Use of carbon generated from raw material processing methods

Abstract

The present invention relates to the use of amorphous carbon produced by a method based on a carbonization and distillation process for material processing of carbon-containing raw materials and having a structure of a three-dimensional array of carbon nanoparticles as aggregates. The carbon is intended for medical applications as a thermal and / or fire-resistant and / or radiation-resistant material, or as a filter element, or as a storage element, or for the production of plant products, or for planting in water-scarce areas. The present invention also relates to a storage device (40) functioning as an electrical energy store in the form of a double-layer capacitor, having a symmetrical structure with, from the outside to the inside, a housing (41) and a current collector (42) with electrodes (43) in the form of carbon layers and a separator (44) with an electrolyte. The carbon layer is formed from amorphous carbon produced using the method for material processing of carbon-containing raw materials and having a structure of a three-dimensional array of carbon nanoparticles as aggregates.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to the use of carbon produced from a method based on a carbonization and distillation process for raw material processing. [Background technology]

[0002] Apparatuses and methods known from the prior art are provided for the industrial processing of waste rubber products, rubber products, or rubber-like composite products, such as used tires, steel-cable reinforced rubber belts, rubber-impregnated chain links, conveyor belts, as well as crushed car scrap, organic renewable raw materials such as wood, contaminated carbon, and contaminated soil. In this way, diesel, gas, metals, especially steel, and carbon are obtained. Conventional plants are based, for example, on rotary kilns, fluidized bed reactors and drums, and on the use of compressed starting materials processed in an oxygen-free, chemically inert atmosphere.

[0003] German Patent No. 19930071C2 describes a method and apparatus for the recovery of organic substances and substance mixtures. The organic material is brought into contact with the fluidized bed material of a combustion fluidized bed. This method produces a gaseous end product, condensable substances, and a carbon-containing residue.

[0004] German Patent No. 3932803A1 discloses a method for obtaining carbon and graphite by reacting organic materials with boric acid / boron oxide additives and organic nitrogen compounds in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.

[0005] The operation of conventional plants requires increased expenditures on materials, energy, and logistics. Thus, for example, the creation of a fluidized bed in a fluidized bed reactor increases energy expenditures because, on the one hand, the fluidized bed must be created and maintained, and, on the other hand, the materials to be utilized must be mechanically kneaded so that they effectively come into contact with the fluidized bed. High energy costs also result from the grinding, crushing, or compacting of the starting materials during preparation and recycling procedures.

[0006] WO 2007 / 053088 A1 describes a method and apparatus for processing materials from hydrocarbons. The material is fed into an inner vessel, which in turn can be placed in an outer vessel. Both vessels are each closed with a cover member. The hydrocarbon material is heated by microwave or radio frequency radiation. The resulting exhaust gases are discharged from the vessels through a gas outlet. Two or more containers can be operated in parallel and connected to a gas cleaning plant to maintain a nearly continuous gas flow through the gas cleaning plant.

[0007] WO 2010 / 012275 A2 discloses an apparatus and process control for processing materials in a cylindrical furnace. The interior surface of the furnace is provided with an insulating layer of inorganic insulating material. Heating elements are positioned against or above the interior surface of the insulating layer. Controlling the process by controlling the temperature of the heating elements helps to achieve high yields of carbon, oil, and fuel gas.

[0008] German Patent Application Publication No. 102012109874A1 describes an apparatus for processing raw materials, including a heating system, a distillation unit, and a reaction unit into which the raw materials can be introduced, as well as a method for operating such an apparatus. The heating system can be opened and closed to load the reaction unit, and includes an upper member, a jacket member firmly connected to the upper member, and a support member. The upper member is connected to the support member, the length of which can be changed in the vertical direction, and the heating system is opened and closed in the vertical direction by changing the length between the two limit positions of the support member.

[0009] WO 2010 / 117392 A1 describes various embodiments and methods for producing exfoliated carbon nanotubes. The method includes suspending carbon nanotubes in a solution containing nanocrystalline material, precipitating the exfoliated carbon nanotubes from the solution, and isolating the exfoliated carbon nanotubes. The method can further include producing an acid solution of the carbon nanotubes and filtering the solution to recover the exfoliated carbon nanotubes through the filter.

[0010] Korean Patent Application Publication No. 2013 0027690A discloses a method for manufacturing carbon nanofibers or carbon nanofiber strings. Carbon nanofibers made by electrospinning a carbon fiber polymer are laminated and then chopped into thin strips at regular intervals to form twisted yarns. The carbon nanofibers are then oxidized. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0011] The object of the present invention is to provide carbon for various uses, which has advantageous material properties different from conventional carbon, produced by a method for material processing of raw materials, in particular various waste rubber products, e.g. used tires, and rubber or rubber-like composite products, renewable raw materials such as wood, shells or fruit, electronic scrap such as computers and mobile phones, automobiles, and storage media such as batteries. [Means for solving the problem]

[0012] The solution to the object of the present invention is the use of carbon with a structure of three-dimensional arrays of carbon nanoparticles as aggregates, produced by a method for material processing of carbon-containing raw materials. The carbon is amorphous, the carbon nanoparticles are cross-linked without long-range order, do not show any structural similarity to large-scale graphitic arrays or graphene, and are not arranged as nanotubes. The method comprises the following steps: - heating a reaction unit, into which raw materials are introduced and which is arranged in a closed heating system, to initiate a carbonization and distillation process, the carbonization and distillation process being carried out by selective heating at a substantially constant temperature in the reaction unit; - removing all product gases from the reaction unit to the distillation unit through an exhaust gas flow path formed between the reaction unit and the distillation unit, and determining the temperature of the gases flowing through the exhaust gas flow path; - cooling and condensing the gas in a distillation unit, the temperature of the gas being controlled by forced cooling of a cooling section of the distillation unit by the heat power dissipated by the gas; - extracting non-condensable gases, whereby a negative pressure is created towards the environment in the reaction unit and oxygen is removed from the reaction unit; - cooling the reaction unit; - Remove the final product from the reaction unit Step.

[0013] According to the invention, the carbon is used for medical purposes, or as a thermal insulating and / or fireproof material, or as a filter element, or as a storage element, or for producing plant products or for planting in areas with scarce water resources.

[0014] The method is advantageously based on the operation of an apparatus for material processing of raw materials. The apparatus comprises a heating system, a distillation unit, a reaction unit, and a control device. The raw materials can be fed into the reaction unit. The heating system is openable and closable so as to be attached to the reaction unit. An exhaust gas flow path for discharging exhaust gas from the reaction unit is formed between the reaction unit or the heating system and the distillation unit. The distillation unit comprises a cooling section.

[0015] Temperature sensors are formed in the region of the heating system and the distillation unit. In addition, the cooling section of the distillation unit has other devices for forced cooling. The devices for forced cooling of the cooling section make it possible to subject the cooling section to a specific flow of a heat carrier fluid, in particular a gas or liquid, for heat removal, or to direct a heat flow around it, as opposed to, for example, natural convection.

[0016] The apparatus for processing raw materials has an extractor for extracting gas from a reaction unit and creating a negative pressure in the reaction unit, the negative pressure being the pressure around the apparatus. The extractor can be configured as a pump, in particular as a diaphragm pump.

[0017] The temperature sensor and the extractor are connected to a controller.

[0018] The apparatus preferably has at least two temperature sensors for determining the temperature in the reaction unit, which are arranged in an intermediate space formed between the reaction unit and the jacket member of the heating system when the heating system is closed.

[0019] The exhaust gas channel formed between the heating system and the distillation unit can have a heating device for heating the exhaust gas channel, which preferably completely surrounds the exhaust gas channel and is advantageously electrically operated and connected to a control device.

[0020] At least one temperature sensor for determining the temperature of the exhaust gases discharged from the heating system is preferably provided in the exhaust gas flow path formed between the heating system and the distillation unit.

[0021] A connection member for connecting a device for introducing a gaseous scrubbing medium, in particular into the reaction unit, can be provided on the exhaust gas flow path formed between the heating system and the distillation unit. The scrubbing medium, for example nitrogen, serves to inert the reaction unit, reducing the risk of explosion, and, as a carrier gas, assists in the separation of the end products formed during operation of the apparatus.

[0022] The cooling section of the distillation unit is advantageously arranged in an air guide housing. A fan is provided inside the wall of the air guide housing for targeted conduction of ambient air over the cooling section. The air guide housing with the fan is formed as a device for forced cooling of the cooling section of the distillation unit with ambient air. The fan is connected to a control device.

[0023] The fan is formed inside the wall of the air guide housing of the cooling section of the distillation unit for conducting ambient air in a targeted manner onto the cooling section, and is preferably arranged on the top surface, in particular on the end surface facing vertically upwards, or on the side of the air guide housing.

[0024] Alternatively, the cooling section can be formed from at least one double-walled coaxial tube, with a gas passing through the interior of the inner tube and a heat carrier fluid passing through the intermediate space between the outside of the inner tube and the inside of the outer tube for forced cooling of the cooling section, the heat carrier fluid preferably being in the form of a liquid aggregate, in particular water or glycol.

[0025] The advantage of the device for processing raw materials is that the extraction device for extracting gas from the reaction unit and creating a negative pressure in the reaction unit is arranged downstream of an oil tank arranged downstream of the distillation unit in the direction of gas flow, so that a negative pressure is also created in the distillation unit.

[0026] The heating system may include a top member, a jacket member rigidly connected to the top member, and a support member. The top member is disposed on and attached to the support member, the length of which can be changed in the vertical direction. By changing the length of the support member between its two limit positions, the heating system is opened or closed in the vertical direction of movement.

[0027] The heating system preferably has two support members, which are preferably arranged on either side of the heating system. According to a first alternative, the support members are driven by electric spindles. According to a second alternative, the support members are formed as hydraulic supports.

[0028] According to a further development of the device, the jacket member is formed by a hollow cylindrical wall which is open vertically downwards and closed at the top by a circular hood, at which the jacket member is connected to the upper member to form a unit.

[0029] The jacket member advantageously has heating elements uniformly distributed around the circumference of the inner surface of the wall, which is formed of a thermal insulator made of ceramic powder to prevent heat transfer to the outside.

[0030] The hood may be formed at a central location and have an exhaust port for connection to an exhaust flow path of the heating system, the exhaust flow path extending from the exhaust port through the hood to an upper member of the heating system.

[0031] The exhaust gas channel advantageously has at its distal end a connection to the exhaust gas port of the hood as a connector with the exhaust gas channel of the distillation unit.

[0032] The gas exhaust passages extending from the exhaust port through the hood to the upper part of the heating system can be formed in the region of the exhaust port to prevent thermal expansion, particularly by means of pipe joints whose length can be automatically changed in the vertical direction.

[0033] Another advantage of the device is that the reaction unit is formed with a wall in the form of a hollow cylindrical vessel closed at the bottom, the open side of which can be closed by a cover member.

[0034] A high temperature resistant seal is advantageously disposed between the wall and the cover member.

[0035] The cover member of the reaction unit is preferably formed to be circular and has an exhaust gas port at its central point. It is particularly advantageous that the exhaust gas port of the cover member and the exhaust gas port of the jacket member engage with each other when the heating system is in a closed state, forming a tight connection with the exhaust gas flow path.

[0036] The cover member of the reaction unit can be formed with a connection port for connection with a device for introducing a gaseous scrubbing medium, in particular nitrogen, into the reaction unit.

[0037] The reaction unit may have screen elements therein, which are preferably horizontally aligned and spaced apart from one another at different heights, and the screen elements preferably cover the entire cross section of the reaction unit.

[0038] The control device of the raw material processing device controls the operation of the device and the conveying device, such as a temperature sensor, a device for forced cooling, in particular a fan for targeting the ambient temperature to the cooling section, or at least one pump for conveying a liquid heat transfer fluid. The extraction device is advantageously also connected to the drive of the support member, a fill level sensor of the oil tank, a pressure sensor, and a valve of the heating circuit of the heating system. The fill level sensor of the oil tank can be configured as a float. The pressure sensor is advantageously arranged in the area of ​​the oil tank. The control device can also be connected to an oil delivery device, in particular a piston pump, for extracting oil from the oil tank. The oil delivery device starts operating when the oil tank fill level sensor sends a signal to the control device, and oil is delivered from the oil tank.

[0039] A method for raw material processing can be based on the operation of the apparatus described herein for raw material processing. The method comprises the following steps: - charging raw materials into a reaction unit; - preheating the reaction unit; - opening the heating system and introducing the reaction unit into the heating system, in particular onto the bottom element of the heating system; - closing the heating system so that the reaction unit is located in a closed space; - heating the reaction unit and initiating the carbonization and distillation process, the carbonization and distillation process being carried out by selective heating at a substantially constant reaction temperature in the reaction unit, the temperature being specified; - removing all generated gases from the reaction unit to the distillation unit through an exhaust gas flow path formed between the reaction unit and the distillation unit, and determining the temperature of the gases flowing through the exhaust gas flow path; - cooling and condensing the gas in the distillation unit, the temperature of the gas being controlled by forced cooling of a cooling section of the distillation unit by the heat power dissipated by the gas; - introducing the distillation product into an oil tank and draining the oil; - extracting non-condensable gases from the oil tank, wherein a negative pressure relative to the environment is created in the reaction unit and oxygen is removed from the reaction unit; - opening the heating system and removing the reaction unit from the heating system; - cooling the reaction unit, removing the final product from the reaction unit and separating the final product; - Removing the final product from the oil tank.

[0040] Targeted heating means that the reaction unit arranged in the heating system is heated during the carbonization and distillation process so that the reaction temperature in the reaction unit, also called the process temperature, is substantially constant and varies only within a predetermined temperature range. In doing so, the reaction temperature is continuously monitored. The temperature value is transmitted to a control device, which controls the opening and closing of the heating circuit valve of the heating system according to the predetermined desired value of the temperature.

[0041] When the heating system is closed, the exhaust gas port of the reaction unit is preferably connected to the exhaust gas port of the exhaust gas flow path of the heating system, and the exhaust gas flow path of the heating system and the exhaust gas flow path of the distillation unit are interconnected on the connecting member, thereby making an airtight connection from the reaction unit to the distillation unit. The heating system is advantageously opened and closed by extending and retracting the support member.

[0042] By extracting non-condensable gases from the oil tank and thus creating a negative pressure, absolute values ​​of the pressure in the reaction unit can be set to between 2 mbar and 10 mbar, in particular about 4 mbar.

[0043] To cool and condense the gases in the distillation unit, ambient air can be passed in a targeted manner over the cooling section of the distillation unit, or a gaseous heat transfer fluid, in particular water as a coolant, can flow through the cooling section.

[0044] During the gas cooling and condensation procedure, the gas temperature in the distillation unit is 、 For example, the temperature is set to a value in the range of 95°C to 125°C through the volumetric flow of ambient air, the power of the fan, or the mass of the heat transfer fluid. The volumetric flow of ambient air or the mass flow of the heat transfer fluid ensures that heat is dissipated from the cooling section, cooling it. The gas temperature is determined in the exhaust gas flow path formed between the heating system and the distillation unit by at least one temperature sensor, which is particularly intended to determine the temperature of the exhaust gas discharged from the heating system.

[0045] The advantage of this method is that during the carbonization and distillation process, the exhaust gas flow path formed between the reaction unit and the distillation unit is heated, particularly to a temperature in the range of 120°C to 160°C, thereby avoiding early condensation of the exhaust gas before it enters the distillation unit and thus clogging the exhaust gas flow path.

[0046] The reaction unit is preferably removed from the heating system at a temperature of the gas flowing through the exhaust gas channel, which is about 60°C.

[0047] During the carbonization and distillation process or during the procedure for cooling the reaction unit, a gaseous washing medium, in particular nitrogen but It is introduced into the reaction unit.

[0048] The washing is preferably carried out at intervals in each case, thereby removing, in particular, relatively high molecular weight gases from the reaction unit. Washing with an inert gas, such as nitrogen, removes unwanted components, such as the polyaromatic component of polybutadiene or plasticizers, from the reaction unit, especially during the carbonization and distillation processes. The extraction of non-condensable gases, and thus the creation of a negative pressure in the reaction unit, and the introduction of the washing medium into the reaction unit are advantageously time-shifted with respect to each other. In particular, during the cooling procedure of the reaction unit, the washing medium can be periodically introduced into the reaction unit for respective durations ranging from 2 to 3 minutes.

[0049] After the reaction unit has cooled, it is preferably opened to remove the final product at a temperature inside the reaction unit in the range of 20° C. to 60° C., in particular in the range of 30° C. to 60° C. During the procedure of removing the final product from the reaction unit, a gaseous scrubbing medium, in particular nitrogen but added to the reaction unit.

[0050] During the procedure of removing the end product from the reaction unit, carbon can be extracted as an end product.

[0051] According to another development of the invention, the extracted non-condensable gases are supplied to a heating system for combustion in the heating system and thus for heating the reaction unit, and / or to a combined heat and power station for generating thermal energy and electrical energy.

[0052] The method is preferably carried out simultaneously in at least four reaction units in a modular manner in the following steps: - charging raw materials into the first reaction unit while the second reaction unit, which already contains the raw materials, is being preheated; - a third step of feeding the preheated reaction unit into a heating system to heat the reaction unit for carrying out the carbonization and distillation process; cooling and emptying the fourth reaction unit after the carbonization and distillation process is completed.

[0053] The reaction unit can be fed with a mass of raw materials in the range of 2.5 to 3 t and advantageously remains in the heating system for a time of about 2.5 to 3.5 h. The reaction temperature in the reaction unit is preferably 350°C to 800°C, in particular 550°C.

[0054] The energy consumption of one process run, especially in the reaction units equipped with used tires, is 60 kWh to 80 kWh. With a number of 12 reaction units and 9 passes per day, the daily energy demand is 6,480 kWh to 8,640 kWh. Assuming an average of 223 production days per year, the annual energy demand is therefore 1.445 MWh to 1.927 MWh. In comparison, the generated energy figures for electricity and heat each are approximately 10.5 MWh per year.

[0055] The method is based on a carbonization / distillation process, and the equipment for raw material processing is an industrial carbonization / distillation module, also called a VDI module.

[0056] To effectively implement this method, the device is based on a modular design in order to optimize or maximize throughput and make it adjustable to current demands.

[0057] Further advantages of the device and method compared to the prior art can be summarized as follows: No need to separate raw materials in advance Raw materials, especially - waste rubber products, such as used tires, rubber-impregnated chain links, steel-cable reinforced rubber belts, and conveyor belts, which can be processed in their substantially original form, i.e., not crushed or shredded, to obtain their structure, and therefore are not crushed or compressed; - organic and renewable raw materials, such as wood in all its forms, especially beech and oak, bamboo, bark, fruit, such as palm and orange peel; - Animal waste, e.g. bones and carcasses, - polluted carbon, - contaminated soil or other materials, for example after an oil spill; - Scrapped vehicles that have not been substantially crushed or dismantled and are therefore intact - Carbon composites, especially those using carbon fibre, especially from the automotive industry Processing of · Ecological, economical, carbon-free technology with extremely low energy consumption and therefore sustainable.

[0058] The various process parameters, such as the temperature and duration of the process and washing with the gaseous washing medium, and the associated performance of the individual components, such as the heating system, the conveying devices of the forced cooling device of the distillation unit, such as fans or at least one pump, the extraction device, depend on the raw materials to be processed in the reaction unit. Therefore, methods or devices with corresponding control programs stored in the control device can be distinguished as follows: a) Apparatus and method for material processing of tires b) Apparatus and method for rubber-impregnated chain links c) Apparatus and method for material handling on conveyor belts d) Equipment and methods for material processing of automobiles or crushed automobiles before dismantling in the automotive industry e) Apparatus and methods for material processing of renewable raw materials such as wood and bamboo, and bio-waste materials such as coconut shells and orange peels f) Apparatus and methods for the treatment of animal waste materials g) Apparatus and method for processing bitumen and asphalt materials h) Apparatus and methods for material processing of energy storage, especially batteries, especially from the automotive industry i) Apparatus and method for material processing of electronic components such as computers, mobile phones, laptops, smartphones, etc. j) Apparatus and methods for material processing of contaminated carbon and contaminant contaminated soil for carbon reactivation.

[0059] Depending on the raw materials to be processed, the raw materials, for example tires and batteries, are advantageously mixed in specific ratios relative to one another in the reaction unit, thereby influencing the process parameters and the final product.

[0060] The table below shows the recovered material in mg / kg. The third and fourth columns show material from equipment and methods according to h), the fifth column shows material from equipment and methods according to i), the sixth and seventh columns show material from equipment and methods according to d), and the eighth column shows material from equipment and methods according to a).

[0061] [Table 1]

[0062] In method h), whose raw materials are listed in the fourth column of the table, a 500 kg mass of battery blocks, also known as energy blocks, from the automotive industry and a 500 kg mass of used tires were used as starting materials. Prior to processing, approximately 60 kg of steel sheaths, including screws, were removed from the battery blocks, and the remaining 440 kg of starting material was placed on a separate screen to prevent mixing of the battery blocks and used tires within the reactor. After completion of the process, the residual processed battery blocks, weighing 220.9 kg, were removed from the reactor and chopped into uniform pieces ranging from 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm for further analysis. The analytical data shown in the table indicate that all inorganic and metallic components of the battery blocks were detected with a recovery rate of greater than 98.5%. Metallic and inorganic components, such as cobalt, nickel, magnesium, copper, niobium, and lithium, can be recovered through proven metal refining techniques.

[0063] For method (i), whose raw materials are listed in the fifth column of the table, the starting materials used were 500 kg of waste electronics such as televisions, drills, and cables; 15 kg of scrap electronics such as computers in the form of laptops and mobile phones; and approximately 500 kg of used tires. The computers and mobile phones were placed separately in metal boxes within the reaction unit to prevent mixing with the other starting materials. The solid mass of the processed computer and mobile phone residue removed from the metal boxes at the end of the process was 7.7 kg and chopped to a uniform size range of 0.1 mm for further analysis. Optical emission spectroscopy revealed high recoveries of metals such as cobalt, chromium, lithium, nickel, cadmium, tantalum, gallium, germanium, manganese, rhenium, strontium, and zirconium, which can be recovered by proven metal refining. A recovery or recycling rate of 98% was observed.

[0064] In method (d), whose raw materials are listed in the sixth column of the table, a whole Smart car with a mass of 750 kg was used as the starting material for the process. Prior to the process, only the battery was removed, as well as liquids such as coolant, brake fluid, engine oil, and gasoline. The mass of the solid residue of the processed whole vehicle removed from the reaction unit after the entire process was 450 kg. This mass consisted of 30% carbon and 70% metals, such as steel, spring steel, and precious metals. In addition, approximately 250 kg to 270 kg of diesel was also recovered. The proportion of residual gas was approximately 6% to 8%. This resulted in a recovery or utilization rate of 95%.

[0065] For rapeseed, crushed or not, the carbon content determined by the method according to DIN / EN 12879 was between 98.8% and 99.8%. By the same method, a carbon content ranging from 79.7% to 81.0% was determined for rapeseed pellet samples for carbon black, a carbon content of 99.1% was determined for plastic bottle samples, a carbon content of 98.5% was determined for oak wood samples, a carbon content of 99.4% was determined for industrial waste, and a carbon content of 99.4% was determined for rubber waste. A carbon content of 99.5% was determined for rapeseed pellet samples for oil.

[0066] The carbon / hydrogen and nitrogen content according to ASTM D5291 and the oxygen content according to a method based on ASTM D5622 are each determined using an Elementar VARIO EL Cube, and the fluorine and chlorine contents are determined by pyrolysis ion chromatography using an Analytik Jena combustion module, an absorption module 920, or an ion chromatograph 930 Compact IC Flex.

[0067] The volatile fraction up to 200° C. is identified by headspace GC-MS screening using a Trace GC Ultra with a Thermo Scientific DSQ II mass spectrometer.

[0068] Hydrofluoric and nitric acids are determined by microwave digestion with ICP OES using an Ofen Model StarT from MWS GmbH, and trace elements, especially the inorganic fraction, are determined by ICP OES using an ICP OES Arcos from Spectro.

[0069] Thermogravimetric analysis is performed using a TA Instruments Hi-Res TGA 2950.

[0070] Another important advantage is that steel-rubber composites, which could previously only be separated with high energy expenditure, can be separated without much external energy. The resulting products can be returned to high-quality use within the framework of an efficient circular economy, which helps to conserve resources. In addition, novel uses for the materials obtained by this method are possible, resulting products being based on different composition ratios, which in turn are based on raw materials utilized in different ways. The resulting products include: For example, the density is approximately 927 kg / m at 15°C. 3 , viscosity is 4.74mm 2 / s, diesel with a flash point below 21°C ·gas Metals, mainly steel or iron and titanium, and Amorphous inorganic carbon or carbon aggregates.

[0071] The amorphous inorganic carbon produced by this method for materials processing of carbon-containing raw materials has a structure of three-dimensional arrays of carbon nanoparticles as aggregates, depending on the design, and advantageously has a purity ranging from 95% to 99.9%, depending on the starting raw material. The carbon nanoparticles are cross-linked without long-range order, do not exhibit any large-scale graphitic arrangement, and are not arranged as nanotubes.

[0072] Carbon formed in the structure of spatially ordered nanoparticles is produced industrially by devices or methods for raw material processing and therefore has a great economic advantage over laboratory-obtained or produced carbon known in the prior art. The purity of the carbon is greatly influenced, in particular by washing with gaseous washing media during the carbonization and distillation process or cooling of the reaction unit.

[0073] Depending on the starting material, According to the present invention The carbon produced in the process for material processing of raw materials has a BET surface area, determined by the method according to DIN ISO 9277, of 2,500 m 2 / g BET, especially up to 9,500m 2 / g BET, especially 3,500m 2 / g BET or greater than 4,000m 2 / g BET, especially at 4,200m 2 / g BET~4,500m 2 / g BET range and therefore have a high adsorption capacity and do not release substances into the environment, which is therefore not polluted by, for example, leaching.

[0074] The density of the carbon produced by this method is preferably about 66 kg / m 3 and, advantageously, can be formed with higher tensile strengths than alloy steels.

[0075] The conductivity of the carbon obtained in this way is 4.5·10 7 Ωm~5.8·10 7 The conductivity can be in the Ωm range. The conductivity is determined in accordance with the method according to DIN EN ISO 15091.

[0076] The carbon produced by the method according to the invention for operating an apparatus for raw material processing does not dissolve in concentrated or diluted low-temperature acids, such as sulfuric acid, nitric acid, or hydrochloric acid, and is not attacked by alkaline solutions. Nitric acid spontaneously decomposes into water and nitrogen gas, which may have a catalytic effect. Neither polar nor non-polar organic solvents can dissolve carbon.

[0077] The amorphous carbon produced by this method can be used, for example, in the food industry and medicine, in demineralization systems, for diamond production, as rubber filters in rubber and tire production, in aircraft manufacturing, in the construction industry, and for the manufacture of storage systems for electrical energy, such as accumulators or batteries or capacitors.

[0078] The lack of acute direct cytotoxicity of the amorphous carbon produced and optionally purified by this method also enables its use in medicine: incubation of cardiomyocytes with this carbon does not adversely affect the cells and preserves their contractility.

[0079] This carbon can be used for hemoperfusion / adsorption and therefore blood purification, called dialysis, which involves the removal or reduction of harmful plasma components that are produced as a result of pathological changes, or by excessive adsorption to living tissues, or by lack of removal capacity in cases of renal or hepatic dysfunction.

[0080] The blood to be purified passes through a cartridge filled with carbon. The cartridge is shaped to maximize the contact area between the carbon and the blood. A double-safe filter membrane is provided at the cartridge outlet, preventing any carbon particles from passing through the outlet and ensuring that the carbon remains within the cartridge. The filter membrane is configured to allow the passage of cellular components of blood, such as red blood cells with a size of approximately 7.5 μm, platelets with a size range of 1 μm to 4 μm, white blood cells with a size range of 7 μm to 20 μm, or essential plasma components such as albumin with a size range of 40,000 to 50,000 daltons. According to an alternative embodiment, the carbon is firmly fixed to the surface by a bonding method. The carbon-coated element is placed inside the cartridge through which the blood flows.

[0081] The carbon can also be used for topical application to the skin, particularly for wound healing, and specifically for treating wounds or wound surfaces. The carbon can be immobilized on synthetic surfaces such as dressing materials.

[0082] In addition, the carbon is also suitable for oral absorption as an antidote, as a carrier molecule for eg antibiotics, for coatings to increase lubricity, and for coating implants.

[0083] The carbon can also be used for primary and secondary detoxification in poisoning applications, particularly in the treatment of acid or alkali poisoning, cyanide poisoning, alcohols such as ethanol, methanol, glycol, organic solvents such as acetone and dimethyl sulfoxide, inorganic salts or metals such as lithium, iron, or other heavy metals such as lead or mercury poisoning. The carbon can be administered in tablet, powder, or granular form. In this case, the carbon can be slurried in a liquid. The carbon's ability to adsorb fats and other substances can also relieve the liver of some of its detoxification functions and the pancreas of some of its secretory functions, for example.

[0084] As mentioned above, the amorphous carbon produced by this method can also be used as a storage element, particularly as a component of electrical energy storage, such as a battery or capacitor, or as a component of a data store, which can then be used, for example, in automotive, aircraft, or satellite electronics.

[0085] Therefore, the so-called supercapacitor, or supercaps for short, represents a storage device or electrical energy store as a capacitor connection and a chemical battery as an electrochemical capacitor. As is well known, electromagnetic energy is stored in a capacitor between two surfaces. The large BET surface area as a specific surface area relative to the mass of carbon with a three-dimensional array structure of carbon nanoparticles allows for high energy density in a minimal space.

[0086] The chemical extension to supercapacitors allows on the one hand to increase the energy capacity and on the other hand to achieve higher stability, which relates to the natural self-discharge of the energy store, which is prevented by high stability.

[0087] According to the invention, the storage device is formed as an electrical energy storage device in the form of a double layer capacitor, which has a symmetrical structure with a housing from the inside to the outside and a current collector and an electrolyte separator with electrodes formed as carbon layers, the carbon layers being formed from carbon produced by a method for material processing of raw materials with a structure of three-dimensional arrays of carbon nanoparticles.

[0088] Carbon can be used as a filter for water treatment or for gas purification in exhaust plants. The filter can advantageously be used to convert salt water into pure water, or to filter out oil, gasoline, or acids or iodine from water. For example, carbon is mixed with cellulose for the desalination of salt water, and this type of filter then has the form of a bag, in particular a filter bag.

[0089] A study of 2 liters of tap water and 500 ml of Betadine, a mixture of iodine and 500 mg of carbon, showed an I2 (iodine) level of less than 0.1 mg / liter. Subsequent studies of this mixture, spaced three months apart, yielded the same results. Studies based on photometric analysis of iodine showed that the carbon included in the mixture bound to the iodine and did not release it again.

[0090] The inclusion of carbon in water also improves the water quality in terms of oxygen content, promoting oxygen exchange, for example, when used in aquaria. Another advantage is that, for example, E. coli only becomes active at high water temperatures, above about 36°C to 38°C, whereas E. coli does not form below this temperature range.

[0091] For example, a water filter system may have a 40 kg carbon filter element divided into four units. The water filter system is used to purify approximately 4 million liters of water, such as pool water from a bath or lake.

[0092] The amorphous carbon produced by this method can also be used as a filter element for air purification in real estate, for example in hospitals, residential buildings, factories, halls, etc., and in air conditioning systems of mobile vehicles, such as automobiles and aircraft. In addition, the carbon can be used as an air filter element in respiratory masks or in the exhaust systems of, for example, automobiles.

[0093] This property makes carbon suitable for oil spill control. It floats to the surface of the water and captures drifting oil, which may occur, for example, in a marine disaster. This allows water pollution to be combated or prevented. 1 kg of carbon media absorbs 3.33 liters of oil. As a result, if 1 liter of oil pollutes approximately 1 million liters of water, 10 liters of oil can be absorbed with 3 kg of carbon media, and therefore 10 million liters of water can be purified in this way.

[0094] However, the carbon can also be used to clean up soils contaminated with mineral oil, i.e. soil contamination, or other cases of oil damage or contaminated material.

[0095] Carbon exhibits very good leaching behavior, thereby preventing dissolution of substances already adsorbed in particular in water, thereby avoiding contamination of soil and groundwater due to possible leaching of contaminants from the carbon.

[0096] Carbon is also advantageously used for fire fighting on land and underwater, especially for oil fires. Carbon can therefore be used on the one hand as an extinguishing agent, and oxygen is removed from the flame by covering it with a corresponding amount of carbon, suffocating the flame. On the other hand, oil simultaneously binds to the carbon.

[0097] The amorphous carbon produced by this method can also be used to extinguish forest fires, prevent the spread of harmful fungi from charcoal, and filter released toxins such as lead, mercury, sulfur, and dioxins.

[0098] Another use of carbon is for fire protection and thermal insulation up to at least 3,500 °C. Thermal insulation is also understood as insulation at very low temperatures, i.e., cold insulation. Investigations using plasma jets as thermal excitation on the one hand and liquid nitrogen on the other have shown that carbon-coated substrates can withstand temperatures in the range of 2,000 °C to 12,000 °C on the one hand and down to -196 °C on the other hand, as well as exhibit thermal insulation capabilities.

[0099] Coating, for example, glass, wood, metal, plastic, or other building materials such as plaster, clay, concrete, as well as paper or cardboard with carbon leads to an increase in fire resistance, which is for example associated with thermal insulation. The thickness of the carbon layer may be in the range of 2 μm to 10 μm, in particular in the range of 2 μm to 6 μm.

[0100] Carbon can also be mixed with other materials. For example, a mixture of cement and carbon in a volume ratio of 2:1 to 5:1 has excellent heat resistance or thermal insulation properties. For example, a lightweight sheet of carbon element with a carbon / cement ratio of 3:1 and a thickness of 10 mm can withstand temperatures up to approximately 2,000°C. In this case, the plate is heated on one side by a propagating flame to a temperature of 1,500°C to 2,500°C, and no significant thermal phenomena are observed on the second side opposite the first side, which can be understood as thermal insulation capabilities.

[0101] Depending on the carrier material, the carbon-material mixture can withstand temperatures up to at least about 2,500°C with a carbon fraction of 20%.

[0102] In addition to cement or concrete, for example, gypsum and clay, paints and varnishes, and also sawdust can serve as a mixing component with the carbon.

[0103] In addition, radiation-resistant carbon can be used in equipment and devices that require radiation protection or for radiation shielding, for example, in the construction of nuclear reactor enclosures or to prevent the penetration or transmission of X-rays, as a result of its advantageous properties such as radiation resistance and fire resistance.

[0104] Another application of carbon as a very good water and nutrient storage medium is the provision of water-retaining layers, which can lead to water savings of 60% to 80% in cultivated areas, for example for food production, especially with institutional irrigation.

[0105] For example, by using carbon under a sand layer, water and plant nutrients can be stored, allowing poor, nutrient-depleted land to be used for vegetables and other agricultural products. This application is therefore very advantageous in horticulture and agriculture for the reclamation of desert areas. Also, because carbon does not release any substances into the water, there is no contamination of soil and groundwater due to leaching of contaminants.

[0106] The amorphous carbon produced by this method can then be used in the fields of crop production, agriculture, and environmental conservation in landscaping applications to increase the water-holding capacity of the soil by fertilizing the top soil layer with carbon.

[0107] Improved water storage results in optimal water supply to plants, and therefore earlier harvests, as well as higher yields and improved quality. It also prevents water from seeping into deeper layers and keeps it in the plant root zone, bridging longer dry periods. The above-mentioned effects, which are also useful for revegetating deserts, steppes and savannas, can be achieved particularly by incorporating one or more carbon layers at a depth of about 20-30 cm in light soils over large areas.

[0108] The carbon layer, which influences the pH value, improves soil aeration by releasing bound oxygen and nitrogen, promotes the accumulation of microorganisms, and optimizes their living conditions. In addition, the carbon layer improves the supply of minerals, trace elements, and micronutrients to the soil and plants, accelerating the ripening process and improving the taste of fruits and preventing toxic substances from causing damage. The carbon layer also helps regulate the temperature conditions of the soil and improves its buffering properties.

[0109] In addition, carbon can be used as a sustainable natural rice straw stabiliser in grain production, replacing legumes in crop rotations and virtually eliminating the need to grow them.

[0110] The recovered diesel can be used, for example, in the chemical industry, especially as a raw material for basic chemicals, and in the pharmaceutical industry, for example to generate thermal and electrical energy by CHP, while the gas can be used to generate thermal and electrical energy, for example by gas turbines and generators, or for recycling and use in processes. The recovered metals, such as steel, can be recycled to the steel industry, the physical and chemical properties of the metal being preserved by the very low process temperatures.

[0111] Further details, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description of exemplary embodiments, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0112] [Figure 1] 1 shows an industrial carbonization / distillation module as a device for raw material processing in an open state in a front view. [Figure 2a] 1 shows a side view of an industrial carbonization / distillation module as a device for raw material processing in a closed state. [Figure 2b] 1 shows an industrial carbonization / distillation module as a device for raw material processing in a closed state in a front view. [Figure 3] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of the heating system in an open state. [Figure 4] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of the heating system in a closed state. [Figure 5] 1 shows the bottom part of the heating system. [Figure 6] The distillation unit is shown. [Figure 7] Oil tank shown. [Figure 8a] The reaction unit is shown in a closed state. [Figure 8b] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the reaction unit in a closed state. [Figure 9a] 1 is a microscopic image of carbon produced by an apparatus for raw material processing. [Figure 9b] 1 is a microscopic image of carbon produced by an apparatus for raw material processing. [Figure 9c] 1 is a microscopic image of carbon produced by an apparatus for raw material processing. [Figure 9d] 1 is a microscopic image of carbon produced by an apparatus for raw material processing. [Figure 9e] 1 is a microscopic image of carbon produced by an apparatus for raw material processing. [Figure 9f] 1 is a microscopic image of carbon produced by an apparatus for raw material processing. [Figure 9g] 1 is a microscopic image of carbon produced by an apparatus for raw material processing. [Figure 9h] 1 is a microscopic image of carbon produced by an apparatus for raw material processing. [Figure 9i] 1 is a microscopic image of carbon produced by an apparatus for raw material processing. [Figure 9j] 1 is a microscopic image of carbon produced by an apparatus for raw material processing. [Figure 9k] 1 is a microscopic image of carbon produced by an apparatus for raw material processing. [Figure 9l] 1 is a microscopic image of carbon produced by an apparatus for raw material processing. [Figure 9m] 1 is a microscopic image of carbon produced by an apparatus for raw material processing. [Figure 9n] 1 is a microscopic image of carbon produced by an apparatus for raw material processing. [Figure 9p] 1 shows the results of Raman spectroscopy of carbon. [Figure 9q] 1 shows the results of Raman spectroscopy of carbon. [Figure 10] 1 shows an electrical energy storage device as a storage device in the form of a layered supercapacitor. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0113] In Figures 1, 2a and 2b, an industrial carbonization / distillation module is represented as another apparatus 1 for raw material processing. Figure 1 shows the apparatus 1 in an open state in a front view, Figure 2b shows the apparatus 1 in a closed state in a top view and Figure 2a shows it in a side view.

[0114] The apparatus 1 comprises a heating system 2 and a distillation unit 3. A reaction unit 4 containing raw materials is preheated to a specific temperature in a preheating device (not shown) and then further heated in the heating system 2. A mixture of different raw materials can be introduced into the reaction unit 4, thus eliminating the need for pre-separation of the product. After pre-heating, the reaction unit 4 is placed in the opened heating system 2 and positioned on the bottom member 5 of the heating system 2.

[0115] The upper member 7 of the heating system 2 and the jacket member 8 firmly connected to the upper member 7 are held movably in the movement direction B by support members 6 arranged on both sides of the heating system 2. The support members 6 are arranged at a distance of about 2.9 m from each other. The outer diameter of the jacket member 8 is about 2.5 m.

[0116] In a first limit position according to Fig. 1, the support member 6 is extended. The height of the apparatus 1 is therefore 6.70 m. The upper member 7 and the jacket member 8 provide space for the attachment of the reaction unit 4 to the heating system 2. The heating system 2 is opened. The reaction unit 4 can be introduced into or removed from the heating system 2. The movement of the reaction unit 4 can advantageously be carried out by a rail system (not shown), on which the reaction unit 4 rests. In a second limit position according to Figs. 2a and 2b, the support member 6 is retracted. The height of the apparatus 1 is therefore approximately 3.70 m.

[0117] The jacket member 8 is sealed to the bottom member 5, and the reaction unit is positioned in the closed space. The heating system 2 is closed. The reaction unit 4 is surrounded at the bottom by the bottom member 5 and at the sides and top by the jacket member 8.

[0118] The apparatus 1 has temperature sensors T1, T2, T3 in the region of the heating system 2 and the distillation unit 3 for determining specific process temperatures. At least two temperature sensors T2, T3 are arranged in an intermediate space formed between the reaction unit 4 and the jacket member 8 when the heating system 2 is in a closed state. The temperature sensors T2, T3 are positioned, for example, so as to protrude about 1 cm from the inside of the jacket member 8 into the intermediate space, which is about 8 cm wide. The temperature sensors T2, T3 are arranged spaced apart from each other in the vertical direction and determine local or average temperature values ​​in the intermediate space. The temperature in the reaction unit 4 is determined by the temperature values ​​determined via the temperature sensors T2, T3.

[0119] The heating system 2 has an enclosure 9 in its lower region. The enclosure 9 surrounds the sides of the bottom member 5 and the jacket member 8 when the heating system 2 is in a closed state, and can be opened to equip the heating system 2 with the necessary equipment.

[0120] The gases produced during the carbonization process leave the heating system 2 through the provided exhaust gas channel 11 and are cooled in a process-technical sense. The gases are sent to the distillation unit 3 through an exhaust gas port 10a formed at the top of the reaction unit 4 and through the exhaust gas channel 11 arranged in the upper part 7. As a result, the gases flow through the cooling section 12 of the distillation unit 3. According to FIGS. 1, 2a, and 2b, the cooling section 12 is formed by tubes. The tubes, which are inclined with respect to the horizontal, are provided with ribs to increase the heat transfer surface and thus facilitate heat transfer. Heat is transferred from the gases to the ambient air.

[0121] To further increase the heat output transferred from the gas to be cooled to the ambient air, specifically to better control the temperature of the gas flowing through the cooling section 12 of the distillation unit 3, the cooling section 12 is surrounded by an air guide housing 12-1. A fan 12-2 is arranged on the upper side, in particular on the end face facing vertically upward, of the air guide housing 12-1, and this fan distributes the ambient air as cooling air evenly throughout the air guide housing 12-1. Alternatively, a fan can also be formed on the side of the air guide housing 12-1. In this case, the ambient air is directed in a targeted manner toward the cooling section 12. Another temperature sensor T1 is arranged in the exhaust gas flow path 11 formed between the heating system 2 and the distillation unit 3 to determine the temperature of the exhaust gas discharged from the heating system 2.

[0122] According to an alternative embodiment, the gas in the cooling section can also be cooled by a heat transfer fluid other than air, for example water. In this case, instead of tubes, the cooling section is formed with ribs of coaxial tubes formed on the surface of the outer jacket. The gas flows inside the inner tube, while a preferably liquid heat transfer fluid passes through the intermediate space between the outside of the inner tube and the inside of the outer tube.

[0123] The cooling section 12 is formed by two tubes aligned parallel to each other. The gas is split into two partial mass flows before entering the cooling section 12 and remixed after flowing through the cooling section 12.

[0124] The distillation product is then introduced into the oil tank 13. In the oil tank 13, the oil obtained from the carbonization process and subsequent distillation settles, which in its viscosity and composition corresponds to diesel or is very similar to an intermediate in crude oil processing. The non-condensable part of the gas is discharged from the oil tank 13. The oil tank 13, with a capacity of about 1,000 liters, also serves as the expansion vessel of the device 1.

[0125] An extraction device 14-1, in particular a pump, in particular a diaphragm pump, for extracting gas through the surface of oil accumulated in the oil tank 13, and an oil delivery device 14-2, in particular a pump, in particular a piston pump, for extracting oil from the oil tank 13 are arranged on the oil tank 13. When gas is extracted, negative pressure is generated in the cooling section 12 of the distillation unit 3, in the exhaust gas flow path 11, and in particular in the reaction unit 4. By means of the extraction device 14-1, air, and therefore also oxygen, which is a component of air, is intentionally extracted from the reaction unit 4. In this way, a vacuum can be generated in the reaction unit 4.

[0126] The gas extracted above the surface of the oil deposited inside the oil tank 13 can be used directly by a combined heat and power station, called CHP, to generate thermal and electrical energy.

[0127] The apparatus 1 is also configured to have a control device 15 for controlling the operation of the apparatus 1. The control device 15 identifies and displays, for example, the fill level in the oil tank 13, the oil or gas flow, and possible defects in the flow paths of the apparatus 1. The control device 15 is connected to the corresponding sensors. Temperature sensors T1, T2, and T3 are also connected to the control device 15. The values ​​determined by the temperature sensors T1, T2, and T3 serve to control the apparatus 1, in particular the heating system 2, and thus the reaction unit 4, as well as the fan 12-2 and the extraction device 14-1 of the cooling section 12. The control device 15 can be used, among other things, to display the status and process temperature of the different heating circuits of the heating system 2. The configuration of the jacket member 8 of the heating system 2 can also be identified and represented as open, closed, and partially open. Consequently, the control device 15 also serves to extend and retract the support member 6 to open or close the heating system 2.

[0128] Figures 3 and 4 each show a cross-sectional view of the heating system 2. Figure 3 shows the heating system 2 in an open state, and Figure 4 shows the heating system 2 in a closed state.

[0129] 3, the support member 6 is fully extended. The support member 6 and the upper member 7, which is arranged at the upper end of the jacket member 8 firmly connected to the upper member 7, are arranged at a height H above the bottom member 5, and the reaction unit 4 can move freely horizontally between the bottom member 5 and the jacket member 8.

[0130] The jacket member 8 is movably supported in its lower region by the support member 6. The lateral support by the support member 6 ensures that the jacket member 8 can move linearly in the movement direction B between limit positions. Tipping of the jacket member 8 is prevented.

[0131] The jacket member 8 has heating elements 16a uniformly distributed around the circumference of the inner surface of the jacket. The heating elements 16a are arranged substantially vertically and are guided through the wall to the inner surface in the lower region of the jacket member 8. Each heating element 16a is formed by two longitudinally aligned sections interconnected at their upper ends by a bend.

[0132] The jacket element 8 is open vertically downwards and is closed at the top by a hood 17, which is fixed to the upper element 7. The upper element 7 and the jacket element 8 form a tight-fitting unit. The hood 17 is formed with an exhaust gas port 10b at a central point as a connection to the exhaust gas channel 11a. The exhaust gas channel 11a runs from the exhaust gas port 10b through the hood 17 to the upper element 7. The section where the exhaust gas channel 11a passes through the hood 17 is sealed off from the hood 17. In the region of the exhaust gas port 10b, the exhaust gas channel 11a is formed with a pipe fitting 19, which can be, for example, in the form of a telescopic pipe, and whose length can be changed vertically. The pipe fitting 19 is automatically length-adjustable and serves to compensate for the thermal expansion of the reaction unit 4, in particular of the heating system 2, with respect to the jacket element 8 and the hood 17.

[0133] The exhaust gas channel 11a is configured with a heating device 20 as a transition from the reaction unit 4 to the distillation unit 3. The electrically operated heating device 20 surrounding the exhaust gas channel 11a is connected to the control device 15, as is the temperature sensor T1.

[0134] In addition, the exhaust gas flow path 11a has a connection element 11-1 for connecting the exhaust gas flow path 11a to a device for receiving a gaseous scrubbing medium, for example nitrogen. The scrubbing medium can flow into the exhaust gas flow path 11a, in particular into the reaction unit 4, via the connection element 11-1. The connection element 11-1 is arranged between the pipe fitting 19 and the region of the exhaust gas flow path 11a that is surrounded by the heating device 20, in particular at the highest point in the longitudinal direction of the exhaust gas flow paths 11, 11a.

[0135] At its distal end, the exhaust gas channel 11a has a connecting element 18 which starts from the exhaust gas port 10b. The connecting element 18 is advantageously formed as a quick coupling and serves to connect the exhaust gas channel 11a of the heating system 2 to the exhaust gas channel 11b of the distillation unit 3 in the closed state of the heating system 2 according to Fig. 4. By moving the upper element 7 downwards when closing the heating system 2, the exhaust gas channels 11a, 11b and the exhaust gas ports 10a, 10b on the connecting element 18 are interconnected, thereby obtaining an airtight connection from the reaction unit 4 to the distillation unit 3.

[0136] The reaction unit 4, which is arranged on the bottom member 5, is formed to have a wall 21 in the form of a hollow cylindrical container with an outer diameter of about 1.8 m, which is closed at the bottom. The open side of the wall 21 can be closed by a cover member 22. A seal is arranged between the wall 21 and the cover member 22 to hermetically seal the reaction unit 4. Screen elements 23 are formed inside the reaction unit 4. The screen elements 23 are aligned horizontally and spaced apart from one another at different heights.

[0137] In the second limiting position shown in Figure 4, the support member 6 is fully retracted. The jacket member 8 rests on the bottom member 5 and completely surrounds the reaction unit 4. The heating system 2 is closed.

[0138] The reaction unit 4, into which the raw materials have been introduced, is advantageously heated uniformly over its bottom and its walls 21. The heating elements 16a are used for heating through the walls 21, while the heating elements 16b arranged on the bottom member 5 supply heat from the bottom to the reaction unit 4. When the heating system 2 is in the closed state, the heating elements 16a, which are formed on the circumference of the jacket member 8, are at equal distances from the walls 21 of the reaction unit 4. The heating elements 16a, 16b are preferably electrically operated.

[0139] The reaction unit 4 remains in the heating system 2 for a period of approximately 2.5 to 3.5 hours, during which the main reaction and conversion of the raw materials takes place in the reaction unit 4. The reaction temperature in the reaction unit 4 is between 350°C and 800°C, in particular between 400°C and 600°C, in particular about 550°C, depending on the feedstock and the end product to be produced. This temperature is determined by temperature sensors T2 and T3, which are arranged between the reaction unit 4 and the jacket member 8. This results in an energy consumption of approximately 40 kWh per hour. The reaction unit 4 is fed with raw materials having a mass in the range of 2.5 to 3 t.

[0140] Gases formed during the carbonization process are discharged, in particular extracted, into the exhaust gas channel 11 through an exhaust gas port 10 arranged in the cover member 22. When the heating system 2 is in a closed state, the exhaust gas port 10a of the reaction unit 4 and the exhaust gas port 10b of the hood 17 of the jacket member 8 are gas-tightly connected to each other. This ensures that gas cannot leak into the intermediate space between the reaction unit 4 and the jacket member 8.

[0141] A negative pressure of approximately 2 mbar to 10 mbar, in particular approximately 4 mbar, exists inside the reaction unit 4. This negative pressure is generated by an extractor 14-1 located at the first outlet port of the oil tank 13, which extracts gas through the surface of the oil deposited in the oil tank 13. Due to the targeted extraction of gas from the reaction unit 4, the reaction or process temperature in the reaction unit 4 is reached more quickly. This, in turn, affects the structural composition of the carbonized carbon. Another factor affecting the composition and purity of the carbon is the duration of the carbonization process. The longer the carbonization process is carried out, the purer the carbon will be, and depending on the starting material, it may be used, for example, for medical purposes. Carbon used for medical purposes should be further purified, if necessary. Carbon recovered during a shorter carbonization process is preferably used, for example, as a filter medium or in the construction industry.

[0142] Factors that influence the composition and purity of the carbon also include the scrubbing of the reaction unit 4 with gaseous scrubbing media, in particular nitrogen, during the carbonization and distillation processes on the one hand, and during the process of cooling the reaction unit 4 on the other hand.

[0143] The heating device 20 surrounding the exhaust gas channel 11a heats the exhaust gas channel 11a, particularly to a temperature in the range of 120°C to 160°C, thereby reducing the temperature difference between the exhaust gas channel 11a and the exhaust gas flowing through it. The temperature of the flowing exhaust gas is determined by a temperature sensor T1. The heating device 20 serves to prevent premature condensation of the exhaust gas before it enters the distillation unit 3, and thus undesirable clogging of the exhaust gas channel 11a. Heating the exhaust gas channel 11a also aids in the outflow of the exhaust gas from the reaction unit 4.

[0144] 5 shows the bottom part 5 of the heating system 2. The bottom part 5 comprises a bottom plate 24 and a centering device 25 for the jacket part 8, the heating element 16b and a support part 28 holding the reaction unit 4. The bottom part 5 is made substantially from ceramic and is reliably thermally insulated towards the outside, particularly towards the bottom. Together with the thermal insulation of the jacket part 8, heat losses in the heating system 2 are thus minimized.

[0145] The reaction unit 4 rests on the support members 28 of the bottom plate 24. The support members 28 are shaped and positioned such that the reaction unit 4 is centrally aligned with the bottom plate 5 when it rests on the support members 28.

[0146] The centering device 25 is formed in the form of a circular disk with a shoulder, so that the disk has two areas of different diameters. The circular surface located between these areas serves as a sealing surface 27.

[0147] The outer periphery of the smaller diameter region of the disk is smaller than the inner periphery of the wall 21 of the reaction unit 4 or jacket member 8. When the heating system 2 is in a closed state, a gap is formed between the jacket surface 26 of the smaller diameter region of the disk and the inner surface of the wall 21. The jacket member 8 rests on the sealing surface 27 of the bottom plate 24, thereby sealing the space enclosed by the jacket member 8 and the bottom plate 24. Seals are disposed on the corresponding surfaces of the bottom plate 24 and the jacket member 8 to seal the enclosed space. Additionally, the jacket member 8 is pressed against and held on the sealing surface 27 of the bottom plate 24 with a pressure in the range of 1 bar to 2 bar.

[0148] The support member 6 is also fixed to the base plate 24 , so that the base plate 24 carries the entire heating system 2 .

[0149] The heating elements 16b are arranged substantially horizontally on the terminal surface 29 of the centering device 25 and guided vertically through the terminal surface 29. The heating elements 16b are bent in a serpentine shape, each resembling a hand with five fingers. The fingers increase in length from the outside to the inside, with the middle finger being the longest. The heating elements 16b are aligned symmetrically with one another, with the tips of the fingers pointing toward the center of the terminal surface 29.

[0150] The support members 28 on which the reaction units 4 rest extend vertically beyond the heating elements 16b, so that the bottoms of the reaction units 4 resting on the support members 28 are positioned above the heating elements 16b. Each of the heating elements 16b is the same distance from the bottoms of the reaction units 4, thereby ensuring uniform heat transfer through the bottoms of the reaction units 4.

[0151] The centering device 25, the support member 28, and the heating element 16b are arranged concentrically around the center point of the bottom plate 24.

[0152] FIG. 6 shows a distillation unit 3, which, in the direction of flow of the final product, has an exhaust gas flow path 11b, a cooling section 12 with an air guide housing 12-1 and a fan 12-2, and an oil tank 13 with an extraction device 14-1 and an oil conveying device 14-2.

[0153] The gases discharged from the heating system 2 pass through the exhaust gas flow path 11b to the cooling section 12, which is also formed from tubes. The gas mass flow is split into two partial mass flows by two tubes aligned parallel to one another at the branch 30. Splitting the gas mass flow allows for better heat transfer from the gas mass flow to the environment and optimizes the distillation or condensation procedure.

[0154] To further improve heat transfer, the heat transfer surface of the cooling section 12 is increased by forming the tubes with ribs. The heat output, especially the amount of condensation heat, dissipated from the gas being cooled is further increased and simultaneously controlled by the air guide housing 12-1 and the fan 12-2. Ambient air is uniformly drawn through the air guide housing 12-1 as cooling air and directed onto the cooling section 12 in a targeted manner. The corresponding power or air volume flow of the fan 12-2 ensures that the exhaust gas flowing through the cooling section 12 of the distillation unit 3 can be liquefied at a condensation point between 95°C and 125°C. Further inflow into the cooling section 12 cools the cooling section 12 to a temperature below the condensation point of the gas or maintains it at a corresponding temperature level. This control of the heat output increases the production of oil and decreases the production of residual gas. The temperature is determined by a temperature sensor T1 (see FIG. 1) located in the exhaust gas flow path 11 formed between the heating system 2 and the distillation unit 3.

[0155] After flowing through the cooling section 12, the partial mass flows that were split before entering the cooling section 12 reunite at an open point 31 and are introduced into the oil tank 13 from above through an inlet port 32.

[0156] The oil, which is denser than the gas, accumulates in the oil tank 13. The non-condensable portion of the distillation product is removed through a first outlet port 33 in the upper region of the oil tank 13. An extraction device 14-1 is arranged at the first outlet port 33 of the oil tank 13 in order to extract the gas through the surface of the oil accumulated in the oil tank 13. Due to the extraction of the gas and the negative pressure thereby created in the device 1, in particular air and therefore oxygen, which is a component of air, is extracted from the reaction unit 4, which affects the carbonization process.

[0157] An oil transfer device 14-2 is disposed at the second outlet port 34 of the oil tank 13 to transfer oil from the oil tank 13.

[0158] FIG. 7 shows the oil tank 13 with the side cut away to reveal the interior.

[0159] The inlet port 32 is located on the top of the oil tank 13, and the distillation product flows into the oil tank 13 from above. The oil settles to the bottom of the oil tank 13, and gas, which is less dense than the oil, collects above the oil surface. The oil level in the oil tank 13 is identified and monitored by a float 35. When a predetermined filling height is reached, the oil is removed from the oil tank 13 for further processing.

[0160] Gas accumulated in the upper region of the oil tank 13 is discharged through the first outlet port 33 and extracted, in particular, by the extraction device 14-1, while oil accumulated in the lower region of the oil tank 13 is extracted through the second outlet port 34 and, in particular, by the oil delivery device 14-2.

[0161] 8a and 8b show the reaction unit 4 in a closed state, with FIG. 8b showing a cross-sectional view of the reaction unit 4. FIG.

[0162] The wall 21 is in the form of a hollow cylindrical container, which has a closed bottom and an open side opposite the bottom that can be closed by a cover member 22. During closing of the reaction unit 4, the cover member 22 is placed vertically on the upwardly facing end face of the wall 21. The cover member 22 is pressed against the end of the wall 21 by its own weight and is releasably carried by the wall 21.

[0163] A high temperature resistant seal is placed between the wall 21 and the cover member 22 to hermetically close the reaction unit 4. In the closed state, the reaction unit has a height of approximately 2.4 m.

[0164] The cover element 22 is formed so as to have a connection port 36 next to the exhaust gas port 10a to which a device for introducing a gaseous scrubbing medium, in particular nitrogen, into the reaction unit 4 can be connected.

[0165] At the end of the actual carbonization / distillation process, in which the reaction unit 4 is placed in the heating system 2 and heated or substantially maintained at the desired reaction temperature, the exhaust gas temperature is about 60°C as determined by the temperature sensor T1 placed between the heating system 2 and the distillation unit 3. The reaction unit 4 is removed from the heating system 2, and its temperature is, for example, in the range of 500°C to 600°C.

[0166] After being removed from the heating system 2, the reaction unit 4 is cooled to a temperature determined by the intended use of the product. The mixture in the reaction unit 4 is removed after the reaction unit 4 is opened, i.e., the cover member 22 is removed. The reaction unit 4 is then returned to the process and the material is introduced. The carbon-iron mixture is separated into its components.

[0167] The recovered intrinsic carbon is further formed in the reaction unit 4 during the cooling process at 600°C to 60°C, 20°C, or 30°C in an oxygen-free atmosphere. In this case, a gaseous cleaning medium, in particular nitrogen, is introduced into the reaction unit 4 through the connection port 36, which also influences the cooling process. Alternatively, the gaseous cleaning medium can be introduced through the exhaust port 10a, to which a device for introducing the gaseous cleaning medium can be connected, especially if the connection port 36 is not formed. The introduction of the cleaning medium during the cooling process, i.e., before the reaction unit 4 is emptied, can accelerate the cooling process and, in particular, can serve to clean the final product and thus support the formation of the carbon recovered in the device 1. Cleaning the reaction unit 4 increases the purity of the final product, in particular carbon. Impurities are washed away. The cleaning medium flowing into the reaction unit 4 through the connection port 36 is then discharged again from the reaction unit 4 together with the impurities through the exhaust port 10a formed in the cover member 22. The temperature inside the reaction unit 4 when the reaction unit 4 is opened is in the range of 20°C to 60°C, particularly in the range of 30°C to 60°C.

[0168] During the opening of the reaction unit 4, the cover member 22 is raised vertically and removed from the reaction unit 4, thereby allowing the reaction unit 4 to be emptied and then charged again with material. The reaction unit 4 can also be charged with a washing medium during emptying to achieve the desired purity of the final product, in particular the carbon. The carbon is preferably extracted during the emptying of the reaction unit 4.

[0169] The carbonization / distillation process for raw material processing essentially comprises four reaction units 4 made of high-temperature resistant steel, each with a loading capacity of 2.5 to 3.5 tons (75% mechanical, 25% automatic). While the first reaction unit 4 is being fed with material, the second reaction unit 4, which has already been fed, is preheated. Meanwhile, the third reaction unit 4 has already been fed into the heating system 2 and is heated to carry out the actual carbonization / distillation process. Meanwhile, the fourth reaction unit 4 is cooled and then emptied.

[0170] By using a modular system with, for example, four reaction units 4, the throughput can be increased stepwise and flexibly adapted to the respective demands. The entire process is carried out semi-continuously.

[0171] 9a-9n show microscopic images of carbon produced in the apparatus 1 for raw material processing. The structure of the carbon can be seen in the images produced using a transmission electron microscope, abbreviated as TEM. Transmission electron microscopes are used to detect and characterize the nanometer-level structure and particle size of substances and substance mixtures.

[0172] These images show a very finely divided, three-dimensional, uniform quasi-crystalline structure of primary carbon particles in the sub-nanometer range with very large internal surfaces, which are partially recognizable as larger agglomerates with the same surface structure.

[0173] Figures 9p and 9q show the results of Raman spectroscopy of carbon. -1The absence of a 2D peak at 1000 nm indicates the absence of large-scale graphitic ordering. The carbon produced in Apparatus 1 for Raw Material Processing is amorphous inorganic carbon, in which nanoparticles are cross-linked without long-range order. The carbon does not have nanotubes or structural similarity to graphene.

[0174] Imaging of the Raman spectrum, as well as determination of the intensity and width of the G-Raman and D-Raman bands, can be performed using a Renishaw confocal Raman microscope, in Via, using 532 nm and 785 nm lasers.

[0175] In Figure 10, the electrical energy store is shown as a storage device 40 in the form of a layered supercapacitor. The supercapacitor can have a symmetrical configuration as the storage device 40 has a double layer of carbon. The structure of the cathode and anode is the same. The polarity can be determined during the first loading process.

[0176] The storage device 40 comprises a housing 41, an electrode 43 in the form of a carbon layer from outside to inside, and a current collector 42. Inside, a separator 44 and an electrolyte are provided. As a result, from inside to outside, the electrode 43, the current collector 42, and the housing 41 are arranged on either side of the separator 44 with the electrolyte. As a result, the storage device 40 has a double layer.

[0177] The housing 41 can be formed as a laminated film of polyester, abbreviated as PET, which has an adhesive layer of ethyl vinyl acetate, abbreviated as EVA, on its inward facing surface. Electrodes 43, along with current collectors 42, are pressed together with the housing 41. The interior of the storage device 40 is kept oxygen-free to prevent oxidation.

[0178] The ions are preferably each about 0.2 mm thick and have a surface area of ​​10 cm 2 The current collector 42 is deposited on a current collector 42 formed of brass foil of 0.1g. The current collector 42 establishes the electrical connection for the current from the connection of the storage device 40 to the electrode 43. The current collector 42, and in particular the electrode 43, are compatible with the electrolyte, so that undesired reactions are avoided.

[0179] In particular, ground carbon, which has been previously processed in a mixer and then further refined using mortar, is mixed with methyl alcohol, specifically 99% methyl alcohol, and then applied to a polished and then degreased brass foil. The carbon and methyl alcohol mixture can be applied using a spray tool, particularly an air spray gun, also known as an "airbrush gun." Since the methyl alcohol completely evaporates after application to the brass foil, the mixing ratio of carbon to methyl alcohol is not critical and can be adapted to the spray tool. Multiple layers, preferably the first and second layers, can be applied using injection molding.

[0180] For the next layer, soda water glass, specifically 10% soda water glass, is mixed with demineralized water in a 1:1 ratio. Carbon is then added to the mixture. 10 ml of carbon, specified as the flake volume, is added to 40 ml of solution. The resulting mixture is then applied to brass foil, specifically the existing carbon layer, using an injection tool, preferably in two layers each. This combines with the underlying layer, which absorbs some of the liquid.

[0181] The carbon produced by the raw material processing method has a three-dimensional structure of carbon nanoparticles and a very large surface area, which allows for maximum capacity with minimum volume and weight, especially since the capacitance value is determined by the surface of the electrode 43. In addition, the electrode 43 made of carbon is chemically inert with respect to the electrolyte and has high temperature stability.

[0182] Phosphoric acid, H3PO4, saturated with sodium hydroxide, NaOH for short, can be used as an electrolyte. Sodium hydroxide is also added: 10 ml of phosphoric acid is added to 6 grains of sodium hydroxide to increase conductivity.

[0183] The electrolyte is impregnated into a separator 44, which serves to prevent short circuits within the storage device 40. The strength and density of the separator 44 determine the voltage and self-discharge of the supercapacitor. A layer of lint-free paper in the form of pure cellulose, approximately 0.1 mm thick, can serve as the separator 44. The paper layer can be formed as a double layer.

[0184] The storage device 40 thus fabricated can be charged as an energy cell at 0.5V. In this case, energy is absorbed in a minimal amount of time, with no temperature change, and released quickly, also with no temperature change. Due to the characteristics of a supercapacitor, voltages from 0.5V to 10V can be realized. The storage device 40 can be scaled to different sizes. A stored electrical energy store can be formed from multiple storage devices 40.

[0185] A storage device 40 with a total weight of 2 g contains 0.3 g of carbon and is fully charged to a voltage of 5.24 V within a time of 1 s. The capacitance of the storage device 40 is 140 mF. Therefore, the current strength is 0.73 A. The size of such a storage device 40 is scalable.

[0186] Compared to conventional materials used to fabricate supercapacitors with the same parameters and dimensions, activated carbon derived from coconut fiber is used as an electrode, resulting in a capacitance of only 71 mF. Storage devices fabricated with activated carbon also discharge many times faster. The difference is primarily due to the difference in the BET surface area of ​​activated carbon compared to amorphous carbon, which has a structure consisting of a three-dimensional array of carbon nanoparticles and is produced by methods for raw material processing. Amorphous carbon also has several times higher heat resistance.

[0187] According to an alternative embodiment, the current collector 42 is formed from graphite foil, which is less susceptible to acid attack and therefore allows more flexibility in the choice of electrolyte, and aluminum foil.

[0188] To increase the potential voltage of the storage device 40, the carbon can be purified before treatment, especially in an acid bath, or heated to 800°C for activation, for example in a microwave. Instead of soda water glass, polyurethane, casein, or acetone can be used as a binder together with wood glue. The electrodes 43 can each be in a folded form to increase the contact surface.

[0189] Aqueous solutions such as zinc nitrate and sodium nitrate, as well as organic solutions such as ethyl acetate, are used as electrolytes. The electrolyte can be prepared using water-based sodium nitrate, abbreviated as Na2SO4, and is preferably activated, for example, in a microwave. Redox electrolytes can also be used as electrolytes.

[0190] Separator 44 can be made of synthetic materials, in particular a thin microporous polypropylene membrane or glass fiber fabric. [Explanation of symbols]

[0191] 1. Equipment for material processing 2. Heating System 3 Distillation Unit 4 reaction units 5 Bottom member of heating system 2 6 Support member 7 Upper part of heating system 2 8 Jacket member of heating system 2 9. Box 10, 10a, 10b Exhaust gas port 11, 11a, 11b Exhaust gas flow path 11-1 Connection member for exhaust gas flow paths 11 and 11a 12 Cooling section of distillation unit 3 12-1 Air guide housing 12-2 Fan 13 Oil Tank 14-1 Extraction device 14-2 Oil feeding device 15 Control device 16a, 16b heating elements 17 Food 18 Connection member for exhaust gas flow paths 11, 11a 19 Pipe fittings 20 Heating device 21 Wall of Reaction Unit 4 22 Cover member 23 Screen Elements 24 Bottom plate 25 Centering device for jacket member 8 26 Jacket surface of centering device 25 27 Sealing surface of centering device 25 28 Support member for reaction unit 4 29 Terminal surface 30 Branches 31 Opening point 32 Inlet port of oil tank 13 33 First outlet port of oil tank 13 34 Second outlet port of oil tank 13 35 Float 36 Connection port of cover member 22 40 Storage Device 41 Housing 42 Current collector 43 Electrode 44 Separator B. Direction of movement of heating system 2 H Height T1, T2, T3 temperature sensors

Claims

1. 1. Carbon for medical use having a structure of a three-dimensional array of carbon nanoparticles as aggregates produced by a method for material processing of carbon-containing raw materials, wherein the carbon is amorphous, the carbon nanoparticles are cross-linked without long-range order, do not have large-scale graphitic ordering or structural similarity to graphene, and are not arranged as nanotubes, and the BET surface area of ​​the carbon is greater than 2,500 m 2 / g BET, in particular greater than 3,500 m 2 / g BET or greater than 4,000 m 2 / g BET, in particular up to 9,500 m 2 / g BET, in particular in the range of 4,200 m 2 / g BET to 4,500 m 2 / g BET, said method comprising: - heating a reaction unit (4) placed in a closed heating system (2) into which the carbonaceous raw material is introduced, in order to start a carbonization and distillation process, said carbonization and distillation process being carried out by targeted heating at a substantially constant temperature in said reaction unit (4); - discharging the gas formed from the reaction unit (4) to the distillation unit (3) through an exhaust gas channel (11, 11a) formed between the reaction unit (4) and the distillation unit (3) and determining the temperature of the gas flowing through the exhaust gas channel (11, 11a); - cooling and condensing the gas in the distillation unit (3), the temperature of the gas being controlled by forced cooling of the cooling section (12) of the distillation unit (3) according to the heat power dissipated by the gas, the temperature of the gas being in the range of 95°C to 125°C; - a step of extracting non-condensable gases, during which a negative pressure is created towards the environment in said reaction unit (4) and oxygen is removed from said reaction unit (4); - cooling the reaction unit (4), wherein a gaseous washing medium is forced into the reaction unit (4) during the carbonization and distillation process and / or during the process of cooling the reaction unit (4); - removing said final product from said reaction unit (4), said gaseous washing medium being added to said reaction unit (4); Contains carbon.

2. Carbon for medical use according to claim 1, characterized in that the use is for hemoperfusion / adsorption.

3. Carbon for medical use according to claim 1, characterized in that the use is for topical application to the skin, in particular for wound healing, in particular for the treatment of wounds and wound surfaces.

4. 2. Carbon for medical use according to claim 1, characterized in that the use is for use in cases of poisoning, in particular for oral ingestion of constituent substances.

5. Carbon for medical use according to claim 1, characterized in that the carbon acts in particular as a carrier molecule for constituent substances.

6. Carbon for medical use according to claim 1, characterized in that the use is in particular for coatings for implants.

7. 1. Use of amorphous carbon having a structure of a three-dimensional arrangement of carbon nanoparticles as aggregates, produced by a method for material processing of carbon-containing raw materials, as a heat-resistant and / or fire-resistant and / or radiation-resistant shielding material, wherein the carbon nanoparticles are cross-linked without long-range order, do not have large-scale graphitic arrays and are not arranged as nanotubes, and the BET surface area of ​​the carbon is greater than 2,500 m 2 / g BET, in particular greater than 3,500 m 2 / g BET or greater than 4,000 m 2 / g BET, in particular up to 9,500 m 2 / g BET, in particular in the range from 4,200 m 2 / g BET to 4,500 m 2 / g BET, said method comprising: - heating a reaction unit (4) placed in a closed heating system (2) into which the carbonaceous raw material is introduced, in order to start a carbonization and distillation process, said carbonization and distillation process being carried out by targeted heating at a substantially constant temperature in said reaction unit (4); - discharging the gas formed from the reaction unit (4) to the distillation unit (3) through an exhaust gas channel (11, 11a) formed between the reaction unit (4) and the distillation unit (3) and determining the temperature of the gas flowing through the exhaust gas channel (11, 11a); - cooling and condensing the gas in the distillation unit (3), the temperature of the gas being controlled by forced cooling of the cooling section (12) of the distillation unit (3) according to the heat power dissipated by the gas, the temperature of the gas being in the range of 95°C to 125°C; - a step of extracting non-condensable gases, during which a negative pressure is created towards the environment in said reaction unit (4) and oxygen is removed from said reaction unit (4); - cooling the reaction unit (4), wherein a gaseous washing medium is forced into the reaction unit (4) during the carbonization and distillation process and / or during the process of cooling the reaction unit (4); - removing said final product from said reaction unit (4), said gaseous washing medium being added to said reaction unit (4); The use of carbon, including

8. 8. Use of carbon according to claim 7, characterized in that the insulating material is formed as a component of a heat shield in a rocket and / or a space glider.

9. 8. Use of carbon according to claim 7, characterized in that the insulating material is formed as a component of an enclosure, in particular of a power plant or nuclear reactor.

10. 8. Use of carbon according to claim 7, characterized in that the insulating material is formed as a component of a wall of a house.

11. 1. Use of amorphous carbon having a structure of a three-dimensional arrangement of carbon nanoparticles as aggregates, produced by a method for material processing of carbon-containing raw materials, as a filter element, wherein the carbon nanoparticles are cross-linked without long-range order, do not have large-scale graphitic arrays and are not arranged as nanotubes, and the BET surface area of ​​the carbon is greater than 2,500 m 2 / g BET, in particular greater than 3,500 m 2 / g BET or greater than 4,000 m 2 / g BET, in particular up to 9,500 m 2 / g BET, in particular in the range from 4,200 m 2 / g BET to 4,500 m 2 / g BET, said method comprising: - heating a reaction unit (4) placed in a closed heating system (2) into which the carbonaceous raw material is introduced, in order to start a carbonization and distillation process, said carbonization and distillation process being carried out by targeted heating at a substantially constant temperature in said reaction unit (4); - discharging the gas formed from the reaction unit (4) to the distillation unit (3) through an exhaust gas channel (11, 11a) formed between the reaction unit (4) and the distillation unit (3) and determining the temperature of the gas flowing through the exhaust gas channel (11, 11a); - cooling and condensing the gas in the distillation unit (3), the temperature of the gas being controlled by forced cooling of the cooling section (12) of the distillation unit (3) according to the heat power dissipated by the gas, the temperature of the gas being in the range of 95°C to 125°C; - a step of extracting non-condensable gases, during which a negative pressure is created towards the environment in said reaction unit (4) and oxygen is removed from said reaction unit (4); - cooling the reaction unit (4), wherein a gaseous washing medium is forced into the reaction unit (4) during the carbonization and distillation process and / or during the process of cooling the reaction unit (4); - removing said final product from said reaction unit (4), said gaseous washing medium being added to said reaction unit (4); Use of carbon, including

12. 12. Use of carbon according to claim 11, characterized in that the filter element is formed as a water filter element or as an air filter element.

13. 13. Use of carbon according to claim 11 or 12, characterized in that the use is for filtering out salt, oil, gasoline, iodine or acids from water.

14. 13. Use of carbon according to claim 11 or 12, characterized in that the filter element, in particular the air filter element, is formed as a component of an air conditioning system, a breathing mask or an exhaust gas device.

15. 1. Use as a storage element of amorphous carbon having a structure of a three-dimensional arrangement of carbon nanoparticles as aggregates, produced by a method for material processing of carbon-containing raw materials, wherein the carbon nanoparticles are cross-linked without long-range order, do not have large-scale graphitic arrays and are not arranged as nanotubes, and the BET surface area of ​​the carbon is greater than 2,500 m 2 / g BET, in particular greater than 3,500 m 2 / g BET or greater than 4,000 m 2 / g BET, in particular up to 9,500 m 2 / g BET, in particular in the range from 4,200 m 2 / g BET to 4,500 m 2 / g BET, said method comprising: - heating a reaction unit (4) placed in a closed heating system (2) into which the carbonaceous raw material is introduced and initiating a carbonization and distillation process, said carbonization and distillation processes being carried out by targeted heating at a substantially constant temperature in said reaction unit (4); - discharging the gas formed from the reaction unit (4) to the distillation unit (3) through an exhaust gas channel (11, 11a) formed between the reaction unit (4) and the distillation unit (3) and determining the temperature of the gas flowing through the exhaust gas channel (11, 11a); - cooling and condensing the gas in the distillation unit (3), the temperature of the gas being controlled by forced cooling of the cooling section (12) of the distillation unit (3) according to the heat power dissipated by the gas, the temperature of the gas being in the range of 95°C to 125°C; - a step of extracting non-condensable gases, during which a negative pressure is created towards the environment in said reaction unit (4) and oxygen is removed from said reaction unit (4); - cooling the reaction unit (4), wherein a gaseous washing medium is forced into the reaction unit (4) during the carbonization and distillation process and / or during the process of cooling the reaction unit (4); - removing said final product from said reaction unit (4), said gaseous washing medium being added to said reaction unit (4); The use of carbon, including

16. 16. Use of carbon according to claim 15, characterized in that the storage element is formed as a component of an electrical energy store.

17. 17. Use of carbon according to claim 15 or 16, characterized in that the storage element is configured as a component of a battery, in particular a car battery.

18. 17. Use of carbon according to claim 15 or 16, characterized in that the storage element is formed as a component of a capacitor.

19. 16. Use of carbon according to claim 15, characterized in that the storage element is formed as a component of a data storage device.

20. A storage device (40) as an electrical energy storage device having a symmetrical structure with a housing (41) in the form of a double layer capacitor and current collectors (42) each having, from the outside to the inside, electrodes (43) in the form of carbon layers and separators (44) with an electrolyte, said carbon layers being - heating a reaction unit (4) placed in a closed heating system (2) into which the carbonaceous raw material is introduced and initiating a carbonization and distillation process, said carbonization and distillation processes being carried out by targeted heating at a substantially constant temperature in said reaction unit (4); - discharging the gas formed from the reaction unit (4) to the distillation unit (3) through an exhaust gas channel (11, 11a) formed between the reaction unit (4) and the distillation unit (3) and determining the temperature of the gas flowing through the exhaust gas channel (11, 11a); - cooling and condensing the gas in the distillation unit (3), the temperature of the gas being controlled by forced cooling of the cooling section (12) of the distillation unit (3) according to the heat power dissipated by the gas, the temperature of the gas being in the range of 95°C to 125°C; - a step of extracting non-condensable gases, during which a negative pressure is created towards the environment in said reaction unit (4) and oxygen is removed from said reaction unit (4); - cooling the reaction unit (4), wherein a gaseous washing medium is forced into the reaction unit (4) during the carbonization and distillation process and / or during the process of cooling the reaction unit (4); - removing said final product from said reaction unit (4), said gaseous washing medium being added to said reaction unit (4); The electrode is manufactured by a method for material processing of a carbon-containing raw material, comprising: The produced carbon is formed to have a structure of three-dimensional arrays of carbon nanoparticles as aggregates, the carbon is amorphous, the carbon nanoparticles are cross-linked without long-range order, do not have large-scale graphitic arrays, and are not formed as nanotubes, and the BET surface area of ​​the carbon is greater than 2,500 m 2 / g BET, particularly greater than 3,500 m 2 / g BET or greater than 4,000 m 2 / g BET, particularly up to 9,500 m 2 / g BET, particularly in the range of 4,200 m 2 / g BET to 4,500 m 2 / g BET.

21. 1. Use of amorphous carbon having a structure of a three-dimensional arrangement of carbon nanoparticles as aggregates, produced by a method for material processing of carbon-containing raw materials, for producing plant products or for planting in areas with scarce water resources, wherein the carbon nanoparticles are cross-linked without long-range order, do not have large-scale graphitic arrays and are not arranged as nanotubes, and the BET surface area of ​​the carbon is greater than 2,500 m 2 / g BET, in particular greater than 3,500 m 2 / g BET or greater than 4,000 m 2 / g BET, in particular up to 9,500 m 2 / g BET, in particular in the range of 4,200 m 2 / g BET to 4,500 m 2 / g BET, said method comprising: - heating a reaction unit (4) placed in a closed heating system (2) into which the carbonaceous raw material is introduced, in order to start a carbonization and distillation process, said carbonization and distillation process being carried out by targeted heating at a substantially constant temperature in said reaction unit (4); - discharging the gas formed from the reaction unit (4) to the distillation unit (3) through an exhaust gas channel (11, 11a) formed between the reaction unit (4) and the distillation unit (3) and determining the temperature of the gas flowing through the exhaust gas channel (11, 11a); - cooling and condensing the gas in the distillation unit (3), the temperature of the gas being controlled by forced cooling of the cooling section (12) of the distillation unit (3) according to the heat power dissipated by the gas, the temperature of the gas being in the range of 95°C to 125°C; - a step of extracting non-condensable gases, during which a negative pressure is created towards the environment in said reaction unit (4) and oxygen is removed from said reaction unit (4); - cooling the reaction unit (4), wherein a gaseous washing medium is forced into the reaction unit (4) during the carbonization and distillation process and / or during the process of cooling the reaction unit (4); - removing said final product from said reaction unit (4), said gaseous washing medium being added to said reaction unit (4); Including, The use of carbon, which serves as a water reservoir and a nutrient reservoir, especially for fertilizing the upper layers of the soil.

22. 22. Use of carbon according to claim 21, characterized in that the use is for the production of vegetable food.

23. 23. Use of carbon according to claim 21 or 22, characterized in that said use acts as a natural stalk stabiliser in crop production.

24. Use of carbon according to claim 21, characterized in that the carbon is introduced into the soil in one or more layers over a large area, in particular to a depth of about 20 cm to 30 cm.

Images