Composition for improving sleep

Abstract

To provide a food or beverage having a sleep-improving effect, using a naturally derived food material as a functional ingredient.SOLUTION: A composition for improving sleep comprises young barley leaf as an active ingredient.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a sleep-improving composition containing young barley leaves. [Background technology]

[0002] In recent years, an increasing number of people are dissatisfied with the quality of their sleep due to factors such as changes in the social environment, stress from interpersonal relationships, disruptions to daily rhythms, and busy daily lives. Poor sleep quality can be attributed to issues such as difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings (waking up multiple times during the night), a lack of a deep sleep, and fatigue upon waking. One way to address this decline in sleep quality is to use sleeping pills (pharmaceuticals). Well-known sleeping pills include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. However, these sleeping pills can cause side effects such as headaches and dizziness, so they cannot be taken casually.

[0003] Therefore, as a means to easily improve the quality of sleep, foods and beverages containing functional ingredients have been developed. For example, theanine is known as a functional ingredient that has a sleep-improving effect (Patent Document 1). Theanine is a compound obtained by synthesis or by extraction and purification from tea. However, from a safety perspective, some consumers are concerned about ingesting unfamiliar compounds, and therefore there is a demand for the development of foods and beverages that have a sleep-improving effect and use naturally derived food ingredients as functional ingredients, rather than specific compounds that have been synthesized or purified. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0004] [Patent Document 1] International Publication No. WO01 / 074352 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0005] The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a composition using young barley leaves and having new functions. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] While researching the functions of young barley leaves, the inventors discovered that young barley leaves have the effect of improving sleep quality or increasing sleep time, and thus completed the present invention.

[0007] That is, the present invention is as follows. [1] A sleep-improving composition characterized by containing young barley leaves as an active ingredient. [2] A composition for improving sleep quality, characterized by containing young barley leaves as an active ingredient. [3] A composition for reducing daytime sleepiness and upon waking, a composition for improving sleep onset, a composition for preventing awakening during sleep, a composition for reducing daytime sleepiness or upon waking, a composition for reducing fatigue during the day and upon waking, a composition for improving satisfaction with sleep, and a composition for improving REM sleep and / or deep sleep, characterized by containing young barley leaves as an active ingredient. [3] The composition according to any one of [1] to [3], wherein dietary fiber derived from young barley leaves is an active ingredient. [4] The composition according to any one of [1] to [3], wherein the daily intake of young barley leaves is 0.25 g or more. [5] The composition according to any one of [1] to [4], wherein the daily intake of dietary fiber derived from young barley leaves is 0.125 g or more. [6] The composition according to any one of [1] to [5], which is a food with functional claims or a food for specified health uses. [7] A food or drink containing barley young leaf powder, The active ingredient is dietary fiber derived from young barley leaves. Food and beverage products that display one or more of the following functionalities: improved sleep quality, improved sleep onset, increased satisfaction with sleep, improved sleep sensation, improved sense of sound sleep, improved sleep depth, reduced number of awakenings, reduced fatigue during the day or upon waking, and improved sense of extended sleep time. [8] The food or beverage described in [7], characterized in that the daily intake of dietary fiber derived from young barley leaves is 0.125 g or more. [9] The food or drink described in [7] or [8], characterized in that it is a functional food or a food for specified health uses.

[10] Use of young barley leaves for the manufacture of a composition for improving sleep.

[11] A method for improving sleep quality or increasing sleep duration in an individual's body, comprising the step of orally ingesting barley leaves by the individual. [Effects of the Invention]

[0008] The composition of the present invention can improve the quality of sleep or increase the duration of sleep. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0009] The composition of the present invention is characterized by containing young barley leaves. The composition of the present invention can improve sleep quality or increase sleep time. Here, improving sleep quality in the present invention is a concept that includes an effect of improving sleep quality or an effect of preventing or alleviating deterioration in sleep quality.

[0010] 1. Barley grass The present invention is characterized by containing young barley leaves. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an annual or biennial herb belonging to the Poaceae family, believed to be native to Central Asia, and is broadly classified into two-row barley, six-row barley, etc. depending on the panicle shape. Barley grains (seeds) are often used as grains, but young leaves are used in the present invention. Comparing the two, barley grains are primarily composed of starch (carbohydrates), while young barley leaves are primarily composed of dietary fiber and protein, and have completely different component compositions. The barley variety used for the young barley leaves of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is commonly available, and any variety of young barley leaves, such as two-row barley or six-row barley, may be used. Note that young barley leaves refer to barley leaves before the start of heading, and in the present invention, they may include stems along with the young leaves.

[0011] Examples of barley leaf that can be used include pulverized material, squeezed juice, extract, and extraction residue. Examples of pulverized material include dried powder (barley leaf powder), shredded material, and dried products thereof (dried shredded material). The juice and extract may be in liquid form, but squeezed juice powder is preferred. Examples of barley leaf juice powder that can be used include those obtained by concentrating squeezed barley leaf juice at low temperature to concentrate the solid content and then freeze-drying or spray-drying the concentrate. Examples of extracts that can be used include water (warm water or hot water), ethanol, and aqueous ethanol. Examples of extraction residues that can be used include precipitates obtained by suspending barley leaf powder in water, stirring and shaking, and then centrifuging the suspension. The extraction residue is a fraction that is removed during the process of squeezing juice or obtaining an extract, but because it is rich in dietary fiber derived from barley leaves, it can enjoy the effects of the present invention.

[0012] When barley leaf powder (ground barley leaf powder) is used as the barley leaf of the present invention, it has the advantage of being inexpensive to produce. For example, barley leaf juice powder is produced by extracting soluble components such as water-soluble vitamins by juice extraction, removing insoluble components, and then evaporating the water to dry. However, since insoluble dietary fiber, the main component of barley leaf, is removed, the amount of barley leaf juice powder obtained relative to the amount of raw barley leaf (fresh leaves) is small. The same is true for barley leaf extract. On the other hand, barley leaf powder (ground barley leaf powder) is produced by drying and grinding barley leaf (fresh leaves) without removing insoluble components, so when produced using the same amount of raw barley leaf (fresh leaves), it can be produced in larger quantities than barley leaf juice powder, resulting in lower production costs per unit weight. Furthermore, young barley leaf powder (pulverized young barley leaf powder) uses less young barley leaves (fresh leaves) as a raw material than young barley leaf juice powder, but as shown in the animal tests described below, it exhibits effects equal to or greater than those of young barley leaf juice powder. Therefore, as the young barley leaves used in the present invention, pulverized products are preferred, and of pulverized products, dried powder (young barley leaf powder) is particularly preferred, because they can be produced inexpensively by not removing insoluble components and because they contain dietary fiber derived from young barley leaves, the effects of the present invention can be greatly enjoyed.

[0013] When barley leaf powder is used, for example, barley leaves that have been dried so that the moisture content of the barley leaves is 10% by mass or less, preferably 8% by mass or less, can be used.

[0014] The barley leaf powder used in the present invention preferably has a median diameter of 5 μm to 50 μm, more preferably 8 μm to 30 μm. The median diameter refers to the particle size at which the cumulative 50% of the particle size distribution of the powder is reached, and specifically, it is the particle size at which the cumulative 50% (×50) of the particle size distribution is reached, as measured using a laser diffraction / scattering light particle size distribution analyzer, LMS-300 or LMS-350, manufactured by Seishin Enterprise Co., Ltd.

[0015] Furthermore, in order to obtain the effects of the present invention more effectively, the barley leaves used in the present invention preferably contain dietary fiber in an amount of 10% by mass or more, more preferably 20% by mass or more, and even more preferably 30% by mass or more. The upper limit may be, for example, 80% by mass. The dietary fiber referred to here is the total amount of insoluble dietary fiber and soluble dietary fiber. The amount of dietary fiber is measured by the Prosky method.

[0016] Furthermore, in order to obtain the effects of the present invention more effectively, the young barley leaves used in the present invention preferably contain 5% by mass or more of insoluble dietary fiber, more preferably 10% by mass or more, and even more preferably 20% by mass or more. The upper limit may be, for example, 70% by mass. The amount of insoluble dietary fiber is measured by the modified Prosky method.

[0017] In order to ensure that the dietary fiber content and insoluble dietary fiber content fall within the above ranges, the barley leaf powder may be prepared by pulverizing the barley leaves without performing juicing or extraction in the method for producing the barley leaves.

[0018] 2. Improved sleep In the present invention, improving sleep means improving the quality of sleep and / or increasing sleep time. Improving sleep quality means shortening sleep onset latency (the time it takes to go from awake to fall asleep), reducing the number and duration of awakenings, and increasing the proportion of sleep time spent in non-REM sleep (non-rapid eye movement sleep) and deep sleep (when non-REM sleep is divided into four stages according to sleep depth, this refers to the particularly deep stages 3 and 4, also known as slow-wave sleep). Improving sleep quality can have effects such as reducing sleepiness upon waking and during the day, improving sleep satisfaction and feeling like one has slept well, improving the feeling that one has slept longer, waking up refreshed, and reducing fatigue.

[0019] On the other hand, increasing sleep time means increasing the time (total sleep time) obtained by subtracting the sleep latency (time from going to bed to falling asleep) and the time spent awake during sleep (total amount of time spent awake during sleep) from the time in bed (time from going to bed to waking up). For example, if the sleep onset latency is shortened or the time spent awake during sleep is reduced, the quality of sleep will improve and the total sleep time will also increase. In this way, improving sleep quality and increasing sleep time are closely related concepts.

[0020] As shown in a clinical study using the OSA sleep questionnaire described below, ingestion of the composition of the present invention improves factors such as "sleepiness upon waking," "sleep onset and maintenance," "dreaming" (an index showing the quality of sleep), "fatigue recovery," and "sleep duration." Therefore, the composition of the present invention can be used as a composition for improving sleep quality, a composition for reducing daytime and morning sleepiness, a composition for improving sleep onset, a composition for suppressing awakenings during sleep (reducing the number and / or duration of awakenings during sleep), a composition for reducing fatigue during the day and morning, a composition for improving satisfaction with sleep, and a composition for improving REM sleep and / or deep sleep (improving the time spent in REM sleep and / or deep sleep and the proportion of REM sleep and / or deep sleep in total sleep time).

[0021] 3. Composition of the Present Invention <Sleep improvement composition>

[0022] The sleep-improving composition of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it contains young barley leaves and can be distinguished from other products in that it is used to improve sleep. For example, the scope of the present invention includes products in which the sleep-improving function is indicated on the main body, packaging, instructions, or promotional materials (advertising media) of the product according to the present invention. The sleep-improving composition of the present invention may indicate young barley leaves or a component derived from young barley leaves (such as young barley leaf dietary fiber) as the active ingredient, but is not limited to products in which young barley leaves or a component derived from young barley leaves (such as young barley leaf dietary fiber) are indicated as the active ingredient on the product packaging, etc. For example, the active ingredient may not be specified. Note that a sleep-improving composition containing young barley leaf dietary fiber as an active ingredient may contain young barley leaf dietary fiber, and fractionated young barley leaf dietary fiber may not be used. For example, a sleep-improving composition containing young barley leaf dietary fiber as an active ingredient can be obtained by blending young barley leaves containing young barley leaf dietary fiber, such as barley leaf powder (ground powder). In addition, even if it is a general food, if it is manufactured and sold with a suggested use, it is within the scope of the present invention. For example, foods sold with personal impressions of people who have taken the food and written on their websites about their sleep improvement are also within the scope of the present invention. In addition, functional foods that use papers showing sleep improvement by barley leaves as scientific evidence of their functionality and contain barley leaves or components derived from barley leaves as functional ingredients are also within the scope of the present invention.

[0023] Specifically, in the case of so-called health foods, the following claims are made: "Enhances the quality of sleep," "Helps improve the quality of sleep," "Improves the quality of sleep," "Supports good (healthy) sleep," "Helps in good (healthy) sleep," "Aids in good (healthy) sleep," "Reduces (alleviates / improves) (temporary) daytime sleepiness," "(Increases / helps improve / improves) satisfaction with sleep upon waking," "Improves (reduces) sleepiness upon waking," "(Helps in) waking refreshed," "(Helps in) waking up refreshed," "Promotes rapid, deep sleep," "(Helps in) helping to fall asleep," "(Increases / helps in) feeling of extended sleep time," Examples of such products include those that display claims such as (helps to improve / increase / improve) sleep quality, (reduces the time spent waking up during the night), (reduces the number of times waking up during the night), (helps to avoid waking up during sleep), ((helps to enhance / improve / improve) the feeling of sleep), ((helps to enhance / improve / improve) the feeling of sound sleep), (makes sleep (deeper)), (sleep soundly), ((helps to enhance / improve / improve) the depth of sleep), (increases (increases) the proportion of deep sleep), (increases (increases) the proportion of REM sleep), (reduces (reduces) fatigue upon waking up), and those that display that these functions have been reported to be available.

[0024] <Composition dosage form, etc.> The composition of the present invention can be used as an oral composition. The form of the oral composition is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include foods and beverages, quasi-drugs, pharmaceuticals, etc., but from the viewpoint of daily intake of young barley leaves to supplement daily nutrition, it is preferably used as a food and beverage. The form of the food and beverage composition is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include functional food, specified health food, health food, general food and beverage, etc., but from the viewpoint of making it easy for consumers to understand the effects of the present invention, functional food and specified health food are preferred, and functional food is most preferred.

[0025] The composition of the present invention may be in the form of, for example, powder, granules, liquid, tablet, capsule, etc. It may also be in the form of a clear food such as jelly, cookies, candy, gum, etc. The young barley leaves of the present invention have a good taste and are therefore suitable for ingestion in a form that allows the taste to be felt. Therefore, powder, granules, liquid, and tablet forms are preferred, with powder, granules, and liquid being particularly preferred.

[0026] The content of young barley leaves in the composition of the present invention may be appropriately determined within a range that achieves the desired effect. For example, the composition of the present invention may contain young barley leaves in an amount of 0.01 to 100% by mass, preferably 0.1 to 100% by mass, and more preferably 1 to 100% by mass, calculated on a dry mass basis.

[0027] The content of dietary fiber derived from young barley leaves in the composition of the present invention may be appropriately determined within a range that provides the desired effect. For example, the composition of the present invention may contain dietary fiber derived from young barley leaves in an amount of 0.01 to 80% by mass, preferably 0.1 to 75% by mass, and more preferably 1 to 70% by mass, calculated on a dry mass basis.

[0028] The intake amount of young barley leaves in the present invention is not particularly limited, but in order to enjoy the effects of the present invention more effectively, the intake amount of young barley leaves is preferably 0.25 g or more per day for an adult, more preferably 0.5 g or more, and particularly preferably 1.0 g or more, with the upper limit being, for example, 30 g, preferably 20 g, and more preferably 10 g.

[0029] Furthermore, there is no particular restriction on the amount of intake of dietary fiber derived from young barley leaves in the present invention, but in order to enjoy the effects of the present invention more effectively, the intake amount of dietary fiber derived from young barley leaves per day for an adult is preferably 0.125 g or more, more preferably 0.25 g or more, and particularly preferably 0.5 g or more, with the upper limit being, for example, 15 g, preferably 10 g, and more preferably 5 g.

[0030] The composition of the present invention may be appropriately designed so that the daily intake of young barley leaves or dietary fiber derived from young barley leaves is the above-mentioned intake amount, and may be ingested in one sitting or in multiple sittings. That is, for example, the daily amount may be contained in one container or divided into 2 to 4 containers.

[0031] The composition of the present invention can be produced by a known method, adding other ingredients in addition to young barley leaves, if necessary. [Example]

[0032] The present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples, and the present invention can take various forms as long as the object of the present invention can be achieved.

[0033] Test 1. Animal testing To evaluate the effect of young barley leaves on sleep, an animal study was conducted in which mice were given young barley leaves and their sleep time (time until awakening) was measured.

[0034] <Test substance> (Barley grass powder) The raw material used was the above-ground parts (leaves and stems) of barley harvested at a height of approximately 30 cm. The barley was washed with water to remove any adhering mud, cut into pieces approximately 5 cm in size, blanched once in hot water at 95°C for approximately 100 seconds, and cooled in cold water. The resulting young barley leaves were dried with hot air in a dryer and coarsely crushed to pieces approximately 1 mm in size. This was then finely crushed using a jet mill to produce young barley leaf powder (median diameter approximately 20 μm, moisture content 5% by mass or less, and dietary fiber derived from young barley leaves 51% by mass).

[0035] (Test substances other than barley leaf powder) The test substances used other than barley leaf powder were as follows: Dietary fiber derived from young barley leaves: Dietary fiber derived from young barley leaves was fractionated from the barley leaf powder obtained by the method described above and used as the test substance. Barley leaf juice powder: Barley leaf juice was mixed with dextrin and dried to form a powder (2% by mass of dietary fiber derived from barley leaves). Barley (grain): Commercially available barley flour was used. Indigestible dextrin: Commercially available indigestible dextrin was used. Cellulose: Commercially available cellulose was used. Fructooligosaccharides: Commercially available fructooligosaccharides were used. Ground coffee powder: Commercially available ground coffee beans were used.

[0036] <Test Method> Four-week-old male ICR mice were acclimated for 5 days and then divided into 9 groups (4 mice per group) to ensure uniform body weights on the day of testing. Each test substance was dissolved or suspended in purified water to the concentrations listed in Table 1 to prepare a 10% (w / v) test substance solution (20% (w / v) for barley leaf juice powder). Each test substance was prepared at 1 g / kg (2 g / kg for barley leaf juice powder) and administered orally (10 mL / kg) to each group of mice by gavage. Thirty minutes later, pentobarbital sodium (40 mg / kg) was administered intraperitoneally. After the loss of postural reflex, the mice were immediately placed supine on a flat surface, and the time from the loss of postural reflex to recovery (wakefulness) was recorded as sleep time.

[0037] [Table 1]

[0038] <Test Results> The test results are shown in Table 1. In Examples 1 to 3, in which young barley leaves were administered, an increase in sleep time (time until awakening) was observed compared to the control. This demonstrates that the administration of young barley leaves suppresses awakening during sleep and improves sleep quality. On the other hand, no increase in sleep time was observed in Comparative Examples 1 to 5.

[0039] Test 2. Clinical trial evaluation To confirm the sleep-improving effects in humans, a clinical trial was conducted using the OSA Sleep Questionnaire. The OSA Sleep Questionnaire is composed of five factors: Factor 1: sleepiness upon waking, Factor 2: falling asleep and maintaining sleep, Factor 3: dreaminess, Factor 4: fatigue recovery, and Factor 5: sleep duration. The higher the factor score, the better the sleep quality. The specific test method is described below.

[0040] <Test Method> Test food The test food was a powdered drink made by mixing young barley leaf powder (manufactured using the method described in Test 1) with maltose. The control food was a powdered drink made without barley leaf powder, but with maltose and coloring and flavoring to make it indistinguishable in appearance from the test food. The daily intake of both the test food and control food was set at 5.6g, and 2.8g portions were distributed to the subjects in plain aluminum bags to ensure blinding for the subjects and interventionists. The calorie and nutritional values ​​per recommended daily intake (2 bags) of the test food are shown in Table 2. The recommended daily intake (2 bags) of dietary fiber derived from young barley leaf contained in the test food was 0.7g.

[0041] [Table 2]

[0042] 2) Subjects The subjects were paid volunteers recruited from the public. They were healthy Japanese men and women aged 20 to 65 years who had some kind of sleep problem and did not meet the following exclusion criteria: 40 people (10 men, 30 women). Exclusion criteria: (1) individuals suffering from or undergoing treatment for serious liver disease, kidney disease, digestive disease, heart disease, respiratory disease, endocrine disease, or other metabolic diseases; (2) individuals with chronic diseases and taking medication; (3) individuals with digestive diseases or a history of digestive surgery that affect digestion and absorption; (4) individuals taking medications, health foods, or supplements that may affect sleep or stress; (5) individuals who consume excessive alcohol; (6) individuals who cannot abstain from alcohol the day before the test (the day before the sleep questionnaire was recorded); (7) individuals with or suspected of having sleep apnea syndrome; (8) individuals with a history of treatment for or a current history of a psychiatric disorder related to sleep disorders; (9) individuals who sleep in the same room as family members or others and may be woken up during sleep; (10) individuals planning a business trip (domestic or overseas) or travel (domestic or overseas) during the test period; (11) individuals who are taking lactic acid bacteria or Bifidobacterium lactis during the test period. (11) Those who cannot stop consuming foods containing live bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Bacillus subtilis natto, foods enriched with oligosaccharides and dietary fiber, health foods believed to be good for improving constipation, and foods containing a large amount of sugar alcohol; (12) Those who have previously been consuming regular foods containing lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacterium, and oligosaccharides for the purpose of relieving constipation; (13) Those who have declared an allergy to the ingredients of the test foods; (14) Those with a past or current history of drug or alcohol dependence; (15) Those who are pregnant or breastfeeding, or those planning to become pregnant; (16) Those with extremely irregular eating habits, or those with irregular sleep hours and habits due to irregular shift work or late-night shift work; (17) Those who are currently participating in or intend to participate in tests of other foods, drugs, or cosmetics or drugs; (18) Others who the principal investigator deems unsuitable as subjects

[0043] 3) Test method This study was conducted as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group comparative study (allocation ratio: 1:1) with a 4-week intake period. Participants were allocated using a block randomization method (block size 4) with gender and age as adjusting factors. A controller not directly involved in the study assigned the two groups to the test food group and the control food group. In addition, the controller created and sealed a table (key code) listing the allocation results, and kept it sealed until the key code was disclosed after the analysis subjects were determined, thereby ensuring blinding. During the test period, subjects were instructed to take two packets (5.6 g) of the test food (test food for the test food group and control food for the control food group) dissolved in an appropriate amount of water or hot water per day. During the study period, subjects were instructed to maintain the same lifestyle as before the study began, avoid the use of supplements and health foods, avoid foods containing live bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria, bifidobacteria, and natto bacteria, foods enriched with oligosaccharides and dietary fiber, health foods known to be good for relieving constipation, and foods containing large amounts of sugar alcohols, and avoid consuming large amounts of alcohol (as a rough guide, an amount that would cause mental or physical symptoms to persist until the next day after drinking). Additionally, subjects were instructed to avoid consuming alcohol the day before any test, as a precaution for each test. Subjects were only allowed to use medications with the permission of the study institution, except in emergencies.

[0044] 4) Test items Before and four weeks after starting the intake, sleep status was assessed using the OSA Sleep Questionnaire (MA version). The OSA Sleep Questionnaire was administered upon waking, and response scale values ​​(Zc scores) were calculated based on the user's manual for five factors: "Factor 1: Sleepiness upon waking," "Factor 2: Falling asleep and maintaining sleep," "Factor 3: Dreaminess," "Factor 4: Fatigue recovery," and "Factor 5: Sleep duration." Note that "Dreaming" is an index in which a lower score indicates poorer sleep quality, and a higher score indicates sounder sleep (good feeling of sleep).

[0045] 5) Subjects of analysis The study enrolled 40 subjects (10 men, 30 women), with no dropouts after randomization, and the study began with 40 subjects. No subjects discontinued or dropped out during the study period, resulting in a total of 40 subjects completing the study. After the study was completed, six subjects (four in the control food group, two in the test food group) were excluded due to issues with the reliability of the data, such as non-compliance with lifestyle precautions, leaving 34 subjects (10 men, 24 women) for analysis (16 in the control food group, 18 in the test food group). The reason for rejection was that issues with the reliability of the data were identified (four in the control food group, two in the test food group).

[0046] <Test Results> The results of the OSA Sleep Questionnaire are shown in Table 3. Compared to the control food group, the test food group showed a higher rate of change from before intake in all five factors: "Sleepiness upon waking," "Onset of sleep and maintenance of sleep," "Dreaming," "Fatigue recovery," and "Sleep duration." In the OSA Sleep Questionnaire evaluation, a higher factor score indicates a better sense of sleep. This confirms that intake of young barley leaves can also improve sleep quality in humans.

[0047] [Table 3] [Industrial Applicability]

[0048] The composition of the present invention can exhibit a sleep-improving effect by containing young barley leaves. Since it can be used as a food or drink intended to improve sleep, it is highly useful industrially.

Claims

[Claim 1] The invention described in the specification.

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