF signal generated by a respective RF generator can excite a fluid within the processing chamber from a gaseous state to a plasma state (e.g., strike a plasma) according to a distinct frequency level and one or more duty cycles associated with the respective RF pulse signal. One or more sensors in the chamber (e.g., OFS) or coupled to the chamber can detect an optical response of the plasma based on the multiple RF signals. The optical response can correspond to the multi-level RF pulse waveform within the chamber.

[0016] The system controller can receive sensor data indicative of the multi-level RF pulse waveform from one or more sensors monitoring the processing chamber. The system controller can identify one or more peaks in the multi-level RF pulse waveform based on the received sensor data. Each identified peak in the multi-level RF pulse waveform can correspond to at least one RF signal pulse of the RF signal pulsing in the processing chamber. In some embodiments, the system controller can identify peaks in the multi-level RF pulse waveform by identifying one or more regions of the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform associated with an RF signal spike. In some embodiments, the RF signal spike corresponds to a pulse of the RF signal in the processing chamber between a first state and a second state. In some embodiments, the first state is an elevated energy level and the second state is a lower energy level, or vice versa. As indicated above, each of the identified regions corresponds to a respective peak of the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform. In some embodiments, a transition area of ​​the RF signal from the first state to the second state corresponds to a respective peak of the detected multi-level RF pulse. In additional or alternative embodiments, the system controller may use one or more machine learning models to identify regions of the multi-level RF pulse waveform that contain peaks, as described in more detail herein.

[0017] Based on one or more peaks identified in the detected multilevel RF pulse waveform, the system controller can determine whether the detected multilevel RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multilevel RF pulse waveform. For example, the system controller can determine that the detected multilevel RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multilevel RF pulse waveform if one or more peaks (e.g., peak magnitude, peak location, etc.) identified in the detected multilevel RF pulse waveform sufficiently match (e.g., nearly match) the corresponding peaks of the target multilevel RF pulse waveform (e.g., within a predetermined threshold). The system controller can transmit an indication of whether the detected multilevel RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multilevel RF pulse waveform to a client device connected to the manufacturing system. For example, if the system controller determines that the detected waveform matches (or nearly matches) the target multilevel RF pulse waveform (e.g., within a predetermined threshold), the system controller can transmit an indication thereof to a user of a client device connected to the manufacturing system. The system controller, in some embodiments, can also transmit data related to one or more peaks identified in the detected multilevel RF pulse waveform.

[0018] In some embodiments, a user (e.g., an operator, a technician, etc.) of the manufacturing system can update (e.g., tune) RF pulsing parameters based on data related to one or more peaks identified in the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform. For example, the user can update the RF pulsing parameters provided to generate the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform to increase or decrease the level of RF pulsing for future substrate processes performed in the processing chamber. The RF signal generated based on the updated RF pulsing parameters can contribute to an updated multi-level RF pulse waveform (in other words, a multi-level RF pulse waveform detected in the processing chamber as described above). In one illustrative example, the system controller can determine that the updated multi-level RF pulse waveform more closely corresponds to a target multi-level RF pulse waveform according to the previously described embodiment. Thus, the user can tune the RF pulsing parameters for the substrate process to optimize the manufacturing process recipe. Optimizing the process recipe can lead to substrates being processed according to a target state.

[0019] Implementations of the present disclosure address the above-described deficiencies of the current technology by providing techniques for monitoring multi-level RF pulse waveforms and enabling users (e.g., operators, technicians, etc.) to optimize RF pulsing parameters in a manufacturing system. Embodiments of the present disclosure provide techniques for accurately measuring complex RF waveforms detected within a processing chamber, including multi-level RF pulse waveforms. More accurate measurement of such waveforms enables the use of increasingly complex waveforms (e.g., multi-level RF pulse waveforms) as part of process operations, which enables the fabrication of increasingly smaller, more complex products. Additionally, embodiments of the present disclosure enable users (e.g., operators, technicians) to optimize and / or adjust RF pulsing parameters provided to one or more RF generators to generate multi-level RF signals. Thus, users can optimize and / or adjust RF signals to more closely match the response of fluids (e.g., gases or plasma) in a processing chamber to a target response, resulting in more accurate and precise production of products. Thus, embodiments of the present disclosure can enable the fabrication of products (e.g., wafers, substrates, semiconductors, etc.) with increased precision, accuracy, consistency, and / or quality. Manufacturing products with increased precision, accuracy, and / or quality can lead to higher efficiency and throughput and reduced overall latency of the manufacturing system. Thus, the system controller consumes fewer computing resources (e.g., processing cycles, memory space, etc.) to perform substrate processes in the manufacturing system, which improves overall efficiency and reduces overall latency of computing systems associated with the manufacturing system.

[0020] 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example system architecture according to aspects of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, computer system architecture 100 may be included as part of a manufacturing system for processing substrates. Computer system architecture 100 includes client devices 120, a system controller device 121 (e.g., controller, server), manufacturing equipment 124, metrology equipment 128, a prediction server 112 (e.g., for generating prediction data, providing model adaptation, using a knowledge base, etc.), and a data store 140. Prediction server 112 may be part of a prediction system 110. Prediction system 110 may further include server machines 170 and 180. Manufacturing equipment 124 may include sensors 126 configured to capture data about substrates being processed by the manufacturing system. In some embodiments, the manufacturing equipment 124 and the sensors 126 may be part of a sensor system that includes a sensor server (e.g., a field service server (FSS) at the manufacturing facility) and a sensor identifier reader (e.g., a front-opening unified pod (FOUP) radio frequency identification (RFID) reader for the sensor system). In some embodiments, the metrology equipment 128 may be part of a metrology system that includes a metrology server (e.g., a metrology database, metrology folders, etc.) and a metrology identifier reader (e.g., a FOUP RFID reader for the metrology system).

[0021] The manufacturing equipment 124 produces a product by following a recipe or by performing an operation over a period of time. The manufacturing equipment 124 may include one or more sensors 126 configured to generate data about the substrate during substrate processing (referred to as sensor data). The sensor data may include one or more values ​​of temperature (e.g., heater temperature), spacing (SP), pressure, high frequency radio frequency (HFRF), electrostatic chuck (ESC) voltage, current, flow, power, voltage, optical frequency data, waveform data (e.g., multi-level RF pulse waveform data), etc. The sensor data may relate to or indicate manufacturing parameters, such as hardware parameters such as settings or components (e.g., size, type, etc.) of the manufacturing equipment 124, or process parameters of the manufacturing equipment 124. The sensor data may indicate a waveform (e.g., a multi-level RF pulse waveform) within a processing chamber of the manufacturing equipment 124. In some embodiments, the sensor data may be provided while the manufacturing equipment 124 is performing the manufacturing process (e.g., equipment readings as the product is processed), or in additional or alternative embodiments, may be provided after the manufacturing equipment 124 has completed the manufacturing process.

[0022] The metrology instrument 128 provides metrology data related to substrates (e.g., wafers, etc.) processed by the fabrication equipment 124. In some embodiments, the metrology instrument 128 may be included in or connected to one or more components of the fabrication equipment 124. Thus, in some embodiments, the metrology instrument 128 may generate metrology data related to substrates without the substrates being removed from the vacuum environment of the fabrication equipment 124. In other or similar embodiments, the metrology instrument 128 may be external to the fabrication equipment 124. In such embodiments, the substrates may be measured at the metrology instrument 128 before the substrates are introduced into the vacuum environment and / or after the substrates are removed from the vacuum environment of the fabrication equipment 124. The metrology data generated by the metrology instrument 128 may include one or more values ​​of film property data (e.g., wafer spatial film properties), dimensions (e.g., thickness, height, etc.), dielectric constant, dopant concentration, density, defects, etc. In some embodiments, the metrology data may further include values ​​of one or more surface profile characteristic data (e.g., etch rate, etch rate uniformity, critical dimensions of one or more features contained on the surface of the substrate, critical dimension uniformity across the surface of the substrate, edge placement error, etc.). The metrology data may be of a finished or semi-finished product. The metrology data may be different for each substrate. In some embodiments, the metrology instrument 128 may generate metrology data for a substrate before and / or after processing. In some embodiments, the metrology data may be used to generate training data for training one or more machine learning models and / or for detecting the location of one or more peaks associated with a multi-level RF pulse waveform detected in a processing chamber.

[0023] Client device 120 includes computing devices such as personal computers (PCs), laptops, mobile phones, smartphones, tablet computers, netbook computers, network-connected televisions (“smart TVs”), network-connected media players (e.g., Blu-ray players), set-top boxes, over-the-top (OTT) streaming devices, operator boxes, etc. In some embodiments, metrology data may be received from client device 120. In some embodiments, client device 120 displays a graphical user interface (GUI), where the GUI allows a user to provide, as input, metrology measurements for substrates processed in a manufacturing system. In other or similar embodiments, client device 120 may display another GUI that allows a user to provide, as input, an indication of the type of substrate to be processed in the manufacturing system, the type of process to be performed for the substrate, and / or the type of equipment present in the manufacturing system. Client device includes one or more processing engines. For example, client device 120 may include RF signal engine 122 described in FIG. 3 .

[0024] The system controller device 121 (e.g., controller, server) includes one or more computing devices such as a rack-mounted server, a router computer, a server computer, a personal computer, a mainframe computer, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a desktop computer, a graphics processing unit (GPU), an accelerator application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) (e.g., a tensor processing unit (TPU)), etc. In some embodiments, the system controller device 121 includes the RF signal engine 122 illustrated in FIG. 3. In some embodiments, the system controller device 121 is a controller for a semiconductor processing system and is used to control manufacturing equipment 124.

[0025] The data store 140 may be a memory (e.g., random access memory), a drive (e.g., a hard drive, a flash drive), a database system, or another type of component or device capable of storing data. The data store 140 may include multiple storage components (e.g., multiple drives or multiple databases) that may span multiple computing devices (e.g., multiple server computers). The data store 140 may store data related to processing substrates on the manufacturing equipment 124. For example, the data store 140 may store data collected by the sensors 126 on the manufacturing equipment 124 before, during, or after substrate processing (referred to as process data). Process data may refer to historical process data (e.g., process data generated for previous substrates processed in the manufacturing system) and / or current process data (e.g., process data generated for a current substrate being processed in the manufacturing system). Current process data may be data for which predictive data is generated. In some embodiments, the data store may store metrology data, including historical metrology data (e.g., metrology measurements for previous substrates processed in the manufacturing system).

[0026] In some embodiments, the data store 140 can store data related to multi-level RF pulse waveforms. For example, the data store 140 can store RF signal peak data including RF pulse data, RF signal spike data, RF pulsing parameter data, and RF signal peak location data. In some embodiments, the data store 140 can store historical data related to historical multi-level RF pulse waveforms. For example, the data store 140 can store historical RF signal peak data including historical sensor data, historical RF pulse data, historical RF signal spike data, historical RF pulsing parameter data, and historical RF signal peak location data.

[0027] The data store 140 may also store context data associated with one or more substrates processed in the manufacturing system. The context data may include a recipe name, a recipe operation number, a preventive maintenance indicator, an operator, etc.

[0028] In some embodiments, data store 140 may be configured to store data that is not accessible to users of the manufacturing system. For example, process data, spectral data, non-spectral data, and / or location data obtained for substrates being processed in the manufacturing system may not be accessible to users of the manufacturing system. In some embodiments, all data stored in data store 140 is inaccessible to users (e.g., operators) of the manufacturing system. In other or similar embodiments, some portions of the data stored in data store 140 are inaccessible to users, while other portions of the data stored in data store 140 are accessible to users. In some embodiments, one or more portions of the data stored in data store 140 are encrypted using an encryption mechanism unknown to the users (e.g., the data is encrypted using a private encryption key). In other or similar embodiments, data store 140 includes multiple data stores, where data that is inaccessible to users is stored in one or more first data stores and data that is accessible to users is stored in one or more second data stores.

[0029] In some embodiments, prediction system 110 includes server machine 170 and server machine 180. Server machine 170 includes training set generator 172 that is capable of generating training datasets (e.g., a set of data inputs and a set of target outputs) for training, validating, and / or testing machine learning model 190. Some operations of training set generator 172 are described in detail below with respect to FIG. 5A . In some embodiments, training set generator 172 can divide training data into a training set, a validation set, and a test set. In some embodiments, prediction system 110 generates multiple sets of training data.

[0030] The server machine 180 includes a training engine 182, a validation engine 184, a selection engine 186, and / or a test engine 188. An engine may refer to hardware (e.g., circuitry, dedicated logic, programmable logic, microcode, processing device, etc.), software (e.g., instructions run on a processing device, general-purpose computer system, or dedicated machine), firmware, microcode, or a combination thereof. The training engine 182 may be capable of training a machine learning model 190. The machine learning model 190 may refer to a model artifact created by the training engine 182 using training data including training inputs and corresponding target outputs (correct answers for each training input). The training engine 182 may discover patterns in the training data that map the training inputs to target outputs (predicted answers) and provide a machine learning model 190 that captures these patterns. In some embodiments, the machine learning model 190 uses one or more of a support vector machine (SVM), a radial basis function (RBF), clustering, supervised machine learning, semi-supervised machine learning, unsupervised machine learning, a k-nearest neighbor algorithm (k-NN), linear regression, supervised regression, random forests, neural networks (e.g., artificial neural networks), and the like.

[0031] The validation engine 184 may be capable of validating the trained machine learning models 190 using the corresponding set of validation set features from the training set generator 172. The validation engine 184 may determine the accuracy of each of the trained machine learning models 190 based on the corresponding set of validation set features. The validation engine 184 may discard trained machine learning models 190 that have an accuracy that does not meet a threshold accuracy. In some embodiments, the selection engine 186 may be capable of selecting a trained machine learning model 190 that has an accuracy that meets the threshold accuracy. In some embodiments, the selection engine 186 may be capable of selecting the trained machine learning model 190 with the highest accuracy among the trained machine learning models 190.

[0032] The testing engine 188 may be capable of testing the trained machine learning models 190 using a corresponding set of test set features from the training set generator 172. For example, a first trained machine learning model 190 trained using a first set of training set features may be tested using a first set of test set features. The testing engine 188 may determine the trained machine learning model 190 with the highest accuracy among all of the trained machine learning models based on the test set.

[0033] The prediction server 112 includes a prediction component 114 that is capable of providing data collected by one or more sensors in the manufacturing system during a current process being performed for a first set of substrates as input to a trained machine learning model 190 and running the trained machine learning model 190 on the input to obtain one or more outputs. In some embodiments, the prediction component 114 is also capable of extracting RF signal spike region data from the one or more obtained outputs of the trained machine learning model and using the RF signal spike region data to determine one or more regions of the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform that are associated with the RF signal spikes.

[0034] The RF signal spike region data may include an indication of one or more areas of data associated with a multi-level RF pulse waveform in a processing chamber corresponding to one or more RF signal spikes. In some embodiments, the RF signal spike region data includes an indication of one or more locations of one or more peaks in a detected multi-level RF pulse waveform. For example, the RF signal spike region data may identify regions of sensor data associated with a multi-level RF pulse waveform in which peaks in the RF signal occur (e.g., corresponding to one or more RF signal spikes).

[0035] Client device 120, system controller device 121, manufacturing equipment 124, sensors 126, measurement equipment 128, prediction server 112, data store 140, server machine 170, and server machine 180 may be coupled to each other via network 130. In some embodiments, network 130 is a public network that provides client device 120 with access to prediction server 112, data store 140, and other publicly available computing devices. In some embodiments, network 130 is a private network that provides client device 120 with access to manufacturing equipment 124, measurement equipment 128, data store 140, and other privately available computing devices. Network 130 may include one or more wide area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), wired networks (e.g., Ethernet networks), wireless networks (e.g., 802.11 networks or Wi-Fi networks), cellular networks (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks), routers, hubs, switches, server computers, cloud computing networks, and / or combinations thereof.

[0036] It should be noted that in some other implementations, the functionality of server machines 170 and 180 and prediction server 112 may be provided by fewer machines. For example, in some embodiments, server machines 170 and 180 may be combined into a single machine, and in some other or similar embodiments, server machines 170 and 180 and prediction server 112 may be combined into a single machine.

[0037] In general, functionality described in one implementation as being performed by server machine 170, server machine 180, and / or prediction server 112 may also be performed on client device 120. Additionally, functionality attributed to a particular component may be performed by different or multiple components operating together.

[0038] In embodiments, a "user" may be represented as a single individual (e.g., an operator, technician, engineer, etc.). However, other embodiments of the present disclosure encompass a "user" that is an entity controlled by multiple users and / or automated sources. For example, a set of individual users federated as a group of administrators may be considered a "user."

[0039] Although some embodiments of the present disclosure describe measuring optical waveforms and multi-level RF pulse waveforms in substrate processing systems, the present disclosure in some embodiments applies to other systems, such as manufacturing systems, that perform operations over time.

[0040] 2 is a flow diagram of a method for RF pulse monitoring according to aspects of the present disclosure. Method 200 is performed by processing logic including hardware (e.g., circuitry, dedicated logic, programmable logic, microcode, processing device, etc.), software (e.g., instructions running on a processing device, a general-purpose computer system, or a dedicated machine), firmware, microcode, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, method 200 is performed in part by RF signal engine 122 (e.g., resident in system controller device 121 and / or client device 120, as described with respect to FIG. 1). In other or similar embodiments, method 200 is performed in part by a prediction system (e.g., prediction system 110). In some embodiments, a non-transitory storage medium stores instructions that, when executed by a processing device (e.g., prediction system 110, RF signal engine 122, etc.), cause the processing device to perform method 200. In some embodiments, the storage medium is a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium that stores instructions that, when executed by a processing device (e.g., prediction system 110, RF signal engine 122, etc.), cause the processing device to perform method 200.

[0041] For ease of explanation, method 200 is depicted and described as a series of operations. However, operations in accordance with the present disclosure may occur in various orders and / or simultaneously, as well as with other operations not presented and described herein. Moreover, in some embodiments, not all illustrated operations are performed to implement method 200 in accordance with the disclosed subject matter. Additionally, those skilled in the art will understand and appreciate that method 200 may alternatively be represented as a series of interrelated states or events via a state diagram.

[0042] Referring to FIG. 2, a flow diagram of a method 200 for substrate processing equipment (e.g., a processing chamber, fabrication equipment 124 of FIG. 1 ) (e.g., a process sequence for measuring waveforms and multi-level pulsing within a processing chamber) is shown in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0043] In block 202 of method 200, processing logic pulses an RF signal in the processing chamber according to a set of RF pulsing parameters. The RF pulsing parameters correspond to a target multi-level RF pulse waveform to be generated in the processing chamber based on the RF signal pulsing. For example, the target multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to a target waveform of a process recipe, and the set of RF pulsing parameters is specified to correspond to the target multi-level RF pulse waveform. As another example, a user may specify the RF pulsing parameters based on a target response (e.g., target behavior, target multi-level RF pulse waveform) to be generated in a fluid of the processing chamber. In such an example, the RF pulsing parameters may not directly correspond to the target response, but instead may be correlated to an RF signal that induces the target response.

[0044] In some embodiments, the set of RF pulsing parameters is provided by the processing device as input to one or more RF signal generators associated with the processing chamber. In some embodiments, the RF pulsing parameters may be provided to multiple RF signal generators connected to the processing chamber. In some embodiments, a set of RF signal generators is associated with the processing chamber. In some embodiments, the set of RF signal generators includes three RF signal generators. Each RF signal generator may be configured to output an RF signal based on the received set of RF pulsing parameters. Each RF signal generator may also be configured to pulse or oscillate the generated RF signal based on the received set of RF pulsing parameters. In some embodiments, the RF signal pulsing provided by the RF signal generators corresponds to a multi-level RF pulse waveform that is detectable within the processing chamber. The multi-level RF pulse waveform may correspond to the RF pulsing parameters.

[0045] In block 204, the processing device receives sensor data from one or more sensors associated with the processing chamber. In some embodiments, the one or more sensors include at least an optical frequency sensor (OFS). In some embodiments, the optical frequency sensor senses an optical response of the plasma in the processing chamber to the RF signals output by the set of RF signal generators. The sensor data received from the one or more sensors indicates a multi-level RF pulse waveform detected in the processing chamber based on the RF signal pulsing. In some embodiments, the multi-level RF pulse waveform detected in the processing chamber corresponds to the RF signal pulsing provided by the set of RF signal generators.

[0046] In block 206, the processing logic identifies one or more peaks in the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform. In some embodiments, the peaks in the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform correspond to regions of the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform associated with RF signal spikes. In some embodiments, the RF signal spikes correspond to transitions of RF signals in the processing chamber from a first state to a second state (e.g., from high energy to low energy). In some embodiments, the RF signal spikes correspond to transitions in the optical response of the plasma in the processing chamber to RF signals output by the set of RF signal generators.

[0047] In some embodiments, one or more peaks in the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform are identified by processing logic applying one or more data transformation operations to the sensor data to obtain a transformed multi-level RF pulse waveform. In some embodiments, the data transformation operation amplifies the intensity of one or more RF signal spikes associated with the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform. In some embodiments, one or more regions associated with the RF signal spikes are identified by processing logic based on the transformed multi-level RF pulse waveform. For example, the data transformation operation can enhance data of interest in the sensor data (e.g., of the multi-level RF pulse waveform) from which regions associated with the RF signal spikes can be identified.

[0048] At block 208, processing logic determines whether the detected multilevel RF pulse waveform corresponds to a target multilevel RF pulse waveform based on the identified peak(s). For example, processing logic verifies that a plasma response to RF signals output by the set of RF signal generators corresponds to the target multilevel RF pulse waveform. In some embodiments, determining whether the detected multilevel RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multilevel RF pulse waveform includes determining whether at least one of the positions or magnitudes of each identified region of the detected multilevel RF pulse waveform corresponds to at least one of the target positions or target magnitudes of a target signal spike region of the target multilevel RF pulse waveform. For example, processing logic may determine that the positions of one or more peaks of the multilevel RF pulse waveform correspond to the target positions of the target signal spikes of the target multilevel RF pulse waveform. Alternatively, processing logic may determine that the magnitudes of one or more peaks of the multilevel RF pulse waveform correspond to the target magnitudes of the target signal spikes of the target multilevel RF pulse waveform.

[0049] Additionally, in some embodiments, determining whether the detected multilevel RF pulse waveform corresponds to a target multilevel RF pulse waveform further includes determining that the detected multilevel RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multilevel RF pulse waveform. In some embodiments, the determining is performed in response to determining that at least one of the position or magnitude of each identified region corresponds to at least one of the target position or target magnitude of a target signal spike region. For example, if the position of the identified region of the detected multilevel RF pulse waveform associated with the RF signal spike corresponds to the target position of the target signal spike region, the processing logic determines that the detected multilevel RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multilevel RF pulse waveform.

[0050] In block 210, the processing device provides an indication of whether the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multi-level RF pulse waveform. In some embodiments, the indication is provided via a GUI of a client device (e.g., client device 120 of FIG. 1 ) connected to the manufacturing system. In some embodiments, the indication includes providing a location of each of one or more peaks in the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform. In some embodiments, the location of each of the peaks corresponds to a location of a region associated with an RF signal spike. For example, the processing device may provide data indicating the location of the one or more peaks to the GUI, and the GUI may display the data to a user. In some embodiments, the GUI displays the location of the one or more peaks.

[0051] 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example radio frequency (RF) signal engine associated with measuring waveforms and multi-level pulsing in a process chamber according to aspects of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, RF signal engine 322 corresponds to RF signal engine 122 of FIG. 1. In some embodiments, RF signal engine 322 includes one or more components. For example, RF signal engine 322 may include a data conversion component 392, a spike data extraction component 394, a data noise suppression component 196, and / or a peak detection component 398. In some embodiments, each component of RF signal engine 322 performs one or more operations.

[0052] In some embodiments, the RF signal engine 322 receives sensor data 350. The sensor data is received from one or more sensors associated with the processing chamber. In some embodiments, the sensor data is indicative of a multi-level RF pulse waveform detected within the processing chamber. As described above, the multi-level RF pulse waveform detected within the processing chamber corresponds to an optical response of the plasma within the processing chamber to RF signals output by one or more RF signal generators.

[0053] In some embodiments, the data transformation component 392 receives sensor data 350 from one or more sensors at the manufacturing equipment 124. In other or similar embodiments, the data transformation component 392 can obtain the sensor data 350 (e.g., from the data store 140). In some embodiments, the data transformation component 392 applies one or more data transformation operations to the sensor data to obtain transformed multi-level RF pulse waveform data. In some embodiments, the one or more data transformation operations include a base 10 logarithmic transformation operation, a natural logarithmic transformation operation, an inverse transform operation, an inverse logarithmic transform operation, or no transform operation. The data transformation operation can amplify the intensity of one or more RF signal spikes associated with the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform. In some embodiments, a machine learning model can be used to identify a data transformation operation to use from a set of data transformation operations. The sensor data can be provided as input to the machine learning model. The machine learning can be trained to identify a data transformation to be applied to given sensor data based on historical sensor data and historical data transformation operations applied to the historical sensor data. The data transformation component 392 can identify data transformation operations to apply to the sensor data based on one or more outputs of the machine learning model, and can apply the identified data transformation operations to the sensor data as described above. In some embodiments, an optimization model is used to identify the data transformations to use from a set of data transformation operations.

[0054] In some embodiments, the data transformation component 392 provides the transformed multi-level RF pulse waveform data to the spike data extraction component 394. In some embodiments, the spike data extraction component 394 determines spike data associated with the transformed multi-level RF pulse waveform data (e.g., see the spike signal in FIG. 4 ). In some embodiments, the spike data is based on the transformed multi-level RF pulse waveform data. In some embodiments, the spike data extraction component 394 determines transitions in the transformed multi-level RF pulse waveform data. The spike data may correspond to transitions in the transformed multi-level RF pulse waveform data. In some embodiments, the spike data extraction component 394 determines the magnitude of the rate of change of one or more regions of the transformed multi-level RF pulse waveform data. For example, the spike data extraction component 394 may identify the magnitude of the rate of change of the transformed multi-level RF pulse waveform data. In some embodiments, the magnitude of some regions of the transformed multi-level RF pulse waveform data may have a larger rate of change, with a larger magnitude, than other regions. The spike data may indicate one or more maximum or minimum values ​​(e.g., spikes) corresponding to one or more regions of the transformed multi-level RF pulse waveform data having a rate of change with a greater magnitude than one or more other regions (e.g., see the peaks in FIG. 4). In some embodiments, the spike data extraction component 394 employs one or more operators to determine the spike data from the transformed multi-level RF pulse waveform data. For example, the spike data extraction component 394 may employ a Tiger-Kaiser energy operator to determine the spike data from the transformed multi-level RF pulse waveform data.

[0055] In some embodiments, the spike data extraction component 394 provides the spike data to a data noise suppression component 396. The data noise suppression component 396 may be configured to reduce (e.g., attenuate) noise in the spike data. Noise may refer to additional or redundant data that deviates from the portion of data of interest. By reducing the amount of noise in the data, the RF signal engine 322 can better isolate peaks in the spike data, which correspond to regions of the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform that are associated with RF signal spikes. In some embodiments, the data noise suppression component 396 may perform one or more data averaging operations on the spike data. In some embodiments, the data averaging operations performed by the data noise suppression component 396 may correspond to a first-in, first-out (FIFO) matrix operation. In other or similar embodiments, the data noise suppression component 396 uses a moving average filter to reduce noise in the spike data.

[0056] In some embodiments, the data noise suppression component 396 provides the spike data with reduced noise to the peak detection component 398. In some embodiments, the peak detection component 398 identifies the number of peaks in the spike data. In some embodiments, the peak detection component 398 can use a local maxima approach to identify peaks in the spike data. For example, the peak detection component 398 can identify local maxima in a region associated with the spike data that are separated (e.g., based on a threshold distance) from other regions associated with the spike data that correspond to other local maxima. The local maxima in each region may correspond to respective peaks in the waveform. For example, the peak detection component 398 can determine that two local maxima located within a threshold distance from each other correspond to a single peak. In another example, the peak detection component 398 can determine that two local maxima located outside a threshold distance from each other correspond to at least two distinct peaks. In some embodiments, the peak detection component 398 determines the location and magnitude of each identified peak. In some embodiments, each detected peak may correspond to a peak specified (e.g., by a user) to be detected in the spike data. In such an embodiment, processing logic determines the number of peaks that peak detection component 398 detects in the spike data based on the specified number of peaks.

[0057] In some embodiments, the peak detection component 398 provides peak data 380. In some embodiments, the peak data 380 may include an indication of one or more peak locations and / or peak magnitudes associated with each peak identified for the multi-level RF pulse waveform. In some embodiments, the peak detection component provides the peak data 380 to the data noise suppression component 396. The data noise suppression component 396 performs one or more data averaging operations on the peak data 380 to reduce (e.g., attenuate) noise in the peak data 380. In some embodiments, after noise in the peak data 380 has been reduced, the peak data 380 may indicate one or more average locations and / or one or more average magnitudes of one or more corresponding peaks of a spike signal (e.g., the spike signal of FIG. 4 ) associated with the multi-level RF pulse waveform.

[0058] In some embodiments, one or more of the functions of the RF signal engine 322 are performed by one or more machine learning models. In some embodiments, the trained machine learning models determine peak data 380 based on receiving sensor data 350 as input. Machine learning implementations of the present disclosure are discussed in more detail in connection with FIGS. 5A-5C.

[0059] 4 is a graph illustrating a multi-level RF pulse waveform, associated spike signals, and associated peaks according to aspects of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the sensor data (e.g., sensor data 350 of FIG. 3) includes an optical frequency sensor (OFS) waveform. In some embodiments, the OFS waveform is a multi-level RF pulse waveform detected in a processing chamber. In some embodiments, the OFS waveform indicates a response to one or more RF signals generated by one or more RF generators associated with the processing chamber according to a set of RF pulsing parameters. In some embodiments, the OFS waveform is an optical response of a plasma in the processing chamber to one or more signals generated by one or more RF generators.

[0060] In some embodiments, the spike signal is identified based on the OFS waveform (e.g., by the spike data extraction component 394 of FIG. 3 ). In some embodiments, the spike signal corresponds to spike data (in other words, spike data generated by the spike data extraction component 394). In some embodiments, data noise in either or both of the OFS waveform and / or spike signal is reduced (e.g., attenuated) by a data noise attenuation component (e.g., the data noise suppression component 396 of FIG. 3 ). In some embodiments, the spike signal includes one or more local maxima or minima. In some embodiments, the local maxima of the spike signal correspond to one or more regions of the OFS waveform that have a high rate of change.

[0061] In some embodiments, one or more peaks of the OFS waveform correspond to one or more local maxima of the spike signal. In some embodiments, the one or more peaks are identified by a peak detection component (e.g., peak detection component 398 of FIG. 3 ). In some embodiments, the one or more peaks are associated with spikes (e.g., RF signal spikes) in the spike signal. In some embodiments, the location of each of the one or more peaks (see triangles on the x-axis of FIG. 4 ) is provided to a client device (e.g., via network 130). In some embodiments, the location of each peak is provided to a user via a GUI of the client device. In some embodiments, the location of each of the one or more peaks is an average location of each of the one or more peaks based on multiple samples of the OFS waveform. In some embodiments, corrective action is performed based on the location of each of the one or more peaks.

[0062] 5A-5C are flow diagrams of methods 500A-500C for training and using a machine learning model to detect RF peaks in a detected multi-level RF waveform according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Methods 500A-500C may be implemented by processing logic, which may include hardware (e.g., circuitry, dedicated logic, programmable logic, microcode, a processing device, etc.), software (e.g., instructions running on a processing device, a general-purpose computer system, or a dedicated machine), firmware, microcode, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, methods 500A-500C may be implemented in part by prediction system 110. Method 500A may be implemented in part by prediction system 110 (e.g., server machine 170 and training set generator 172 of FIG. 1 ). Prediction system 110 may use method 500A to generate a data set for at least one of training, validating, or testing a machine learning model according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Method 500B may be performed by server machine 180 (e.g., training engine 182, etc.). Method 500C may be performed by prediction server 112 (e.g., prediction component 114). In some embodiments, a non-transitory storage medium stores instructions that, when executed by a processing device (e.g., of prediction system 110, of server machine 180, of prediction server 112, etc.), cause the processing device to perform one or more of methods 500A-500C. In some embodiments, the storage medium is a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium that stores instructions that, when executed by a processing device (e.g., of prediction system 110, client device 120, etc.), cause the processing device to perform methods 500A-500C.

[0063] For ease of explanation, methods 500A-500C are depicted and described as a series of operations. However, operations in accordance with the present disclosure may occur in various orders and / or simultaneously, as well as with other operations not presented and described herein. Moreover, not all illustrated operations may be performed to implement methods 500A-500C in accordance with the disclosed subject matter. In addition, those skilled in the art will understand and appreciate that methods 500A-500C may alternatively be represented as a series of interrelated states or events via a state diagram.

[0064] FIG. 5A is a flow diagram of a method 500A for generating a data set for training a machine learning model (e.g., model 190 of FIG. 1) to detect RF peaks (e.g., peak data 380 of FIG. 3) in a detected multi-level RF pulse waveform, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0065] Referring to FIG. 5A, in some embodiments, at block 501, processing logic implementing method 500A initializes a training set T to an empty set.

[0066] At block 502, processing logic generates a first data input (e.g., a first training input, a first validation input), which may include sensor data (e.g., sensor data 350 of FIG. 3), etc. In some embodiments, the first data input may include a first set of features for a type of data, and the second data input may include a second set of features for a type of data.

[0067] At block 503, processing logic generates a first target output for one or more of the data inputs (e.g., a first data input). In some embodiments, the first target output is a characteristic value received as an output from the RF signal engine 322 (e.g., peak data 380).

[0068] At block 504, processing logic optionally generates mapping data indicating an input / output mapping. The input / output mapping (or mapping data) may refer to a data input (e.g., one or more of the data inputs described herein), a target output for the data input, and an association between the data input and the target output.

[0069] At block 505, processing logic adds the mapping data generated at block 504 to dataset T in some embodiments.

[0070] At block 506, processing logic branches based on whether dataset T is sufficient for at least one of training, validating, and / or testing machine learning model 190 of FIG. 1. If so, execution proceeds to block 507; if not, execution returns to block 502. Note that in some embodiments, the sufficiency of dataset T may be determined simply based on the number of inputs, in some embodiments mapped to outputs, in the dataset; in some other implementations, the sufficiency of dataset T may be determined based on one or more other criteria in addition to or instead of the number of inputs (e.g., a measure of diversity of the data examples, accuracy, etc.).

[0071] At block 507, processing logic provides dataset T (e.g., to server machine 180 of FIG. 1 ) for training, validating, and / or testing machine learning model 190. In some embodiments, dataset T is a training set and is provided to training engine 182 of server machine 180 for performing training. In some embodiments, dataset T is a validation set and is provided to validation engine 184 of server machine 180 for performing validation. In some embodiments, dataset T is a test set and is provided to test engine 188 of server machine 180 for performing testing.

[0072] Through many training sets, the machine learning model chooses an appropriate value for a parameter that controls the number of non-zero coefficients in the reduced-order model. After block 507, the machine learning model (e.g., machine learning model 190) may be at least one of trained using the training engine 182 of the server machine 180, validated using the validation engine 184 of the server machine 180, or tested using the testing engine 188 of the server machine 180. The trained machine learning model may be implemented by the prediction component 114 (of the prediction server 112) to generate peak data 380 for performing signal processing or for taking corrective action related to the manufacturing equipment 124.

[0073] FIG. 5B is a method 500B for training a machine learning model (eg, model 190 of FIG. 1) to detect RF peaks in a detected multi-level RF pulse waveform, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0074] 5B, in block 510 of method 500B, processing logic pulses an RF signal in the processing chamber according to a set of RF pulsing parameters. In some embodiments, the processing logic causes one or more RF signal generators to pulse the RF signal based on the set of RF pulsing parameters. In some embodiments, the RF signal generators cause a response in the processing chamber in the form of a multi-level RF pulse waveform in the fluid of the processing chamber, as described above.

[0075] At block 512, processing logic receives sensor data from one or more sensors associated with the process chamber. The sensor data is indicative of a multi-level RF pulse waveform detected in the process chamber based on RF signal pulsing by the RF generator. In some embodiments, the sensor data is indicative of an optical response of plasma in the process chamber to the RF signal pulsing. The sensor data may be retrieved by processing logic from memory (e.g., data store 140 of FIG. 1 ) rather than directly from the one or more sensors.

[0076] At block 514, the processing logic trains a machine learning model (e.g., model 190 of FIG. 1 ). The machine learning model is trained using data inputs including historical sensor data and historical RF pulsing parameter data. In some embodiments, the historical sensor data corresponds to sensor data, and the historical sensor RF pulsing parameter data corresponds to RF pulsing parameters (e.g., RF pulsing parameter data). The machine learning model is trained using target output data including historical RF signal spike region data. In some embodiments, the historical RF signal spike region data corresponds to regions of one or more historical multi-level RF pulse waveforms detected in the process chamber that are associated with RF signal spikes of the one or more historical multi-level RF pulse waveforms. The training data input to the machine learning model is mapped to a training target output. The machine learning model is trained to identify one or more regions of a multi-level RF pulse waveform (e.g., indicated by sensor data) that are associated with RF signal spikes (e.g., of the multi-level RF pulse waveform). In some embodiments, the machine learning model is trained to output RF signal spike region data (e.g., one or more positions or magnitudes of one or more peaks associated with the RF signal spikes).

[0077] In some embodiments, two or more machine learning models may be part of a single composite machine learning model, in which case training one component of the composite model may involve receiving output from another component of the model as training input to the component of the model being trained.

[0078] At block 516, the machine learning model may be retrained using additional data. The machine learning model may be retrained using data inputs including sensor data and RF pulsing parameter data (e.g., RF pulsing parameters). The machine learning model may be retrained using target output data including RF signal spike region data. The machine learning model may be retrained to further identify one or more regions in future multi-level RF pulse waveforms that are associated with RF signal spikes of the multi-level RF pulse waveform. In some embodiments, the machine learning model may be continuously trained to account for drift in manufacturing equipment, sensors, metrology equipment, etc., or to reflect changes to procedures, recipes, etc.

[0079] FIG. 5C is a method 500C for using a trained machine learning model (e.g., model 190 of FIG. 1) to detect RF peaks in a detected multi-level RF pulse waveform according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0080] 5C, in block 520 of method 500C, processing logic pulses an RF signal within the processing chamber according to a set of RF pulsing parameters. In some embodiments, processing logic causes the RF signal to be pulsed (e.g., by one or more RF signal generators) based on the set of RF pulsing parameters.

[0081] At block 522, processing logic receives sensor data indicative of a multi-level RF pulse waveform detected within the process chamber. The multi-level RF pulse waveform is based on RF signal pulsing. The sensor data type may correspond to that provided at block 514 of FIG. 5B for training the machine learning model.

[0082] At block 522, processing logic receives sensor data from one or more sensors associated with the process chamber indicative of a multi-level RF pulse waveform detected by the one or more sensors within the process chamber, the multi-level RF pulse waveform being based on RF signal pulsing. In some embodiments, the sensor data is indicative of an OFS waveform (e.g., the OFS waveform of FIG. 4).

[0083] At block 524, the processing logic provides the sensor data and the set of RF pulsing parameters as input to a trained machine learning model (e.g., model 190 of FIG. 1 ). The machine learning model may be trained according to the embodiments described with respect to FIGS. 5A and 5B . For example, the machine learning model is trained to predict one or more regions of each multi-level RF pulse waveform associated with RF signal spikes, as described above. In another example, the machine learning model is trained to predict one or more peak locations of the multi-level RF pulse waveform data, where the one or more peak locations correspond to one or more regions associated with RF signal spikes, as described above.

[0084] At block 526, the processing logic obtains one or more outputs of the machine learning model. In some embodiments, the one or more outputs of the machine learning model indicate one or more regions of the multi-level RF pulse waveform detected in the process chamber that are associated with RF signal spikes (e.g., of the RF signal pulsing). In some embodiments, the one or more outputs of the machine learning model indicate one or more peaks of the multi-level RF pulse waveform detected in the process chamber.

[0085] At block 528, the processing logic extracts RF signal spike data from the one or more obtained outputs of the machine learning model. In some embodiments, the RF signal spike data indicates one or more regions of the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform that contain RF signal spikes. In some embodiments, one or more peaks in the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform correspond to one or more regions indicated by the RF signal spike data that contain RF signal spikes (e.g., one or more local maxima of the spike signal in FIG. 4 ). In some embodiments, the one or more regions of the detected multi-level pulse waveform indicate RF signal spikes that correspond to a transition of the RF signal in the process chamber from a first state to a second state. In some embodiments, each respective region of the one or more regions corresponds to a respective peak of the one or more peaks of the multi-level RF pulse waveform.

[0086] 6 is a flow diagram of a method for updating a set of RF pulsing parameters according to aspects of the present disclosure. Method 600 may be implemented by processing logic including hardware (e.g., circuitry, dedicated logic, programmable logic, microcode, a processing device, etc.), software (e.g., instructions running on a processing device, a general-purpose computer system, or a dedicated machine), firmware, microcode, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, method 600 is implemented in part by RF signal engine 122 (e.g., resident in system controller device 121 and / or client device 120, as described with respect to FIG. 1 ). In other or similar embodiments, method 600 is implemented in part by a prediction system (e.g., prediction system 110). In some embodiments, a non-transitory storage medium stores instructions that, when executed by a processing device (e.g., prediction system 110, RF signal engine 122, etc.), cause the processing device to implement method 600. In some embodiments, the storage medium is a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium that stores instructions that, when executed by a processing device (e.g., prediction system 110, RF signal engine 122, etc.), cause the processing device to perform method 600.

[0087] For ease of explanation, method 600 is depicted and described as a series of operations. However, operations in accordance with the present disclosure may occur in various orders and / or simultaneously, as well as with other operations not presented and described herein. Moreover, in some embodiments, not all illustrated operations are performed to implement method 600 in accordance with the disclosed subject matter. Additionally, those skilled in the art will understand and appreciate that method 600 may alternatively be represented as a series of interrelated states or events via a state diagram.

[0088] Referring to FIG. 6, a flow diagram of a method 600 (e.g., a process sequence for updating a set of RF pulsing parameters) for substrate processing equipment (e.g., a processing chamber, fabrication equipment 124 of FIG. 1) is shown in accordance with a specific embodiment.

[0089] At block 602 of method 600, processing logic receives a first set of RF pulsing parameters. In some embodiments, the first pulsing parameters may be provided via a GUI of a client device (e.g., client device 120 of FIG. 1 ). The processing logic may receive the first set of RF pulsing parameters from a client device (e.g., over a network). The first pulsing parameters may correspond to a target multi-level RF pulse waveform for the process operation. For example, a user may specify the first pulsing parameters via the GUI of the client device based on the target multi-level RF pulse waveform.

[0090] At block 604, processing logic pulses RF signals within the processing chamber according to a first set of RF pulsing parameters. In some embodiments, the system controller can provide the first pulsing parameters to multiple RF signal generators. The RF signal generators can emit RF signals based on the first pulsing parameters according to previously described embodiments.

[0091] At block 606, processing logic receives first sensor data from one or more sensors (e.g., OFS) indicating a first multi-level RF pulse waveform detected in the process chamber. The first detected multi-level RF pulse waveform may be based on RF signal pulsing based on a first set of RF pulsing parameters. The first detected multi-level RF pulse waveform may be associated with a first substrate process.

[0092] At block 608, processing logic determines whether the detected first multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to a target multi-level RF pulse waveform. In some embodiments, processing logic determines whether the detected first multi-level RF pulse waveform sufficiently matches (e.g., closely matches) the target multi-level RF pulse waveform (e.g., within a predetermined threshold). In some embodiments, the client device receives data related to one or more peak locations of the target multi-level RF pulse waveform.

[0093] In block 610, the processing logic provides an indication to a client device (e.g., client device 120 of FIG. 1) connected to the manufacturing system of whether the detected first multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multi-level RF pulse waveform.

[0094] At block 612, the processing logic receives a second set of RF pulsing parameters. The client device may receive the second set of RF pulsing parameters via a GUI of the client device. The system controller may receive the second set of RF pulsing parameters from the client device (i.e., over a network). In some embodiments, one or more of the second RF pulsing parameters may be different from one or more of the first RF pulsing parameters. For example, the second frequency parameter may be different from the first frequency parameter. In some embodiments, the user adjusts one or more of the first RF pulsing parameters based on peak data associated with the first multilevel RF pulse waveform. One or more adjustments to the one or more first RF pulsing parameters may be reflected in the second set of RF pulsing parameters. In some embodiments, the client device may receive one or more suggested instructions related to RF pulsing parameters that will cause a future multilevel RF pulse waveform to correspond to a target multilevel RF pulse waveform. In some embodiments, the user may specify the second set of RF pulsing parameters based on data related to one or more peak locations of the target multilevel RF pulse waveform received by the client device.

[0095] At block 614, processing logic pulses RF signals within the processing chamber according to a second set of RF pulsing parameters. In some embodiments, processing logic provides the second pulsing parameters to multiple RF signal generators. The RF signal generators can emit RF signals based on the second pulsing parameters.

[0096] At block 616, processing logic receives second sensor data from one or more sensors (e.g., OFS) indicating a second multi-level RF pulse waveform detected within the process chamber. The second detected multi-level RF pulse waveform may be based on RF signal pulsing based on a second set of RF pulsing parameters. The second detected multi-level RF pulse waveform may be associated with a second substrate process.

[0097] At block 618, processing logic determines whether the detected second multilevel RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multilevel RF pulse waveform. In some embodiments, processing logic determines whether the detected second multilevel RF pulse waveform sufficiently matches (e.g., closely matches) the target multilevel RF pulse waveform (e.g., within a predetermined threshold).

[0098] In block 620, the processing logic provides an indication to a client device (e.g., client device 120 of FIG. 1) connected to the manufacturing system of whether the detected second multilevel RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multilevel RF pulse waveform. In some embodiments, blocks 612-620 are repeated until the detected future multilevel RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multilevel RF pulse waveform.

[0099] 7 is a block diagram illustrating a computer system 700 according to an aspect of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the computer system 700 is a client device 120 (e.g., of FIG. 1). In some embodiments, the computer system 700 is a controller device (e.g., a server).

[0100] In some embodiments, computer system 700 is connected to other computer systems (e.g., via a network such as a local area network (LAN), an intranet, an extranet, or the Internet). Computer system 700 operates in the capacity of a server or a client computer in a client-server environment, or as a peer computer in a peer-to-peer or distributed network environment. In some embodiments, computer system 700 is provided by a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a cellular phone, a web appliance, a server, a network router, switch, or bridge, or any device capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that device. Furthermore, the term "computer" is intended to include any collection of computers that individually or collectively execute a set (or sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies described herein.

[0101] In some embodiments, computer system 700 includes a processor 702, volatile memory 704 (e.g., random access memory (RAM)), non-volatile memory 706 (e.g., read-only memory (ROM) or electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM)), and / or a data storage device 716, which communicate with each other via a bus 708.

[0102] In some embodiments, processor 702 is provided by one or more processors, such as a general-purpose processor (e.g., a complex instruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) microprocessor, a very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor, a microprocessor implementing other types of instruction sets, or a microprocessor implementing a combination of multiple types of instruction sets, etc.), or a specialized processor (e.g., an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a digital signal processor (DSP), or a network processor, etc.). In some embodiments, processor 702 is provided by one or more of a single processor, multiple processors, a single processor with multiple processing cores, etc.

[0103] In some embodiments, computer system 700 further includes a network interface device 722 (e.g., coupled to a network 774). In some embodiments, computer system 700 includes one or more input / output (I / O) devices. In some embodiments, computer system 700 also includes a video display unit 710 (e.g., an LCD), an alphanumeric input device 712 (e.g., a keyboard), a cursor control device 714 (e.g., a mouse), and / or a signal generating device 720.

[0104] In some implementations, a data storage device 718 (e.g., disk drive storage, fixed and / or removable storage device, fixed disk drive, removable memory card, optical storage, network attached storage (NAS), and / or storage area network (SAN)) includes a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium 724 that stores instructions 726 encoding any one or more of the methods or functions described herein, including the instruction-encoding components of FIG. 1 (e.g., RF signal engine 122, etc.), and for implementing the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the processor 702 includes the RF signal engine 122. In some embodiments, peak data, multi-level RF pulse waveform data, and / or RF pulsing parameter data are stored in the data storage device 718.

[0105] In some embodiments, the instructions 726 may also reside, completely or partially, within the volatile memory 704 and / or within the processor 702 during execution of the instructions 726 by the computer system 700; thus, the volatile memory 704 and the processor 702 also constitute machine-readable storage media in some embodiments.

[0106] Although computer-readable storage medium 724 is shown in the illustrative examples as a single medium, the term "computer-readable storage medium" is intended to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database and / or associated caches and servers) that store one or more sets of executable instructions. The term "computer-readable storage medium" is also intended to include any tangible medium that is capable of storing or encoding a set of instructions for execution by a computer that cause the computer to perform any one or more of the methodologies described herein. The term "computer-readable storage medium" is intended to include, but is not limited to, solid-state memory, optical media, and magnetic media.

[0107] In some embodiments, the methods, components, and features described herein are implemented by discrete hardware components or integrated into the functionality of other hardware components, such as an ASIC, FPGA, DSP, or similar device. In some embodiments, the methods, components, and features are implemented by firmware modules or functional circuitry within a hardware device. Furthermore, the methods, components, and features are implemented in any combination of hardware devices and computer program components, or in a computer program.

[0108] Unless otherwise specified, terms such as "identifying," "calculating," "determining," "applying," "obtaining," "causing," "receiving," "pulsing," "providing," "generating," and the like refer to actions and processes performed or implemented by a computer system that manipulate and transform data represented as physical (electronic) quantities in the registers and memory of the computer system into other data similarly represented as physical quantities in the memory or registers of the computer system or other such information storage, transmission, or display devices. Also, as used herein, the terms "first," "second," "third," "fourth," and the like are intended as labels to distinguish between different elements and do not imply any ordering by their numerical designation.

[0109] The examples described herein also relate to apparatus for performing the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the apparatus is specially constructed to perform the methods described herein, or the apparatus comprises a general-purpose computer system that is selectively programmed by a computer program stored on the computer system. Such a computer program is stored on a computer-readable tangible storage medium.

[0110] The methods and illustrative examples described herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general-purpose systems may be used in accordance with the teachings described herein, or in some embodiments may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatus to perform the methods described herein and / or each of their individual functions, routines, subroutines, or operations. Example structures for a variety of these systems are set forth in the description above.

[0111] The above description is intended to be illustrative, not limiting. While the present disclosure has been described with reference to particular illustrative examples and implementations, it will be recognized that the present disclosure is not limited to the described examples and implementations. The scope of the present disclosure should be determined with reference to the following claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

Claims

1. pulsing a radio frequency (RF) signal within a processing chamber of a manufacturing system according to a set of RF pulsing parameters, the set of RF pulsing parameters corresponding to a target multi-level RF pulse waveform to be generated within the processing chamber based on the RF signal pulsing by one or more RF generators associated with the processing chamber; receiving sensor data from one or more sensors associated with the processing chamber indicative of a multi-level RF pulse waveform detected within the processing chamber based on the RF signal pulsing; identifying one or more peaks in the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform, each of the identified one or more peaks corresponding to at least one RF signal pulse of the RF signal pulsing in the processing chamber; determining whether the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multi-level RF pulse waveform based on the identified one or more peaks; providing, to a client device connected to the manufacturing system, an indication of whether the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multi-level RF pulse waveform; A method comprising:

2. Identifying the one or more peaks in the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform comprises: identifying one or more regions of the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform associated with RF signal spikes, the RF signal spikes corresponding to pulses of the RF signal in the process chamber between a first state and a second state, each respective region of the one or more identified regions corresponding to a respective peak of the identified one or more peaks; The method of claim 1 , comprising:

3. Determining whether the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multi-level RF pulse waveform comprises: determining whether at least one of a position or a magnitude of each identified region of the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to at least one of a target position or a target magnitude of a target signal spike region of the target multi-level RF pulse waveform; determining that the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multi-level RF pulse waveform in response to determining that the at least one of the location or the magnitude of the each identified region corresponds to the target location or the target magnitude of the target signal spike region; The method of claim 2 , comprising:

4. Identifying the one or more peaks in the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform comprises: applying one or more data transformation operations to the sensor data to obtain transformed multi-level RF pulse waveform data, the data transformation operations amplifying intensities of one or more RF signal spikes associated with the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform, and the one or more regions associated with the RF signal spikes being identified based on the transformed multi-level RF pulse waveform. The method of claim 2 further comprising:

5. Identifying the one or more peaks in the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform comprises: providing the sensor data and the set of RF pulsing parameters as inputs to a machine learning model, the machine learning model being trained to predict one or more regions of a respective multi-level RF pulse waveform associated with an RF signal spike; obtaining one or more outputs of the machine learning model; extracting RF signal spike data from the one or more obtained outputs, the RF signal spike data indicating one or more regions of the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform that contain RF signal spikes, and the one or more peaks in the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponding to the one or more regions indicated by the RF signal spike data that contain the RF signal spikes; The method of claim 1 , comprising:

6. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the RF pulsing parameters include at least one of a pulsed duty cycle parameter, a pulsed bias shift parameter, a pulsed power parameter, a pulsed frequency parameter, or a pulsed amplitude parameter, and wherein the one or more RF generators associated with the processing chamber generate a pulsed RF signal waveform based on the RF pulsing parameters.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more sensors associated with the processing chamber include an optical frequency sensor (OFS).

8. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more RF generators associated with the processing chamber include a plurality of RF generators connected to the processing chamber, and the multi-level RF pulse waveform indicates an RF pulsing response detected based on the RF signals pulsed by the plurality of RF generators.

9. A non-transitory machine-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed, cause a processing device to: pulsing a radio frequency (RF) signal within a processing chamber of a manufacturing system according to a set of RF pulsing parameters, the set of RF pulsing parameters corresponding to a target multi-level RF pulse waveform to be generated within the processing chamber based on the RF signal pulsing by one or more RF generators associated with the processing chamber; receiving sensor data from one or more sensors associated with the processing chamber indicative of a multi-level RF pulse waveform detected within the processing chamber based on the RF signal pulsing; identifying one or more peaks in the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform, each of the identified one or more peaks corresponding to at least one RF signal pulse of the RF signal pulsing in the processing chamber; determining whether the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multi-level RF pulse waveform based on the identified one or more peaks; providing, to a client device connected to the manufacturing system, an indication of whether the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multi-level RF pulse waveform; A non-transitory machine-readable storage medium that causes

10. Identifying the one or more peaks in the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform comprises: identifying one or more regions of the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform associated with RF signal spikes, the RF signal spikes corresponding to pulses of the RF signal in the process chamber between a first state and a second state, each respective region of the one or more identified regions corresponding to a respective peak of the identified one or more peaks; 10. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 9, comprising:

11. Determining whether the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multi-level RF pulse waveform comprises: determining whether at least one of a position or a magnitude of each identified region of the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to at least one of a target position or a target magnitude of a target signal spike region of the target multi-level RF pulse waveform; determining that the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multi-level RF pulse waveform in response to determining that the at least one of the location or the magnitude of the each identified region corresponds to the target location or the target magnitude of the target signal spike region; 11. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 10, comprising:

12. Identifying the one or more peaks in the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform comprises: applying one or more data transformation operations to the sensor data to obtain transformed multi-level RF pulse waveform data, the data transformation operations amplifying intensities of one or more RF signal spikes associated with the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform, and the one or more regions associated with the RF signal spikes being identified based on the transformed multi-level RF pulse waveform.

11. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 10, further comprising:

13. Identifying the one or more peaks in the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform comprises: providing the sensor data and the set of RF pulsing parameters as inputs to a machine learning model, the machine learning model being trained to predict one or more regions of a respective multi-level RF pulse waveform associated with an RF signal spike; obtaining one or more outputs of the machine learning model; extracting RF signal spike data from the one or more obtained outputs, the RF signal spike data indicating one or more regions of the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform that contain RF signal spikes, and the one or more peaks in the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponding to the one or more regions indicated by the RF signal spike data that contain the RF signal spikes; 10. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 9, comprising:

14. 10. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein the RF pulsing parameters include at least one of a pulsed duty cycle parameter, a pulsed bias shift parameter, a pulsed power parameter, a pulsed frequency parameter, or a pulsed amplitude parameter, and wherein the one or more RF generators associated with the processing chamber generate a pulsed RF signal waveform based on the RF pulsing parameters.

15. 10. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein the one or more sensors associated with the processing chamber include an optical frequency sensor (OFS).

16. Memory and a processing device coupled to the memory, the processing device comprising: pulsing a radio frequency (RF) signal within a processing chamber of a manufacturing system according to a set of RF pulsing parameters, the set of RF pulsing parameters corresponding to a target multi-level RF pulse waveform to be generated within the processing chamber based on the RF signal pulsing by one or more RF generators associated with the processing chamber; receiving sensor data from one or more sensors associated with the processing chamber indicative of a multi-level RF pulse waveform detected within the processing chamber based on the RF signal pulsing; identifying one or more peaks in the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform, each of the identified one or more peaks corresponding to at least one RF signal pulse of the RF signal pulsing in the processing chamber; determining whether the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multi-level RF pulse waveform based on the identified one or more peaks; providing, to a client device connected to the manufacturing system, an indication of whether the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multi-level RF pulse waveform; a processing device for performing Including, the system.

17. Identifying the one or more peaks in the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform comprises: identifying one or more regions of the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform associated with RF signal spikes, the RF signal spikes corresponding to pulses of the RF signal in the process chamber between a first state and a second state, each respective region of the one or more identified regions corresponding to a respective peak of the identified one or more peaks; 17. The system of claim 16, comprising:

18. Determining whether the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multi-level RF pulse waveform comprises: determining whether at least one of a position or a magnitude of each identified region of the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to at least one of a target position or a target magnitude of a target signal spike region of the target multi-level RF pulse waveform; determining that the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponds to the target multi-level RF pulse waveform in response to determining that the at least one of the location or the magnitude of the each identified region corresponds to the target location or the target magnitude of the target signal spike region; 20. The system of claim 17, comprising:

19. Identifying the one or more peaks in the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform comprises: applying one or more data transformation operations to the sensor data to obtain transformed multi-level RF pulse waveform data, the data transformation operations amplifying intensities of one or more RF signal spikes associated with the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform, and the one or more regions associated with the RF signal spikes being identified based on the transformed multi-level RF pulse waveform.

20. The system of claim 17, further comprising:

20. Identifying the one or more peaks in the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform comprises: providing the sensor data and the set of RF pulsing parameters as inputs to a machine learning model, the machine learning model being trained to predict one or more regions of a respective multi-level RF pulse waveform associated with an RF signal spike; obtaining one or more outputs of the machine learning model; extracting RF signal spike data from the one or more obtained outputs, the RF signal spike data indicating one or more regions of the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform that contain RF signal spikes, and the one or more peaks in the detected multi-level RF pulse waveform corresponding to the one or more regions indicated by the RF signal spike data that contain the RF signal spikes; 17. The system of claim 16, comprising:

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