Screening action for indicating the state of the machine

Abstract

A smart screening system for identifying the open or closed state of components of a vehicle such as an aircraft. The component can be, for example, a cargo restraint mechanism or an uplock. The RFID tag is integrated into or attached to the component. A screen attached to the component blocks signals to and from the tag when the component is in one state and permits signals to and from the tag when the component is in another state. An interrogator transmits a signal to the tag, receives a signal from the tag, checks whether the tag is blocked by the screen, and generates an indicator indicating whether the component is in an open state or a closed state. A computer receives the indicator from the interrogator and provides a readout value for identifying the state of the component. The safety of the vehicle is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] (Related Applications) This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 345,205, filed May 24, 2022, and U.S. Non-Provisional Patent Application No. 18 / 200,340, filed May 22, 2023, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] The present disclosure generally relates to systems for monitoring and displaying (i.e., reporting) the status of devices, and more particularly to systems including one or more tagging techniques for monitoring and displaying the status of devices used within and on aircraft.

Background Art

[0003] Devices can be complex. Devices can be composed of many mechanical, electrical, and systems components. Devices can perform jobs where interruption of operation may be undesirable. To maintain reliable performance, it is beneficial to monitor and accurately report the status of a device in real-time or near real-time. One attempt to monitor and report the status of a particular type of device, namely industrial equipment, is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 10,209,706 issued to General Electric Company.

[0004] Industrial equipment can include gas turbines, wind turbines, gas engines, diesel engines, reciprocating engines, and the like. The system disclosed in the '706 patent, like many conventional systems, includes one or more sensors coupled to industrial equipment, and the one or more sensors are configured to obtain one or more measurements related to one or more operating characteristics of the industrial equipment. This system also includes a computing device having a user interface and one or more processors. The one or more processors receive one or more measurements of one or more operating characteristics of the industrial equipment, determine the state of the industrial equipment based on the one or more measurements, determine the date and time based on the one or more measurements, and are configured to update cells within a grid of cells compiled according to time increments based on the state, date, and time.

[0005] The problem with the system disclosed in the '706 patent, like many conventional systems, is that the system is sensor-dependent. Sensors cause many problems. The first problem is sensor selection. Of the many available sensor options, which sensor is optimal for the performance task? When selecting a sensor, it is always good practice to prepare a list of the conditions under which the sensor must operate and the required measurement range. Using this set of criteria makes it possible to exclude certain sensors from consideration and, for example, leave only sensors that can withstand high temperatures and other adverse conditions as potential options. Dust, other contaminants, vibration, shock, and exposure to high temperatures are all factors that shorten the average lifespan of sensors. Therefore, when using sensors, it is important to select sensors that overcome these problems by design rather than accepting frequent failures and replacements. It is also valuable to check the physical location of the sensor and determine whether moving the sensor can minimize its impact on the environment.

[0006] The way the sensor is attached can also cause problems in detection. For example, a sensor that detects the presence of a specific metal should not be attached to that type of metal if there is no free space between the sensing surface and the metal to which the sensor is attached. Improper attachment leads to incorrect detection readings, but this simple factor is overlooked, and it can lead to a long process of trying various sensors when all that is needed is a minor adjustment of the attachment. The materials surrounding the sensor and the materials that the sensor is expected to detect are important factors to consider when selecting the appropriate sensor. Otherwise, the sensor may detect something that it should not. Another common problem with sensors is that the sensing surface is susceptible to contamination and foreign matter intrusion. If the sensor depends on a reliable contact between two switches and there is some intervening substance (such as dust), it may fail to detect.

[0007] The present disclosure particularly relates to a system for monitoring and displaying the status of devices used in and on an aircraft. Using sensors in such a system usually causes other problems, including the cost of the sensors and the important wiring that needs to be routed inside the aircraft. Related aircraft equipment that benefits from an improved system that avoids the use of sensors includes equipment for storing pallets of containers, and more specifically, cargo unit load device restraint modules for use in aircraft bays.

[0008] Goods are frequently transported, loaded, unloaded, and secured in containers or pallets, commonly referred to as unit load devices, which facilitate these operations. The use of such goods containers and pallets is important for transportation vehicles such as ships, trains, and trucks, and is particularly desirable when the transportation vehicle is an aircraft. When transporting goods by aircraft, it is particularly important to firmly secure the container or pallet to the floor structure of the aircraft so that the goods do not move during takeoff, landing, and in-flight when sudden load conditions may occur. In vehicles such as aircraft that must move at high speeds, the weight of the containers or pallets carrying the transported goods can reach several tons, but in order to minimize the risk of these pallets moving during flight or in the event of a rough landing, they must be firmly stowed on the platform of the vehicle's bay using appropriate devices.

[0009] In attempts to control and prevent such movement of goods and to assist in the loading and unloading of goods, very complex and expensive cargo handling and restraint systems have been devised. Conventionally, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,433,564, which was assigned to Electro Pneumatic International GmbH of Germany, a container is secured to the cargo hold of an aircraft by a latch comprising a frame having a floor portion to which two upwardly extending sides are attached. At least one latch arm is attached to an axle set between the sides so that it can rotate from a low, inoperative position to an upright, locked position. A restraint mechanism is used to secure the latch to the floor of the cargo hold. The disclosed cargo latch comprises at least one elastically deformable portion on the floor of the frame so that when a force is applied to the latch arm during use, the sides of the frame can move relative to the floor portion as the floor portion deforms. This type of latch is intended to improve the reliability of operation without increasing weight compared to conventional latches.

[0010] U.S. Patent No. 4,089,275, granted to the Societe d’Exploitation des Establissements H. Pelletier of France, discloses another example of a cargo restraint mechanism. A lock for loading cargo onto a vehicle is mounted for lateral rotation between two support spars and includes two latches having anchor flanges for the cargo. The latches are rotatable between an open position and a closed position. The lock includes a manual lock member mounted for rotation about the pivot axes of the two latches. One latch cooperates with a lock lever swingable about a lateral pivot axis fixed to the spar. The latches have bearing surfaces for cooperating with the lock member in both the open and closed positions. The latches are particularly suitable for loading cargo in the bays of cargo aircraft.

[0011] U.S. Patent No. 4,349,302, granted to Lockheed of Burbank, California, discloses yet another example of a cargo restraint mechanism for restraining a cargo pallet. The mechanism includes two links rotatably mounted to a frame member and a latch member rotatably mounted to the links. One link is provided with a lever and the latch includes a cargo restraint lip. The mechanism is actuated by pushing the lever, causing the restraint lip to rise above the plane of the upper surface of the frame to a cargo pallet engagement position. A downward force acting on the upper surface of the restraint lip retracts the restraint mechanism below the plane of the upper surface of the frame. An auxiliary plate spring follows a cam surface of the other link, causing a snap-action of the mechanism. The frame may include additional mechanisms such as individually operable and stowable seat pallet guides.

[0012] The use of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is disclosed for detecting and communicating the status (location, identification, open / closed, etc.) of individual containers that make up a shipment. RFID tags are well known. Such tags are often provided in the form of labels or literal "tags" that can be placed on or affixed to an object such as a container. RFID tags may also be incorporated into the host object or its package. RFID tags typically comprise an integrated circuit and one or more antennas. The integrated circuit typically performs various functions such as modulation and demodulation of radio frequency signals, data storage, data processing, etc. Some integrated circuits are (wholly or partially) active or self-powered, while other integrated circuits are passive as they rely entirely on an external power source (such as an RFID tag reader) to support their functions from time to time.

[0013] An RFID reader is a device that attempts to read any RFID tag within its range. Typically, an RFID reader transmits electromagnetic energy through free space to any tag within range. The energy is received by any RFID tag within range, modulated with the identification information or other data stored in the RFID tag, and backscattered by the RFID tag to the reader. The RFID reader receives the backscattered energy, demodulates the energy to recover the data. In other forms, the RFID reader uses electromagnetic force to induce a response within the RFID tag, the induced response is modulated with the RFID tag's data, the RFID tag induces a corresponding response to the RFID reader, and the RFID reader demodulates the response to recover the data. The data recovered by the RFID reader is processed according to the purpose of its reading.

[0014] Conventional RFID tag location identification systems typically measure the difference in reception timing of transmissions by RFID tags by at least three readers using triangulation techniques to derive the location of the RFID tag. The reception timing must be known with very high accuracy so that the difference can be determined with sufficient accuracy to enable the calculation of the transmission location. RFID tags transmit at a preset power level periodically or in response to an interrogation signal or other signal.

[0015] There have been proposals to use RFID tags to identify individual items. The Electronic Product Code (EPC) managed by EPCGlobal, Inc. is one such effort. EPC-based RFID tags have a unique serial number that uniquely identifies each tag and each item that is associated with such a tag one-to-one by association. For additional information on using RFID tags to identify individual items, please refer to the corresponding document "EPC Radio-Frequency Identity Protocols Class-1 Generation-2 UHF RFID Protocol for Communications at 860 MHz-960 MHz Version 1.0.9".

[0016] U.S. Patent No. 10,820,180, granted to Walmart Apollo, LLC of Bentonville, Arkansas, discloses a method and device for using RFID devices to assist in determining the open state of a container. For example, a first RFID tag is fixed to a first part of the container, and a second RFID tag is fixed to a second part of the container. When a user performs an operation to at least partially open the container, the first part and the second part move relative to each other, as a result of which one or more RFID tags can no longer be read by a receiving circuit close to the container or can be read by the receiving circuit. The reading or cessation of reading of one or more RFID tags indicates at least one open state of the container. In some embodiments, the open state is at least one of an unsealing confirmation, an opening operation start state, an opening operation confirmation, a partially open state, and a fully open state.

[0017] U.S. Patent No. 8,686,861, granted to Panacea of Princeton Junction, New Jersey, discloses an RFID system and a method for using RFID devices. The RFID device senses an object or condition within a closable container proximate to or within the RFID device and transmits a message. The message includes information that uniquely identifies the RFID device and information regarding the object or condition sensed at or near the RFID device. The information within the received message related to the object or condition sensed at or near the RFID device notifies whether the container is closed, not closed, sealed, not sealed, or any combination thereof, thereby detecting the opening and / or tampering of the container. The message and display of the state received from the RFID device may be relayed and transmitted to a remote location.

[0018] Cargo containers on vehicles such as aircraft are held in place by latches, container stoppers, and container side guidance (i.e., "retention") devices. These devices are manually moved to their predetermined positions when the cargo container is loaded onto the aircraft. The combination of the limited space in the cargo hold and the manual operation of these devices frequently results in the retention devices not being properly closed due to operator oversight, improper placement of the devices, or simply for expediency to complete the loading in the shortest possible time. If the retention devices are not closed, the cargo may move during takeoff, flight, or landing, and the center of gravity of the aircraft may move to a dangerous position, making it impossible for the aircraft to maintain a safe flight. Many cargo aircraft accidents are probably due to the movement of the cargo caused by the retention devices not being properly closed. Currently, operators manually check for loosening and opening of the cargo latches.

[0019] There remains a need for a system that allows a cargo loader, supervisor, or pilot to query the retention devices via a remote computer or a handheld computer to confirm that all the retention devices are closed and thus the cargo is safely held. The purpose of such a system is to minimize, if not eliminate, the risk of the retention devices being accidentally closed. A related purpose is to minimize the movement of cargo during flight and improve the safety of cargo aircraft. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0020] To meet these and other needs, to achieve these and other objects, and in view of that object, the present disclosure provides a smart screening system for identifying an open or closed state of a component within a vehicle. The system includes an RFID tag integrated with or attached to the component and configured to transmit and receive signals. The screen is integrated with or attached to the component and blocks signals to and from the RFID tag when the component is in either an open or closed state and permits signals to and from the RFID tag when the component is in another state. The interrogator is configured to transmit a signal to the RFID tag, receive a signal from the RFID tag, check whether the RFID tag is blocked by the screen, and generate an indicator indicating whether the component is in an open or closed state. The computer is configured to receive the indicator from the interrogator and provide a readout value for identifying the state of the component. Vehicle safety is improved.

[0021] The present disclosure further provides a smart screening system for identifying an open or closed state of a cargo restraint mechanism configured to hold cargo within a vehicle. The system includes an RFID tag integrated with or attached to the cargo restraint mechanism and configured to transmit and receive signals. The screen is integrated with or attached to the cargo restraint mechanism and blocks signals to and from the RFID tag when the cargo restraint mechanism is in either the open or closed state and permits signals to and from the RFID tag when the cargo restraint mechanism is in other states. The interrogator is configured to transmit a signal to the RFID tag, receive a signal from the RFID tag, check whether the RFID tag is blocked by the screen, and generate an indicator indicating whether the cargo restraint mechanism is in the open state or the closed state. The computer is configured to receive the indicator from the interrogator and provide a readout value for identifying the state of the cargo restraint mechanism. The possibility of movement of the cargo is minimized, and the safety of both the cargo and the vehicle holding the cargo is improved.

[0022] The present disclosure further provides a smart screening system for identifying the open or closed state of an uplock configured to engage a landing gear or door within an aircraft. The system includes an RFID tag integrated with or attached to the uplock and configured to transmit and receive signals. The screen is integrated with or attached to the uplock and blocks signals to and from the RFID tag when the uplock is in either the open or closed state and permits signals to and from the RFID tag when the uplock is in other states. The interrogator is configured to transmit a signal to the RFID tag, receive a signal from the RFID tag, check whether the RFID tag is blocked by the screen, and generate an indicator indicating whether the uplock is in the open state or the closed state. The computer is configured to receive the indicator from the interrogator and provide a readout value for identifying the state of the uplock. The safety of the aircraft is improved.

[0023] Also provided are at least one computer-readable non-transitory storage medium(s) embodying the related systems and software. One or more computer-readable non-transitory storage medium(s) embodying the software are, in one embodiment, operable to perform a series of steps using the smart screening system.

[0024] It should be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and not restrictive of the present disclosure.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0025] The present disclosure is best understood from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It is emphasized that, in accordance with common practice, the various features of the drawings are not to scale. On the contrary, the dimensions of the various features are arbitrarily enlarged or reduced for clarity. The drawings include the following figures.

Figure 1A

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5A

Figure 5B

Figure 6A

Figure 6B

Figure 6C

Figure 6D

Figure 7

Figure 8A

Figure 8B

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 11

Figure 12

Figure 13

Figure 14A

Figure 14B

Figure 15A

Figure 15B

Figure 16

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0026] In this specification and the following claims, numerous terms are referred to as being defined to have the following meanings. The term "substantially" as used in this document is a descriptive term indicating approximation, meaning "a significant range" or "mostly what is specified but not exactly what is specified", and is intended to avoid strict numerical boundaries for specific parameters. The directional terms (e.g., up, down, right, left, front, back, top, bottom) used in this disclosure are created with reference only to the drawn figures and are not intended to mean absolute directionality.

[0027] The term "about" means that those amounts, sizes, formulations, parameters, and other amounts and characteristics are not exact and need not be exact, but reflect tolerances, conversion factors, rounding, measurement errors, and other elements known to those skilled in the art, and may be approximations and / or may be larger or smaller as appropriate. When a value is described as being near or approximately equal to a certain numerical value, the value is within ±10% of that numerical value. For example, a value of about 10 refers to a value between 9 and 11. When the term "about" is used to describe an endpoint of a value or range, the disclosure should be understood to include the specific value or endpoint. Whether or not a numerical value or the endpoint of a range in the specification is described as "about", the numerical value or the endpoint of the range is intended to include two embodiments, one modified with "about" and the other not modified with "about". It will be further understood that each endpoint of each range is important both in relation to other endpoints and independently of other endpoints.

[0028] Unless otherwise specified, the term "about" further refers to all terms within that range. For example, about 1, 2, or 3 is equivalent to about 1, about 2, or about 3, and further includes about 1-3, about 1-2, and about 2-3. The specific values and preferred values and their ranges disclosed for components and steps are for illustrative purposes only and do not exclude other defined values or other values within the defined range. The components and method steps of the present disclosure also include those having any value described, or any combination of any value, specific value, more specific value, and preferred value.

[0029] As used in this disclosure, the indefinite articles "a" or "an" and their corresponding definite article "the" mean at least one, or one or more, unless otherwise specified. Terms such as "comprising", "including", "containing", "having", "possessing", "having", "constituting", "comprising", "having" are inclusive but not limited to, that is, they are inclusive and not exclusive.

[0030] (Abstract) The present disclosure relates to a smart screening system 100 for detecting the status (i.e., open or closed position) of cargo latches, cargo container stoppers, and cargo side guidance devices, such as those used on cargo pallets in aerospace, ground, and overland applications. Further uses of the smart screening system 100 include aircraft cargo, naval vessel (commercial and military) cargo, nacelle cowl latches, cargo door locks / positions, passenger door locks / positions, landing gear (doors, gear positions, uplocks), and the like. The basic concept is to screen or descreen tag technologies (RFID, Bluetooth®, WiFi, piezoelectric, etc.) to indicate the status (e.g., open or closed) of equipment used on an aircraft.

[0031] FIG. A is a schematic diagram of the present disclosure, showing four tag technologies (RFID, Bluetooth®, WiFi, piezoelectric) that can be used in various aircraft applications. Those applications include passenger doors (indicating door position or door lock status), cargo doors (indicating door position or door lock status), cargo latches, radome latches, nacelles (indicating nacelle latch or TR latch status), landing gear (uplock, doors, gear position, wheel load status), and the like. A nacelle is a housing provided separately from the airframe and typically houses an aircraft engine and other equipment. A radome is a weatherproof structural enclosure that surrounds a radar system or antenna and minimizes attenuation of electromagnetic signals transmitted or received by the antenna. The radome protects the surface of the antenna from the elements and hides the antenna electronics from view. Radomes are often used to prevent ice and snow from accumulating on the antenna.

[0032] In one application, a passive (or active) RFID (radio frequency identification) transceiver tag is incorporated (embedded) into a latch, a cargo container stopper, or a cargo side guidance device assembly, and when the latch is in a closed (or open) position, the RFID tag is screened by the movement of the latch, stopper, or guidance device to a non - prominent position, i.e., a position where it moves to an open or closed position or an active or non - active position, making the RFID tag inaccessible to a query device. Screening of the RFID tag substantially prevents an RF (radio frequency) signal transmitted from reaching the RFID tag or an RF signal from the RFID tag from being transmitted to a receiver.

[0033] The query device transmits an RF query signal to determine whether the RFID tag is in a screened position. Whether the RFID tag is screened depends on the position of the RFID tag attached to the latch and thus on the position or state of the latch (i.e., whether the latch is open or closed).

[0034] Multiple latches or a single latch can be queried using an RF query system that includes a device that transmits an RF signal to query the RFID tag and receives its response signal. This device can be, for example, a handheld computer or a computer with an integrated transceiver and antenna for transmitting an RF query signal and receiving the returned RFID signal. The computer polls to determine which latches are open and which are closed according to the RFID tags that respond to the RF query signal. Each RFID tag has a unique code associated with a particular latch that can identify that latch. After the RF interrogator polls the latches to determine which RFID tags are screened and which are not, the interrogator provides a read - out of the state of each latch (open or closed depending on the response of the RFID tag).

[0035] The features of the disclosed smart screening system 100 include the following. (1) An RFID transceiver tag integrated with a cargo latch, a cargo container stopper, or a cargo side guidance device. (2) Screening of the RFID tag to prevent interrogation of the RFID tag when the latch, stopper, or guidance device is in one of two different states, i.e., either closed or open (latched or unlatched). (3) An electrically screened recess where the RFID tag is attached. (4) Movement of one part of the cargo latch, stopper, or side guidance device opens the electrically screened recess and renders the RFID tag unscreened (i.e., accessible). (5) Monitoring of the screened / unscreened state of the RFID tag. (6) Interrogation of multiple or single latches, stoppers, or guidance devices to derive their position states based on the screened / unscreened state of the RFID tags attached to the latch, stopper, or guidance device. (7) A monitoring unit indicating the state of the latch, stopper, or guidance device, i.e., a monitoring unit indicating whether it is open or closed based on interrogation of the screened or unscreened RFID tag.

[0036] In this disclosure, a method is introduced for electrically screening or unscreening an RFID tag by integrating a passive or active RFID transceiver tag with a cargo container holding device and operating to move the container holding device to its open or closed position. A computer integrated with the transceiver interrogates the RFID transceiver tag and checks whether they are screened based on the position of the holding device (closed or open).

[0037] In one embodiment, one or more antennas are attached to the cargo hold, and the computer / transceiver unit transmits RF signals via the antenna(s) of the cargo hold. The RF signals are received only by unscreened RFID tags. These tags respond to the RF interrogation signal, and the computer / transceiver unit indicates which RFID tag responded. Thereafter, the shipper, supervisor, or pilot can confirm the integrity and safety of the cargo holding device.

[0038] (RFID transponder) Referring now to the drawings, like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout the various figures constituting the drawings, and FIG. 1 shows a top view of a conventional RFID tag 10. The term "RFID tag" includes radio frequency identification tags and smart labels, which are also referred to as transponders or transceivers. The word "transponder" is derived from the combination of transmitter (TRANSmitter) and responder (resPONDER) and represents the function of the device.

[0039] As shown in FIG. 1, the RFID tag 10 includes a substrate 12 having one or more conductors or circuits 13 and capacitors (generally referred to as a conductor system 14) disposed within or on the substrate 12, and an RFID chip (or die) 16. The substrate 12 is typically a rigid or flexible PC board to which the RFID chip 16 is attached.

[0040] Referring to FIG. 2, chip 16 communicates (i.e., is electrically coupled) with conductor system 14 (e.g., die bonding) and is typically covered by a protective coating 18. In some examples, RFID tag 10 is (partially or fully) covered with an anti-static coating or encapsulated in a protective package. The embodiment shown in FIG. 2 shows chip 16 wire-connected to conductor system 14. However, as shown in FIG. 3, chip 16 may be composed of bump chip 20 on carrier 22 that communicates directly with conductor system 14. A variety of conductor system circuit materials and configurations are typically used. For example, circuit 13 can be created in a copper layer on the surface of substrate 12, in a punched or edge-processed metal layer laminated to substrate 12, in a layer of conductive paint applied (i.e., screen printed) to the surface of substrate 12, and / or in a path of wires arranged in a specific pattern and attached to the surface of substrate 12.

[0041] (Transponder and Reader) FIG. 4 shows two components of a smart screening system 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Specifically, smart screening system 100 includes interrogator 216, also referred to as a reader, and RFID tag 10, also referred to as a transponder. "Interrogator" is often used as an alternative to the term "reader," but differences can arise based on the reader together with the decoder and interface that form interrogator 216. RFID tag 10 responds to a transmitted or communicated request for the stored data by wirelessly communicating information via the space or air interface between RFID tag 10 and interrogator 216.

[0042] The interrogator 216 includes a host controller 220 that processes information received from the RFID tag 10 via the first antenna 222 and the first receiver 224. To obtain information from the RFID tag 10, the host controller 220 generates a signal transmitted by the transmitter 226 and the second antenna 228 as an interrogation command signal 230 (usually a vibrating RF signal). In response to receiving the interrogation command signal 230, the RFID tag 10 transmits an RFID signal 232 via the third antenna 234. The first receiver 224 receives the RFID signal 232 via the first antenna 222. The RFID signal 232 contains the identification number of the RFID tag 10. The first antenna 222 of the interrogator 216 receives the RFID signal 232 from the RFID tag 10, decodes the data within the RFID signal 232, and performs a read value.

[0043] The RFID tag 10 includes a fourth antenna 236 and a second receiver 238 for receiving the interrogation command signal 230 from the interrogator 216. The second receiver 238 transfers the received command signal to the controller 240. The controller 240 interprets the command and extracts the corresponding identification number (ID) from the memory 242. The extracted identification number is then transferred by the controller 240 to the transmitter 244, and the transmitter 244 transmits the ID to the third antenna 234, and the third antenna 234 broadcasts the RFID signal 232.

[0044] The RFID tag 10 can be either passive (without power) or active (with power). In an active RFID tag, the power supply 246 is provided by a power source such as a battery. In a passive RFID tag, the power is induced from the received signal. The fourth antenna 236 of the RFID tag receives AC energy from the interrogation command signal 230 via inductive coupling and accumulates this energy or power in a small capacitor. Regardless of whether it is active or passive, the RFID tag 10 uses its power to transmit RFID tag data (codes) to the interrogator 216 via the RFID signal 232. The RFID signal 232 transmitted by the RFID tag 10 is the modulated backscatter of the original signal transmitted by the interrogator 216. The controller 240, although not shown, may be provided with an interface for receiving data from an external transponder such as a global positioning sensor.

[0045] To efficiently transfer data through the air separating two communication antennas, it is usually necessary to superimpose the data on a carrier wave, as is common in communication technologies. This process is called modulation, and various methods are available for this purpose, each having specific attributes suitable for their use. Modulation techniques commonly used in RFID tags include amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK). Common carrier frequencies include high frequency (HF, about 3 - 30 MHz), very high frequency (VHF, about 30 - 300 MHz), and ultra high frequency (UHF, frequencies above 300 MHz). The higher the carrier frequency, the higher the possible data rate, but it is generally limited to applications within line of sight. Commercially available RFID systems commonly operate at about 13.56 MHz, and other systems operate at about 915 MHz.

[0046] The passive or active RFID tag 10 can operate at approximately 915 MHz (ISM band) in accordance with, for example, Federal Communications Commission Rule 15, or other rules applicable in the United States or other countries. The frequency can be any frequency permitted by these rules.

[0047] When multiple RFID tags 10 approach the interrogator 216 simultaneously and the interrogator 216 is broadcasting interrogation signals and control signals, the RFID tags 10 can respond simultaneously. There is a possibility that the responses collide and the identification codes become garbled or are lost. Generally, the interrogator 216 re-broadcasts commands to establish the order of the broadcasts of the RFID tags 10. This broadcast sequencing is made possible particularly by the active RFID tags 10.

[0048] (RFID tag incorporated in the cargo restraint mechanism) According to the present disclosure, as shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, the RFID tag 10 can be attached either on or within the cargo restraint mechanism 50 such that when the cargo restraint mechanism 50 is opened and closed, the RFID tag 10 is electrically screened or not screened by the movement of a specific component of the cargo restraint mechanism 50. The cargo restraint mechanism 50 can be other suitable mechanisms such as a latch, or a holding device, a container stopper, or a side guidance device, as shown. FIG. 5A is a bottom perspective view of the cargo restraint mechanism 50 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, shown in a closed or locked position where the RFID tag 10 is screened. FIG. 5B is a top perspective view of the cargo restraint mechanism 50 shown in FIG. 5A, shown in an open or unlocked position where the RFID tag 10 is not screened.

[0049] The cargo restraint mechanism 50 includes a body or frame 60 having a first spar 52 and a second spar 54 connected by a plurality of rods 58, 58. Preferably, the frame 60 is rigid and made of metal. Two rods 56, 58 are shown and are sufficient to provide sufficient rigidity to the frame 60 for most applications, although additional rods can also be provided.

[0050] The restraint mechanism 50 includes three main movable components rotatably attached to the frame 60. The movable components include a first latch arm 62, a second latch arm 64, and a lock lever 70. The first latch arm 62 and the second latch arm 64 are disposed on both sides of a lock lever 70 centrally located within the frame 60 in the space between the latch arms 62 and 64 and are rotatably connected to the lock lever 70. The first latch arm 62 and the second latch arm 64 each rotate together about a first pin 66 attached to the frame 60, and the lock lever 70 rotates about a second pin 68 attached to the frame 60. The pins 66, 68 and the rods 56, 58 may be fixed to the spars 52, 54 by any well-known mechanism such as press or interference fit, connected threads, deformation, cement, and adhesives. These components may be integrally formed. "Integrally" means a single part or a single unitary part that is self - contained without additional parts. That is, the part is a single monolithic part formed as a unit without other parts.

[0051] When not holding cargo, the cargo restraint mechanism 50 is in a first position as shown in Figure 5B. The first position is the open position, the unlocked position, or the stored position of the restraint mechanism 50, and the first latch arm 62, the second latch arm 64, and the lock lever 70 are all stored between the first spar 52 and the second spar 54 of the frame 60. Optionally, a spring such as a double - action leaf spring (not shown) biases the restraint mechanism 50 to remain in the first position. Instead of a spring, a structural stopper (or other element) can also be used to hold the restraint mechanism 50 in the first position.

[0052] During operation, if the user desires to hold or restrain the cargo in the cargo restraint mechanism 50, the user grasps the lock lever 70 and moves the lock lever 70 (and simultaneously the latch arms 62 and 64) upward against the force of the spring until the cargo restraint mechanism 50 reaches the second position as shown in FIG. 5A. The second position is the closed position, the locked position, or the upright position of the cargo restraint mechanism 50, where the first latch arm 62, the second latch arm 64, and the lock lever 70 all project vertically above the first spar 52 and the second spar 54 of the frame 60. When the cargo restraint mechanism 50 is in the second position, an optional spring biases the cargo restraint mechanism 50 to remain in the second position. In this case as well, a structural stopper (or other element) instead of a spring can be used to hold the cargo restraint mechanism 50 in the second position.

[0053] After being used to hold or restrain the cargo, to stow the cargo restraint mechanism 50, the operator only needs to push down on the upper part of the lock lever 70. The downward force can be applied, for example, by stepping on the lock lever 70, whereby the lock lever 70 rotates about the second pin 68, and the latch arms 62 and 64 rotate together about the first pin 66, and the cargo restraint mechanism 50 assumes the stowed configuration shown in FIG. 5B. The overall operation can be performed regardless of the presence or absence of a spring.

[0054] The RFID tag 10 is attached to the cargo restraint mechanism 50 at a location or position that enables the RFID tag 10 to indicate to the interrogator 216 via the RFID signal 232 whether the cargo restraint mechanism 50 is in the open state or the closed state. Preferably, the RFID tag 10 is attached to a static component of the cargo restraint mechanism 50. In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, the RFID tag 10 is attached to the first latch arm 62 of the cargo restraint mechanism 50.

[0055] To enable the RFID tag 10 to indicate to the interrogator 216 the open or closed state of the cargo restraint mechanism 50, several structural embodiments are possible. In an exemplary embodiment best shown in FIG. 5B, a screen is provided. The screen has two parts, namely, (a) a back screen 72 located between the RFID tag 10 and the first latch arm 62 to which the RFID tag 10 is attached, and (b) a front screen 74 (or cover) that can be attached to the movable part of the cargo restraint mechanism 50. When the cargo restraint mechanism 50 is in the closed state, as shown in FIG. 5A, the front screen 74 covers the RFID tag 10, and the RFID tag 10 is sandwiched between the front screen 74 and the back screen 72. This configuration effectively electrically screens the RFID tag 10 and prevents the RFID tag 10 from receiving or transmitting an RF signal. Thus, when screened or shielded, the RFID tag 10 cannot receive the interrogation command signal 230 or transmit the RFID signal 232. The interrogator 216 determines that the cargo restraint mechanism 50 is in the closed state when it cannot receive the RFID signal 232 from the RFID tag 10.

[0056] In contrast, as shown in FIG. 5B, when the cargo restraint mechanism 50 is in the open state, the front screen 74 does not cover the RFID tag 10. With this configuration, the RFID tag 10 can receive and transmit RF signals. The interrogator 216 determines that the cargo restraint mechanism 50 is in the open state when it receives the RFID signal 232 from the RFID tag 10.

[0057] A variety of materials can be used to form the screen. Any material that blocks or shields RF signals is suitable. Examples of materials include aluminum, mu-metal (an artificial alloy containing iron, copper, chromium, molybdenum, and up to 80% nickel), carbon, and copper. The screen can form a carbon fiber or copper Faraday shield, also called a Faraday cage. The Faraday cage is named after the famous British scientist Michael Faraday, who invented the cage in 1836, and is very convenient. Manufacturers weave together thin pieces of carbon fiber or copper wire to make a flexible fabric. Usually, this "fabric" is inserted between two other materials such as leather. When the wires are woven together, all the magnetic waves sent to the screen will bend. The cage will absorb the energy generated by the RFID reader and form a reliable barrier. An additional advantage of having a carbon fiber RFID blocking screen is that it has sufficient durability.

[0058] Figures 5A and 5B show an embodiment in which the RFID tag 10 can be mounted on or within the cargo restraint mechanism 50 such that when the cargo restraint mechanism 50 is opened and closed, the movement of certain components of the cargo restraint mechanism 50 electrically screens or unscreens the RFID tag 10. Four other embodiments are shown in FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C, and 6D (shield cradle and recess), FIG. 7 (EMC gasket), FIGS. 8A and 8B (EMC wiper seal), and FIG. 9 (rotating flap), respectively. Each of these four embodiments will be described in turn below.

[0059] FIG. 6A is a cross-sectional view of a second embodiment showing how the RFID tag 10 is or is not electrically screened when the cargo restraint mechanism 50 is opened and closed. As shown in FIG. 6A, the static components (such as the latch body 60) of the cargo restraint mechanism 50 have recesses 80 in which one or more RFID tags 10 are embedded. The movable components (such as the second latch arm 64) of the cargo restraint mechanism 50 have a shield cradle 82. The shield cradle 82 may be integrally formed with the second latch arm 64. Alternatively, the shield cradle 82 may be a separate component attached to the bottom of the second latch arm 64.

[0060] FIG. 6B is a top perspective view of the fixed latch body 60 in which the RFID tag 10 is embedded, shown in the open position where the RFID tag 10 is not screened. Usually, but not necessarily, the RFID tag 10 is attached to the bottom 76 and protected by the wall portion 78 that defines the recess 80 of the latch body 60. Two RFID tags 10 are shown, but one RFID tag 10 is sufficient, and two or more RFID tags 10 are also possible. The plurality of RFID tags 10 provides redundancy and ensures that the smart screening system 100 functions even if one RFID tag 10 fails.

[0061] FIG. 6C is a top perspective view of the shield cradle 82. The shield cradle 82 has an upper surface 84 from which a plurality of relatively flexible tongues or fingers 86 extend downward. FIG. 6D is a view highlighting one of the fingers 86 of the shield cradle 82 shown in FIG. 6C. Preferably, the shield cradle 82 is a single integral component made of beryllium copper or spring steel. Such components are available, for example, from TC Shielding Ltd. in the UK.

[0062] The shield cradle 82 is sized to fit snugly into the recess 80 of the latch body 60. As shown in FIG. 6A, when the second latch arm 64 moves toward the latch body 60, the finger 86 of the shield cradle 82 engages (i.e., presses against) the wall portion 78 of the latch body 60. When the second latch arm 64 contacts the latch body 60 (i.e., when the second latch arm 64 is in the position of the dashed line shown in FIG. 6A), the RFID tag 10 is electrically screened by the shield cradle 82. In contrast, when the second latch arm 64 moves away from and loses contact with the latch body 60 (i.e., when the second latch arm 64 is in the position of the solid line shown in FIG. 6A), the RFID tag 10 is not electrically screened by the shield cradle 82.

[0063] FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a third embodiment showing how the RFID tag 10 is electrically screened or not screened when the cargo restraint mechanism 50 is opened and closed. For the second embodiment, the static components (such as the latch body 60) of the cargo restraint mechanism 50 have recesses 80 in which one or more RFID tags 10 are embedded. The movable components (such as the second latch arm 64) of the cargo restraint mechanism 50 have gaskets 102. The gasket 102 may be formed integrally with the second latch arm 64. Alternatively, the gasket 102 may be a separate component attached to the bottom of the second latch arm 64.

[0064] Preferably, the gasket 102 has electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). EMC is the ability of an electrical component to function properly in an electromagnetic environment by limiting the unintentional generation, propagation, and reception of electromagnetic energy that can cause undesirable effects such as electromagnetic interference (EMI) or physical damage to the component. The EMC gasket 102 can be made from conductive silicone, fluorosilicone, fabric wrap, and other materials commonly used for shielding electronic device enclosures. Suitable EMC gaskets 102 are available, for example, from TC Shielding Ltd. in the UK.

[0065] Similar to the second embodiment, the bottom portion 76 and the wall portion 78 define a recess 80 within the latch body 60 in the third embodiment shown in FIG. 7. Preferably, although not necessarily, the RFID tag 10 is attached to a moving carrier 104 disposed within the recess 80 of the latch body 60. Although one RFID tag 10 is shown as being attached to the carrier 104, multiple RFID tags 10 are also possible. The RFID tag 10 may be attached to or embedded in an RF-transparent material such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK). PEEK is a colorless organic thermoplastic polymer belonging to the polyaryl ether ketone family.

[0066] The carrier 104 moves (i.e., travels) up and down within the confines of the recess 80. Although optional, such movement serves to accommodate tolerances, misalignment, or both. One or more springs 106 (two are shown) have one end attached to the bottom 76 of the recess 80 of the latch body 60 and the opposite end attached to the underside of the carrier 104. The springs 106 are biased to push the carrier 104 upward. However, upward movement of the carrier 104 is blocked or restricted by a flange 108 on the latch body 60 that defines an upper opening into the recess 80. Thus, the flange 108 functions as a stopper to prevent the carrier 104 from completely disengaging from the recess 80. When the carrier 104 reaches its uppermost position within the recess 80, one or more legs 110 of the carrier 104 extend upward and protrude out of the recess 80.

[0067] When the second latch arm 64 moves towards the latch body 60, the gasket 102 contacts the leg portion 110 of the carrier 104 and pushes the carrier 104 downward against the upward force of the spring 106. As shown in FIG. 7, when this contact occurs, the RFID tag 10 is electrically screened by the gasket 102. In contrast, when the second latch arm 64 moves away from the latch body 60 and the gasket 102 no longer contacts the leg portion 110 of the carrier 104, the RFID tag 10 is no longer electrically screened by the gasket 102.

[0068] FIG. 8A (top view) and FIG. 8B (side view) show a fourth embodiment showing how the RFID tag 10 is electrically screened or not screened when the cargo restraint mechanism 50 is opened and closed. Similar to the second and third embodiments, the static components (such as the latch body 60) of the cargo restraint mechanism 50 have recesses 80 in which one or more RFID tags 10 are embedded. Alternatively, the latch body 60 may not have the recess 80, in which case one or more RFID tags 10 are attached to the surface of the latch body 60. The movable components (such as the second latch arm 64) of the cargo restraint mechanism 50 have an EMC wiper seal 120. The wiper seal 120 may be integrally formed with the second latch arm 64. Alternatively, the wiper seal 120 may be a separate component attached to the bottom of the second latch arm 64, preferably disposed within a groove 122 at the bottom of the second latch arm 64. The wiper seal 120 can be made of conductive silicone, fluorosilicone, fabric wrap, and other materials commonly used for shielding electronic equipment enclosures.

[0069] The second latch arm 64 can rotate in the direction of arrow A about the rotation axis 124. Due to such rotation, as shown in FIG. 8A, the second latch arm 64 can move between a first position where the second latch arm 64 is not disposed on the RFID tag 10 and a second position where the second latch arm 64 is disposed on the RFID tag 10 as shown in FIG. 8B. The wiper seal 120 does not shield the RFID tag 10 when the second latch arm 64 is in the first position, but shields the RFID tag 10 when the second latch arm 64 is in the second position. FIG. 8B shows that the second latch arm 64 has two branches, and each branch may shield one RFID tag 10 disposed on both sides of the latch body 60. However, as can be understood by those skilled in the art, it is also possible to dispose the RFID tag 10 on a movable component (such as the second latch arm 64) of the cargo restraint mechanism 50 and dispose the wiper seal 120 on a static component (such as the latch body 60).

[0070] Similar to the second and third embodiments, the bottom 76 and the wall 78 define a recess 80 in the latch body 60 in the fifth embodiment shown in FIG. 9. An RFID tag 10 is further disposed in the recess 80. Further, in the recess 80, a rotating flap 130 is provided which rotates in the direction of arrow B about the rotation axis 132 when pushed by the second latch arm 64. Due to such rotation, the rotating flap 130 can move between a first position where the rotating flap 130 is not disposed on the RFID tag 10 as shown by the solid line in FIG. 9 and a second position where the rotating flap 130 is disposed on the RFID tag 10 as shown by the dashed line in FIG. 9. The rotating flap 130 does not shield the RFID tag 10 when the rotating flap 130 is in the first position, but shields the RFID tag 10 when the rotating flap 130 is in the second position. The rotating flap 130 can be made of conductive silicone, fluorosilicone, fabric wrap, and other materials commonly used for shielding electronic equipment enclosures. To enhance the shielding of the RFID tag 10, a continuous EMC gasket 132 may be provided in the recess 80 or on the rotating flap 130 (as shown in FIG. 9).

[0071] As shown in FIG. 9, the second latch arm 64 has a bore 136. A spring 138 and a roller ball 140 are disposed within the bore 136. One end of the spring 138 is attached to the bottom of the bore 136 of the second latch arm 64, and the opposite end is attached to the roller ball 140. The spring 138 is biased to push the roller ball 140 at least partially out of the bore 136. Thus, when the second latch arm 64 pushes the pivot flap 130 into the second position, the spring 138 presses the roller ball 140 against the pivot flap 130, holding the pivot flap 130 in position on the RFID tag 10.

[0072] (Smart Screening System) As shown in FIG. 10, the smart screening system 100 includes an interrogator 216 (or reader) and an RFID tag 10 (or transponder). The interrogator 216 includes an RF module 248 linked to a second antenna 228 and a host controller 220 (control module). The host controller 220 may be a host computer or a handheld computer and interfaces with a computer system 200, which will be described in more detail below, and provides a readout 250 (i.e., information to the user). Various configurations of these modules are suitable. For example, the RF module 248, the host controller 220, the computer system 200, and the readout 250 can be integrated into one handheld computer. Alternatively, the RF module 248 and the host controller 220 can be incorporated into the aircraft, and a host computer or a handheld computer can be connected externally to the aircraft when the status of the RFID tag 10, and thus the status of the cargo restraint mechanism 50, is required.

[0073] One use of the smart screening system 100 is to combine it with a cargo storage defined by a frame. The RFID tag 10 can be active, passive, or a combination of both, a micropower impulse radar (MIR) transmitter, a WiBLE transmitter (a short-range wireless protocol optimized for low power consumption), or a device that provides backscattering such as an antenna and dihedral and corner cube reflectors. The smart screening system 100 can include a plurality of antennas inside or outside the cargo space. The smart screening system 100 is preferably designed to operate on a low-power battery when the cargo space is not connected to a power source. The smart screening system 100 can require little power and can also have a low duty cycle when not connected to a power source. Thus, the smart screening system 100 can operate for many years on an internal battery power source.

[0074] Figure 11 shows a functional block diagram of the smart latch. Illustrated is a typical attachment of a plurality of cargo restraint mechanisms 50 (or "smart latches") in the cargo storage 260. The cargo storage 260 carries a number of cargo pallets 258. For purposes of illustration only, three cargo pallets 258 are shown within the cargo storage 260, and each cargo pallet 258 is restrained by four cargo restraint mechanisms 50. Of course, the number of cargo pallets 285 and the number of cargo restraint mechanisms 50 per cargo pallet 258 will vary depending on the particular application.

[0075] As shown in FIG. 11, one or both of the first antenna 222 and the second antenna 228 of interrogator 216 can form an RF antenna ring 256. The antenna ring 256 is attached to the aircraft cargo hold 260, and the cargo restraint mechanism 50 is attached around the cargo pallet 258. The interrogator 216 is connected to the antenna ring 256 via an external connector. Alternatively, the interrogator 216 can be permanently attached to the aircraft. The RF module 248 of the interrogator 216 transmits an interrogation command signal 230 to the RF antenna ring 256 attached to the cargo hold 260, and this radiated RF signal is relayed to the RFID tag 10 disposed in the cargo restraint mechanism 50. The computer system 200 (e.g., host computer) enables users such as pilots, loading workers (cargo loaders and their supervisors), or maintenance staff to query the cargo restraint mechanism 50 to check whether they are open or closed.

[0076] FIG. 12 shows an embodiment of the cargo hold 260. The cargo hold 260 has three antennas 30, 32, 34 that are spaced in a triangular pattern and are connected to an interrogator 216 inside the cargo hold 260. One possible configuration where antennas 30, 32, and 34 are disposed on a common wall of the cargo hold 260 is shown. The interrogator 216 can be disposed inside or outside the cargo hold 260 and can be attached to the outside, inside, or inside of the wall that defines the cargo hold 260. For example, in the case of the cargo hold 260 shown in FIG. 12 having four walls, a roof, and a floor, the antennas 30, 32, and 34 can be disposed inside or outside the front wall. This wall may be a fixed wall facing the door of the cargo hold 260. In other embodiments, the antennas 30, 32, and 34 can be disposed in or on other walls, the ceiling, or the floor of the cargo hold 260, or in multiple locations.

[0077] The interrogator 216 may be disposed within the triangle defined by antennas 30, 32, and 34, for example, substantially at or near the center of the triangle. In other embodiments having multiple antennas, the interrogator 216 may be disposed equidistant from all of the antennas. However, the location of the interrogator 216 relative to the antennas is not critical, and the interrogator 216 may be disposed anywhere on or within the vehicle that defines the cargo hold 260, or, as will be described later, at a location separated from the vehicle. The interrogator 216 can be connected to the antennas 30, 32, and 34 using wired or wireless means. In calculations to determine the distance to the RFID tag 10, it is necessary to consider the time delay for the signal to travel from the interrogator 216 to the antennas 30, 32, and 34. These calculations are simplified if the distances from the interrogator 216 to each of the antennas 30, 32, and 34 are the same.

[0078] The interrogator 216 can be connected to a satellite communication unit or other communication unit 38 using wired means or wirelessly using an antenna from a location associated with the cargo hold 260, such as outside or inside the cargo hold 260. As shown, the communication unit 38 can be disposed on an outer surface such as the roof of the vehicle. The satellite or other communication unit 38 can include an external antenna and can be used to transmit tags and other information to a remote location. The distances from each of the antennas 30, 32, and 34 to the RFID tag 10 are shown as D1, D2, and D3. These distances can be determined by a host controller 220 within the interrogator 216, or the information obtained by the interrogator 216 can be transmitted to another processor located on the frame that defines the cargo hold 260 or at a remote location where calculations can be performed. In addition to tag identification, the interrogator 216 can additionally obtain information from sensors attached and connected with the RFID tag 10.

[0079] In the above example, interrogator 216 transmits query command signal 230, and RFID tag 10 returns RFID signal 232 containing desired information. Another approach is, for example, for RFID tag 10 to periodically transmit signals received by antennas 30, 32, and 34. When the clock of RFID tag 10 is synchronized with the clock of interrogator 216, distances D1, D2, and D3 can be determined when multipath and other effects are ignored or addressed. If a fourth antenna 36 is provided at a distance D4 from RFID tag 10, four signals are received by interrogator 216 and clock synchronization is not required.

[0080] (Computer system) FIG. 13 shows an example of a computer system 200. In certain embodiments, one or more computer systems 200 cooperate with one or more components to perform one or more steps of one or more of the methods described or illustrated in this document. In certain embodiments, one or more computer systems 200 provide the functions described or illustrated in this document. In certain embodiments, software executed on one or more computer systems 200 performs one or more steps of one or more of the methods described or illustrated in this document or provides the functions described or illustrated in this document. Certain embodiments include one or more portions of one or more computer systems 200. In this document, references to a computer system may, where appropriate, include a computing device, and vice versa. Further, references to a computer system may, where appropriate, include one or more computer systems.

[0081] In this disclosure, any suitable number of computer systems 200 is contemplated. In this disclosure, it is contemplated that the computer system 200 may take any suitable physical form. By way of example and not limitation, the computer system 200 may be an embedded computer system, a system-on-chip (SOC), a single-board computer system (SBC) (such as a computer-on-module (COM) or a system-on-module (SOM), etc.), a desktop computer system, a laptop or notebook computer system, an interactive kiosk, a mainframe, a mesh of computer systems, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a server, a tablet computer system, or a combination of two or more of these devices. Optionally, the computer system 200 may include one or more computer systems 200, may be single or distributed, may span multiple locations, may span multiple machines, may span multiple data centers, or may exist within a cloud including one or more cloud components in one or more networks. Optionally, one or more computer systems 200 may be able to perform one or more steps of one or more of the methods described or illustrated in this document without substantial spatial or temporal limitations. By way of example and not limitation, one or more computer systems 200 may be able to perform one or more steps of one or more of the methods described or illustrated in this document in real time or in batch mode. One or more computer systems 200 may optionally be able to perform one or more steps of one or more of the methods described or illustrated in this document at different times or in different locations.

[0082] In certain embodiments, computer system 200 includes a processor 202, a memory 204, a storage 206, an input / output (I / O) interface 208, a communication interface 210, and a bus 212. Although the present disclosure describes and illustrates a particular computer system having a particular number of particular components in a particular arrangement, the present disclosure contemplates any suitable computer system having any suitable number of any suitable components in any suitable arrangement.

[0083] In certain embodiments, processor 202 includes hardware for executing instructions, such as instructions that make up a computer program. By way of example and not limitation, to execute instructions, processor 202 can obtain (or fetch) instructions from internal registers, internal caches, memory 204, or storage 206, decode and execute them, and then write one or more results to internal registers, internal caches, memory 204, or storage 206. In certain embodiments, processor 202 may include one or more internal caches for data, instructions, or addresses. The present disclosure contemplates that processor 202 may include any suitable number of any suitable internal caches, as needed. By way of example and not limitation, processor 202 may include one or more instruction caches, one or more data caches, and one or more translation lookaside buffers (TLBs). Instructions in the instruction cache may be copies of instructions in memory 204 or storage 206, and the instruction cache can speed up the retrieval of these instructions by processor 202. Data in the data cache may be data in memory 204 or storage 206 for which the instructions executed by processor 202 perform processing, results of instructions executed by processor 202 for access by subsequent instructions executed by processor 202 or for writing to memory 204 or storage 206, or other suitable data. The data cache can speed up read or write operations by processor 202. The TLB can speed up virtual address translation by processor 202. In certain embodiments, processor 202 may include one or more internal registers for data, instructions, or addresses. The present disclosure contemplates that processor 202 may include any suitable number of any suitable internal registers, as needed. Optionally, processor 202 may include one or more arithmetic logic units (ALUs), may be a multi-core processor, or may include more than one processor 202. Although the present disclosure describes and illustrates particular processors, the present disclosure contemplates any suitable processor.

[0084] In certain embodiments, memory 204 includes a main memory for storing instructions that processor 202 executes or data that processor 202 processes. By way of example and not limitation, computer system 200 can load instructions into memory 204 from storage 206 or another source (e.g., another computer system 200, etc.). Next, processor 202 may load instructions from memory 204 into internal registers or an internal cache. To execute the instructions, processor 202 may fetch the instructions from the internal registers or internal cache and decode them. During or after execution of the instructions, processor 202 may write one or more results (which may be intermediate or final results) to the internal registers or internal cache. Next, processor 202 may write one or more of these results to memory 204. In certain embodiments, processor 202 executes only instructions within one or more internal registers or internal cache or memory 204 (as opposed to storage 206 or other locations) and processes only data within one or more internal registers or internal cache or memory 204 (as opposed to storage 206 or other locations). One or more memory buses (which may each include an address bus and a data bus) may couple processor 202 to memory 204. Bus 212 may include one or more memory buses, as described below. In certain embodiments, one or more memory management units (MMUs) exist between processor 202 and memory 204 to facilitate access to memory 204 requested by processor 202. In certain embodiments, memory 204 includes random access memory (RAM). This RAM may be volatile memory, if desired. Optionally, this RAM may be dynamic RAM (DRAM) or static RAM (SRAM). Further, optionally, this RAM may be single-port RAM or multi-port RAM. The present disclosure contemplates any suitable RAM. Memory 204 may include one or more memories 204, if desired. The present disclosure describes and illustrates specific memories, but the present disclosure contemplates any suitable memory.

[0085] In certain embodiments, storage 206 includes mass storage for data or instructions. By way of example and not limitation, storage 206 may include a hard disk drive (HDD), a floppy disk drive, flash memory, an optical disk, a magneto-optical disk, magnetic tape, a universal serial bus (USB) drive, or a combination of two or more of these. Storage 206 may optionally include removable or non-removable (or fixed) media. Storage 206 may optionally be internal or external to computer system 200. In certain embodiments, storage 206 is non-volatile solid state memory. In certain embodiments, storage 206 includes read-only memory (ROM). Optionally, this ROM may be mask-programmed ROM, programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), electrically alterable ROM (EAROM), or flash memory, or a combination of two or more of these. The present disclosure contemplates that storage 206 may take any suitable physical form. Storage 206 may optionally include one or more storage control units to facilitate communication between processor 202 and storage 206. Optionally, storage 206 may include one or more storage 206. The present disclosure describes and illustrates particular storage, but the present disclosure contemplates any suitable storage.

[0086] In certain embodiments, I / O interface 208 includes hardware, software, or both and provides one or more interfaces for communication between computer system 200 and one or more I / O devices. Computer system 200 may optionally include one or more of these I / O devices. One or more of these I / O devices may enable communication between a person and computer system 200. By way of non-limiting example, I / O devices may include a keyboard, keypad, microphone, monitor, mouse, printer, scanner, speaker, still camera, stylus, tablet, touch screen, trackball, video camera, other suitable I / O devices, or combinations of two or more of these. I / O devices may include one or more sensors. The present disclosure contemplates any suitable I / O devices and any suitable I / O interface 208 therefor. Optionally, I / O interface 208 may include one or more devices or software drivers that enable processor 202 to drive one or more of these I / O devices. I / O interface 208 may optionally include one or more I / O interfaces 208. The present disclosure describes and illustrates particular I / O interfaces, but the present disclosure contemplates any suitable I / O interface.

[0087] In certain embodiments, communication interface 210 includes one or more interfaces for communication (e.g., packet-based communication) between computer system 200 and one or more other computer systems 200 or one or more networks, including hardware, software, or both. By way of non-limiting example, communication interface 210 may include a network interface controller (NIC) or network adapter for communicating with Ethernet or other wired-based networks, or a wireless NIC (WNIC) or wireless adapter for communicating with wireless networks such as a WI-FI network. The present disclosure contemplates any suitable network and any suitable communication interface 210 therefor. By way of non-limiting example, computer system 200 may communicate with one or more portions of an ad hoc network, a personal area network (PAN), a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), or the Internet, or a combination of two or more thereof. One or more portions of these one or more networks may be wired or wireless. By way of example, computer system 200 may communicate with a wireless PAN (WPAN) (such as, for example, a Bluetooth WPAN), a WI-FI network, a WI-MAX network, a cellular phone network (such as, for example, a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network), or other suitable wireless network, or a combination of two or more thereof. Computer system 200 may include any suitable communication interface 210 for any of these networks, as needed. Communication interface 210 may include one or more communication interfaces 210, as needed. The present disclosure describes and illustrates particular communication interfaces, but the present disclosure contemplates any suitable communication interface.

[0088] In certain embodiments, bus 212 includes hardware, software, or both that couple components of computer system 200 together. By way of example and not limitation, bus 212 may include an Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) or other graphics bus, an Enhanced Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) bus, a Front Side Bus (FSB), a HyperTransport (HT) interconnect, an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, an InfiniBand interconnect, a Low Pin Count (LPC) bus, a memory bus, a MicroChannel Architecture (MCA) bus, a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, a PCI Express (PCIe) bus, a Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) bus, a Video Electronics Standards Association Local (VLB) bus, or other suitable bus, or any combination of two or more thereof. Bus 212 may optionally include one or more buses 212. Although the present disclosure describes and illustrates particular buses, the present disclosure contemplates any suitable bus or interconnect.

[0089] In this document, computer-readable non-transitory storage media (singular or plural), as appropriate, may include one or more semiconductor-based or other integrated circuits (ICs) (e.g., a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or an Application Specific IC (ASIC), etc.), a hard disk drive (HDD), a hybrid hard drive (HHD), an optical disk, an optical disk drive (ODD), a magneto-optical disk, a magneto-optical drive, a floppy disk, a floppy disk drive (FDD), magnetic tape, a solid state drive (SSD), a RAM drive, a Secure Digital card or drive, any other suitable computer-readable non-transitory storage media (plural), or any suitable combination of two or more thereof. The computer-readable non-transitory storage media may optionally be volatile, non-volatile, or a combination of volatile and non-volatile.

[0090] This disclosure contemplates one or more computer-readable storage media (plural) implementing any suitable storage. In certain embodiments, the computer-readable storage media implements, as needed, one or more portions of a processor 202 (such as, for example, one or more internal registers or caches), one or more portions of a memory 204, one or more portions of a storage 206, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the computer-readable storage media implements RAM or ROM. In certain embodiments, the computer-readable storage media implements volatile memory or persistent memory. In certain embodiments, the one or more computer-readable storage media (plural) embody software. In this document, references to software may include one or more applications, bytecode, one or more computer programs, one or more executable files, one or more instructions, logic, machine code, one or more scripts, or source code, and, as needed, vice versa. In certain embodiments, the software includes one or more application programming interfaces (APIs). This disclosure contemplates any suitable software described or represented in any suitable programming language or combination of programming languages. In certain embodiments, the software is represented as source code or object code. In certain embodiments, the software is represented in a high-level programming language such as, for example, C, Perl, or suitable extensions thereof. In certain embodiments, the software is represented in a low-level programming language such as assembly language (or machine code). In certain embodiments, the software is represented in JAVA (registered trademark). In certain embodiments, the software is represented in a hypertext markup language (HTML), extensible markup language (XML), JavaScript object notation (JSON), or other suitable markup language.

[0091] The smart screening system 100 enables a user of the smart screening system 100, such as a cargo loader, supervisor, or pilot, to query the cargo restraint mechanism 50 via the remote computer system 200 to confirm whether the cargo restraint mechanism 50 is fully closed and thus the cargo is being held securely. This function of the smart screening system 100 minimizes the possibility of cargo movement caused by the cargo restraint mechanism 50 being accidentally closed (during flight if the vehicle is an aircraft), improving the safety of vehicles such as cargo aircraft.

[0092] (Wireless uplock applications) As described above, additional uses of the smart screening system 100 include detecting the status (i.e., open or closed position) of cargo latches, cargo container stops, cargo side guidance devices, such as those used on cargo pallets in aerospace, ground, and land applications. One such additional use of the smart screening system 100 is the wireless detection of the status (i.e., open or closed position) of landing gear uplocks, door uplocks, and any equipment that requires an uplock status indication in aerospace applications. U.S. Patent No. 6,811,118 discloses conventional uplock embodiments. A retractable aircraft landing gear system uses an uplock to mechanically lock the landing gear in the stowed, retracted, or closed position during flight. This is done to prevent the landing gear from deploying earlier than intended due to a failure in the aircraft's hydraulic system. The uplock of an aircraft's landing gear consists of a hydraulically actuated mechanical hook system that latches the landing gear in a predetermined position and allows the lock of the landing gear to be released and deployed during landing.

[0093] The description of the uplock application begins with the general structure of a conventional uplock unit 400 shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B. FIG. 14A shows the uplock unit 400 in the locked position, and FIG. 14B shows the uplock unit 400 in the unlocked position. When in the locked position shown in FIG. 14A, the uplock unit 400 engages with a part 450 of a landing gear such as a pin, a leg, or a nut.

[0094] The uplock unit 400 has a hydraulic actuator 402 for unlocking and a manual release lever 410 for emergency release. The hydraulic actuator 402 is of the bi-directional type. When the hydraulic actuator 402 extends, the uplock unit 400 is unlocked, and when the hydraulic actuator 402 contracts, the uplock unit 400 is locked. FIG. 14A shows the hydraulic actuator 402 in the contracted position. The contraction is achieved either hydraulically or by using an integral compression spring 404. The compression spring 404 also prevents inadvertent unlocking due to back pressure in the actuator extension line (not shown). The hydraulic actuator 402 has a chamber 406 and a piston 408 in addition to the compression spring 404.

[0095] A dual proximity switch or sensor 412 is provided in the housing 440 of the uplock unit 400 for lock indication. One or more tension springs 414 pull a latch 416 having a latch roller 418 disposed on a latch roller pin 420 clockwise until it contacts a latch stop pad 422. Thereafter, the proximity switch 412 indicates that the uplock unit 400 is "locked".

[0096] As shown in FIG. 14B, the up-lock unit 400 starts in the unlocked position, and the proximity sensor 412 indicates that the up-lock unit 400 is "unlocked". A part 450 of the landing gear is drawn into a pair of jaws 424 (upward in the direction of arrow A). Hydraulic pressure is supplied to the chamber 406 of the hydraulic actuator 402 so that the piston 408 moves away from the latch 416. The tension spring 414 pulls the latch 416 until the latch roller 418 contacts a hook 430 having an opening defined by an upper opening surface 426 and a lower opening surface 428. The jaws 424 guide a part 450 of the landing gear to engage with the upper opening surface 426 of the hook 430. The upward force applied by a part 450 of the landing gear rotates the hook 430 counterclockwise about the pivot axis 432 until the hook 430 contacts the up-stop pin 434.

[0097] During normal operation of the up-lock unit 400, when the latch 416 rotates sufficiently to release the hook 430, the hook 430 rotates and a part 450 of the landing gear is released. The tension spring 414 pulls the hook 430 in the clockwise direction until the hook 430 contacts the up-stop pin 434, preventing re-locking of the hook 430. Thereafter, the proximity sensor 412 indicates "unlocked".

[0098] During the free-fall release operation of the up-lock unit 400, a part 450 of the landing gear applies a downward force to the hook 430. The force attempts to rotate the hook 430 clockwise, but the hook 430 cannot move because the latch 416 and the latch roller 418 suppress its movement. The manual release lever 410 is rotated clockwise until it contacts the latch roller 418 on the latch roller pin 420. The manual release lever 410 rotates the latch 416 counterclockwise about its pivot axis.

[0099] Figures 15A and 15B show additional applications of the smart landing gear up-lock unit 470 of the smart screening system 100. More specifically, FIG. 15A shows the smart up-lock unit 470 in a closed or locked position, and FIG. 15B shows the smart up-lock unit 470 in an open or unlocked position. The smart landing gear up-lock unit 470 has many, but not all, of the same components (labeled with the same element numbers) as the conventional up-lock unit 400.

[0100] According to the present disclosure, as shown in FIGS. 15A and 15B, the RFID tag 10 can be attached either on or within the smart up-lock unit 470 such that when the smart up-lock unit 470 is opened and closed, the RFID tag 10 is either electrically screened or not screened by the movement of certain components of the smart up-lock unit 470. The RFID tag 10 is attached on the smart up-lock unit 470. The RFID tag 10 is attached at a location or position where the RFID tag 10 can indicate to the interrogator 216 whether the smart up-lock unit 470 is in an open state or a closed state via the RFID signal 232. Preferably, the RFID tag 10 is attached to a static component of the smart up-lock unit 470 (however, the RFID tag 10 can also be attached to a movable part of the smart up-lock unit 470). In the exemplary embodiments shown in FIGS. 15A and 15B, the RFID tag 10 is attached to the housing 440 of the smart up-lock unit 470.

[0101] In order to enable the RFID tag 10 to indicate to the interrogator 216 the open or closed state of the smart up-lock unit 470, many structural embodiments are possible. In the exemplary embodiments shown in FIGS. 15A and 15B, a screen is provided. The screen is divided into two parts: (a) a back screen 72 located between the RFID tag 10 and the housing 440, to which the RFID tag 10 is attached, and (b) a front screen 74 (or cover) that can be attached to a movable part of the smart up-lock unit 470, such as the latch 416. (When the back screen 72 and the RFID tag 10 are arranged on the movable part of the smart up-lock unit 470, the front screen 74 is arranged on the stationary part of the smart up-lock unit 470.) When the smart up-lock unit 470 is in the closed state, as shown in FIG. 15A, the front screen 74 does not cover the RFID tag 10. With this configuration, the RFID tag 10 can receive and transmit RF signals. When the interrogator 216 receives the RFID signal 232 from the RFID tag 10, the interrogator 216 determines that the smart up-lock unit 470 is in the closed state.

[0102] In contrast, when the smart unlock unit 470 is in the open state, as shown in FIG. 15B, the front screen 74 covers the RFID tag 10, and the RFID tag 10 is sandwiched between the front screen 74 and the back screen 72. This configuration effectively electrically screens the RFID tag 10 and prevents the RFID tag 10 from receiving or transmitting RF signals. Thus, when screened or shielded, the RFID tag 10 cannot receive the interrogation command signal 230 or transmit the RFID signal 232. The interrogator 216 determines that the smart unlock unit 470 is in the open state if the interrogator 216 cannot receive the RFID signal 232 from the RFID tag 10. For the embodiment in which the smart screening system 100 is applied to the cargo restraint mechanism 50, as described above, a variety of materials can be used to form the screen of the embodiment in which the smart screening system 100 is applied to the smart unlock unit 470.

[0103] FIG. 16 is a block schematic diagram showing a typical installation of a smart screening system 100 having a plurality of smart up-lock units 470 in a landing gear bay 460. (Recall that FIG. 11 shows a typical installation of a plurality of cargo restraint mechanisms 50 or “smart latches” in a cargo hold 260.) The segmented door 548 provides or obstructs access to the landing gear bay 460. As shown in FIG. 16, one or both of the first antenna 222 and the second antenna 228 of the interrogator 216 can form an RF antenna ring 256. The antenna ring 256 is attached to the landing gear bay 460 of the aircraft, and the smart up-lock units 470 are attached around the segmented door 548. Alternatively, the smart up-lock units 470 can be attached to other aircraft structures in the vicinity of the landing gear bay 460. The interrogator 216 is connected to the antenna ring 256 via an external connector. Alternatively, the interrogator 216 can be permanently attached to the aircraft. The RF module 248 of the interrogator 216 transmits an interrogation command signal 230 to the RF antenna ring 256 attached to the landing gear bay 460, and this radiated RF signal is relayed to the RFID tag 10 disposed in the smart up-lock unit 470. A computer system 200 (e.g., a host computer) enables a user, such as a pilot, crew member, or maintenance staff (or other aircraft system), to query the smart up-lock units 470 to determine whether they are open or closed.

[0104] In summary, the landing gear and landing gear doors of an aircraft are held in place by an uplock unit. The indication of the state of the uplock unit is typically obtained via a microswitch or proximity sensor, both of which require a significant amount of wiring that is routed throughout the aircraft. The use of a smart uplock unit 470 (wireless) will greatly reduce the wiring required for the uplock unit state system and provide a more robust system. The smart uplock unit 470 allows an aircraft maintenance system or landing gear computer to query the state of the uplock unit via a remote computer or handheld computer to confirm whether all of the uplock units are closed and, therefore, whether the landing gear, landing gear doors, or both are securely held in place.

[0105] A smart screening system 100 including a plurality of smart up-lock units 470 introduces a method of integrating passive or active RFID tags 10 with the smart up-lock units 470 such that an operation of moving the smart up-lock units 470 to an open position or a closed position electrically screens or unscreens the RFID tags 10. A computer system 200 integrated with a transceiver queries the RFID tags 10 and checks whether the RFID tags 10 are screened or unscreened based on the position (closed or open) of the smart up-lock units 470. An antenna 222 or a plurality of antennas 222, 228 attached to the landing gear bay 460 and the computer system 200 transmit an RF query command signal 230 via the antenna(s) of the landing gear bay 460. The RF query command signal 230 is received only by the unscreened RFID tags 10. These unscreened RFID tags 10 respond to the RF query command signal 230, and the computer system 200 indicates which RFID tags 10 have responded. Thereafter, a pilot, a maintenance computer, or a landing gear computer can confirm the integrity and safety of the smart up-lock units 470.

[0106] In the foregoing, specific embodiments and examples have been illustrated and described with reference thereto, but the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the details shown. Rather, various changes may be made to the detailed description portion within the scope of equivalents of the claims and without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure. For example, it is clearly intended that a component or element of one embodiment may be replaced with a component or element of another embodiment.

Claims

1. A smart screening system for identifying an open or closed state of a component within a vehicle, comprising: an RFID tag integrated with or attached to the component and configured to transmit and receive signals; a screen integrated with or attached to the component, which blocks the signals to and from the RFID tag when the component is in either an open state or a closed state and permits the signals to and from the RFID tag when the component is in other states; an interrogator configured to transmit the signal to the RFID tag, receive the signal from the RFID tag, check whether the RFID tag is blocked by the screen, and generate an indicator indicating whether the component is in an open state or a closed state; a computer configured to receive the indicator from the interrogator and provide a readout value for identifying the state of the component, and the smart screening system for improving the safety of the vehicle.

2. The smart screening system according to claim 1, wherein the RFID tag is passive.

3. The smart screening system according to claim 1, wherein the RFID tag is active.

4. The smart screening system according to claim 1, wherein the screen is made of one or more of aluminum, mu-metal, carbon, carbon fiber, and copper.

5. The smart screening system according to claim 1, wherein the screen is divided into two parts, a back screen located between the RFID tag and the component and a front screen covering the RFID tag, and when the component is in one of the open state and the closed state but not in the other state, the RFID tag is sandwiched between the front screen and the back screen.

6. A smart screening system for identifying an open or closed state of a cargo restraint mechanism configured to hold cargo within a vehicle, comprising: an RFID tag integrated with or attached to the cargo restraint mechanism and configured to transmit and receive signals; A screen integrated with or attached to the cargo restraint mechanism that blocks the signal to and from the RFID tag when the cargo restraint mechanism is in either the open or closed state and permits the signal to and from the RFID tag when the cargo restraint mechanism is in other states; An interrogator configured to transmit the signal to the RFID tag, receive the signal from the RFID tag, check whether the RFID tag is blocked by the screen, and generate an indicator indicating whether the cargo restraint mechanism is in the open state or the closed state; A computer configured to receive the indicator from the interrogator and provide a read value for identifying the state of the cargo restraint mechanism, comprising; A smart screening system that minimizes the possibility of movement of the cargo and improves the safety of both the cargo and the vehicle holding the cargo.

7. The smart screening system according to claim 6, wherein the cargo restraint mechanism is a latch, a holding device, a container stopper, or a side guidance device.

8. The smart screening system according to claim 6, wherein the system identifies the open or closed state of a plurality of cargo restraint mechanisms, and each cargo restraint mechanism has a screen associated with at least one RFID tag.

9. The smart screening system according to claim 6, wherein the RFID tag is passive.

10. The smart screening system according to claim 6, wherein the RFID tag is active.

11. The smart screening system according to claim 6, wherein the screen is made of one or more of aluminum, mu-metal, carbon, carbon fiber, and copper.

12. The smart screening system according to claim 6, wherein the screen is divided into two parts, a back screen located between the RFID tag and the cargo restraint mechanism and a front screen covering the RFID tag, and when the cargo restraint mechanism is in either the open state or the closed state but not in the other state, the RFID tag is sandwiched between the front screen and the back screen.

13. The cargo restraint mechanism has a recess partitioned by a wall, in which the RFID tag is arranged, and the screen is (a) a shielded cradle sized to fit snugly into the recess and having fingers that engage the wall when the cargo restraint mechanism is in either the open or closed state and not in the other state, (b) a gasket having electromagnetic compatibility, (c) a wiper seal having electromagnetic compatibility, or (d) a rotating flap provided in the recess, the smart screening system according to claim 6.

14. A cargo compartment for a vehicle, comprising at least one cargo associated with at least one cargo restraint mechanism and the smart screening system according to claim 6.

15. A smart screening system for identifying the open or closed state of an uplock configured to engage a landing gear or a door in an aircraft, an RFID tag integrated with or attached to the uplock and configured to transmit and receive signals, a screen integrated with or attached to the uplock that blocks the signal to and from the RFID tag when the uplock is in either the open or closed state and permits the signal to and from the RFID tag when the uplock is in another state, an interrogator configured to transmit the signal to the RFID tag, receive the signal from the RFID tag, check whether the RFID tag is blocked by the screen, and generate an indicator indicating whether the uplock is in the open state or the closed state, a computer configured to receive the indicator from the interrogator and provide a readout value for identifying the state of the uplock, and the smart screening system that improves the safety of the aircraft.

16. The system according to claim 15, wherein the system identifies the open or closed state of a plurality of uplocks, and each uplock has a screen associated with at least one RFID tag.

17. The RFID tag is active, the smart screening system according to claim 15.

18. The smart screening system according to claim 15, wherein the screen is made of one or more of aluminum, mu-metal, carbon, carbon fiber, and copper.

19. The smart screening system according to claim 15, wherein the screen is divided into two parts, a back screen located between the RFID tag and the up-lock, and a front screen covering the RFID tag, and when the up-lock is in either the open state or the closed state and not in the other state, the RFID tag is sandwiched between the front screen and the back screen.

20. A landing gear bay for an aircraft, comprising the smart screening system according to claim 15, having at least one landing gear part associated with at least one up-lock.

Images