Improving the power generation efficiency of solar power generation equipment

Abstract

A system is provided that maximizes the amount of power generated by solar cell modules arranged on an installation surface. The system includes a sealed solar cell module 156, the sealed solar cell module 156 having an encapsulation layer on each side of the solar cell module. Each vertical cross-section of the solar cell module has rows of solar cells connected in parallel. The rows of solar cells are connected in series, and the solar cell modules are separated but electrically connected between adjacent rows of solar cells.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for improving the power generation efficiency of a solar power generation system. [Background technology]

[0002] Photovoltaic (PV) panels, or solar cells, are used to convert sunlight into electrical energy. A single photovoltaic (PV) absorber / receiver element is also called a PV cell. Individual solar cells are typically small and typically generate 1–5 W of power. These solar cells are typically made of different semiconductor materials and are often thinner than four human hairs. To withstand years of outdoor exposure, the solar cells are sandwiched between a protective glass and plastic combination. Solar panels around the world are installed tilted toward the sun (facing south in the Northern Hemisphere and north in the Southern Hemisphere). Therefore, the annual average angle (alpha α) between the solar panel surface and the sunlight should be as close to 90 degrees as possible (i.e., maximizing photon flux and minimizing reflection throughout the year). The farther the installation location is from the equator, the greater the required tilt angle.

[0003] Due to this tilted structure, the solar panel casts shadows on its surroundings. These shadows affect the performance of nearby solar panels. The larger the tilt (i.e., the more obtuse the angle of sunlight incidence), the larger the shadows cast. Here, "obtuse sunlight incidence angle" refers to the sunlight incidence angle during times when the sun is low in the sky (for example, in the morning and evening).

[0004] It is known that shaded solar cells turn into resistors with very high resistance, causing a serious problem known as the "shading effect." The shading effect occurs when a solar power generation system does not receive uniform incident light throughout the system. In such a situation, solar cells exposed to lower levels of solar irradiation may become resistors instead of generating electricity. As a result, when a solar cell is completely shaded, it blocks most of the power from other solar cells connected in series, even if the other solar cells function normally. Therefore, a shaded solar cell can block most of the power from an entire solar panel or even an entire array of series-connected solar panels. This is the shading effect. However, when an individual solar cell is partially shaded, the power generation is reduced in proportion to the percentage of the shaded solar cell's total surface area; the power generation of the entire solar cell is not blocked. This is because the current of a solar cell is generated in parallel across the entire solar-irradiated area of ​​the solar cell.

[0005] For example, solar panels on a flat mounting surface are often tilted toward the sun (i.e., facing south in the Northern Hemisphere and north in the Southern Hemisphere) to create a better angle for facing the solar radiation direction (defined later), as shown in Figure 1. This typical tilt angle 131 causes such solar panels to cast shadows on their neighbors, so adjacent solar panel rows are spaced apart to avoid self-shading problems in the system when the solar angle is obtuse. One common solution is to space the solar panel rows far enough apart that one row does not cast a shadow on the next row (i.e., self-shading does not occur) during midwinter, typically between 9:00 AM and 3:00 PM. This gap 118 between solar panels is a wasted gap that does not generate energy when the sun is high in the sky, such as at the zenith. As also shown in Figure 1, a significant amount of radiation falls on this gap instead of on the PV surface, resulting in lost solar energy. If this "wasteful gap" between solar panels amounts to 40% of the roof surface, then energy loss at their deployment / installation (hereafter collectively referred to as "installation") surface during zenith can reach up to 40% depending on the geographic latitude of the deployment location. The farther the solar panel is from the equator (the higher the latitude), the higher the typical tilt angle. As used here, "zenith" refers to the position of the sun near its highest point (e.g., noon).

[0006] 1 shows a side view of solar panel 107 mounted on mounting surface 111 with support members that position the solar panel at a standard tilt angle 131 to better absorb sunlight 100. When the sunlight incidence angle is obtuse, there are gaps 118 between the solar panels to prevent one solar panel from casting a shadow on another (i.e., forming self-shadowing). When the sun is near the zenith, sunlight 101 that falls into gap 118 does not hit the solar panel and does not generate electricity. Angle 106 is the angle between solar panel 107 and sunlight 100.

[0007] When shading occurs, most of the energy from sunlight hitting the series-connected solar panels is also lost, as the power generation capacity drops dramatically and the electricity that could have been generated is lost.

[0008] Current solutions to the effects of shading include the use of diodes to bypass two strings of solar cells in a solar panel when some of the solar cells are shaded, and the use of optimizers to limit power losses in a shaded solar panel without affecting all solar panels connected in series. These solutions are less effective when some solar panels are self-shaded for most of the day, but reducing the spacing between solar panel strings significantly reduces power generation. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0009] Thus, there is a need for a system that can eliminate the effects of shading caused by self-shadowing (self-shadowing), reduce the spacing between rows of solar cell panels, and increase the amount of power generated per given installation surface, i.e., per unit area.

[0010] Other problems with current PV power generation systems that this invention aims to solve:

[0011] Current large solar panel placement methods / techniques cannot completely cover the surface of a sloped roof if it is not a perfect rectangle (see Figure 2). Even with a perfectly rectangular roof, some gaps may be wasted if the roof dimensions do not exactly match an integer multiple of the solar panel size. Using small solar panels the size of roof tiles significantly increases the equipment, number of connections, and installation process required to install and connect the panels.

[0012] Figure 2 shows an example of rectangular flat solar panels 109 mounted on a triangular roof. It can be seen that many gaps 110 are wasted. To tilt solar panels 107 on a flat roof at a right angle toward the sunlight direction (hereafter also referred to as "sunlight") 136 requires a heavy and bulky structure 212. The sunlight irradiation (absorption) direction is the optimal fixed direction for overall absorption of solar irradiation throughout the year by minimizing reflection and maximizing the sunlight flux hitting the PV surface. When sunlight 100 arrives at an angle, there are gaps between solar panel rows 118, but solar panel row 107 casts a shadow 171 on the solar panel row behind it.

[0013] Conventional solutions to the problem of covering the entire roof, regardless of its shape, include roll-up solutions, which install continuous, flexible PV sheets on the roof without the need for expensive equipment. However, these solutions do not allow the PV sheets to be adjusted to match the direction of solar irradiation, as they are installed parallel to the roof, especially when the roof is not optimally oriented relative to the sun, as shown in Figure 3.

[0014] FIG. 3 shows a flat solar panel 109 installed on a north-facing rooftop in the Northern Hemisphere (the roof on the left side of the figure) receiving solar radiation at a large, obtuse angle. This means that the solar flux reaching the solar panel is very small, and most of the radiation is reflected 115 back into space. Consequently, the solar panel on the left rooftop generates very little power. The same applies to flexible PV sheets or tiles installed (e.g., rolled up) on such a rooftop. In this specification, when we refer to solar cells or PV cell surfaces, we mean any type of PV solution technology, including rolled-up solar cell sheets, thin films, solar cell tiles, perovskite solar cells, and other conventional solar cells made of silicon or other materials. It also includes any PV material sprayed on any surface, or any combination thereof. Unless otherwise specified, the solar panel will be described in the Northern Hemisphere.

[0015] Solar cells are also sensitive to temperature. Due to several factors, such as the protective glass and sealing materials (also known as encapsulants, e.g., EVA), solar cells tend to generate significant heat. These materials not only prevent oxidation and degradation over the solar panel's lifetime, but also act as shock absorbers during transportation and inclement weather (e.g., hail). Research has shown that solar panels can become up to 20°C hotter than average air temperatures when exposed to sunlight. For every 3°C increase in solar cell temperature, there is an average 1-2% decrease in power generation efficiency.

[0016] The above protection measures significantly increase the weight of the solar panels. This weight and tilting require large structures to mount and secure the solar panels, especially in high winds or on roofs facing away from the sun. This necessitates the need to mount the solar panels / structures higher to better capture sunlight, increase solar flux, and reduce glare. See Figure 3 for the problem of solar panels not being mounted elevated, and Figure 4 for the large structures 212 required to solve this problem.

[0017] FIG. 4 shows the large structure 212 required to mount the solar panel 107 facing the sunlight direction 136 on a north-facing roof (in the Northern Hemisphere).

[0018] Adding dynamic sun tracking to these solar panels would certainly increase the amount of electricity generated, but implementing the tracking function requires a larger structure and a very robust drive mechanism (drive unit) per solar panel. These major drawbacks make installation on many rooftops impractical. Another drawback of these tracking features is that they create larger wasted gaps between panels. To avoid casting shadows on adjacent panels when the sun's angle is low, these tracking solar panels are placed further apart than static solar panels, as shown in Figure 5. A lot of sunlight / energy is wasted in this gap between panels when the sun's angle is not obtuse.

[0019] FIG. 5 shows the rigid structures 117 required to track the solar panels 116 and the large gaps / gaps 118 required between the solar panels to prevent solar panels at obtuse angles to the sunlight direction 136 from casting shadows on other solar panels.

[0020] Another problem is the reflection of sunlight. Solar panels are usually protected by a glass cover, which is highly reflective at obtuse angles of 136°, with most of the radiation reflected and not penetrating the glass. Anti-reflective coatings can mitigate this problem, but they deteriorate over the years. Strong reflections also occur on the inside of the glass, and much of the light passing through the air layer from the glass to the solar cell is reflected if it is not perfectly optically coupled according to the Fresnel equations.

[0021] A photovoltaic panel (also known as a PV panel or solar panel) is a collection of solar cells mounted within a usually rectangular frame. A solar panel captures sunlight as its irradiating energy source and converts it into direct current (DC) electricity. [Means for solving the problem]

[0022] The present invention proposes a method, a system and method for generating PV power that significantly (possibly double) increases the amount of power generated (electricity) on a given installation surface by eliminating the effects of shading (also known as "self-shadowing") and improving effective PV placement.

[0023] The approach to solving the problem of self-shadowing is based on first distributing the shadow (and light) on the solar cell to maximize the total power generation and avoid power outages by enabling electrical connections. Optical, electrical and structural solutions that eliminate or minimize shadows, as well as their manufacturing techniques, are also provided. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0024] [Figure 1] A diagram showing how much sunlight falls on / off a solar panel 107 in a standard installation on a flat roof. [Figure 2] A diagram showing how much sunlight falls on / off a standard solar panel installation on a triangular roof and a flat roof. [Figure 3] A diagram showing the problems associated with installing solar panels on a north-facing roof. [Figure 4] FIG. 2 shows the structure 212 required to install solar panels on a north-facing roof so that they face the direction of sunlight. [Figure 5] A diagram showing structures 117 and gaps 118 in a typical installation of tracking solar panels. [Figure 6A] 1 shows a row of solar cells 102 mounted on a bendable PCB row 152. FIG. [Figure 6B] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a continuous sealed solar cell module 156 before being mounted in a case. [Figure 7A] Cross section of the V-shaped case made of transparent plastic material. [Figure 7B] Cross-section of the covered V-shaped case in two halves. [Figure 8A] FIG. 7C is a perspective view of the positioning system shown in FIG. 7B. [Figure 8B] FIG. 1 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of a sealed solar module mounted on a positioning system. [Figure 8C] Illustrates another V-profile unit 183 connected during operation. [Figure 9A] An exploded view of an inverted structural row of continuous solar cells. [Figure 9B] Illustrates an assembled solar cell string 256 and its bending capabilities. [Figure 9C] FIG. 1 is an overall perspective view of a stacking device for connecting / coupling solar cells. [Figure 9D] FIG. 1 illustrates cutting a continuous strip of sealed solar cell modules between any vertical groups of solar cells. [Figure 9E] FIG. 1 shows a continuous row of sealed solar cell modules mounted on a thin film being cut anywhere between the vertical / longitudinal lengths of the solar cells. [Figure 9F]1 is an exploded view of a connector 233 and a long strip of continuous sealed solar cell modules. [Figure 9G] FIG. 2 shows two connectors 227 for connecting consecutive solar cell modules. [Figure 9H] A perspective view of a continuous capsule sandwiched between glass tiles 224, where some layers are wrapped around the edges before lamination to provide adequate edge protection. [Figure 9I] FIG. 9D is an overall perspective view of a stacking device and a folding structure different from those in FIG. 9C. [Figure 9J] A close-up view of the folding roll 276, in which the folding roll 276 folds the ETFE protective layer 270 around the solar cells 102 and their EVA layers 154. [Figure 10] Cross section of the V-shaped case with cooling system. [Figure 11] 1 is a cross-sectional view of three arrays of V-shaped cases arranged in a rotatable manner on the base 160 of the system of the present invention. [Figure 12] 12 is a cross-sectional view of the V-shaped case of the same system of the present invention as in FIG. 11, but at a different angle. [Figure 13] 1 shows how the system of the present invention can be deployed for various roof orientations and slopes. [Figure 14] A perspective view of a V-shaped case set on a north-facing roof. [Figure 15A] 1 is a cross-sectional view of an array of optical elements 125 within the top cover 119 of a V-shaped case. [Figure 15B] FIG. 10 is a longitudinal perspective view of the optical element disposed inside the top cover. [Figure 16] 1 is a cross-sectional view of the top cover 119 with a raised wall 176. FIG. [Figure 17] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of the circular optical element 169 inside the top cover 119, seen from a different angle. [Figure 18A] FIG. 10 shows the top cover of the positioning system with both an anti-reflection element 170 and a circular optical element 169. [Figure 18B]FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a state in which light reaching the optical element 125 irradiates another nearby solar cell 102. [Figure 19A] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a system of the present invention positioned to track short-term changes in solar illumination direction. [Figure 19B] FIG. 10 is a development view showing a state in which a bypass diode 261 is connected. [Figure 20A] A diagram showing how sunlight casts equally sized shadows on all solar cells. [Figure 20B] A perspective view of Figure 20A. [Figure 20C] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a continuous geometry module with a flat PV surface. [Figure 21A] A diagram showing how sunlight casts equally sized shadows on all solar cells. [Figure 21B] A diagram showing the flat profile in detail. [Figure 21C] A diagram showing this new kind of solar panel arrangement. [Figure 21D] This is a diagram showing an example of installation that can avoid self-shadowing by adding additional measures that are common in solar panels. [Figure 21E] FIG. 10 is a perspective view showing a new solar cell panel placed on a curved surface. [Figure 22A] A diagram showing how sunlight is trapped between two semi-transparent lenses. [Figure 22B] FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal perspective view of the assembly of the translucent optical element in the V-shaped case. [Figure 22C] Cross section of another type of translucent optical element in a V-shaped case. [Figure 22D] 1 is a cross-sectional view showing how a curved mirror spreads light rays across a sealed solar cell module (hereafter referred to as a "sealed solar cell module"). [Figure 22E] 22D is a cross-sectional view of the software simulation results of the arrangement method of FIG. 22D. [Figure 22F] A diagram showing the distribution of sunlight within a V-shaped solar cell. [Figure 22G] 10A-10C illustrate a method for manufacturing a top cover with repeated upward slopes. [Figure 22H] A perspective view of a positioning system manufactured by pressing a single aluminum plate. [Figure 23A] FIG. 10 shows the cover with the inclined surface attached to the positioning system. [Figure 23B] FIG. 1 shows an example of a flat solar panel on a structure with an inclined surface. [Figure 23C] 23B, an enlarged side view of the solar cell within the solar panel. [Figure 23D] A perspective view of a solar panel on a slope facing away from the direction of sunlight. [Figure 24A] The cross section of the V-shaped case, with the V-wall on the right being a mirrored surface. [Figure 24B] A diagram showing the connected V-case folded for transport. [Figure 24C] A diagram showing a V-shaped case (profile) on one side that traps light. [Figure 24D] Figure 24 shows a fixed V-shaped case structure, which can be adjusted to fit various roof slopes without rotation to trap light as shown in Figure 24C. [Figure 24E] Cross section of stiffness profile. [Figure 25A] FIG. 24F is a perspective view of the system of the present invention similar to FIG. 24E. [Figure 25B] 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a fixed rigid configuration (profile). [Figure 25C] 10 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a fixed stiffness profile. [Figure 25D] 10 is a cross-sectional view of an array of stiffness components where each stiffness component can be individually oriented. [Figure 25E] FIG. [Figure 25F] Diagram showing the current flowing through two back-to-back modules. [Figure 26A] 1 shows an automated placement device for placing flexible continuous modules. [Figure 26B] Diagram showing how flat solar modules can be arranged on different slopes of a roof. [Figure 26C]Illustrates how a sloped roof 233 can be used to allow tracking of standard slope angles 131. [Figure 26D] A diagram showing how to position a south-facing angled profile at a typical slope angle for a sloping roof. [Figure 26E] A diagram showing how continuous modular carpets are installed by crane. [Figure 27A] 10A and 10B are diagrams showing examples of cleaning devices for continuous modules. [Figure 27B] 1 shows a rear view of the cleaning device 199 on a rigid profile. [Figure 27C] 1 shows a cleaning device with its own solar panel 208. FIG. [Figure 27D] Diagram showing a flat solar panel (profile) incorporating flexible members to absorb hail impacts. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0025] The present invention provides an arrangement in which solar panels and solar cells are densely arranged without performance degradation due to self-shadowing. This dense arrangement realizes a solar cell surface larger than the installation area of ​​the solar cells, forming a three-dimensional solar cell arrangement structure.

[0026] A three-dimensional solar cell configuration is one in which the total solar cell area is at least 1% larger than the footprint (projected area) at all tilt angles. The footprint is measured with sunlight hitting the projected area perpendicular to the surface. By this definition, it is possible for the solar cell area to be 3%, 5%, 10%, or even 20% larger.

[0027] The description of the system of the present invention is the first part of the present invention. Any solar cell or solar absorption technology, including commercially available solar cells, can be used in the present invention. Solar cells (i.e., PV cells, PV surfaces, or other materials that absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity, including bifacial solar cells) are mounted in parallel pairs on a long strip of a flexible PCB (flexible printed circuit board) to form a continuous long strip containing two parallel solar cells. Pairs of solar cells across the long strip are connected in parallel, and all parallel-connected pairs of solar cells are connected in series. An example is shown in FIG. 6A. As used herein, the term "connected in parallel" means electrically connected in parallel, and the term "mounted in parallel" means geometrically mounted in parallel.

[0028] FIG. 6A shows an encapsulated solar module surface 156. The encapsulated solar module surface 156 is a long strip containing solar cells 102 mounted on a flexible PCB 152. Horizontal pairs of solar cells in the long strip are connected in parallel via conductors 114, and bypass diodes 108 are connected in parallel to both solar cells via center conductors 150. Laterally arranged pairs of solar cells are connected in series to the next pair of solar cells and can be any length. Between two pairs of solar cells, there is a location for attaching an electrical connector 113, which can be for a positive or negative connection. The location where the long strip is cut between two pairs of solar cells is the location for the connector 113. The same function can be achieved in many other ways without using a flexible PCB. One example is the use of metal conductors, which mount the solar cells between two glued layers of EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate).

[0029] Figure 6B shows a method for sealing the solar cells to a flexible PCB, including an EVA layer to seal the solar cells and conductors. The strips can also be made of other materials with similar optical properties and suitable flexibility and durability, such as a combination of PET and EVA. Alternatively, the PV material can be applied to the flexible surface, using metallic, conductive strips to connect the solar cells. Perovskite solar cells and their thin films are also an alternative PV technology for this purpose. The term "cross section" refers to the cross section of the solar cells or PV surfaces, not the "longitudinal (lengthwise) connection points" between them. Sealing can be performed with transparent silicon or a similar material at a later stage. This improves optical coupling between the cover glass and the solar cells, reducing reflections and increasing efficiency.

[0030] Figure 6B shows a cross section of a continuous sealed solar module surface 156 before installation in a case. The sealed solar module consists of solar cells 102, a flexible PCB 152 underneath, and a transparent EVA layer 154 on top, which are bonded together at points 155 around the perimeter of the solar cells 102, with the EVA layer 154 forming an optical bond with the solar cells 102. Bypass diodes 108 are also sealed between two solar cells 102 in each cross section within this sealed solar module. The bypass diodes 108 are connected in parallel with one solar cell, or every two solar cells (Figure 6B), or every few solar cells to eliminate the effects of sporadic shadowing. An enclosed solar module can have only one solar cell in any vertical (length) cross section of a row of solar cells, or any number of solar cells. If there are multiple groups of solar cells in a vertical cross section, the solar cells are connected in parallel to form vertical groups or columns, and the solar cells in the columns are connected in series. An enclosed solar module can also be covered with a transparent protective material such as ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE).

[0031] The elongated enclosure, shown in cross section in Figure 7A, can be extruded from materials (e.g., polycarbonate, acrylic, glass, etc.) that maintain light transmission and long product life over many years, even in harsh weather conditions. Other manufacturing techniques can also be used.

[0032] 7A shows a cross section of a V-shaped case 127 made of clear plastic, holding a sealed solar module face 156 in a V-shape. The case 127 includes an integrated cover 121 made of the same material as the case, which is transparent to sunlight 100. Alternatively, the sealed solar module can be inserted into the V-shaped case and then glued in place using a special light-activated adhesive.

[0033] The positioning system can also be divided into two parts. One is a V-shaped lower part made of a material such as aluminum, which efficiently releases heat to the outside air to cool the solar cells. The other is a cover made of a transparent material (e.g., plastic or glass) (Figure 7B). This system also mitigates the aforementioned problem of efficiency loss at high temperatures, improving the PV surface power generation efficiency at high temperatures by approximately 7%.

[0034] FIG. 7B shows a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a V-shaped, covered case split into two halves. The bottom positioning system 120 is made of aluminum or another heat-conducting material and includes cooling ribs 122 and a separable, transparent top cover 119. The sealed solar module surface 156 is mounted on the cooling ribs 122. This top cover 119 also includes optical elements 125 that diffuse or bend sunlight 100 across the sealed solar module surface 156, particularly toward areas of the PV surface that are less or not directly exposed to the solar beam 100 because they are tilted relative to the sunlight (the right solar cell in the example of FIG. 7B). The positioning system includes a rotation axis 123 for tilting the positioning system and an angle-setting axis 124. The angle-setting axis 124 is used to later set the angle at which the positioning system is mounted. The diode 108 is housed within the angle-setting axis 124 so that it does not cast a shadow on the rest of the sealed solar module. The entire structure, including the positioning system, cover, and enclosed solar cell modules, is referred to as the V-shaped case 183. The V-shaped case 183 is an example of a three-dimensional PV structure that, in some cases, generates more power than a flat solar cell of the same projected area. In this example, it was found that when the V-angle 128 is 80 degrees, i.e., when the cover 119 faces the sun, it generates 15% more power per square meter than a flat solar cell. This increase in power generation is due to sunlight being reflected from one solar cell and absorbed by the opposite solar cell. There are many variations of the V-shaped case, which are described below.

[0035] As mentioned above, this V-shaped case 183 is actually a connected row of similar units (identical units that may vary slightly due to manufacturing or assembly accuracy or tolerances) and can be of any length. Installing these long V-shaped cases 183 in parallel allows for complete coverage of any installation surface. This V-shaped case 183 is a variation of a continuous module. A continuous module (simply referred to as a "profile" or "module") is a system with solar cells that have a similar cross-section across the entire extended dimension of the structure, and can be extended to any length and installed with a similar orientation. When similar units (e.g., solar cells) are connected in a row, their cross-sections appear nearly identical, except for the connections between the units. As used herein, "similar orientation" means an orientation that is nearly the same, but may differ slightly due to the accuracy or tolerances of the structure, system, or installation surface, implementation, assembly process, or other reasons. As a general rule, an error of up to 5 degrees is considered similar orientation, but an ideal design would be less than 1 degree. This definition also applies to the term "similar orientation" as used herein. Typically, the length of a continuous module is at least 3 m, although 1.5 m is also possible. Also, the typical width of such profiles is less than 0.5 m, although widths of less than 1 m are also possible. Typically, each continuous module in an array of continuous modules can be connected to a mounting surface, mounting structure, or foundation, either continuously or periodically along its length. "Connected along its length" means connected continuously or periodically along the front of the solar cells, the back of the solar cells, or the longitudinal sides of the continuous module, but not along the longitudinal ends of the continuous module. Therefore, cutting is not required to hold or support the module. The mounting structure can be attached close to the mounting surface or up to 1 m away from the mounting surface. In other embodiments, distances of 2 m or 3 m are also possible. Typically, the solar cells in a continuous module are positioned at an angle of up to 5 degrees from parallel to the mounting surface.

[0036] Figure 8A is a perspective view of a positioning system similar to Figure 7B. Figure 8B is a partial enlarged cross-sectional view of a sealed solar module surface 156 attached to positioning system 120. This attachment may be achieved using, for example, a thermally conductive adhesive.

[0037] Connections between similar units can be made during manufacturing, during preparation for installation, or during packaging. An example of a continuous module connected during packaging is shown in Figure 8C. Figure 8C shows another V-shaped case 183 unit, which is connected during packaging by inserting a male connector 129 into a female connector 130. This connector contains mechanical and electronic components that connect connection points 113 of conductive traces on a flexible substrate.

[0038] Even if continuous modules are assembled during manufacturing, they often need to be made shorter than the surface they cover when transported to the installation site, which necessitates a connector like the one shown in Figure 8C.

[0039] Another option is to simply roll up the long ribbon of sealed solar modules, transport them to the installation site, connect the foundation and structure to the installation surface, and then install the sealed solar modules. This is also possible when the cover of the sealed solar modules is inflexible, such as ETFE. In such cases, the sealed solar modules can be protected by attaching glass tiles over each solar cell. This protective structure allows the long ribbon to be rolled up, as some flexibility remains between the solar cells (Figure 9A).

[0040] Figure 9A is an upside-down exploded view showing the construction of a long strip 258 of continuous solar cells. This is actually a sealed solar module with a single row of solar cells, as previously described, protected by glass tiles 224. However, it is flexible. This is a flat, continuous module (not a three-dimensional structure like a V-shaped case). The module contains glass tiles 224 (one per solar cell) with silicone encapsulant 225 between them. The glass tiles are optically coupled to the solar cells 102, which are connected between the glass tiles 224 by flexible conductors 114 and encapsulated between two EVA layers 154. A backsheet 226 is attached to the back to provide strength to the strip and is transparent. The flexibility of the conductive tabs 114 and silicone encapsulant 225 allows the entire solar cell strip to be bent or rolled (as shown in Figure 9B). A single glass tile 224 can also cover multiple solar cells.

[0041] FIG. 9B shows the assembled solar cell strip 258 and the flexibility of the connecting tabs 114 and silicone encapsulant 225, allowing it to bend despite the presence of the glass tiles 224.

[0042] This strip of solar cells 258 can be manufactured to any length in a variety of ways, including a manufacturing machine based on continuous roll lamination, an example of which is shown in Figure 9C.

[0043] Figure 9C shows a lamination machine. This lamination machine connects the solar cells 102 with the conductive tabs 114, wraps and encapsulates them with the EVA layer 154, and laminates / laminates the backsheet 226 and glass tile 224. The encapsulated laminated structure then forms a continuous, flexible, long strip of sealed solar cell module (comprising all layers laminated / laminated before heating and bonding) covered with the glass tile. The machine itself includes a bonding device 237 for the solar cells 102 and the conductive tabs 114, a lamination roll 238, and a push roll 239. The result is a long strip take-up roll 240 consisting of a long strip of solar cells 258. A continuous, flexible material such as ETFE can also be used instead of glass tile. This manufacturing machine can also be used with an oven method, in which the laminated structure is heated and pressure is applied, rather than roll-based lamination. In this oven method, all (or part) of the laminated structure is placed in an oven and heated / pressurized. The next portion of this stack is then placed into the oven and the previous portion removed from the oven, resulting in a joined solar cell strip. The manufacturing system can produce very long rolls of solar cell strips 240 or short solar cell strips 258, depending on demand.

[0044] Using appropriate materials, continuous encapsulated laminate structures can also be bonded without the use of heat or compression, which may or may not involve a vacuum chamber.

[0045] Flat laminate structures made of transparent materials other than glass (such as polycarbonate, PET, or ETFE) can be easily manufactured to any length. However, a glass cover is necessary for durability and long life. Flat laminate structures can also be constructed by covering multiple solar cells with glass strips as part of the sealing and bonding process. Glass strips can be stretched to lengths of several meters and assembled without breakage. However, covering an entire roof requires multiple glass-covered sections / pieces of different lengths, which creates problems because of the numerous connectors required between them. A continuous manufacturing process has advantages: continuous glass-covered modules of any length can be manufactured without intermediate connectors. One option is to attach glass tiles to one side of each solar cell to cover the sealed solar module, and attach a strong plastic sheet, such as PET, polycarbonate, or ETFE, to the other side of the solar cells to maintain the connection of the long strips, as shown in Figure 9A. The connection points between the glass tiles 224 are sealed with a sealant 225, such as silicone, and are somewhat flexible, allowing them to be folded or rolled for transportation. As shown in Figures 9D and 9E, during installation or preparation for installation, the connection between any two glass tiles can be cut and a connector attached to achieve electrical and mechanical connection.

[0046] 9D shows how a continuous strip of sealed solar cell module can be cut between any two solar cells 102 covered by two glass tiles 224 to create a strip of solar cells 258 of the required length. The conductive tabs 114, silicone encapsulant 225, EVA layer 154, and backsheet 226 (all shown in FIG. 9A) can be cut using a dedicated cutting device, special knife, laser, or other tool without damaging the solar cells.

[0047] Such cuts are made in the thin film laminate between any two thin film cells 285, as shown in Figure 9E. Thin film conductive lines 282 collect current from the thin film cells 285. The thin film cells 285 are connected in series to the next cell via conductors 283. The ends of the cells are indicated by the numeral 284. The cuts 225 are made at the conductors 283, and after grinding the sealing layer, a connector can be attached.

[0048] After cutting as shown in FIG. 9D, a flat connector 227 can be attached to the cut end of the solar cell strip. An example is shown in FIG. 9F. The backsheet 226 of the solar cell strip, which covers the conductive tabs 114, is scrubbed at the soldering points 232 using a specialized scrubber or similar tool to expose the soldering points for soldering. Soldering can be performed using specialized adhesive equipment, a laser, or other tools. A connector box 233 is then sealed to the solar cell strip 102 by bonding with a material such as silicone. The connector box 233 has a top cover 234, a connection tab 235 (see FIG. 9G) with a connection pipe 236 into which a connecting wire can be inserted, and a bypass diode 108.

[0049] Cutting the ends of the sealed solar modules, continuous modules, or strips of solar cells and attaching connectors can be accomplished in a variety of other ways, including using penetration screws to penetrate the insulating layer and make an electrical connection to the conductors underneath.

[0050] Figure 9G shows how two connectors 227 connect two consecutive modules 243. The connecting cable 135 has two male connectors 161 that are inserted into two female connectors 162 in the connector 227. Figure 21A shows how such flat connectors connect two side-by-side consecutive modules at the edge of a roof.

[0051] By manufacturing a solar cell strip of unlimited length that is flexible enough to allow efficient transportation (e.g., after being rolled up), cutting it to the length of the roof, and installing connectors therein, one strip can cover any roof size from one side of the roof to the other in a flat laminate structure without intermediate connectors, which is also an important embodiment of the present invention.

[0052] After measuring the mounting / installation surface, it is also possible to manufacture the required length of solar strips initially, which requires custom production for each specific project.

[0053] To protect the edges of the sealed solar module, a sealing and / or protective layer may be used to wrap the continuous encapsulation laminate structure around its long sides, as shown in Figure 9H.

[0054] FIG. 9H shows a continuous encapsulation laminate structure with glass tiles 224. In this structure, certain layers are wrapped around the edges to provide edge protection before being laminated. The solar cells 102 are wrapped with an EVA layer 154. This EVA layer 154 can be folded around the edge 269 or placed as two separate layers. Meanwhile, an ETFE protective layer 270 is wrapped around the EVA layer 154 and folded around the edge 269. The glass tiles 224 can be attached on top with another EVA layer, and the encapsulation laminate structure can be back-sealed with a PET backsheet 228. This structure can be manufactured without the glass tiles 224 and their supporting EVA layer 154, but in that case, the ETFE layer 270 would need to be thicker for mechanical protection. The conductive tabs 114 are included in the encapsulated laminate structure. Any protective material can be used in place of the ETFE protective layer. However, at least one side of the solar cell 102 (the side facing the sun when placed on a mounting surface) must be protected. Any adhesive can be used instead of EVA. A lamination process can also be performed to bond all layers together. This type of continuous laminated structure can also be coated with a perovskite-type power generation layer on top of the ETFE protection layer to increase power generation and connect to another electrical circuit.

[0055] FIG. 9I shows another type of lamination machine, a weight-based lamination machine, which provides a longer press time and a folding / manufacturing technique to protect the edges of the product (encapsulated solar cell module or solar cell strip) in the laminate structure shown in FIG. 9H. Solar cells 102 move from right to left on a conveyor 271. A bonding machine 237 solders (glues) the solar cells 102 together using conductive tabs 114. Three EVA rolls deliver EVA sheets 154 or other continuous encapsulant sheets to: *Between the glass tile 224 and the ETFE protective layer 270, connected by silicone 225, *Between the ETFE protective layer 270 and the solar cell 102, *Between the solar cell 102 and the backsheet 226. The ETFE protective layer 270 is folded along the edges of the solar cells 269 by two folding rolls 276. To maintain optimal vacuum conditions within the lamination chamber 274, the entire lamination structure first passes through the right transition chamber 272. After the flexible door of the transition chamber 272 is in a sealed position, a vacuum is drawn by a vacuum pump 273. Once the appropriate vacuum is reached, the entire lamination structure moves further into the lamination chamber 274, and the bottom of the right door of the transition chamber 272 moves with the lamination structure to maintain the seal. Once this step is complete, the bottom of the left door of the transition chamber 272 moves to the right, close to the right door of the transition chamber 272, resealing the transition chamber 272 from the lamination chamber 274. Next, the bottom of the right door of transition chamber 272 also moves to the right the same distance as the left door, but transition chamber 272 is no longer sealed and is now filled with air (which does not enter transition chamber 274 because the left door of transition chamber 272 is in the sealed position). The entire process then begins again. Once all of the solar cells 102 enter transition chamber 274, weights 275 are placed on them or otherwise pushed down by weight support arms 279. Next, a heating conveyor 277 heats the stack to a temperature where the EVA melts, and then a cooling conveyor 278 cools the stack to properly bond the layers together. They then exit transition chamber 274 in a process similar to how they entered, passing through another transition chamber 272 on the left. Before the solar cells exit transition chamber 274, weight support arms 279 lift weights 275 and place them on top of new solar cells 102 that have entered stack chamber 274 from the other side. Another vacuum pump also maintains the vacuum in the lamination chamber 274. This system can also be used with encapsulants that do not require heat, in which case curing is accomplished by other means such as radiation (e.g., UV). Also, if the weight 275 is heavy enough, the process can be performed without the use of a vacuum.

[0056] 9J shows a close-up of folding roll 276, which folds ETFE protective layer 270 around solar cells 102 and EVA layer 154. Such folding layer 276 can be made of different materials and implemented in different ways, such as by applying thin strips around the edges only, or by folding with a robotic arm, for example.

[0057] Similar folding methods can also be implemented on conventional solar panels to reduce the waisted edge area of ​​the solar panel.

[0058] The stacking apparatus shown in Figure 9I includes multiple strips of stacked structure that enter a single stacking chamber. Instead of weights for each solar cell, it may have one large plate that presses down on many solar cells in the strips at once.

[0059] There are many different types of lamination equipment, and the above are just a few examples. For example, there is the option to combine roll lamination and thick lamination in the same machine.

[0060] Because the length of the continuous modules is unlimited, the entire system can be fixed at the optimal angle from a single control point for any roof pitch. This eliminates the need to reinforce the solar cells and modules or install connectors (mechanical or electrical) to waste solar-absorbing surface. The robust structure of the continuous modules allows them to be installed at any slope level, from a plane parallel to the ground to a vertical wall, and they perform well. They can also withstand strong winds and harsh weather conditions at any angle or slope. In particular, by covering them with small glass tiles, which are much more durable than the large glass covering the solar panels, they can withstand heavy rainfall, such as heavy hail.

[0061] By cutting long pieces of solar cells and attaching connectors to them, it is possible to create long solar cell strips of any length, making it possible to create a carpet of long solar cell strips that covers the entire roof, regardless of the roof's shape. This leaves uncovered gaps at the edges that are less than the size of a single solar cell. Such a solar cell carpet can be rolled up for transportation and unrolled and deployed for installation, as will be described later in Figure 27. Furthermore, unlike other solutions on the market, such as solar cell sheets, it maintains the high efficiency of silicon solar cells and does not require numerous connectors, as solutions such as solar cell tiles do.

[0062] The serial module solution described here has several further advantages: It supports sheet-type as well as strip-type solar solutions, and can capture the sunlight at the optimum angle depending on the slope and orientation of the roof. In an inverted (or rotated) solution, the entire solar cell (profile) array can be adjusted to the same direction from one central control point. This control point can be controlled manually or by a drive and computer. As mentioned above, serial modules can be mechanically connected and installed together at the same angle.

[0063] With fixed solutions, the pitch height and roof orientation can be pre-mapped and adjusted during manufacturing or off-site assembly.

[0064] Using such serial modules, solar modules of any size can be constructed using any number of solar cells (much more than any solar panel).

[0065] By electrically connecting the continuous modules at the edge of the installation surface, a series connection can be realized, and the necessary voltage (even 900V or more) can be achieved without complex wiring between the solar panels. All solar cells on a continuous module array face the same direction (or multiple directions in the case of a V-shaped case), and the self-shading level is also the same. This is a major advantage, as will be described later.

[0066] To improve cooling efficiency, the positioning system may include a system for cooling the PV surface with flowing water (Figure 10). This cooling system can also retain the water flowing over the PV surface, further cooling the surface, resulting in a total increase in power generation efficiency of 7 to 14%. Unlike systems that use sprinklers or other methods to cool the PV surface by flowing water over it, this method confines the water within a closed-loop system, eliminating the loss of cooling liquid through evaporation or splashing. This minimizes loss of cooling liquid and maintains optical coupling between the cover, water, and PV surface. Alternatively, the coolant or cooling fluid could be another transparent liquid, or a transparent cooling gas such as air, or a mixture or combination thereof.

[0067] Figure 10 shows a cross section of a V-shaped case equipped with a cooling system. Cooling water from an external water tank enters the cooling water radiator 126 in the positioning system 120 through the local cold water exchange hole 142 and the inlet pipe 140. Hot water absorbs heat from the sealed solar module surface 156 and returns to the external water tank through the local hot water exchange hole 143 and the outlet pipe 141. To more effectively cool the sealed solar module, water also passes through the internal V-shaped space 153, cooling the solar module surface without blocking sunlight. The V-shaped space is transparent, allowing cooling without blocking sunlight. Figure 10 shows how the water flow supports the cleaning mechanism of the top cover 119 using local connections periodically arranged on the V-shaped case. When water pressure increases, the valve piston 180 opens, allowing water to flow through the water pipe 179 and be forced out through the splash hole 182. When pressure returns to normal, a spring 181 returns the valve piston 180 to its closed position. The hot water produced by this system can be used for commercial or residential purposes, including space heating. By installing pipes (through which liquid or gas passes) parallel to the V-shaped case, the entire V-shaped case (profile) can be cooled at the same level. This is because each unit in the V-shaped case gets fresh water or gas from a reservoir at the same temperature through parallel pipes, rather than water or gas that has already been heated by cooling another unit.

[0068] During the installation process, the sealed strip of solar modules is inserted into a positioning system and attached in a V-shape, which can be replaced with a predetermined shape (circular, a combination of circular and V-shape, or any other shape that exposes the solar cells or PV surface at an angle that better absorbs sunlight).

[0069] In the V-shape, the V-angle 128 between the two PV surfaces of the sealed solar module can range from 1 to 179 degrees, but a V-angle between 50 and 130 degrees typically provides the highest efficiency per unit area.

[0070] The two solar cells forming the V-shape can be manufactured from a single photovoltaic (PV) surface. This solar cell surface is flexible and can be V-shaped, U-shaped, or similarly shaped. The V-shaped case can be mounted on a base (as shown in Figure 11). This base can be formed by extrusion or a similar method. One of the functions of the base is to position the V-shaped cases (geometrically) parallel, with equal distances and orientations between them, for reasons that will be explained later.

[0071] FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration in which a row of V-shaped cases, as shown in FIG. 10, is attached to a system foundation 160 and can be reoriented in various configurations using a movable flat bar 158. The foundation 160 includes a rotary shaft support member 157 including the rotary shaft 123, an angle-setting shaft mount 159 including the angle-setting shaft 124, and connectors between the base sections (convex connector 161 and concave connector 162). This allows the V-shaped cases to be oriented toward the sunlight direction 136 or a predetermined direction by inserting the setting teeth 191 of the movable flat bar 158 into one of the setting holes 192 in the special foundation equipped with an angle-setting mechanism 228. Once the setting process for mechanically setting the orientation of the V-shaped cases is complete, the V-shaped cases are mechanically fixed at a fixed angle and orientation relative to the sunlight direction. This prevents them from being damaged by tilting more than 10 degrees in either direction. Therefore, the V-shaped case can be designed to be strong enough to prevent weather conditions such as wind and hail from shifting the desired orientation, and to prevent human forces (such as walking on a continuous module) from changing the set angle. Such a set angle can be applied to any continuous module, including flat profiles, and even to any rigid element with a PV surface. The fixing means can be of any type. The set angle (also called the predetermined angle) can be set to any angle, from solar cells aligned parallel to the roof slope to an angle upside down by nearly 180 degrees. However, extreme angles are not effective except in rare cases where the roof slope exactly matches the solar irradiation direction, in which case the solar cells are aligned parallel to the roof slope. The solar direction 136 is the optimal fixed direction for year-round overall absorption by minimizing reflection and maximizing the solar flux hitting the PV surface.

[0072] The V-shaped case of the present invention can be tilted at various angles relative to the foundation, and can be installed on various parts of the roof with various slopes in various directions, as shown in Figure 12, to maximize power generation efficiency and resolve the directional limitations of solar cell sheets and flat solar panels.

[0073] Figure 12 shows a cross-section of the same positioning system as Figure 11, but set at a different angle to accommodate different angles of solar radiation direction 136 relative to the roof. All positioning systems are connected to a movable flat bar 158 by an angle-setting shaft mount 159, which incorporates the angle-setting shaft 124. Moving the movable flat bar 158 left or right (as indicated by arrow 198) simultaneously rotates all positioning systems by the same angle. This allows for a single setting during installation of the positioning systems to accommodate different roof slopes and orientations. Alternatively, if the positioning systems are installed to move in a north-south direction, they can be used as a dynamic tracking mechanism to change the elevation angle of the V-shaped case. This allows for seasonal changes in the solar radiation direction throughout the year. The solar radiation direction has the same definition as the normal solar radiation direction, but for periods shorter than a year. This allows for setting the solar radiation direction for days, weeks, months, seasons, or any other period. The moving bar 158 is connected via an electrical connection 265 to a drive unit 173 controlled by a computing unit 174 via a connection means 266, so that these elevation angle changes can be controlled automatically. Alternatively, the system of the present invention can be installed with an east-to-west angular movement, in which case the system can automatically track the movement of the sun during the day. The term "adaptive" as used herein means to optimally adapt or compensate depending on the situation.

[0074] Figure 13 shows how the positioning system can accommodate various roof orientations and slopes by orienting the V-shaped casing 183 in the sunlight direction 136. In this figure, the sunlight direction 136 faces south, so the south side of the roof can be easily adjusted. Meanwhile, the V-shaped casing 183 on the north side of the roof is adjusted to face south as far upward as possible. This figure also shows how to prevent large un-deployed areas on the roof as shown in Figure 2 and effectively cover the entire roof with sloped solar cells. This avoids sacrificing the low solar absorption efficiency of solar sheets or solar panels aligned with the roof slope and direction as shown in Figure 3.

[0075] FIG. 14 shows an example of a possible placement / configuration of the V-case on a steeply sloped north-facing roof in the Northern Hemisphere where sunlight 136 comes from the south.

[0076] The continuous structure of this solution allows long strips of V-cased modules to be cut to the required length to cover non-square roof edges, as shown in Figure 13, and to cover the entire roof, unlike large solar panels, as shown in Figure 2.

[0077] Embodiments of the present invention provide three-dimensional structures such as continuous modules, V-shaped cases, flat stack structures, etc., and, where necessary, provide solutions to overcome the effects of shading, including self-shading, on solar panels.

[0078] In a first solution to the effects of shading, as previously described, the power generation system has a top cover that also includes an array of optical elements 125. The array of optical elements 125 diffuses or scatters the collimated sunlight 100 onto different portions of the PV surface.

[0079] Although the direction of sunlight reaching the Earth has a small angular variation (approximately 0.5%), the beam is not perfectly parallel, but for the purposes of this paper, we treat it as such. The optical elements diffuse the light rays so that they strike the PV surface from different angles (i.e., different directions). This eliminates local shadows due to the direction of the sun relative to the orientation of the V-shaped case (Figure 15A).

[0080] Figure 15A shows a cross section of the optical element array within the top cover 119. In this figure, each optical element 125 splits sunlight 100 at each split point 167, with some of it being reflected and striking the solar cell 165 on the left, and the remaining portion passing through the optical element and either maintaining the same direction or slightly changing direction as light ray 166 (depending on the angle of incidence and the ratio of refractive indices between the materials) striking the solar cell on the right. Many points on the solar cell receive sunlight 164 from multiple directions coming from different optical elements. Sporadic spots on the cover, such as dirt or other objects that block the illumination, are prevented from casting shadows on the solar cell.

[0081] Diffusing light in such a system means that more sunlight hits the PV surface (taking a circuitous route) than it would otherwise take to reach the optics (unlike a concentrated object).

[0082] The optics can be configured to diffuse equally in all directions (Figure 17) or to preferentially diffuse the light toward the nearby PV surface (Figure 16), and can be designed differently depending on the distance from the center of the V-shaped case to accommodate the various diffusion angles required.

[0083] 15B is a perspective view of a three-dimensional structure in which optical elements 125 arranged inside top cover 119 extend in the longitudinal direction. These optical elements 125 are arranged parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sealed solar cell module, diffusing sunlight in directions perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the continuous module and preferentially irradiating nearby solar cells. (Because the cross-sections of these optical elements are the same along the longitudinal direction, sunlight 100 is only directed perpendicular to the longitudinal direction.)

[0084] FIG. 16 shows a cross-section of another type of cover with raised walls 175 to increase the distance between the cover and the solar cell. This increases the distance the diffused light has to travel before hitting the PV surface, further enhancing the diffusion effect. These walls can be part of the transparent top cover 119, allowing some of the diffused light to reach the PV surface of the nearby V-shaped case, or they can be part of the positioning system or separate components. If the raised walls 175 are opaque, they act like mirrors, reflecting sunlight back onto the solar cells 102 as reflected rays 178. They can also function as beam splitters, reflecting only a portion of the sunlight. This example also illustrates the use of a condenser lens 177 as a diffusing element. Because the focal point of the condenser lens 177 is much closer to the cover than the solar cell, the sunlight (irradiation) is diffused as rays 168 after exiting the condenser lens 177 and acts as a diffusing element at the point where it reaches the PV surface.

[0085] FIG. 17 shows the circular (symmetrical) optical element 169 inside the top cover 119 from a different angle.

[0086] The upper cover 119 in FIG. 18A has an anti-reflection structure (function), and therefore can also reduce the reflection of sunlight when the angle of the sun is low. 18A shows the top cover 119 of the positioning system, which includes a texture surface 170 to reduce reflections on its top surface and a circular optical element 169 to diffuse light inside the positioning system. The texture surface 170 enhances the light diffusion effect, especially when combined with a diffusing element.

[0087] By diffusing or scattering a portion of the sunlight that can irradiate one solar cell toward other solar cells, the problem of solar cells being shaded by localized shadows caused by dirt on the cover, etc. Such sunlight-diffusing or scattering objects can help to eliminate the effects of localized shadows even on regular solar cell surfaces (not three-dimensional structures) as long as the optical element is positioned high enough above the solar cell surface, as shown in Figure 18B.

[0088] 18B is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a solar panel with optical element 125, showing how sunlight 100 reaching optical element 125 on solar cell 102 illuminates another nearby solar cell, eliminating the shading effect caused by random shadows cast on nearby solar cells. This illustrates the potential benefits of such an optical element on a typical solar panel. The term "sufficiently high" refers to a height at which a single optical element can scatter a portion of the parallel sunlight beam and the sunlight strikes the surface of solar cell 102 from at least 3 mm above.

[0089] The second solution to eliminate the effects of shading is the proper design of the continuous modules, which can be adjusted to suit the tilt angle of the mounting surface (e.g., roof) and its orientation relative to the sun (Fig. 11, Fig. 12) to avoid shading at the main solar incidence angles. In the case of rotational solutions such as V-shaped cases, adjustment is possible due to the inherent tilting ability of the V-shaped case around the rotation axis and the ability to set the system at a predetermined angle.

[0090] A third solution to eliminating the effects of shading is sun tracking. As mentioned above, the continuous modules have a rotating axis connected to a computer-controlled drive unit, which rotates the continuous modules on a single axis (e.g., east-west). This allows the system of the present invention to track the direction of the sun throughout the day, optimizing solar absorption at all solar incidence angles and significantly improving solar absorption efficiency. On flat roofs, arranging such rotating units in a panel structure not only tracks the sun's movement horizontally, but also allows different tilt angles to be set according to vertical changes to accommodate short-term solar irradiation directions. This allows for optimal tilt angle adjustments to be made manually or using a drive unit. Alternatively, while the V-shaped case is set from east to west, the tracking axis of the V-shaped case (profile) can be set to track only vertical changes in short-term solar irradiation direction to avoid shading (Figure 19A). Tilt adjustments can be made manually or automatically, and can be performed once a day, once a week, or even less frequently. It can also be adjusted just twice a year to accommodate short-term changes in solar direction during winter and summer. The tracking algorithm can be based on a pre-programmed orientation plan based on date and time settings, or it can be dynamically adjusted in real time to find the optimal angle for maximum power generation at that moment, or a combination of both.

[0091] Figure 19A shows how the system can be set up to track short-term changes in the absorption direction of sunlight 222. This is done by setting the system so that the axis of rotation 123 rotates vertically rather than tracking the sun horizontally.

[0092] Such vertical tracking can also be used to track the daily change in the sun's height during the day, which can be more efficient than horizontal tracking on a flat roof if the system is installed far enough away from the equator.

[0093] A fourth solution to the effects of shading is to connect an electrical bypass, such as a bypass diode, in parallel with a solar cell or group of solar cells to activate if the solar cell stops generating electricity or its power generation drops significantly. An example of this solution is shown in Figure 6A. This solution is difficult to implement individually for each solar cell in a typical solar panel because it requires a different, more expensive design and additional assembly steps. Therefore, a typical solar panel only has a few diodes. However, each diode can typically bypass / skip two rows of solar cells. Adding diodes in a precise arrangement is also challenging for roll-up solar cell sheets. However, the disclosed system and method allows for easy addition of diodes to each solar cell or multiple solar cells without wasting solar cell surface area, as shown in Figure 6A. Diodes can also be individually installed on each solar cell, allowing for the fabrication of separate sealed solar modules for each side of the V-shaped case. One option is to place diodes on solar cells that contain only the silicon portion of the diode (i.e., silicon DIE). This allows the diode width to be comparable to that of the solar cell, facilitating encapsulation and achieving good optical coupling with less bonding material such as silicon. Figure 19B shows how a DIE bypass diode 261 can be connected to each solar cell as part of a long solar cell strip.

[0094] 19B shows an exploded view of the connection of a diode 261 between the bypass conductor 260 and the conductive tab 114 to electrically bypass / detour the failed solar cell 102 without exceeding the width of the solar cell.

[0095] A fifth solution to the effects of shading is to design the system of the present invention so that the shadows are evenly distributed among all solar cells, as in a continuous module. In other words, the system of the present invention spreads sunlight evenly across all solar cells. While the shadows do not need to be the same shape on each solar cell, to avoid an electric bottleneck, the solar cell modules must be arranged so that solar irradiance is the same for each vertical group during self-shadowing conditions. In this way, the self-shadowing generated by the system reduces the power generation of the system of the present invention in proportion to the percentage of shading, with similar levels for all vertical groups (or rows), without the effects of shading. Because all vertical groups in a continuous module array are in the same shadow, one (or a few) shaded solar cells will not cause the power generation to stop, and no solar cells will stop power generation in series or reduce power generation, as occurs with shading. Because all the sequential modules are parallel to each other, facing the same direction, and spaced equally apart, the shadows cast by one sequential module on another are the same for all sequential modules (as shown in Figures 20B and 21A). Only the excess solar energy falling on the first sequential module facing the sun (for a flat profile) (the module on the right side of the array in Figure 21A) and the excess solar energy falling on the edge of the sequential module can be lost. (Because these solar cells receive more sunlight than the majority of the solar cells in the array and all solar cells are connected in series (each solar cell is connected in series to the next), the current is set according to the solar cell receiving the least sunlight, and any excess solar energy is lost. Therefore, the performance of all solar cells in the sequential module array, except for the solar cells receiving less sunlight, degrades at a similar level without shutting down. The first row facing the sun refers to the first sequential module in the array, which is the module on the right side of the array in Figure 21A.

[0096] In this way, despite the self-shadowing, the effect of shading is eliminated, so that continuous modules can be installed closely together without any gaps, filling the entire installation surface. This means that all sunlight reaching the installation surface will hit the solar cell PV from all directions. In this solution, the only sunlight wasted during self-shadowing is the lost sunlight defined above.

[0097] This self-shading solution works well when each vertical section of the continuous module is composed of a single solar cell, or when all vertical sections of the profile are composed of a pair of solar cells connected in parallel, as in the V-shaped case. The vertical section, as used for continuous modules, refers to a section perpendicular to the row of solar cells and perpendicular to the length of the continuous module. However, the same electrical connection design also works well when all vertical sections of the continuous module have multiple solar cells, as long as they are connected in parallel with each other and each vertical group (column) of solar cells is connected in series with the solar cells in the next vertical group (column). For example, a V-shaped case can be configured with any number of solar cells in parallel (as long as they are mechanically and electronically linked / connected). For example, four solar cells (two on each side) or six solar cells are possible. The solar cells can be any size, as long as their shape does not cause nonlinear power shutdown when partially shaded. The solar cells can be any type, as long as the solar cell material does not cause nonlinear power shutdown when partially shaded. If the power output of a series module is lower than required, multiple modules can be connected in parallel, as in the V-shaped case.

[0098] In Figure 20A, sunlight 100 strikes the entire surface of surface 156 of the sealed solar cell module on the left side of the V-shaped case, casting a shadow 171 on part of the sealed solar cell module on the right side. All of the planar sealed solar cell modules installed in parallel are subject to the same level of self-shading by the sealed solar cell module on the right side, so by electrically connecting all of the solar cells in the vertical cross section of the continuous module in parallel and connecting them in series along the length of the continuous module, all of the solar cells reduce their power generation by the same level, and none of the solar cells stop generating power.

[0099] The ability to avoid the shading effects of continuous modules can be achieved by using a flat PV surface (rather than a 3D configuration) based on the strips of solar cells described in Figure 9A, an example of which is shown in Figure 20C.

[0100] FIG. 20C shows a bottom view of a device of the present invention based on a continuous module with a flat PV surface 229 instead of V-shaped cells. A base 190 is attached to the roof and holds legs 245. Simple connectors 246 are inserted into the legs 245, and the PV surface 229 is inserted into the connectors 246. The PV surface 229 has a rotation axis 243 and a solar cell module surface 156, which are coupled and connected as shown in FIG. 21B. The connectors 246 are connected to tilting arms 248 by tilting axes 247, and the tilting arms 248 are connected to tilting rods 255. The tilting rods 225 move back and forth within the legs 245 and base 190, tilting the PV surface 229. This is done by tilting the tilting arms 248, which tilt the connectors 246, which tilt the PV surface 229. A wire 135 with two male connectors 161 connects two connectors 227 in two adjacent PV surfaces 229, forming a series connection. The enclosed solar module surfaces 156 can be covered with ETFE or glass tiles for protection, as shown in FIG. 9A. To maintain the effectiveness of the self-shading solution, the distance between all tilting arms 248 connected to the tilting rods 255 is the same. This distance can be varied based on the roof slope direction, pitch, site elevation, and other parameters to configure the system for the most cost-effective solution in terms of cost per watt. The distance between all legs 245 connected to the base 190 is also the same for all legs 245. This flat stack solution allows for easy replacement of a faulty module in the stack by unplugging the male connectors 161, removing the stack 243 from the connections 246, and inserting a replacement PV surface 229 and connecting it with the connectors 161. The near side view of base 190 in Figure 20C shows the system components within base 190 and legs 245 and how they are connected.

[0101] All PV surfaces are mounted parallel to each other on the continuous modules, and the rotation angle and inter-module gaps of the continuous modules are the same, so even if one continuous module casts a partial shadow on the next continuous module, there is no shading effect (as shown in Figure 21A).

[0102] Figure 21A shows an arrangement of planar profiles. All enclosed solar module surfaces 156 are shaded 171 at approximately the same angle of sunlight 100, without any loss of power generation. The figure also shows how such planar profiles can cover sloped roof surfaces that do not face the sunlight direction 136. This type of solution is fixed, like the V-shaped case, but can also be varied to track the sun throughout the day. The tracking algorithm can orient the PV surface toward the sun or away from the sun (if this orientation provides better solar absorption). For some solar cells, a 3° offset from the sun's direction is effective for increasing solar absorption efficiency. In other cases, an angle of 10° or even 20°, depending on the type of solar cell used, can improve power generation efficiency. This is thought to be because sunlight incident on the PV surface at obtuse angles travels a longer path within the solar cell, increasing the likelihood that the sunlight will be absorbed and generate power, compensating for the attenuation of solar flux at these angles.

[0103] When the sun's angle is very obtuse, setting the planar profile perpendicular to the sun (theoretically the optimal angle) creates very large shadows and very narrow light bands on the solar cells. In this situation, the solution to the shading effect becomes very sensitive to system tolerances. For example, if the light bands are only 5 mm wide and system tolerances mean that one of the light bands is only 4 mm wide, the overall power generation of the array will drop by 20%. Therefore, advanced tracking functions increase the light bands as much as possible before reaching a threshold where reflection increases. This results in light bands that are as wide as possible and less sensitive to tolerances. This can be done by optimizing power generation measurements in real time, using a predetermined plan depending on the sun's orientation relative to the roof at any given time, or based on a combination of both.

[0104] This flat profile tracking feature can rotate over 90 degrees, up to 160 degrees, or even 180 degrees, allowing for optimal sun tracking every day.

[0105] Different roof slopes cause different degrees of shading in the chain modules. This is why the solution described here requires an inverter that can adjust the voltage and current of each planar profile array individually for each slope. In some cases, the same level of shading can be achieved on different roof slopes by adjusting the spacing between chain modules for different roof slopes.

[0106] Another problem that occurs with long, continuous modules is that during temperature changes, the sealed solar modules expand differently relative to the parts they are attached to. This can cause the continuous module to break or bend. Figure 21B shows one possible solution to this problem.

[0107] FIG. 21B shows a detailed planar profile. The sealed solar cell module 156 includes a reinforcing back layer 241. The back layer 241 has thermal expansion characteristics similar to those of the solar cell module 156 and is attached to two L-shaped profiles (rails 244). The extended rotation shaft 243 is inserted into the rails 244 and is free to move along the longitudinal axis of the continuous module. Thus, even if the solar cell module 156 and the rotation shaft 243 expand by different amounts during temperature changes, the continuous module 156 will not bend or break. To seal and protect the edges 256 of the solar cell module 156, the back layer 241 can be made transparent and wrapped around the edges 256, or a dedicated protective material can be installed, or an adhesive can be applied between the back layer 241 and the solar cell module's front cover (made of glass tile, ETFE, or other similar materials).

[0108] Flat PV surfaces have another advantage in tropical countries: the entire roof can be covered with a floating shade screen, blocking sunlight and allowing air to move freely between the roof and the PV surface, creating a cooling effect that can significantly reduce the temperature of a shade-covered house. The row of PV cells in a continuous module refers to the row parallel to the length of the continuous module, and the column refers to the vertical cross-section of the continuous module, i.e., the direction perpendicular to the length of the continuous module.

[0109] This solution of aligning all solar cells in the same parallel direction is not very effective for shade management when dealing with a standard (flat) solar panel 107. The reason is that all solar cell rows in the solar panel are connected in series, so a partially shaded solar cell row can reduce the overall solar panel power generation in proportion to the amount of shadow cast by that solar cell row. As a result, the overall solar panel power generation is reduced in proportion to the amount of shadow cast by a particular solar cell. A solar cell row in a solar panel refers to a row that is approximately parallel to the ground, and a column refers to a row that is approximately perpendicular to the ground. As explained above, all other solar cell rows in the series connection will reduce their power generation even if they are completely exposed to sunlight without any shadows. In many cases, a completely shaded solar cell row will not reduce the solar panel power generation by more than its surface area relative to the overall surface area of ​​the solar panel. This is because the shaded solar cell row is bypassed by the bypass diodes and does not cause power generation to stop.

[0110] However, the same electrical connection design for eliminating self-shading in a continuous module can also be applied to solar panels. The vertical groups of solar cells within each vertical column (i.e., the groups of solar cells that overlap each other in each cross section, as shown in Figure 21C) are connected in parallel with each other, and all vertical groups within a solar panel are connected in series with each other. This electrical design solves the problem of self-shading for solar panels, provided that the solar panels are installed in parallel-mounted columns with the same distance between the columns (i.e., each column of solar panels in the column array casts a similar shadow on the column of solar panels behind it) and at the same tilt angle (Figure 21C). Once the self-shading effect is resolved in this way, solar panel columns can be installed very close to each other and still perform well despite self-shading. Arranging solar panels in this manner allows for maximum power generation per given layout area throughout the year.

[0111] Thus, if the solar cells in each vertical group within a solar panel (i.e., all the solar cells in a vertical cross section of a solar panel or column of solar cells) are connected in parallel and all the vertical groups within a solar panel are connected in series, partial shading will not result in power generation failure, and the solar panel will function perfectly normally even under conditions of self-shading. Thus, if one solar panel casts a shadow on another solar panel, the effect will be minimal, proportional to the percentage of solar cells 171 in the shaded row out of all the rows of solar cells in the solar panel, and will not disable the entire solar panel. This solution allows solar panels to be positioned at a standard tilt angle 131 to correspond to the solar irradiation direction 136, or to position the panels at other preferred angles with no gaps 118, thereby significantly increasing the amount of power generated from a particular arrangement.

[0112] FIG. 21C shows an array of this new type of solar panel 163 (hereinafter referred to as the "new solar panel") with the new internal wiring of the present invention, allowing rows of the new solar panels to be densely packed until there are no gaps 118 between the solar panels. This has the advantage of not wasting sunlight-absorbing surface throughout the day, except for excess sunlight that strikes the new solar panel in the first row (the rightmost) in an area shaded by new solar panels 163 in another row 171. The vertical groups of solar cells in each vertical cross-section 151 are connected in parallel, and all vertical groups within a new solar panel (which, in the case of a vertical cross-section of a new solar panel, means all solar cells in the row) are connected in series with each other. Because the new solar panels are installed in parallel, the power output of each new solar panel is approximately equal to that of the other new solar panels under self-shadowing conditions, excluding lost sunlight 163, and no vertical row will shut down, reducing the power output of the entire new solar panel array. In this solution, bypass diodes are connected to each column (i.e., each cross-sectional area) of solar cells rather than each row, allowing for electrically bypassing long, locally elongated shadows, such as those caused by utility poles.

[0113] The present invention's solution to self-shadowing allows the novel solar panels to be installed at a larger than normal tilt angle 131. This allows the novel solar panel row arrangement to be more compact, further reducing the current gap 118. This also applies to the configuration of Figure 21D.

[0114] A solution similar to that of Figure 21C can be implemented with new solar panels that track the sun in either a single axis fashion or a full tracking fashion, with no gaps in between.

[0115] FIG. 21D shows an arrangement of solar panels 107 where additional measures are added to eliminate the self-shadowing phenomenon, eliminating the loss of power generation from solar cells in one partially shaded row without affecting the power generation of solar cells in other rows within the solar panel. This figure shows an arrangement of solar panels 107 where the density of the rows can be increased until there are no gaps 118 between the rows. This ensures that solar absorption surface is not wasted throughout the day, except for the wasted solar cells 171 that are not exposed to sunlight, as mentioned above. All solar cell rows within these solar panels are equipped with a controller (FET or similar solution) 138. The controller 138 performs electrical bypassing to bypass solar cells in a partially shaded row, even if they are not completely shaded. This prevents a loss of power generation from all other rows of solar cells within the solar panel and from all other solar panels. Solar cell rows that are completely shaded are also electrically bypassed. A controller 138 can be located for each or every two solar cell columns, one controller can manage all solar cell columns in a solar panel, or a combination of these. The switching algorithm for activating electrical bypass for a solar cell column is based on comparing its power generation with the column above and setting a predetermined threshold (coefficient) for the percentage drop in power generation that activates electrical bypass. Other algorithms can also be used. Electrical bypass can also be canceled as soon as 80% of the total power generation from a particular column is restored. Other algorithms can also be used. This solution can handle sporadic shading by placing bypass diodes 108 on each column (or several columns) of solar cells in the first column (right column) of the solar panel, since these columns do not experience self-shadowing. For this solution to work, the bypass solution and controller must be located for at least one column of solar cells.

[0116] It's important to note that diodes alone (without a controller) do not provide an adequate solution, because if the diodes are configured to bypass when a string's power output drops slightly, then if the sun is at an obtuse angle or the sky is slightly cloudy, the bypass will be activated for all strings, causing power generation to cease. The bypass decision can be made locally, for example, using FETs, dedicated chips, or multiple diodes that compare the power output of one string of solar cells with that of the adjacent string and perform the bypass accordingly.

[0117] A similar solution can be implemented at the solar cell level, so that solar cells with low power generation efficiency are electrically bypassed without reducing the current across the string of series-connected solar cells.

[0118] This type of electrical bypassing means of the present invention is also relevant to a string-type module solution for optimizing the power generation by long strips of series-connected solar cells (FIG. 6B). Such a bypass FET solution can be implemented for each solar cell string module, or for groups of any number of solar cells. In the case of bypassing a single solar cell FET within a string module, the local controller (e.g., FET) of each solar cell can be connected to the main string controller via the long strip on the flexible PCB to which they are attached, and the string controller can use any algorithm to determine which solar cells to bypass. By way of example, such an algorithm could include the following steps:

[0119] Measure the current with all solar cells connected. Bypass all solar cells in the string except solar cell 1 and measure the new current. Do the same for all solar cells. Sort the solar cells according to their current level. Then calculate whether the power generated by the entire string excluding the weakest solar cell is higher than the power generated by the entire string including the weakest solar cell. If so, electrically bypass that solar cell, move on to the next weakest solar cell and repeat the same calculation. Repeat for the remaining solar cells. This process ends when it is determined that a particular solar cell in the string should not be bypassed.

[0120] This process repeats at predetermined times, such as every minute, every day, or every week.

[0121] As mentioned above, the decision to bypass can also be made locally by a dedicated chip or FET. These chips or FETs compare the power output of nearby solar cells and decide whether to perform a bypass. The FETs can also perform the electrical bypass themselves, without the need for diodes.

[0122] Another approach to eliminating the self-shadowing effect of solar panels is to connect all shaded solar cell strings individually in series and generate a small amount of power from indirect radiation. The same applies to unshaded solar cell strings. These series connections can be handled separately by microinverters or optimizers, so there is no significant bottleneck in the unshaded portions of the solar panel. An example of such a solution includes two sets of power lines (high and low power lines) for each solar panel and a controller (such as the FAT). The controller monitors the power generation level of each solar cell string within the solar panel and switches it to the high or low power line based on a switching algorithm. The algorithm includes a procedure for comparing the power generation of each solar cell string with the top solar cell string of the panel, using a predetermined power reduction factor (factor) threshold as a deciding factor to make the switching decision. The algorithm can be based on a predetermined plan to bypass partially shaded strings at certain times of day based on a calculation of the sun's position relative to the roof slope position and direction, or any combination of the two methods.

[0123] This ability to cast similar shadows on all parallel solar panel rows (except the first right row facing the sun) depends on the nature of the mounting surface. This works well for horizontally flat mounting surfaces, of course, but also for tilted surfaces (any inclination from horizontal and vertical), uneven surfaces like the ground, and stepped slopes of similar size and shape. With a suitable mounting surface, the self-shadowing of most solar panels on such a mounting surface will be the same regardless of the spacing, angle, and orientation of all solar panels, as long as they are the same. This also applies to continuous modules. Here, we define such a suitable mounting surface as a mounting surface. With the appropriate structure, any type of surface can be turned into a mounting surface, as shown in Figure 21E.

[0124] One of the advantages of continuous modules is their durability on almost any surface, which means that by using the appropriate structure, the base surface can be adjusted accordingly to accommodate any type of surface (Figure 21E). Furthermore, continuous modules can maintain all of their unique qualities, such as the solution to the self-shadowing effect.

[0125] The left perspective view of FIG. 21E shows an example of the arrangement of solar panels 107 on a curved surface 134, and the right cross-sectional view shows an example of a suitable arrangement of solar panels 107 on the curved surface 134. When solar panels 107 are arranged on a curved structure attached to surface 137, even if the solar panels 107 are spaced equally apart, as shown in the left perspective view, the curvature does not create the same self-shadowing on all solar panels. Therefore, this does not eliminate the effects of shading. This situation can be resolved by changing the spacing between solar panels 107, so that the same shadows are cast on other solar panels 107 behind them ("behind" refers to their position relative to the sunlight direction 136). This example is shown in the solar panel set on the right side of the 3D structural diagram and in the cross-sectional view of the right side of the diagram. If the gap 209 between the two solar panels is adjusted to fit the curve and not fixed, when the sun is at the zenith, as in sun 100, no shadows will be cast on any of the solar panels. At other solar incidence angles, the self-shadowing 171 cast on the solar panels will be the same for all panels except for the first (right) panel facing the sun. Another option is to build a suitable structure 112, as shown in the far right of the left-hand perspective view, so that the surface can serve as a mounting surface. To install such a structure 112, only a few connection points are required between the mounting surface and the structure 133.

[0126] A method for installing solar panels at appropriately adjusted distances 209 on a curved structure 137 is to prepare the curved structure 137 in advance so that the solar panel 107 can be installed at any point along the curved structure 137. Then, during the installation process, the first solar panel is installed on the curved side facing the sunlight direction 136, and then the next solar panel (the second solar panel) is installed at the minimum distance (which can be calculated in advance) that will not cast a shadow on the next solar panel during zenith. Then, the next solar panel (the third solar panel) is installed at a distance that will cast a shadow similar to that cast on the second solar panel at a specific time of installation. The remaining solar panels are installed at distances that will cast their respective shadows similar to that of the second solar panel. This method can also be applied to continuous modules.

[0127] A sixth solution is to install reflective optical elements to direct some of the sunlight 100 to specific locations on the PV surface where the light does not reach. Such optical elements are semi-transparent (semi-reflective) lances or mirrors (spectroscopes) placed in a V-shaped case (Figure 22A).

[0128] Figure 22A shows sunlight 100 coming from all directions. Sunlight 188 is reflected by and trapped between two semi-transparent lenses 186. Sunlight 187 is transmitted through semi-transparent lens 186 and sent between the next lenses, where it is trapped. This solution allows all sunlight 100 to reach the PV surface, even if the sunlight's angle of incidence is very obtuse, thereby reducing energy loss due to reflection.

[0129] This point is very important. In a typical solar panel, the energy loss due to reflection from the glass cover is very large, and can exceed 50%, especially when the sun's angle of incidence is obtuse (at the zenith). In this solution, the sunlight strikes the PV surface at an angle close to normal (the complementary angle is obtuse), so even if glass 189 or other protective material is attached to the sealed solar module surface 156, it will not be reflected at all angles. One of the challenges here is cleaning the system. Examples of cleaning methods include air cleaning, water washing the lens, removing and cleaning the module including the lens and then putting it back, or other methods. Not shown in Figure 22A are the spacers / holders for the translucent lens 186; these are shown in Figure 22B.

[0130] 22B shows another type of small optical element 193, which is semi-transparent. The small optical element 193 directs sunlight 100 onto a desired portion of the PV surface 156. The PV surface 156 is held in place by a spacer / holder 185 and covered with glass 189. The sunlight 100 is partially reflected by the optical element 193 as light 188 and partially transmitted as light 187.

[0131] Experimental and / or simulation analysis is used to determine which portions of the 3D PV structure are under-irradiated at various angles of incidence of sunlight 100 and various 3D configurations to obtain optimized optical elements.

[0132] As an example, Figure 22C shows a cross section of another type of translucent optical element. This translucent optical element redirects and reflects sunlight 100 at different rates depending on the solar angle. The translucent optical element is composed of elongated, partially transparent and partially reflective cubes. This optical system is optimally designed (as shown in Figure 19B) for an east-west orientation of the V-shaped case, with sunlight 100 always coming from the right side. To maximize the amount of sunlight reaching the top of the solar cell 102 at obtuse angles, the right-side cube 125 is fully coated with a reflector 194, so that sunlight 100 striking the right-side cube 125 from the right side is reflected toward the solar cell on the right. Meanwhile, the left-side cube 197 is uncoated. This allows sunlight 100 to pass through unimpeded and strike the top surface of the left-side solar cell. The cubes 184 in between are progressively more reflective from left to right, maximizing the diffusion of light onto the solar cell. The surface shape of the cube can be any shape, such as convex, concave, or a combination thereof, to diffuse light as evenly as possible over all parts of the solar cell 102 .

[0133] Another option for optical elements to spread sunlight 100 evenly over a three-dimensional PV structure includes an array of totally reflective curved mirrors, as shown in Figure 22D. In Figure 22D, curved mirrors 186 spread sunlight 100 across the entire sealed solar module surface 156, which is covered by glass 189, so that light 115 reflected by the glass on one side of the V-shaped case is more likely to be transmitted through the glass on the other (opposite) side of the V-shaped case.

[0134] This solution helps to minimize reflections from the glass and EVA when the glass is not part of the cover but is attached to the sealed solar module inside the V-shape.

[0135] Both the glass and EVA can be installed while maintaining good optical coupling between them and the PV surface, further reducing reflections. There are also options for directly bonding and sealing the PV surface to the glass on one side (using optical adhesive or silicone), or sealing the aluminum to the PV surface on the back (using a non-conductive adhesive), eliminating the need for materials such as EVA. There is also the option of sealing both sides of the solar cell with glass. One advantage of such a design is that the solar cell receives some sunlight from the back, improving power generation efficiency.

[0136] Figure 22E is a cross-sectional view showing the results of a software simulation of the solution of Figure 22D, where 186 indicates the curved lens and 196 indicates the sunlight lost due to reflection.

[0137] Figure 22F shows the sunlight distribution (based on simulation) across one of the V-shaped solar cells in Figure 22D. Lighter lines indicate more sunlight arriving there, while darker lines indicate less sunlight.

[0138] As mentioned in the Background section, one of the major problems with solar panels is the high reflectivity from their glass covers. Many anti-reflective coatings have been developed over the years to address this issue, but they have limited efficiency and durability, typically deteriorating within a few years. To minimize reflection, large, heavy-duty equipment is used to elevate solar panels to a standard tilt angle 131, positioning them more perpendicular to the sunlight direction 136, as shown in Figure 2, to avoid casting shadows on neighboring solar panels.

[0139] A seventh solution to the problem of shade is to avoid shade elevation in the first place. This involves mounting solar panels or array modules on the surface on which they are mounted so that they appear tilted toward the sunlight 136, minimizing reflections. This is done by providing the exterior surface of the transparent cover itself with an elevation (upward) slope 139 at a standard tilt angle. However, instead of placing the entire solar panel at that standard tilt angle, as shown in Figure 22G, the upward slope is a long, stepped section cut from the surface of the glass cover, or the material used as the cover, or other transparent material. In this way, self-shadowing is prevented, and the mounting surface can be completely covered with solar panels, without gaps 118. This solar panel may include a three-dimensional PV structure or a two-dimensional (usually) flat PV surface.

[0140] FIG. 22G is a cross-sectional view showing a method for manufacturing a top cover 119 with repeating upwardly sloping surfaces 139 that face toward sunlight 136 or other preferred directions, minimizing reflections throughout the year. One of the key advantages of this invention is that the gaps 118, shown in FIG. 2, that prevent one solar panel from casting a shadow on another due to this slope are not necessary if the slope is applied to the glass and the entire solar panel is not tilted at that angle. Some sunlight incident on the slope is reflected internally as reflected light 146. Furthermore, because the cover and slope are transparent, sunlight 148 after sunlight 100 crosses the slope becomes incident light 149 on the next slope and is not lost.

[0141] As mentioned above, the same elevation slope solution can be implemented for planar (normal) solar panels. If the solar panel were actually placed flat on the mounting surface, the tilt would cause sunlight to strike the solar panel's glass cover at the same angle as if it were tilted at a normal tilt angle. Therefore, solar panels do not need to be placed farther apart because they do not cast shadows on adjacent solar panels and there is no radiation loss due to gaps between solar panels. This method allows the solar panels to be as close together as possible while still using the entire mounting surface, with little loss of space between rows of solar panels and no self-shadowing on the solar cells. The width of the slope can be any size, as long as it is at least one order of magnitude smaller (no more than 10%) than the width of the solar panel's cover.

[0142] The tilt angle can be individually adjusted to suit the inclination and direction of the installation surface.Using this solution, the entire positioning system for a solar panel can be manufactured from a single sheet of aluminum by pressing (as shown in Figure 22H).

[0143] 22H shows a set of positioning systems 120. This set of positioning systems 120 is made by pressing a single aluminum plate to form the fixed shape of multiple positioning systems.

[0144] 23A is a cross-sectional view showing a positioning system 120 with a specific angle built into the V-shaped case to accommodate sunlight direction 136, with a cover attached that has an upwardly angled surface 139. The left side of the upwardly angled surface 139 can optionally be covered with a mirrored coating to reflect more light 131 to the right side of the V-shaped case.

[0145] An example of a flat solar panel with an upwardly sloping surface 139 is shown in Figure 23B. 23B shows an example of a flat solar panel 109 installed on a structure 137. This panel 109 has an upwardly inclined surface 139 facing the sunlight direction 136 or other preferred direction, and sunlight 100 strikes the upwardly inclined surface 139 at the same angle as if the entire solar panel 109 were tilted toward the sunlight direction 136 or other preferred direction. When the sun is at the zenith, the upwardly inclined surface 139 allows the sunlight to strike the solar cell at a more appropriate angle (irradiation angle).

[0146] Figure 23C shows an enlarged cross-sectional view of Figure 23B, in which solar cells 102 are located inside the solar panel.

[0147] Figure 23D shows solar cell panel 109 installed on structure 137, similar to Figure 23C. Structure 137 is installed on the sloped surface of a roof facing away from sunlight direction 136. Upward slope 139 is set at an appropriate angle corresponding to the sloped surface of the roof. Even on roofs that do not face north or south, structure 137 can be tilted at an angle, and the calculation method for this is the same as the installation method for a diagonal continuous module, which will be described later.

[0148] The tilt-up surface can be implemented with a tracking system that provides either single-axis or dual-axis tracking. This upward tilt is one example of a long profile used for glass or other transparent covers on solar panels. There are many other structures with similar cross sections across one axis of a solar panel that serve this purpose.

[0149] These various shading solutions can be combined to achieve maximum efficiency: for example, continuous modules avoid the self-shading problem, and diodes can cope with sporadic shading.

[0150] To reduce the manufacturing cost of the tracking system of the present invention, one side of the V-shaped case can be replaced with a mirrored surface that reflects light the other way, although this may result in a loss of performance. This is particularly effective in tracking solutions, since the optics adjust to the movement of the sun, and the reflection is always at the same angle relative to the V-shaped case. An example of this solution is shown in Figure 24A.

[0151] Figure 24A shows a cross section of a V-shaped case. In this figure, the wall of the V-shape on the right side is a mirror surface 104 instead of a solar cell. Sunlight 100 is reflected by the mirror surface 104, and this reflected light 115 strikes (and is absorbed by) the sealed solar module surface 156 on the left side. When the direction of the sun light 100 changes, the tracking system of the present invention rotates the V-shaped case accordingly, maintaining the same angle between the direction of the sun light 100, the mirror surface 104, and the solar module surface 156 during the tracking operation. This ensures efficient absorption even after the sun light 100 reflects off the first solar cell. This solution is called a one-sided V-shaped case.

[0152] This option may also require a solution to the shading effect, as described herein. In one embodiment, the V-shaped case can be folded for transportation. Bending can occur between different serial modules, as shown in Figure 24B. Figure 24B shows how an array of connected V-shaped cases 183 can be folded during transportation. The proper V-angle and tilt angle during installation are set by an adapter 249. This adapter 249 fits into a substructure that can be set at different angles for each roof pitch, ensuring the optimal installation angle for that roof pitch. In extreme cases, the V-angle can be set close to 180 degrees, creating a solar carpet on the roof. This PV carpet is made of highly efficient silicon solar cells protected by glass, rather than thin films or solar cell sheets, which have lower power generation efficiency and are less durable. Its flexibility allows the PV carpet to be deployed on uneven roof surfaces (convex roof surfaces).

[0153] When the V-angle of a single-V case (one side is mirrored and the other side is solar cell) is reduced to less than 40 degrees, light entering the single-V case from most angles is trapped there and does not leave the single-V case, so no sunlight is lost except for the sunlight that is converted to heat during internal reflection (as shown in Figure 24C).

[0154] Figure 24C shows a cross section of a single-sided V-shaped case. On the left is the sealed solar module surface 156, and on the right is the mirrored surface 104, with the V-angle 128 between them being less than 40 degrees. The solid sunlight 100 on the left represents summer sunlight (zenith) and the dotted sunlight 100 on the right represents winter sunlight. As this figure shows, both reflected rays 115 remain within the V-shaped case. Sunlight 100 from this angle and many other angles is both trapped within the V-shaped case, and sunlight is not reflected out of the V-shaped case. This also applies to sunlight coming at angles between summer and winter.

[0155] Another option for some embodiments is to adjust the solar cell depending on the slope or orientation of the roof while maintaining a constant angle relative to the direction of solar radiation. Some of these methods do not require rotation. For example, the positioning position for each slope / orientation of the roof can be set during manufacturing by changing a parameter of one of the components of the system of the present invention. An example of a method that utilizes the light trapping described in Figure 24C is shown in Figure 24D.

[0156] Figure 24D shows a fixed V-shaped case structure that does not have a rotational function to capture light, as shown in Figure 24C, but is adjustable to accommodate different roof slopes and different solar illumination directions. "Adjustable" means that it can capture the maximum amount of sunlight possible (or nearly the maximum amount of sunlight: up to a 5% difference) at that location, orientation, and slope gradient of the installation surface. Instead of rotation, the parameter that changes to accommodate different roof slopes, orientations, and latitudes is the height difference when connecting the profiles (planar solar modules) to each other. In this example unit, the sealed solar module surface 156 is on the left and the mirror surface 104 is on the right. The combination of the two units, which can be fastened with screws 257, creates a one-sided V-shaped case, but the height of the connection can also be adjusted to match the slope of the sloped roof 223. Because sunlight 100 from multiple directions is captured by the V-shaped case 115, there is no need to change the angle of the sealed solar module surface 156 relative to the roof slope.

[0157] This solution has several advantages over regular V-shaped cases (i.e., cases without mirrored surfaces): the mirrored surface of the single-sided V-shaped case can be manufactured from polished aluminum plates as part of the continuous module, which also helps to stiffen the system and allows maintenance workers to walk on it without damaging the solar cells.

[0158] One drawback of V-shaped cases, especially profiles with a small V-angle, is that dirt tends to accumulate at the bottom of the V-shaped case. One way to solve this problem is to drill a long hole in the bottom of the V-shaped case so that the dirt can slide out using gravity, wind, rain, etc. Another embodiment of the present invention is to split the V-shaped case in two and use only one half as a continuous profile module, as shown in Figure 24E.

[0159] Figure 24E shows a cross section of a continuous module composed of flat profiles (also called rigid profiles). Each unit has a support plate 105 as a positioning system. This support plate 105 is made of aluminum or plastic, which may be transparent, such as polycarbonate. The solar cells 102 are connected in a row and can be arranged on a flexible PCB strip or a similar strip covered with a glass cover 189. These rigid profiles can be spaced apart (any distance is possible), such as with a V-shaped case, where the V angle is 80 degrees, and when flattened horizontally, the profiles overlap significantly to form a three-dimensional structure. Self-shadowing 171 alone reduces the amount of power generated by each solar cell 102 in proportion to the size of the entire solar cell 102 (i.e., the size of all solar cells at the same height). Therefore, no solar energy is wasted, except for shaded sunlight, as defined above. The rigid profile is attached to a base 145 via a flat bar 144 that controls its movement. The glass cover has an anti-reflective structure such as a coating or an upwardly sloping surface 139. Bypass diodes can be implemented for each solar cell or for groups of solar cells.

[0160] Figure 25A is a three-dimensional structural diagram of a system similar to Figure 24E, showing that the system tracks the sun horizontally (i.e., rotating from east to west) throughout the day, with no self-shadowing (no shading) occurring even when the angle between the sealed solar module surface 156 and the direction of the sunlight 100 is misaligned. A cooling device 122 can also be implemented.

[0161] This solution eliminates the extra solar absorption / irradiation due to internal reflections on both sides of the V-shaped case, but otherwise provides all the options / advantages previously mentioned for the V-shaped case (adjustable tilt and orientation of the mounting surface, solutions for shading, tracking capabilities, etc.). One advantage of this embodiment is that this type of continuous module does not require an external frame to mechanically hold the V-shaped case (as is required for conventional solar panels). This solution does not require electrical connections connected through the frame, and in particular does not require electrical connections through the mechanical axis as is the case with some single-axis tracking panels. The term "electrical connection" also includes "electronic connection."

[0162] The stiffness profile solution also allows for the incorporation of all sorts of optical tools such as those detailed in Figure 25B to improve performance.

[0163] Figure 25B shows a cross-section of a fixed solution (i.e., no tracking or pointing after assembly) that includes a mirrored surface 104 that reflects sunlight 100 onto the PV surface 102 as reflected light 115 when the sun is high in the sky. One advantage of this solution is that the glass cover 189 faces downwards, reducing the need for cleaning and maintenance as it is less susceptible to dust and dirt buildup.

[0164] The stiffness profile solution can be set at any angle to the ground, ranging from perpendicular (90 degrees to the ground or horizon) to 0 degrees (parallel to the ground), for different regions around the world. In most cases, the angle will be less than 65 degrees from the ground or horizon (or more than 25 degrees from perpendicular to the ground).

[0165] Because the angles of the solar cells relative to the roof slope are different, energy absorption is significantly improved and reflectance is significantly reduced compared to when the solar cell angle is roughly equal to the roof slope. Because all the solar cells are facing in the same direction, or bidirectionally as in the V-shaped case, or in slightly different directions, the size of the shadow cast on one profile by other profiles can be adjusted, eliminating energy waste other than the solar loss mentioned above. The roof slope is defined as the slope if a flat, rigid rod were placed from the top to the bottom of the roof.

[0166] Figure 25C shows another example of a cross section of a fixed rigid profile (i.e., a rigid profile with no adjustable angle). It is made up of a minimum number of parts, but the new fixed base 190 is parallel to the installation surface. The angle at which this rigid profile is set can be set during manufacturing depending on the inclination of the installation surface relative to the absorption direction. There is also the option of connecting the fixed base 190 and the rigid profile with a flexible connection rather than a rigid connection. This allows the rigid profile to absorb some of the impact even when hail falls, without damaging it. Maintenance work can also be done by walking on the rigid profile without damaging it.

[0167] 25D is a cross-sectional view of an arrangement of stiffness profiles, which allows each stiffness profile to be individually set in a desired direction. The direction setting shaft 206 is set in a predetermined recess of the direction setting base 205.

[0168] Orientation does not need to involve a rotation axis: for example, a soft gel can be placed in the recess that holds the continuous module, the profile can be set at the appropriate angle, and then the gel can be irradiated to harden it and fix the angle of the continuous module.

[0169] The serial module described here is, by way of example, one way of mounting solar cells in rows. The solar cells in each vertical group (i.e., a row of solar cells) are connected in parallel (one solar cell is required per such cross-section, but two, three, four, or more solar cells can also be used). Each vertical group is connected in series to the next vertical group, but all cross-sections face the same direction. When these rows are mounted parallel to the mounting surface with equal distances between them (or no distance at all, in the case of a V-shaped case), a solution to self-shadowing can be achieved whenever one row casts a shadow on another row (the shadow will be similar in size and shape for all rows, except for the first row facing the sun, and sometimes for some at the ends of the row at some solar incidence angle). The definition of similar self-shadowing, as used here, also includes cases where a few solar cells at the ends of a row receive more sunlight than solar cells in the middle of the row. This also applies to solar cells at the ends of a serial module. A small amount of additional light hitting a few solar cells is not a big deal, as the resulting power generation is small and easily compensated for by other solar cells. However, as mentioned above, a small amount of additional shadowing on a few solar cells can reduce the power generation of the entire strip of solar cells.

[0170] Other advantages of the described embodiments include: In the above solution, the rotating shaft and the rotating mechanism are located behind the solar cells on the continuous module, so there is no wasted surface on which the solar cells / modules are placed, and no support mechanism is required to hold them. Therefore, the length of the continuous module is not limited, and there is no need to split a long installation to mechanically strengthen the profile, as shown in Figure 25E.

[0171] Figure 25E is an enlarged view of the bottom of the rigidity profile. This figure shows how the system can be strengthened to withstand extreme weather conditions such as strong winds by placing the foundations 160 as close together as necessary. The positioning system's rotation axis 123 is a single long axis and can be connected to the foundation support (including the positioning system's rotation axis 157) at any gap. The angle setting foundation 124 also has no limit on its length and supports the entire rigidity profile. Therefore, the continuous module has no limit on its length, and does not require interrupted electrical wiring or mechanical support mechanisms or a frame for mechanical support.

[0172] Serial modules can also be installed on walls. Because they have no length limit, serial modules can be installed along fences, railways, and other long structures. Unlike solar panels, which require cables to connect the small modules, a single long module can generate all the voltage needed.

[0173] Figure 25F shows the current flowing back and forth through two consecutive modules 265. The consecutive modules 264 are connected on the right side by connector 135 and on the other side to a central power line 262 via an optimizer or microinverter 263. The length of the consecutive modules 264 can be chosen arbitrarily depending on the required voltage and the length of the installation surface (not shown in this figure). Two sealed solar modules can also be placed on the same profile, with similar advantages.

[0174] One advantage of flexible serial modules is that the installation process can be automated. Figure 26A shows an example of automated installation using a robot.

[0175] FIG. 26A shows an automated placement machine 250 that automatically places flexible, continuous modules. The continuous modules are initially wound on a roll 251 and then placed on a placement surface 252. The automated placement machine 250 automatically cuts the continuous modules to the size of the installation surface during installation. Instead of continuous modules, the automated placement machine 250 can also place solar cell strips or sealed solar modules alone on a pre-prepared base structure. Another automated placement machine can also set up the base structure itself in preparation for placing the continuous modules.

[0176] Another advantage of the present invention is that different continuous modules do not need to be the same length in order to be tilted or rotated. This fact, along with the fact that there is no limit to the length of the continuous modules, allows them to be installed at an angle on a roof at different lengths to accommodate different roof inclination directions relative to the sunlight direction 136, as shown in Figure 26B. In this specification, "installed at an angle on a roof" means installed parallel to the roof, and does not mean installed parallel or perpendicular to the ground.

[0177] FIG. 26B shows how the planar PV surface 229 can be positioned at different diagonal angles on different slopes of the roof to optimally accommodate the sunlight direction 136.

[0178] An embodiment of the present invention allows for the most effective placement of continuous modules. If the roof slope is not exactly facing south or north, it is best to place the continuous module faces at an angle rather than parallel to the ground. This "angle of angle" depends on the exact angular orientation of the roof slope, its slope (or steepness) relative to the ground, and the geographic latitude, which affects the direction of absorption. The ideal embodiment is to orient the continuous module faces (profiles) in the direction of absorption (i.e., perpendicular to the direction of absorption), as it may be more cost-effective to position the continuous modules at an angle a few degrees away from the direction of absorption. Due to roof construction, the term "facing the absorption direction" implies a tolerance of up to 10 degrees of variation from perpendicular to the absorption direction.

[0179] In this way, the continuous module face faces in the absorption direction even when installed on a sloped roof facing east or west.

[0180] The same diagonal setting is also optimal for profile placement when using seasonal tracking, which is tracking the vertical absorption direction of the profile on a short-term basis, such as daily, weekly, monthly, or twice a year. Seasonal tracking does not require a drive mechanism and can be done manually if changes are infrequent, such as twice a year.

[0181] When the tracking function is used for rotating profiles (i.e., tracking the sun's movement horizontally or vertically from morning to evening during the day), the diagonal direction may be different from that of a fixed profile on the same roof. The continuous module of Figure 21A is positioned for daily tracking at an angle facing the absorption direction, but also has the ability to tilt east-west (as shown in Figure 26C). In this way, tracking is centered around a standard tilt angle set according to the absorption direction, greatly improving tracking efficiency.

[0182] FIG. 26C illustrates how a sloped roof 223 can be used to enable solar tracking around a standard tilt angle 131. The array of planar PV surfaces 229 is positioned to best face the sunlight direction 136. This is done by mounting them at an angle to the roof to form the standard tilt angle 131 while maintaining east-west rotation capability. The array of planar PV surfaces 229 on the left is tilted eastward to best capture morning sunlight 100. During the day, the array of planar PV surfaces 229 rotates to track the sun from east to west, until in the evening, the array of planar PV surfaces 229 on the right is tilted to face sunlight 100 coming from the west.

[0183] One advantage of this solution is that the further away from the equator you are, and the more the roof slopes on average due to weather conditions (snow, etc.), the higher the general slope angle required for the sloping profile, so the better the match between the two (roof slope and profile slope angle).

[0184] This method allows the same type of continuous module to effectively track the sun on one axis for both sloping roofs (horizontal) and flat roofs (vertical or horizontal, whichever is more effective depending on the distance from the equator).

[0185] Figure 26D shows how to place a south-facing, angled profile at a standard inclination angle on a sloped roof. The roof is measured and a three-dimensional structural model is registered. This model includes some or all of the relevant design parameters, such as the direction, size, shape, dimensions, and inclination of each slope. Another input is the latitude and the standard inclination angle 131 of the solar panel at that direction, as shown by the reference solar panel 230. Next, an imaginary plane 267 with the standard inclination angle 131 facing in the same direction as the reference solar panel 230 is virtually placed on the sloped roof 223 so as to form a cross-sectional boundary 231 with each slope of the sloped roof 223. Next, a planar PV surface 229 is placed parallel to the cross-sectional boundary 231 of each roof slope with the imaginary plane 267. In this way, all flat profiles are oriented toward the sunlight direction 136 at the standard inclination angle 131.

[0186] For a horizontal tracking system, the planar profile is positioned at 90 degrees to the fixed profile in Figure 26D and can be rotated from east to west each day (as shown in Figure 26C).

[0187] For a vertical tracking system, the planar profile is positioned at the same angle as in Figure 26D and can be rotated vertically during the day.

[0188] If the continuous module has 2-axis tracking enabled, there is also the option to avoid diagonal optimization.

[0189] The entire continuous module array can be combined with a flexible foundation. This foundation is assembled in a factory or warehouse, and after pre-measurement, it is folded to fit the size, direction, and slope of each surface (e.g., roof) and transported to the installation site, rolled up like a carpet, etc. The measurements include some or all of the relevant parameters, such as the direction, size, shape, dimensions, slope, and geographic location of each sloped surface to calculate the absorption direction. When a truck carrying the entire continuous module array arrives at the installation site, a crane installs the entire continuous module array onto each sloped surface or two sloped surfaces of the roof, as shown in Figure 26E. Then, each continuous module is gradually installed, either sequentially or finally, connecting to the roof (connecting every second continuous module, skipping one or any number of modules in between). This method reduces installation time, cost, and human error.

[0190] 26E shows how a crane 210 places a roll of continuous modular carpet 211 with a flexible base onto a mounting surface 242. In a second step, the carpet is gradually unfolded, and in the process, each continuous module is connected to the mounting surface 242 in turn.

[0191] Another advantage of continuous modules is that their continuous construction allows the cleaning device to move seamlessly from one side of the roof to the other, much like a train moving along a track. Such robots can operate using the power generated by the continuous modules, or they can have their own solar power source and operate completely autonomously. Such robotic automatic cleaning options are shown in Figure 27A.

[0192] FIG. 27A shows an example of a cleaning apparatus 199, a robot that uses continuous modules as tracks for movement and cleaning. The cleaning apparatus 199 has three cleaning brushes 200 connected to a drive unit 201 that, when activated, drives the brushes in rotation, moving the cleaning apparatus 199 along the continuous modules. If desired, the cleaning brushes 200 can rotate in the opposite direction. For simplicity, the figure does not show the chain connection / link between the drive unit 201 and the cleaning brushes 200. The drive unit 201 is connected by electrical wire 207 to an electronic controller that includes a battery 202, which is connected by electrical wire 195 to a second battery 203. The cleaning apparatus 199 has three support wheels 204 (shown in FIG. 27B) that grip flat profiles from opposite sides.

[0193] FIG. 27B shows a rear view of the cleaning device 199 on a rigid profile, and FIG. 27C shows a front view of the cleaning device with a small dedicated solar panel 208 that generates power for the cleaning device 199.

[0194] The cleaning device can have a dedicated solar cell 208 (as shown in Figure 27C) to generate the energy required for operation. Alternatively, it can use the electric field of the rigid profile to absorb the energy required for operation or include other power-generating elements such as solar-heated gas or water. Any movement technology and element can be used, using wheels, air pressure, or brush movement to move the robot along the continuous module. Any cleaning technology and element can be used, such as brushes, air pressure, water pressure, or electrical ionization. The robot can be stationed at a connection station at the dummy end of the rigid profile during the day and does not cast a shadow on any part of the PV surface. Any gripping technology and element can be used, such as a gripping vehicle, gripping slide, or gripping recess. The control unit can be mechanical, electronic, or other control element.

[0195] Another way to keep the system as clean as possible is to place the rigid profile in an upright position at night (option 1). This allows rain and dew to wash away any dirt. This can also be done during hail warnings to minimize the risk of system failure due to hail. A second option is to place the rigid profile horizontally at night to collect dew. Furthermore, placing the rigid profile in an upright position shortly before sunrise also allows the dew to wash away any dirt. Another option is to connect the computer controlling the tracking function to weather sensors and change the cleaning schedule accordingly (for example, using option 1 on rainy nights and option 2 on humid nights, or some combination of these).

[0196] Another way to mitigate hail damage is to build flexible continuous modules, which has the advantage that the profile modules can absorb some of the impact of the hail, as shown in Figure 27D.

[0197] Figure 27D shows a flat PV surface 229 that is flexible enough to absorb some of the impact of hail. The pivot 243 contains springs 268 that slide on rails 244, absorbing some of the impact of hail and protecting the enclosed solar module surface 156 from damage.

[0198] A continuous module can accommodate multiple angles of solar cell surface PV surface at any cross section, such as in a V-shaped case, where there are two angles of solar cell surface at any cross section. In such cases, at least two solar cells or one flexible solar cell are required.

[0199] As mentioned above, the first solar cells in a continuous module array and the first solar panels in the first row of the array are exposed to more radiation than the other rows due to self-shadowing. This can lead to overheating. One way to solve this problem is to place a dummy first row without any PV material, solely for the purpose of self-shadowing. Another option is to connect them to separate electrical lines that feed into the inverter. In the case of solar panels, a third option is to use the first solar panels with a controller that can connect or electrically bypass some of the solar panels in the first row and match the power generated by these solar panels with the solar panels in the other rows. Some of these solutions can also be applied to the top sections of a continuous module, where varying levels of self-shadowing can occur. For example, dummy solar cells are an option.

[0200] Furthermore, the mirrored surfaces between the solar cells in such a continuous module allow for uniform shading levels across all solar cells in the profile (including those at the edges), while at the same time ensuring that all sunlight that strikes the mirrored surfaces is reflected back onto the solar cells, so no sunlight is lost.

[0201] The present invention can be implemented at any scale depending on the specific implementation. For example, for electric vehicles, such solutions would be kept to a minimum height to avoid wind friction. For residential buildings, they could be as small as a single tile. They could be small for aesthetic reasons, or much larger for flat or commercial roofs to reduce the cost per KW of electricity generated, even at the size of a solar panel, which could include many solar cells connected in parallel at any vertical cross-section of the continuous module.

[0202] ●1. A system that increases the amount of power generated per given PV technology and given layout area by avoiding the problem of self-shadowing, and has the following characteristics: a. At least two rows of solar cells are installed parallel to each other on the mounting surface. b. Each vertical cross section of a row (or column) contains a group of solar cells connected in parallel. c. The vertical group of solar cells in each vertical cross section of the row is connected in series with the group of solar cells in the next cross section. d. All cross sections are aligned in the same direction. ●2. A system as described in item 1 above, in which the distance between the rows of solar cells is equal. ●3. A system according to any of the preceding items, wherein the solar cell is part of a continuous module. ●4. A system according to any of the preceding items, wherein the solar cell is part of the solar panel. ●5. A system according to any of the preceding items, wherein each vertical cross section is composed of a row of solar cells, with at least two solar cells connected in parallel. ●6. A system according to any of the preceding items, wherein the continuous module can be configured to accommodate different directions and inclinations of the installation surface. ●7. A system according to any of the preceding items, wherein the continuous modules can be set at different angles to suit different directions and inclinations of the installation surface. ●8. A system according to any of the preceding items, wherein the continuous modules can be connected at different heights to accommodate different directions and inclinations of the installation surface. ●9. A system according to any of the preceding items, wherein the solar cells are made from silicon, perovskite solar cells, or solar cell sheets, or any combination thereof. ●10. A system according to any of the preceding items, wherein the continuous modules can be set at different angles to suit different directions and inclinations of the installation surface, and includes means for mechanically locking them at a fixed angle. ●11. A system according to any of the preceding items, wherein the solar cell row can be tilted up to 65 degrees from the horizontal. ●12. A system according to any of the preceding items, wherein the rows of solar cells can be tilted by more than 90 degrees.

[0203] ●1A. A system that increases the installation density of solar panels while eliminating the self-shadowing effect. a. The solar panels are installed on a mounting surface, and the solar cells in each solar panel are connected in series for each row of solar cells, and the rows of solar cells are also connected in series. b. The means is connected to at least one string of solar cells c. The solar panels are installed in parallel rows facing the same direction on the mounting surface, with approximately the same distance between the rows. d. The electrical bypass means is controlled by a controller which activates the bypass according to a switching algorithm (see below). ●2A. In a system similar to 1A, if the power generation of a solar cell in a row (excluding the top row) falls below the power generation of the solar cell in the row above it by more than a predetermined threshold, the algorithm activates a bypass solution. ●3A. A system as described in any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the solar panel has two sets of power yield lines, one set for the row of solar cells that is shaded and one set for the row of solar cells that is not shaded. 4A. The system of 3A, wherein the controller switches the power generation of at least one string of solar cells to a shaded power generation line or an unshaded power generation line according to a switching algorithm. 5A. A system according to any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the switching algorithm uses the amount of power generated by the solar cell string as a factor in the switching decision.

[0204] ● 1B. A system that increases the amount of electricity generated per given PV technology and given footprint, consisting of: a. A continuous module, said module comprising a PV surface b. The basis of the continuous module c. On the other hand, continuous modules can be adjusted to fit different slopes and directions of the installation surface. ●2B. A system similar to item 1B, in which the direction in which the PV surface faces is the same relative to the absorption direction even if the inclination or direction of the installation surface is different. ●3B. A system according to any of the preceding items, wherein the orientation of the continuous modules can be controlled from a single point. 4B. A system according to any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the continuous module comprises a three-dimensional PV surface. ●5B. A system according to any of the preceding items, wherein the rotating shaft is connected along the length dimension of the continuous modules. ●6B. A system according to any of the preceding items, in which the PV surfaces are oriented in the same direction. ●7B. A system according to any of the preceding items, in which at least two solar cells are connected in parallel at any vertical cross section of the continuous module. ●8B. A system that meets any of the above B claims, but the continuous modules do not require a frame to hold them in place. 9B. A system according to any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the continuous module has a rigid structure. ● 10B. A system according to any of the preceding items, wherein at least two consecutive profile modules are mechanically connected and set together to be oriented at a similar angle. ●11B. A system according to any of the preceding items, wherein the continuous modules are connected by at least one rod. ●12B A system that is any or all of the above items, while the cross sections of the continuous modules on the inclined surface of the installation surface are oriented in the same direction. ●13B. A system according to any of the preceding items, wherein the continuous modules can be set at different angles to suit different directions and inclinations of the installation surface, and are mechanically locked at a fixed angle.

[0205] 1C. A system consisting of a 3D PV surface that is part of a continuous module, increasing the amount of electricity generated for a given PV technology and a given footprint. 2C. A system according to any of the preceding paragraphs, including a self-shading solution. 3C. A system according to any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the solution to self-shadowing is based on optical elements. ●4C. A system that meets any of the above criteria, but whose self-shading solution is based on tracking. 5C. A system according to any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the self-shading solution is based on an electrical connection. 6C. A system according to any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the continuous module has a rigid structure.

[0206] ●1D. A system that increases the amount of electricity generated for a given PV technology and a given footprint. It consists of a PV surface mounted on a continuous module with a self-shading solution. 2D. A system according to any of the previous items, but where the self-shading solution is based on optical elements. 3D. A system that falls under any of the above categories, but where the self-shading solution is based on tracking. ●4D. A system according to any of the previous items, but where the self-shading solution is based on electrical connections. • 5D. A system similar to any or all of the above items, but where the optical solution for self-shadowing has an upward slope. 6D. A system according to any of the preceding paragraphs, in which at least two solar cells are connected in parallel at any vertical cross section. ●7D. A system according to any of the preceding paragraphs, comprising two or more parallel mounted serial modules connected in series between them and connected on one side to an optimization device. ●8D. A system according to any of the preceding items, comprising two or more parallel mounted serial modules connected in series between them and a microinverter connected to one side thereof. • 9D. A system according to any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the solar cells are made of silicon, perovskite solar cells, solar cell sheets, or any combination thereof.

[0207] ●1E. A system consisting of a 3D PV surface with a self-shadowing solution to increase the amount of electricity generated per given PV technology and given installed surface size. 2E. A system according to any preceding paragraph, wherein the self-shadowing solution is based on optical elements. ●3E. A system that falls into any of the above categories, but whose self-shading solution is based on tracking. 4E. A system according to any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the self-shading solution is based on electrical connections. 5E. A system according to any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the solution is part of a continuous module.

[0208] ●1F. A system that increases the amount of electricity generated for a given PV technology and a given installation area, consisting of a series of modules with PV surfaces and electrical bypass means for each cross section. ●2F. A system similar to item 1F above, with at least two solar cells connected in parallel in a vertical cross section. ●3F. A system similar to item 1F above, but based on silicon cells.

[0209] ●1G. A system consisting of a PV surface mounted on a continuous solar-tracking module, increasing the amount of electricity generated per given PV technology and given footprint. 2G. A system according to any of the preceding items, including a self-shading solution. 3G. A system that falls under any of the above items, but where the self-shading solution is based on optical elements. 4G: A system that falls under any of the above categories, but where the self-shading solution is based on tracking. 5G. A system that falls under any of the above categories, but where the self-shadowing solution is based on electrical connections. 6G. A system according to any preceding paragraph, wherein the tracking algorithm orients the PV surface at least 3 degrees sideways from the direction of the sun. 7G. A system according to any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the PV surface covering has an upwardly sloping surface.

[0210] 1H. A method for increasing the density of solar panel placement while eliminating the self-shadowing effect, comprising: a. At each vertical cross section of the solar panel, vertical groups of solar cells are connected in parallel with each other. b. Connecting vertical groups in a solar panel in series 2H. In the same manner as in item 1H above, a vertical cross section refers to a row of solar cells. 3H. A method according to any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the solar panels are mounted in parallel rows on a mounting surface and are similarly oriented. 4H. A method according to any of the preceding items, wherein there are similar gaps between rows of solar panels • 5H. A system according to any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the solar cells are made from silicon, perovskite solar cells, solar cell sheets, or any combination thereof.

[0211] ●1I. A system for increasing the installation density of solar panels and increasing the absorption efficiency of solar power, comprising: a. A solar panel with a cover glass having an elongated profile mounted on a transparent cover to face the absorption direction or other preferred direction. ●2I. A system similar to item 1I above, except that the extended shape profile is an upwardly inclined surface, and the elevation gradient is customized for different slopes and different directions of the installation surface.

[0212] ●1J. A system for increasing the amount of electricity generated per given PV technology and given footprint, comprising: a. Systems with PV surfaces that track the sun b. The tracking algorithm positions the PV surface at least 3 degrees sideways from the direction of the sun. ●2J. A system similar to item 1J above, but the PV surface is part of a continuous module. ●3J. A system according to any of the preceding items, in which the PV surface has a three-dimensional structure. ●4J. A system according to any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the covering of the PV surface has an upwardly sloping surface. ●5J. In a system according to any of the preceding paragraphs, the system tracks the sun on one axis. ●6J. In a system according to any of the preceding paragraphs, the tracking axis allows tracking of the sun throughout the day from east to west. • 7J. In the system described in any of the preceding paragraphs, the tracking axis vertically tracks the change in short-term absorption direction throughout the year. ●8J. A system according to any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the system tracks the sun in two axes.

[0213] ●1K. A system that increases the amount of electricity generated per specific PV technology by cooling it with a transparent material. The transparent material is placed between the solar cell and the sunlight. 2K: A system as described in 1K above, in which the coolant used is a liquid. ●3K. A system according to any of the preceding items, in which the coolant used is gas. ● 4K. A system according to any of the preceding items, in which the coolant used is a mixture of liquid and gas. • 5K. A system according to any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the coolant is also used to clean optical surfaces on the solar cells. • 6K. A system according to any of the preceding paragraphs, in which the coolant reaches each unit through parallel pipes. • 7K. A system according to any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the coolant is maintained in a closed loop to minimize coolant losses. • 8K. The system of any preceding paragraph, wherein the coolant maintains optical coupling between the cover, the coolant, and the PV surface.

[0214] ●1M. A method for wiring a solar panel, comprising the steps of: a. Connect two or more solar cells in parallel in each row of the solar panel b. Connecting strings of solar panels in series 2M. A system according to any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the solar cells are made of silicon, perovskite solar cells, solar cell sheets, or any combination thereof.

[0215] ●The automatic cleaning system for continuous modules with 1N.PV surface consists of the following components. At least one cleaning element b. At least one complaint c. At least one electricity generation component d. At least one control element 2N. A system according to any of the preceding items, one of whose elements also functions as a moving element for moving the system along the continuous module. ●3N. In the system described in any of the preceding paragraphs, a moving element is added in addition to all other elements.

[0216] ●10.A method for automatically cleaning a continuous module having a PV surface includes a cleaning device that uses the continuous module as a moving track.

[0217] ●1P. A method of tracking the sun to increase power generation for a given PV technology and a given footprint, by orienting the PV face at least 3 degrees sideways from the direction of the sun.

[0218] ● 1Q. A method of installing a PV system based on serial modules, comprising: a. Measurement of installation surface parameters b. Assemble all continuous modules with flexible bases into a carpet of continuous modules of the size of each slope of the installation surface, then roll or fold them. c. Place the carpet on one side of the installation surface and unfold it while attaching it to the installation surface. ●2Q. Using the same method as in item 1Q above, a base carpet and a modular carpet are prepared separately for each slope.

[0219] ● 1R. A method for arranging solar panels on curved surfaces to avoid self-shadowing effects, including: a. Install solar panels so that all rows except the first row have similar self-shading. b. The solar cells in each vertical section are connected in parallel. 2R. A method similar to item 1R above, but including the following additional components: c. Place the first solar panel on the curved side facing the sun d. Place the next solar panel (the second solar panel) at a distance that will not cast a shadow on the next solar panel during Zenit. e. Install it at a distance that will always be the same as the shadow of the second solar panel.

[0220] ●1S. A method for installing a continuous module, comprising: a. installing the continuous module at an angle to the installation surface. ●2S. A method according to any of the preceding items, wherein the diagonal direction of the installation surface allows the PV surface to be oriented in the absorption direction. ●3S. A method according to any of the preceding items, wherein the installation is carried out at different angles depending on the inclination of the installation surface.

[0221] ●1T. A system that captures light rays from multiple angles. It consists of the following: a. Continuous modules are V-shaped, with one side of the V covered with solar cells and the other side acting as a mirror. a. Meanwhile, the V angle is less than 40 degrees.

[0222] ●A system for connecting continuous modules containing 1U PV surfaces in a row. a. Mechanical connection. b. Electronic Connections.

[0223] 1V. A method for extending a continuous module by connecting two continuous modules in a row, comprising the steps of: a. Mechanically connect. b. Connect electronically.

[0224] ●1W. A system with a PV surface that can be installed in any direction, regardless of the slope of the roof. a. A PV surface mounted on at least one rigid element b. At least one basic unit c. Means for fixing the angle of the rigid element d. Meanwhile, said rigid element is connected along its length dimension to at least one base. e. On the other hand, rigid elements can be rotated in any desired direction. ●2W. A system that falls under any of the above items, where the rotation is on one axis.

[0225] ●1X. The manufacturing method of a continuous sealed solar cell module comprises the following steps: a. The lamination device receives continuous sheets of solar cells and encapsulant material and creates a continuous encapsulation lamination structure. b. The machine presses a portion of the capsule laminate structure while heating it. ●2X. In the same manner as above item 1X, the machine is a roll-based lamination forming device. 3X. The method according to any one of the preceding paragraphs, wherein a layer of glass tile is added to the capsule laminate structure. 4X. The method according to any of the preceding items, wherein the capsule laminate structure comprises a folded layer. ●5X. A method as described in any of the preceding paragraphs, but in which the machine is a weight-based layer forming device.

[0226] ●1Y. A method of cutting and installing a continuous sealed solar cell module to the required length, a. Cutting the continuous sealed solar module between two solar modules. b. Install connectors to electrically and mechanically connect the ends of the sealed solar module. ●2Y. Using the method described in the previous section, glass tiles are attached to a series of sealed solar cell modules to create a continuous long solar cell strip.

[0227] ●1Z. A system for eliminating the effects of self-shadowing, including: a. Solar cell array b. At least two basic units c. The solar cells are attached in parallel to the base. d. On the other hand, the rows of solar cells have the same spacing between them and are oriented in the same way. 2Z. A system as described in paragraph 1Z above, wherein the solar cell array is mechanically fixed at a fixed angle and cannot tilt more than 10 degrees on either side. ●3Z. A system according to any of the preceding paragraphs, in which the solar cell array can be tilted by more than 90 degrees. ●4Z. A system as described in any of the preceding paragraphs, in which the array of solar cells can be tilted to track the daily movement of the sun. ●5Z. A system according to any of the preceding items, wherein the solar cell row can be tilted to track the short-term absorption direction. ●6Z. A system according to any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the string of solar cells has one solar cell at each vertical cross section of the string, each solar cell being connected in series with the next solar cell in the string. ●7Z. A system according to any of the preceding items, wherein the string of solar cells has at least two solar cells connected in parallel in each vertical cross section, and the vertical cross section of a solar cell is connected in series to the vertical cross section of the next solar cell. ●8Z. A system according to any of the preceding items, wherein the rows of solar cells are held along their longitudinal direction. ●9Z. A system according to any of the preceding items, wherein the solar cell rows have at least two different lengths at each inclination of the installation surface. ●10Z. A system according to any of the preceding items, wherein the electrical connection does not pass through a rotating shaft. ●11Z. A system according to any of the preceding items, in which the array of solar cells can be tilted to track the movement of the sun on the horizontal axis during the day. ● 12Z. A system according to any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the solar cells are made from silicon, perovskite solar cells, solar cell sheets, or any combination thereof. ● 13Z. A method according to any of the preceding items, wherein the row of solar cells can be tilted up to 65 degrees from the horizontal. ● 14Z. A system according to any of the preceding items, wherein the array of solar cells can be tilted to track the movement of the sun on a vertical axis during the day.

[0228] 1AA. A method for eliminating the effects of shading due to self-shading, comprising the steps of: a. Install an array of solar cells in parallel b. The spacing between rows is the same c. Meanwhile, all solar cells are tilted at the same fixed angle and in the same fixed direction. 2AA. The method of 1AA, wherein the solar cells are positioned at a fixed angle and are positioned at least 5 degrees away from parallel to the slope of the roof. • 3AA. A method as described in any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the row of solar cells can be tilted up to 65 degrees from the horizontal. 4AA. A method as described in any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the array of solar cells can be tilted to track the movement of the sun on a vertical axis during the day. 5AA. The method of any preceding paragraph, wherein the solar cell array can be tilted to track the short-term absorption direction. ●6AA. A method according to any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the string of solar cells has one solar cell at each vertical cross section of the string, and the solar cells are connected in series with nearby solar cells in the string. ●7AA. A method according to any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the string of solar cells has two or more vertical groups of solar cells connected in parallel at each vertical cross section, each vertical group of solar cells being connected in series to the next vertical group of solar cells. 8AA. A method as described in any preceding paragraph, wherein the rows of solar cells are held along their length. ●9AA. A method according to any of the preceding items, wherein the row of solar cells has at least two different lengths at each inclination of the installation surface. ●10AA. A method according to any of the preceding items, wherein the electrical connection does not go through a rotating shaft. 11AA. A method as described in any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the array of solar cells is tilted to track the movement of the sun on the horizontal axis during the day. • 12AA. The method of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the solar cells are made from silicon, perovskite solar cells, solar cell sheets, or any combination thereof. 13AA. A method as described in any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the array of solar cells can be tilted to track the movement of the sun on a vertical axis during the day. ● 14AA. The method described in any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the row of solar cells can be mechanically fixed at a fixed angle that cannot tilt more than 10 degrees to either side. • 15AA. A method as described in any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the row of solar cells can be tilted by more than 90 degrees.

[0229] 1AB. A method for avoiding self-shadowing effects by arranging continuous modules on a curved surface, comprising: a. Install back-to-back modules so that the self-shading of all panels in all rows except the first row is similar. 2AB. A method similar to item 1AB above, further comprising: b. Attach the first continuous module to the curved side facing the sun. c. Place the next back-to-back module (the second back-to-back module) at a distance that will not cast a shadow on the next solar panel during the sun's zenith. d. Install it at a distance that will always be the same as the shadow of the second continuous module.

[0230] ●1AC. A system covering a roof with high-efficiency solar cells containing continuous modules arranged at the same angle to the absorption direction. ●2AC. A system similar to item 1AC above, where the continuous modules can be cut to any length between vertical solar cell groups and connected to connectors. ●3AC. A system similar to item 2AC above, with the solar cells positioned at least 5 degrees off parallel to the slope of the roof.

[0231] ●1AD. A method of covering a roof with high-efficiency solar cells, including placing sequential modules at the same angle to the absorption direction. ●2AD. In the same manner as in item 1AD above, the continuous module can be cut to any length between the vertical solar cell groups and connected to the connectors. 3AD. Using the same method as in 2AC above, place the solar cells at least 5 degrees parallel to the slope of the roof.

[0232] ●1AE. A system for mounting rows of high-efficiency solar cells covering a roof, the vertical cross-section of which includes at least one solar cell, the solar cells being positioned at least 5 degrees off-parallel to the slope of the roof. ●2AE. In all of the claims of the preceding paragraph AE, the solar cells are positioned at an angle of less than 65 degrees from the horizontal. • 3AE. A system according to any of the preceding paragraphs AE, wherein the vertical group at each vertical cross section of the row includes at least two solar cells. 4AE. A system as set forth in any AE claim, wherein the vertical cross section of the row includes at most one solar cell.

[0233] ●The system for manufacturing 1AF continuous sealed solar cell modules comprises: a. A lamination forming apparatus that receives the solar cells and encapsulant material and creates a continuous encapsulation lamination structure. b. Meanwhile, the machine presses a portion of the continuous encapsulated laminate structure while heating it. ●2AF. This is the same system as the previous item, but the machine is a roll-based lamination forming device. ●3AF. A system common to the previous items, but with an additional layer of glass tiles added to the continuous capsule laminate structure. 4AF. A system as described in the preceding paragraph, wherein the continuous capsule laminate structure includes a folded layer.

[0234] ●1AG. A method for manufacturing a sealed solar cell module while protecting its edges comprises the steps of: a. Folding the protective layer around at least one edge of the solar cell b. Lamination process

[0235] ●1AH. A method for manufacturing a continuous sealed solar cell module comprises the following steps: a. The stacking device receives the solar cells and encapsulant and creates a continuous encapsulation stack structure. b. Meanwhile, the machine presses sections of the continuous encapsulated laminate structure together during the lamination process. ●2AH. This is the method described in the previous item, but the machine is a roll-based lamination forming device. 3AH. The method of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein a layer of glass tile is added to the continuous capsule laminate structure. 4AH. The method of any one of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the continuous capsule laminate structure comprises a folded layer.

[0236] ●1AI. A solar module comprising the following components: A sealed solar cell module, the module comprising at least one sealing layer on each side of the module, while each vertical cross-section of the module contains one solar cell or a string of solar cells connected in parallel, the strings being connected in series, so that the module can be cut between every two groups of cells and electrical connections can be made at the cuts. 2. A module according to the preceding item, wherein the connector is connected to the disconnecting portion. ●3AI. This is the module described in the previous section, but the solar cells are made of silicon. ●4AI. The module described in the previous section, but the solar cells are covered with glass tiles.

[0237] 1AJ. A method for producing a continuous strip of solar cells, comprising the steps of: Manufacturing a strip of solar cells with at least one solar cell electrically connected to each cross section of the strip. Install at least one sealing layer that covers all sides of the strip. A trip between any two rows of cells can be cut to the required length and an electrical connection made at the cut point. ●2AJ. The method described in the preceding paragraph, wherein the module has rigidity so that it can be connected to an installation surface at any angle. ●3AJ. The method described in the previous section, but the solar cell is made of silicon. ●4AJ. A method as described in any of the previous sections, but in which the solar cells are covered with glass tiles.

[0238] ●1AK. A PV system installed on a mounting surface, A plurality of solar modules, each comprising: Multiple solar cells arranged in a row There is at least one solar cell in each vertical cross section of the row of cells, and if there is one or more vertical groups of solar cells in each vertical cross section, the cells in the vertical groups are connected in parallel. the groups of cells are connected in series therebetween; At least two bases are connected along the length of the modules to orient the modules in a selected direction and position them parallel to one another with equal distances between them. the modules have a common angle with respect to the absorption direction; ●2AK. A module as described in the preceding paragraph, characterized in that the module is arranged so that the amount of solar irradiation on most of the vertical groups of cells is similar under self-shadowing conditions. ●3AK. This is the module mentioned in the previous section, but the solar cells are made of silicon. ● 4AK. A module as described in the previous section, but the solar cells are covered with glass tiles.

[0239] The above description relates to one embodiment of the present invention. Those skilled in the art may conceive of various modifications of the present invention, all of which are encompassed within the technical scope of the present invention. The numbers in parentheses following elements of the claims correspond to part numbers in the drawings and are provided for easy understanding of the invention and should not be used to limit the interpretation of the invention. Furthermore, even if the numbers are the same, the names of parts in the specification and the claims are not necessarily the same. Part numbers may differ from drawing to drawing. Regarding the term "or," for example, "A or B" includes the selection of "both A and B" rather than "only A" or "only B." Unless otherwise specified, the number of devices or means may be singular or plural.

Claims

1. In a system having a sealed solar module (258), The sealed solar cell module (258) has an encapsulation layer (154) on each side of the solar cell (102); A vertical cross section of the solar cell module (258) has a column of one solar cell (102) or multiple solar cells (102) connected in parallel; The columns of solar cells are connected in series, The solar cell modules (258) are separable but electrically connected between the columns. A system having a sealed solar cell module.

2. The electrical connection is made by a conductor (114).

2. The system of claim 1.

3. The solar cell (102) is made of silicon 2. The system of claim 1.

4. The solar cells (102) are covered with glass tiles (224).

2. The system of claim 1.

5. The encapsulation layer (154) and protective layers (226, 224) are wrapped around the long sides of the solar cell (102).

2. The system of claim 1.

6. In a solar cell system mounted on an installation site, (A) a plurality of modules including solar cells (102); (B) a plurality of foundations (160) connected along the length of the module; and The module comprises: (A1) a plurality of solar cells (102) arranged in a row; (A2) having solar cells (102) within each vertical cross section of said row; When there is a vertical group of solar cells in each of the vertical cross sections, the solar cells in the vertical group are connected in parallel and the vertical groups of solar cells are connected in series between the vertical groups; The base (160) positions the modules in a predetermined direction and spaced apart from each other at a predetermined distance, so that the modules are oriented in a common direction relative to the direction of solar radiation. A solar cell system mounted on an installation site.

7. The modules are arranged so that the amount of sunlight striking each vertical group of solar cells is the same under self-shading conditions. The system of claim 6 .

8. The solar cell (102) is made of silicon The system of claim 6 .

9. A plurality of solar cells are disposed in each of the longitudinal cross sections. The system of claim 6 .

10. A method for producing a strip of sealed solar cell module (156), comprising: (A) generating a column strip containing a plurality of electrically connected solar cells or a single solar cell; (B) disposing a sealing layer covering all sides of the column; (C) cutting between the columns and electrically connecting the cut portions; have 10. A method for producing a strip of sealed solar cell module (156), comprising:

11. the solar cell module is a rigid structure; (D) attaching the solar cell module to a surface at an arbitrary angle; Further having 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein

12. The solar cell is made of silicon 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein

13. (E) covering the solar cells with glass tiles; Further having 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein

14. (F) wrapping an encapsulation layer around the long side of the solar cell. Further having 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein

15. (A) includes the steps of: (A1) connecting the solar cells in the column in parallel when the column has a plurality of solar cells; and connecting the solar cells in the column in series. Further having 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein

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