Fuel compositions with low impact on CO2 emissions and their use especially in new vehicles

Abstract

One object of the present invention is a fuel composition comprising (i) 85-98% by weight of a mixture of hydrocarbons comprising a) 8-40% by weight of aromatics; b) 50-90% by weight of acyclic paraffins containing at least 4 carbon atoms; and c) 2-15% by weight of naphthenes, and (ii) 2-15% by weight of ethanol, said composition having a fuel yield of 720-745 kg / m, measured according to standard EN ISO 12185 at 15°C. 3 The composition has a density in the range of 0.1 to 0.5% by weight. The composition is useful for powering spark ignition engines, and is particularly useful as a "top-fill" fuel for vehicles with new engines.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] One object of the present invention is a fuel composition for vehicles including spark ignition engines (or gasoline engines) having specific properties.

[0002] Another object of the invention is the use of such a composition for powering spark ignition engines, both in conventional vehicles, especially automotive vehicles, and in competition vehicles, and more particularly, the invention is directed to the use of this composition as a start-up fuel in new engines. [Background technology]

[0003] Gasoline-type fuels sold in Europe for use in spark ignition engines, in particular those used in motor vehicles, must meet the specifications of standard EN 228, which prescribes several criteria, such as a Motor Octane Number (MON) greater than 85 and a Research Octane Number (RON) of at least 95. In a manner well known per se, the octane number assesses the resistance to spontaneous ignition of fuels used in spark ignition engines.

[0004] These fuels are suitable for the majority of automotive engines.

[0005] However, special requirements apply where the gasoline fuel is a so-called "first fill fuel", ie a fuel intended to power a new engine, such as those typically fitted to new vehicles.

[0006] A new engine is one that has not yet been used since it was manufactured.

[0007] In particular, at the end of an automobile vehicle assembly line, the tanks of new vehicles are fully or partially filled with a top-up fuel, which represents the very first fuel that will power the engine when the vehicle is first put into service.

[0008] These initial charge fuels must meet very specific technical requirements.

[0009] The first set of requirements requires that the vehicle must be started and stopped multiple times without ever leaving the assembly line, without causing engine contamination. Under these conditions, the initial fill fuel must protect the new engines, ensuring their cleanliness and proper operation until the vehicle is delivered to its first customer.

[0010] Furthermore, after they are manufactured, automotive vehicles are often stored and shipped around the world before being put into service for the first time. The initial fill fuel is therefore stored in the vehicle for an extended period of time, often several months, before being purchased by the end user of the vehicle. The initial fill fuel should therefore have excellent long-term storage stability, particularly oxidation stability.

[0011] Furthermore, vehicles are often put into service at a sales location that is very far away from where they are manufactured, which may be on a different continent with fundamentally different climatic conditions. However, starting the vehicle by the end user should not pose any difficulties. Therefore, regardless of where it is sold, the initial fuel fill should enable the vehicle to start immediately and run smoothly, both in hot regions and in very cold countries.

[0012] Finally, since engines are started and stopped several times on the assembly line before reaching their final sale, operators working on the assembly line are particularly exposed to emissions resulting from the combustion of fuel. For this reason, it is also important that the initial fill fuel has a high level of safety. In particular, the health, safety and environmental constraints imposed by some automobile manufacturers can be stringent, in order to avoid any toxicity of the fuel to operators who have to handle it on a daily basis.

[0013] As such, first-fill fuel is subject to much higher technical, logistical and environmental requirements than conventional fuels sold at gas stations.

[0014] Furthermore, in all vehicles, but especially those intended for civilian use, there is a growing trend towards the use of fuels formulated from plant-based sources, especially so-called "bio-based" sources, in order to address environmental concerns and limit the use of fossil resources. Current environmental concerns are therefore driving consumers to seek more environmentally friendly fuels.

[0015] However, the use of fuel compositions derived from a bio-based feedstock should not compromise fuel performance.

[0016] There is therefore a need to develop new fuel compositions for powering spark ignition engines that meet the requirements of modern vehicles while being formulated from a base and / or compounds of renewable raw materials, also called bio-based compounds.

[0017] There is also a need to formulate fuels that meet the special requirements of initial fill fuels, which may also be formulated from a bio-based feedstock.

[0018] As is well known in the art, octane improving additives (or octane boosters) are typically added to gasoline-type fuel compositions. Organometallic compounds, particularly those containing iron, lead, or manganese, are well-known octane improvers.

[0019] Therefore, tetraethyl lead (TEL) has been widely used as a very effective octane enhancer, but in most of the world, TEL and other organometallic compounds can now be used in fuels in very small amounts, if at all, because they can be toxic, damaging engines, and harmful to the environment.

[0020] Non-metallic octane improvers include oxygenates (e.g., ethers and alcohols) and aromatic amines. However, these additives also suffer from several drawbacks. For example, N-methylaniline (NMA), an aromatic amine, must be used at relatively high treat rates (1.5-2% mass of additive / mass of fuel base) to have a significant effect on the octane number of the fuel. NMA can also be toxic.

[0021] By way of example, document US Pat. No. A 4,812,146 describes an unleaded gasoline fuel composition for competitive engines, comprising at least four components selected from butane, isopentane, toluene, MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether) and an alkylate.

[0022] Document WO 2010 / 014501 describes unleaded gasoline fuel compositions comprising at least 45% by volume of branched paraffins, up to 34% by volume of one or more mono- and di-alkylated benzenes, 5-6% by volume of at least one normal paraffin having 3-5 carbon atoms (denoted C3-C5), one or more alkanols having 2-4 carbon atoms (denoted C2-C4), in amounts sufficient to improve the AKI (i.e. antiknock index), i.e. (RON+MON) / 2, of at least 93. These compositions are claimed to have high torque and maximum power. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0023] [Patent Document 1] U.S. Patent No. A4812146 [Patent Document 2] International Publication No. 2010 / 014501 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0024] Therefore, there is a need for fuel compositions that have good intrinsic properties, i.e., do not necessarily require the addition of octane enhancing additives such as those described above. [Means for solving the problem]

[0025] Continuing research into the development of fuel formulations for gasoline engines, the Applicant has now discovered a composition which makes it possible to achieve the above objectives.

[0026] Thus, one object of the present invention is to (i) a) 8 to 40% by weight of aromatic compounds; b) 50 to 90% by weight of acyclic paraffins containing at least 4 carbon atoms; and c) 2 to 15% by weight of naphthene A mixture of 85 to 98% by weight of a hydrocarbon, (ii) 2 to 15% by weight of ethanol; wherein the composition has a viscosity of 720 to 745 kg / m, measured according to standard EN ISO 12185 at 15°C. 3 It has a density in the range of

[0027] These compositions are intended to be used to power spark ignition engines (or gasoline engines). These engines are found in any vehicle with an internal combustion engine, including conventional vehicles, rechargeable and non-rechargeable hybrid electric vehicles, and dual fuel vehicles. The compositions according to the present invention are also useful for powering dual fuel compression ignition engines.

[0028] The fuel compositions according to the invention comply with the specifications of standard EN 228. In particular, they have high RON and MON octane numbers.

[0029] The compositions according to the invention are particularly suitable for use in applications with very stringent constraints and requirements, for example in vehicles with new engines, for which reason they constitute particularly high-performance so-called first-fill fuels.

[0030] These compositions are extremely storage stable and can withstand very wide temperature variations. They can be used in a wide range of climatic conditions, from hot to very cold regions. They do not pollute engines and have good safety characteristics.

[0031] The compositions according to the invention also offer important advantages for use in vehicles other than those with new engines, such as in so-called civilian applications, in particular in light duty vehicles (or LDVs), which, if appropriate, should meet the specifications of standard EN 228.

[0032] According to a particularly advantageous embodiment, the composition according to the invention can be prepared totally or partly from biomass, in particular from bases and / or compounds of plant origin(s). In particular, the composition according to the invention may contain at least 30% by weight of one or more biosourced bases, preferably at least 50% by weight, more preferably at least 80% by weight and even better at least 90% by weight of one or more biosourced bases. According to one particular embodiment, the composition according to the invention is entirely composed of biosourced compounds (content of more than 99.9% by weight).

[0033] Therefore, this is a very significant reduction in carbon dioxide (CO) emissions compared to fossil-based, at least 20% compared to conventional fuels that do not contain hydrocarbons derived from biomass, such as fossil (petroleum)-based hydrocarbon-based fuels. 2 ) conversion gain.

[0034] This CO 2 The conversion gains are calculated over the entire life cycle of the fuel composition, from production to use. They correspond to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and can be determined by a life cycle analysis in accordance with the standard ISO 14040-44.

[0035] Another object of the present invention is the use of a fuel composition as defined above for powering a spark ignition engine.

[0036] According to one particularly advantageous embodiment, the composition according to the invention is used as a fuel for the initial filling of a new engine, i.e. as a "first-fill" fuel. In other words, the composition is used to power a new engine of an automotive vehicle.

[0037] Other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description and examples.

[0038] Hereinafter, unless otherwise specified, in particular in the expressions "between ... and ...", "within ... to ..." and "in the range ... to ...", the boundaries of the range of values ​​are included in this range.

[0039] Furthermore, as used in the present description, the terms "at least one" and "at least" are equivalent to the terms "one or more" and "more than or equal to," respectively.

[0040] Finally, in a manner known per se, C N Compound refers to any compound that contains a N carbon atom in its chemical structure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0041] fuel composition The composition according to the invention comprises a) 8 to 40% by weight of aromatic compounds; b) 50 to 90% by weight of acyclic paraffins containing at least 4 carbon atoms; and c) 2 to 15% by weight of naphthene These contents are expressed by weight relative to the weight of the mixture of hydrocarbons (i).

[0042] The mixture of hydrocarbons (i) represents 85 to 98% by weight, preferably 88 to 95% by weight, based on the total weight of the fuel composition.

[0043] The aromatic compound(s) (i)a) are preferably chosen from alkylbenzenes containing from 7 to 12 carbon atoms. Alkylbenzene denotes a benzene derivative in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by one or more alkyl groups in a manner known per se.

[0044] The aromatic compound(s) may in particular be selected from toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (in particular 1,2-dimethylbenzene or ortho-xylene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene or meta-xylene, and 1,4-dimethylbenzene or para-xylene), 1-ethyl-3-methylbenzene, mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene), 1-ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene, and mixtures thereof.

[0045] Mixtures of aromatic compounds are particularly preferred, and more particularly mixtures of alkylbenzenes containing 8 to 10 carbon atoms, such as ethylbenzene, xylene (especially 1,2-dimethylbenzene or ortho-xylene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene or meta-xylene, and 1,4-dimethylbenzene or para-xylene), 1-ethyl-3-methylbenzene, mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene), and 1-ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene.

[0046] The content of aromatic compounds (i) a) represents from 8 to 40% by weight, preferably from 10 to 30% by weight and better still from 12 to 25% by weight relative to the weight of the mixture of hydrocarbons (i).

[0047] The composition according to the invention further comprises acyclic paraffins (i)b) containing at least 4 carbon atoms.

[0048] "Paraffins" denotes, in a manner known per se, branched alkanes (also called isoparaffins or isoalkanes) and unbranched alkanes (also called n-paraffins or n-alkanes).

[0049] The paraffins are preferably selected from those containing from 5 to 12 carbon atoms, more preferably from 5 to 9 carbon atoms.

[0050] The paraffins may be selected from n-paraffins (or normal paraffins, ie, straight-chain alkanes) and isoparaffins (ie, branched alkanes).

[0051] Particular preference is given to mixtures of n-paraffins and isoparaffins selected from those listed above, preferably containing isoparaffins in majority proportion, the weight ratio of the amount of isoparaffins to the amount of n-paraffins being greater than or equal to 6, preferably greater than or equal to 8 and even better still greater than or equal to 10. According to one preferred embodiment, this ratio is in the range from 8 to 20, preferably from 10 to 18 and even better still from 12 to 15.

[0052] The mixture of hydrocarbons (i) advantageously contains from 3 to 10% by weight of n-paraffins and from 40 to 87% by weight of isoparaffins.

[0053] Preferably, the content of paraffins (i)b) ranges from 60 to 90% by weight, more preferably from 70 to 85% by weight, based on the weight of the mixture of hydrocarbons (i).

[0054] The composition according to the invention further contains naphthenes (i)c).

[0055] "Naphthene" denotes, in a manner known per se, a cyclic alkane (or cycloalkane) containing from 5 to 12 carbon atoms. Preferably, naphthenes are chosen from cyclic alkanes containing from 5 to 12 carbon atoms, more preferably from 6 to 9 carbon atoms.

[0056] Preferably, the content of naphthenes (i)c) ranges from 2 to 10% by weight, more preferably from 3 to 6% by weight, relative to the weight of the mixture of hydrocarbons (i).

[0057] According to one preferred embodiment, the mixture of hydrocarbons (i) is at least 20% by weight derived from the processing of plant raw materials. Thus, the mixture (i) is advantageously composed entirely or partly of bio-based hydrocarbons, preferably entirely of bio-based hydrocarbons. The plant-based raw materials may be selected, for example, from cereals (wheat, corn), rapeseed, sunflower, soybean, palm oil, sugarcane, beet, plant waste such as wood waste, straw, bagasse, grape pomace, used cooking vegetable oils, algae, and lignocellulosic materials.

[0058] The composition according to the invention also contains ethanol.

[0059] According to one preferred embodiment, ethanol of plant origin, also called bioethanol, is used.

[0060] Bioethanol can be produced, for example, from the fermentation of sugars, primarily glucose, using conventional or genetically modified yeast strains. A variety of plant feedstocks can be used to produce bioethanol, including sugar cane, corn, barley, potato waste, sugar beet, and wine residues, such as grape pomace.

[0061] The composition has an ethanol content in the range of 2 to 15% by weight, preferably 5 to 12% by weight, based on the total weight of the fuel composition.

[0062] According to one advantageous embodiment, the composition according to the invention comprises at most 2 wt. % of olefins, preferably at most 1.5 wt. % of olefins, more preferably at most 1 wt. % of olefins, and even more preferably at most 0.5 wt. % of olefins, relative to the total weight of the fuel composition.

[0063] According to one preferred embodiment, the composition according to the invention contains at most 0.1% by weight of benzene, in other words, its benzene content is less than or equal to 0.1% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.

[0064] The composition according to the invention may further comprise one or more ethers. Ethers, also called ether oxides or alkoxyalkyls, are compounds of the formula RO-R', where R and R' may be the same or different and are an alkyl group, typically C 1 ~C 5 Represents a group.

[0065] Particular mention may be made of the following ethers, which are often incorporated in fuel compositions: methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME), tert-amyl ethyl ether (TAEE), and mixtures thereof.

[0066] The composition has a viscosity of 720-745 kg / m, measured according to standard EN ISO 12185 at 15 °C. 3 Preferably, the density is in the range of 720 to 730 kg / m 3 is within the range.

[0067] According to one preferred embodiment, the composition according to the invention has a final distillation temperature, measured in accordance with standard EN ISO 3405, of more than 190° C., preferably equal to or greater than 195° C.

[0068] The compositions described above generally have a Research Octane Number (RON) of 95 or more, preferably 99 or more, more preferably 100 or more, RON being measured according to standard EN ISO 5164.

[0069] It generally has a Motor Octane Number (MON) of greater than or equal to 85, preferably greater than or equal to 88 and more preferably greater than or equal to 90, MON being measured in accordance with standard EN ISO 5163.

[0070] The above values ​​relate to the inherent octane number of the composition, i.e., the octane number without the addition of auxiliary compounds, in particular octane booster additives.

[0071] In addition to the base compound described above, the fuel composition according to the invention may also contain one or more additives selected from those normally used in gasoline fuels.

[0072] In particular, the composition according to the invention may comprise at least one detergent additive ensuring the cleanliness of the intake circuit.Such an additive may be selected, for example, from the group consisting of succinimides, polyetheramines, betaines, Mannich bases and quaternary ammonium salts, which may be substituted with polyisobutylene groups, such as those described in the documents US 4,171,959 and WO 2006 / 135881.

[0073] The composition may also comprise at least one lubricant additive or antiwear agent, in particular (but not limited to) selected from the group consisting of fatty acids and their ester or amide derivatives, in particular glycerol monooleate, and monocyclic and polycyclic carboxylic acid derivatives. Examples of such additives are given in the following documents: EP 680506, EP 860494, WO 98 / 04656, EP 915944, FR 2772783, FR 2772784.

[0074] Other additives may also be incorporated into the fuel compositions according to the invention, such as anti-valve recession additives and antioxidant additives, and optionally octane enhancing additives.

[0075] The additives described above may each be added in an amount ranging from 10 to 5000 ppm by weight, preferably from 50 to 1000 ppm by weight, in the fuel composition.

[0076] According to a preferred embodiment, the composition comprises an additive package, i.e. a combination of at least two different additives advantageously selected from detergent additives, lubricant additives, valve anti-recession additives and antioxidant additives, these additives advantageously being selected from those described above.

[0077] Fuel compositions according to the invention generally have a lead content of less than 5 mg / L (eg present in the form of tetraethyl lead) and are preferably lead-free, ie they do not contain lead or lead-containing compounds.

[0078] Preparation of the Fuel Composition The compositions according to the invention may be prepared by simply mixing the components thereof.

[0079] A non-limiting embodiment includes the steps of: 1) preparing a mixture (i) of hydrocarbons comprising 8-40 wt.% aromatics, 50-90 wt.% acyclic paraffins containing at least 4 carbon atoms, and 2-15 wt.% naphthenes; and then 2) mixing 85-98 wt.% of said mixture (i) with 2-15 wt.% ethanol.

[0080] The mixture of hydrocarbons (i) preferably comprises at least 20% by weight of one or more bio-based raw materials, i.e. at least 20% by weight of the hydrocarbons are obtained from plant raw materials. More preferably, the mixture of hydrocarbons (i) comprises at least 30% by weight, more preferably at least 50% by weight, and even better at least 70% by weight of one or more bio-based raw materials. These amounts are expressed relative to the total weight of the mixture of hydrocarbons (i).

[0081] The mixture of hydrocarbons (i) may further comprise non-bio-sourced hydrocarbons, such as those of fossil (petroleum) origin, preferably in small amounts, typically less than 80% by weight, preferably less than 70% by weight, more preferably less than 50% by weight and better still less than 30% by weight, these amounts being expressed relative to the total weight of the mixture of hydrocarbons (i).

[0082] According to one particularly preferred embodiment, the mixture of hydrocarbons (i) consists entirely of one or more bio-based feedstocks.

[0083] Preferred biofeedstock bases can in particular be those produced from biomass and converted into biohydrocarbons by known catalytic conversion processes.

[0084] Similarly, the ethanol is preferably bioethanol.

[0085] Therefore, the compositions according to the invention may be prepared entirely from plant material.

[0086] use Another object of the present invention is the use of the composition described above for powering a spark ignition engine, which may be of the direct or indirect injection type.

[0087] The fuel composition can be advantageously used to power both conventional automotive vehicle engines (so-called "civilian") and high-power spark-ignition engines such as automotive racing vehicle engines, which may in particular be naturally aspirated or turbocharged engines used in racing vehicles (circuits or rallies), or hybrid engines, i.e. internal combustion engines coupled to electric motors, either rechargeable (or PHEV "plug-in hybrid electric vehicle") or non-rechargeable (or HEV "hybrid electric vehicle").

[0088] According to one preferred embodiment, the composition according to the invention is used as a "top-fill" fuel, i.e. as a fuel for the top-fill of a vehicle containing a new engine. In other words, the composition is used to power a vehicle, in particular an automobile vehicle or other vehicle (heavy goods vehicle, public transport vehicle or other), preferably a new engine of an automobile vehicle.

[0089] Another object of the invention is the use of the composition as described above for reducing carbon dioxide equivalent emissions measured by life cycle analysis in accordance with standard ISO 14040-44, said reduction typically being determined relative to a fossil basis, in particular relative to a petroleum-based fuel composition.

[0090] The following examples are intended merely to illustrate the invention and should not be construed as limiting its scope. EXAMPLES

[0091] The following examples were conducted using Base B, which contains 22 wt. % bio-sourced hydrocarbons derived from the processing of bioalcohol derived from the processing of biomass.

[0092] Base B has the following composition:

[0093] [Table 1]

[0094] Fuel composition C is 89.58% by weight of base B, and - 10.42% bioethanol by weight It was prepared by mixing the following:

[0095] The composition has a thermal conductivity of 722 kg / m, measured according to standard EN ISO 12185 at 15°C. 3 has a density of

[0096] Its final distillation temperature, measured in accordance with standard EN ISO 3405, is 195°C.

[0097] It has a research octane number (RON, measured in accordance with standard EN ISO 5164) of 100.4 and a motor octane number (MON, measured in accordance with standard EN ISO 5163) of 91.5.

[0098] Compared to a petroleum-based fuel composition equivalent (i.e., containing 89.58 wt. % fossil hydrocarbons and 10.42 wt. % bioethanol), composition C above has a CO 2 This resulted in a conversion gain of 21%. This gain was calculated by life cycle analysis in accordance with the standard ISO 14040-44.

Claims

1. (i) a) 8 to 40 wt. % aromatic compounds; b) 50 to 90 wt. % acyclic paraffins containing at least 4 carbon atoms; and c) 2 to 15 wt. % naphthenes and a mixture of 85 to 98 wt. % of a hydrocarbon, (ii) 2 to 15% by weight of ethanol; and having a viscosity of 720 to 745 kg / m, measured according to standard EN ISO 12185 at 15°C. ３ The composition has a density in the range of

2. 2. The composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the mixture of hydrocarbons (i) represents from 88 to 95% by weight relative to the total mass of the fuel composition.

3. 3. The composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the aromatic compound (i)a) is selected from alkylbenzenes containing from 7 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably from a mixture of alkylbenzenes containing from 8 to 10 carbon atoms.

4. 4. The composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the content of aromatic compounds (i)a) ranges from 10 to 30% by weight, preferably from 12 to 25% by weight, relative to the mass of the mixture of hydrocarbons (i).

5. 5. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the acyclic paraffins (i)b) consist of a mixture of n-paraffins and isoparaffins in which the mass ratio of the amount of isoparaffins to the amount of n-paraffins is greater than or equal to 6, preferably greater than or equal to 8 and even better still greater than or equal to 10.

6. 6. Composition according to claim 5, characterized in that the mass ratio of the amount of isoparaffins to the amount of n-paraffins is in the range from 8 to 20, preferably from 10 to 18 and better still from 12 to 15.

7. 7. The composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the content of paraffins (i) b) ranges from 60 to 90% by weight, preferably from 70 to 85% by weight, relative to the mass of the mixture of hydrocarbons (i).

8. 8. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the naphthenes (i)c) are selected from cyclic alkanes containing from 5 to 12 carbon atoms, more preferably from 6 to 9 carbon atoms.

9. 9. Composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the content of naphthenes (i)c) ranges from 2 to 10% by weight, preferably from 3 to 6% by weight, relative to the mass of the mixture of hydrocarbons (i).

10. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the ethanol content ranges from 5 to 12% by weight relative to the total mass of the fuel composition.

11. 11. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that it comprises at most 2 wt.% of olefins, preferably at most 1.5 wt.% of olefins, more preferably at most 1 wt.% of olefins, even more preferably at most 0.5 wt.% of olefins, relative to the total mass of the fuel composition.

12. 12. A composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the benzene content is less than or equal to 0.1% by weight, relative to the total mass of the fuel composition.

13. 13. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the mixture of hydrocarbons (i) is obtained, to an extent of at least 20% by weight, from the processing of plant material.

14. 14. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 13 for powering a spark ignition engine.

15. 14. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 13 as a start-fill fuel in a vehicle, preferably an automotive vehicle, containing a new engine.

16. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 13 for reducing carbon dioxide equivalent emissions as measured by life cycle analysis according to standard ISO 14040-44.

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