Method for increasing γ-aminobutyric acid in tomato and method for producing tomato

Abstract

An object of the present invention is to achieve both an increase in the content of γ-aminobutyric acid and suppression of a decrease in yield in tomatoes.SOLUTION: It is at least the cultivation that constitutes the method for increasing the γ-aminobutyric acid of tomatoes according to the invention. In the cultivation, tomatoes are cultivated. The drainage of the medium for cultivation is 30mL / second or more, and the particle size of the medium for cultivation is 2. 8mm or more and less than 26. 5mm. The tomato production method according to the present invention comprises at least cultivation. In the cultivation, tomatoes are cultivated. The drainage of the medium for cultivation is 30mL / second or more, and the particle size of the medium for cultivation is 2. 8mm or more and less than 26. 5mm.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a method for increasing gamma-aminobutyric acid in tomatoes and a method for producing tomatoes. is. [Background technology]

[0002] What has been desired in the market for many years is a product with added health value. The most common products that have been promoted are processed foods such as supplements. Fresh foods (especially vegetables) that have been labeled with this are attracting attention.

[0003] There are various ways to obtain vegetables with added health value, and stress cultivation is one of them. Patent Document 1 discloses a cultivation device and a cultivation method. This is a cultivation device that can effectively apply moderate water stress to plants. is a method for cultivating plants using nutrient solution culture. and components in the fruit of tomatoes grown under salt stress. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0004] [Patent Document 1] JP 2016-000027 A [Patent Document 2] Patent Publication No. 2003-092924 [Non-patent literature]

[0005] [Non-Patent Document 1] Plant Environmental Engineering, Vol. 17, No. 3, 2005, pp. 128-136 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0006] The problem to be solved by the present invention is to increase the content of γ-aminobutyric acid and the yield of tomatoes. The purpose of stress cultivation is to achieve both the suppression of the decline in the γ-aminobutyric acid content of tomatoes. This accelerates the growth of the plant but reduces the yield.

[0007] Another problem that the present invention aims to solve is the stable procurement of a medium for cultivating tomatoes. Depending on the type of culture medium, it may be difficult to procure it stably. Otherwise, it will become impossible to ensure a stable supply of harvested goods. [Means for solving the problem]

[0008] Based on the above, the inventors of the present application have conducted extensive research and found that the drainage and and particle size. That is, the drainage rate is 30 mL / sec or more, the particle size is 2.8 mm or more, and From this perspective, the present invention can be defined as follows: The method for increasing γ-aminobutyric acid in tomatoes according to the present invention comprises the steps of: At least, it is cultivation. Tomatoes are grown in cultivation. The drainage of the cultivation medium is as follows: The flow rate is 30 mL / sec or more, and the particle size of the culture medium is 2.8 mm or more and less than 26.5 mm. It is full.

[0009] The tomato production method according to the present invention comprises at least the cultivation step. Tomatoes are grown. The drainage of the cultivation medium is 30 mL / sec or more. The particle size of the medium is greater than or equal to 2.8 mm and less than 26.5 mm.

[0010] The reason why the above measures solve the problem is speculatively as follows. In most cases of less-fertile cultivation, the amount of watering is adjusted (reduced) to reduce stress on the plants. In contrast, the method of the present invention uses a medium with high drainage. This adjusts the amount of drainage (increases the amount of drainage). This reduces the burden on the plant body. It is possible to apply stress while reducing the amount of γ-aminobutyric acid. In addition, it is possible to adjust the medium based on the drainage and particle size. This allows for a wider range of culture media options and enables stable procurement of culture media. [Effects of the Invention]

[0011] This invention makes it possible to increase the content of γ-aminobutyric acid in tomatoes and prevent yield loss. In addition, the company needs to ensure a stable supply of the substrate for growing tomatoes. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0012] [Figure 1] Flow chart of a tomato production method according to the present embodiment [Figure 2] Diagram showing the location of the holes drilled in the bottom of the planter DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0013] <Method for increasing γ-aminobutyric acid in tomatoes according to the present embodiment> A method for increasing γ-aminobutyric acid in tomatoes according to the present embodiment (hereinafter referred to as "the method"). ) is mainly composed of cultivation (S11).

[0014] <Cultivation (S11)> In cultivation, tomatoes are grown. The place where tomatoes are grown is as long as the tomatoes grow. Examples of suitable locations include fields, greenhouses, and plant factories. The method of cultivation is not particularly limited. Preferably, the cultivation is carried out in a facility. Preferably, the cultivation is carried out in a hydroponic or aquaculture facility. This process does not exclude the practice of common plant cultivation practices. Examples include fertilization, spraying pesticides, preventing pests and diseases, raking leaves, and threshing buds.

[0015] <Culture medium> The medium refers to a medium in which the roots of a plant are established when the plant is cultivated. The drainage of the soil is 30 mL / sec or more. In this range, the γ-amylase activity of tomatoes is high. This allows for both a high content of butyric acid and suppression of yield loss. More preferably, the flow rate is 30 mL / sec or more and 95 mL / sec or less. / sec or less. The method for measuring the drainage of the culture medium will be described later. Specific examples of culture medium are as follows: , obsidian perlite (inorganic), expanded glass (inorganic), pumice (inorganic), Akadama soil (inorganic) The medium can be made of various materials such as husk chips (organic matter), charcoal (organic matter), etc. Two or more types of media may be mixed. When two or more types of media are mixed, From this viewpoint, it is preferable that the organic material and the inorganic material are not mixed.

[0016] <Grain size of the medium> The particle size of the medium used in this production method is 2.8 mm or more and less than 26.5 mm. Preferably, the particle size of the medium is 2.8 mm or more and less than 16 mm. The measurement is carried out using the sieve specified in -Z8801-1. Specifically, the following is true: The particles are sieved using a sieve with 26.5 mm openings, and the particle size of the particles that pass through is less than 26.5 mm. The particles are sieved using a sieve with 2.8 mm openings, and the particle size of the particles remaining on the sieve is 2.8 mm or more. That is, it passes through a sieve with a mesh size of 26.5 mm and also passes through a sieve with a mesh size of 2.8 mm. The particle size of the particles that do not pass through is 2.8 mm or more and less than 26.5 mm. The particle size of particles that pass through a sieve with a 2.8 mm opening and do not pass through a sieve with a 2.8 mm opening is 2.8 mm. or more and less than 16mm.

[0017] <Method for measuring drainage of culture medium> In the present invention, the method for measuring the drainage of a medium is as follows. Use a 28mm 500mL PET bottle. Cut 2-3mm off the bottom of the bottle. Cover the opening with a layer of gauze and turn it upside down. Pour 0 mL of water into the container and mark the water level with a permanent marker. Filling. When filling, drop the plastic bottle containing the medium from a height of 5 cm three times. To prevent the contents from spilling out of the top, cover the bottom of the plastic bottle with a layer of gauze. With the container filled with medium in the upright position, pour water into the container until it reaches the full capacity. Remove the lid and allow approximately 200 mL of water to drain. The time required to reach the value is measured. The volume of water drained (mL) and the draining time (seconds) are calculated as follows: Calculate by applying [Equation 1].

[0018] [Equation 1] Drainage of medium (mL / sec) = Volume of water drained (mL) / Drainage time (sec) In addition, for culture media that take more than 20 seconds for the drainage to reach approximately 200 mL, Measure the time it takes for the water to reach approximately 100 mL, and record the volume of water drained (mL) and drainage time. (seconds) is calculated by applying [Equation 1].

[0019] <Drainage rate of the container containing the culture medium> The drainage rate of the container containing the culture medium used in this production method is sufficient as long as the tomatoes can grow. In the present production method, in order to impart stress to the cultivated plants, The drainage rate of the container for the medium used in this production method is preferably Preferably, the flow rate is 55 mL / sec or more and 3650 mL / sec or less. The means for adjusting the water velocity may be any known means and is not particularly limited. The number of holes in the bottom of the container that holds the medium can be adjusted, and the size of the holes in the bottom of the container that holds the medium can be adjusted. These include adjusting the position of the holes on the bottom of the container in which the culture medium is placed, and changing the material of the bottom of the container in which the culture medium is placed.

[0020] <Method for measuring drainage speed> In the present invention, the method for measuring the drainage rate of a container containing a culture medium is as follows. The maximum capacity of the container (including but not limited to planters, pots, bags, etc.) in which the plant will be grown Fill with water. Start draining and measure the time from when draining starts until all the water is drained. The volume of water (mL) and the time (seconds) from the start of drainage until the water is completely drained are calculated using the following formula (2): Apply and calculate.

[0021] [Equation 2] Drainage rate of the container containing the culture medium (mL / sec) = Volume of water filled (mL) / Drainage Time from start to draining (seconds)

[0022] <Watering conditions> In this production method, the irrigation conditions are not particularly limited as long as they allow the tomatoes to grow. This application covers the Facilities and Horticulture (ISSN 0912-666X) No.167(2 The contents are described on pages 53 to 55 of the 2014 Autumn issue.

[0023] <Yield> Yield refers to the weight of harvested fruit converted into weight per unit area. In practice, it refers to the weight of all harvested fruits converted into weight per unit area.

[0024] In the present application, the suppression of a decrease in yield means that the yield is reduced compared to normal cultivation. Normal cultivation means cultivation that is not stressed. The specific cultivation method is not particularly limited as long as it is a known method. This is the method of cultivation where the nutrient solution EC (electrical conductivity) is supplied at 3.0 or less. This is a cultivation method that uses bones as a growing medium.

[0025] <γ-aminobutyric acid> Gamma-aminobutyric acid (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "GABA") is made from glutamic acid. γ-aminobutyric acid is an amino acid that inhibits the central nervous system of humans and mammals. It is known to function as an inhibitory neurotransmitter.

[0026] In this application, the high content of γ-aminobutyric acid means that the amount of γ-aminobutyric acid is increased compared to normal cultivation. This refers to a higher aminobutyric acid content, preferably compared to normal cultivation. This means that the gamma-aminobutyric acid content is 1.3 times or more higher than that of normal cultivation. This means that the gamma-aminobutyric acid content is 1.5 times or more higher than when the gamma-aminobutyric acid content is The method for analyzing the aminobutyric acid content will be described later.

[0027] <Tomato production method according to the present embodiment> FIG. 1 shows a tomato production method according to the present embodiment (hereinafter referred to as "this production method"). This production method mainly consists of planting (S21), cultivation (S22), , Harvest (S23).

[0028] <Planting (S21)> In the planting step, tomato seedlings are planted. The planting method is not particularly limited. For example, The means for obtaining tomato seedlings are not particularly limited. Tomato seedlings can be obtained by: It may be distributed in the form of seedlings, or it may be distributed in the form of seeds that have been germinated. It may be obtained by vegetative propagation such as tissue culture or cuttings. If seedlings are obtained by germinating seeds, they may be sown before planting, if necessary. Furthermore, you can also sow the seeds directly in the area where you will be growing tomatoes, thin out the remaining seeds, and The time for planting is not particularly limited as long as the tomatoes are able to grow. .

[0029] <Cultivation (S22)> The cultivation (S22) in this production method is similar to the cultivation (S11) in this method.

[0030] <Harvest (S23)> In the harvesting step, tomatoes are harvested. The means for harvesting tomatoes is not particularly limited. The harvesting method is manual, mechanical, etc. The timing of harvesting varies depending on the variety and the cultivation environment. Therefore, there is no particular limitation. The preferred timing of harvesting is as follows. This is when the fruit turns ripe and red. [Example]

[0031] The present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples. It is not something that can be done.

[0032] [Test 1. Comparison of effects on yield] We compared the effects of different EC values ​​of the medium and nutrient solution on tomato yield.

[0033] Materials and Methods The tomatoes used in the test were commercially available tomato variety A (Furagal) and commercially available tomato variety B ( The tomatoes were cultivated by changing the medium and EC of the nutrient solution. The conditions for nutrient solution cultivation are shown in Table 1. The EC of the nutrient solution is 3.0±1.0, which is the general condition for hydroponic cultivation. C7.0±1.0 is the condition of stress cultivation due to high EC.

[0034] [Table 1]

[0035] The coconut shell used was commercially available coconut shell (manufactured by RIOCOCO). The obsidian perlite (grain size 2.8 mm or more and less than 26.5 mm) was used. The plants were planted in each medium and cultivated in a large greenhouse owned by Kagome Co., Ltd. The nutrient solution was adjusted to the EC shown in Table 1 and supplied. Tomato seeds were sown in early August. The seeds were planted about four weeks after sowing. Harvesting began about eight weeks after planting. Harvesting was carried out for approximately six months. The yield of the harvested fruits was measured.

[0036] <Yield measurement method> The yield was measured as follows: During the harvest period, red ripe fruits were harvested for each category. The weight of all the harvested fruits was measured and converted to weight per square meter. The yield was expressed as kg / m².

[0037] <Result> [Table 2]

[0038] Table 2 shows a comparison of the yields of each category. The results show the following: Compared to category 1-1, the yield in category 1-2 was reduced to 63%. The yield reduction was maintained at 87%. Although the yield was 87%, almost no decrease in yield was observed in categories 1-6. In fact, growing in perlite causes less stress to plants than growing in a high EC nutrient solution. In other words, compared to the general stress cultivation method of increasing the EC of the nutrient solution, The use of perlite in the medium reduces the decline in yield.

[0039] Although detailed data is not shown, there is a tendency for small fruits to be fewer in category 1-3 than in category 1-2. This trend was similar in categories 1-6 and 1-5. This refers to fruits that are extremely small in size. Small fruits can lower the selling price and cause waste. In stress cultivation, small fruits are likely to be a problem. The standards vary depending on the variety and the quality required by the market. For example, the weight of the fruit is the standard for the fruit to be shipped. This is less than 30% of the average fruit weight.

[0040] [Test 2. Comparison of effects on gamma-aminobutyric acid content] The effects of different media on tomato yield and γ-aminobutyric acid content were compared.

[0041] Materials and Methods The tomatoes used in the test were commercially available tomato varieties (Tomimaru Mucho). The conditions for each category are as follows: Category 2-1: In category 2-2, coconut shell (manufactured by RIOCOCO) was used as the medium. Perlite (particle size 2.8 mm or more and less than 26.5 mm) was used. The plants were planted in a large greenhouse owned by Kagome Co., Ltd. The EC of the nutrient solution was set at 3.0±1.0. Tomato seeds were sown at the end of July. After sowing the seeds, Planting took place about four weeks later. Harvesting began about three months after planting. Harvesting took place about eight months later. The harvested fruits were measured for yield and γ-aminobutyric acid content.

[0042] <Yield measurement method> The yield was measured in the same manner as described above.

[0043] <Method for measuring gamma-aminobutyric acid content> The γ-aminobutyric acid content was measured by the following method. After harvesting, the fruit weight was measured using an electronic balance (ME1002E, Metra After measuring the fruit weight, the fruits were crushed in a mixer for 1 minute. The mixture was poured into a container and heated in a boiling water bath for 30 minutes. After heating, the mixture was filtered through a filter paper (quantitative filter paper No. 5A, The filtrate was used as a sample for measuring the γ-aminobutyric acid content. The measurement was carried out as follows: The filtrate was diluted 10 times (by volume) with 3% sulfosalicylic acid. Then, the membrane filter (DISMIC-25CS0.20μm 25CS020A N, manufactured by ADVANTEC), and then analyzed by an automatic amino acid analyzer (L-8900, Hitachi, Ltd. The γ-aminobutyric acid content was measured using a calibration curve prepared using a commercially available standard. and calculated from the fruit weight (mg / 100g).

[0044] Measurements were taken six times throughout the harvest period, and the average value was calculated. Each fruit was considered as one analytical point, and measurements were carried out at three analytical points.

[0045] <Result> [Table 3]

[0046] Table 3 shows a comparison of the yield and gamma-aminobutyric acid content of each fraction. The following is clear: Compared to Category 2-1, Category 2-2 has a higher γ-aminobutyric acid content. The yield was 154%. Although the yield was lower than that of category 2-1, it remained at 80%. This level of reduction is sufficient for commercial use. This will enable the production of high γ-aminobutyric acid and suppress yield decline.

[0047] [Test 3. Comparison of the effects of the particle size of the medium and the drainage rate of the container containing the medium] The particle size of the medium and the drainage rate of the container containing the medium affect the yield of tomatoes and the content of γ-aminobutyric acid. The effects on the quantity were compared.

[0048] Materials and Methods The tomato used in the test was a tomato variety (KGM211) developed by Kagome Co., Ltd. The tomatoes were cultivated by changing the particle size of the medium and the drainage rate of the planter.

[0049] The drainage speed of the planter can be adjusted by changing the number of holes in the bottom of the planter and The bottom surface was replaced with a mesh. The bottom of the planter (Iris Ohyama, relief planter, product number 370) originally had a There is one hole. I used it as it is and named it Planter A. Two new holes were drilled in the bottom of the planter, making a total of three holes. This was called planter B. Then, six new holes were drilled to make a total of seven holes, which was named Planter C. The bottom of the planter was cut off and a commercially available mesh (0.154 mm opening) was fixed to the bottom. The resulting product was named Planter D.

[0050] Figure 2 shows the positions of the holes in planters A to C. The figure shows the approximate location of the hole when the hole is inserted. These are holes that are already in commercially available planters. The white circles indicate newly installed holes. The upstream side in Figure 2 refers to the side with a higher slope when measuring the drainage velocity. The downstream side in Figure 2 refers to the side with the lower slope when measuring the drainage velocity.

[0051] The drainage rate of the planters was measured as follows: Each planter was placed in a bucket filled with water. Planters A, B, and C were filled with water at the maximum capacity by submerging and then lifting up. The downstream side was sloped to a height difference of about 2 cm, and the water was left to drain. Since the drainage was completed immediately, the container was left standing without tilting and drained. The time it took for the water to drain completely was measured. The volume of water (mL) filled and the time it took for the water to drain completely from the start of drainage were measured. The drainage rate (mL / sec) of the planter was calculated from the time (sec) until the water was drained. The measurement was repeated five times. The average value and standard deviation were calculated. The drainage rates of planters A to D are shown in Table 4.

[0052] [Table 4]

[0053] The medium consisted of coconut shell (RIOCOCO) and commercially available obsidian perlite with different particle sizes. Since coconut shells are originally in a bag-like container, planters were not used. The tomatoes were planted in each medium and cultivated. The EC of the nutrient solution was set at 3.0±1.0. The seeds were planted about four weeks after sowing. The harvest began about two months after planting. The harvesting took place over a period of approximately two months. The harvested fruits were evaluated for yield and gamma-aminobutyric acid content. The amount was measured.

[0054] <Yield measurement method> The yield was measured in the same manner as described above.

[0055] <Method for measuring gamma-aminobutyric acid content> The γ-aminobutyric acid content was measured in the same manner as described above.

[0056] <Result> [Table 5]

[0057] Table 5 shows the yield and gamma-aminobutyric acid content of each fraction. The following are the results: Compared to Category 3-1, Category 3-2 to Category 3-5 show a higher concentration of γ-aminobutyric acid. The content is about doubled. Although the yield is reduced, it is more than 80% of that of Category 3-1. This level of reduction is sufficient for business use. From category 3-6 to category 3-9, the content of γ-aminobutyric acid increases by about 1.5 times. The yield decreases. Although there are some differences (except for Category 3-9), all of them are 80% or more compared to Category 3-1. On the other hand, if the degree of reduction is small, it is possible to use the facility for business purposes. The gamma-aminobutyric acid content was less than 1.5 times (excluding category 3-13). Therefore, when perlite with a particle size of 2.8 mm or more and less than 26.5 mm is used in the medium, γ It is possible to achieve both a high content of α-aminobutyric acid and suppress yield decline.

[0058] [Test 4. Comparison of the effects of drainage on the medium] The effects of drainage of the medium on the yield and γ-aminobutyric acid content of tomatoes were compared.

[0059] Materials and Methods The tomato used in the test was a tomato variety (KGM211) developed by Kagome Co., Ltd. The tomatoes were cultivated using nine different media. Planter C was used. The medium was a commercially available coconut shell (RIOCOCO) in section 4-1. , Category 4-2 is commercially available obsidian perlite, Category 4-3 is commercially available foam glass (glass foam material Supersol medium size, manufactured by the Lumber Business Cooperative Association), and commercially available pumice (Kuriyama Keisen) in category 4-4. A mixture of equal amounts of Keiseki S and Keiseki M manufactured by Ki-Ki Co., Ltd.) and Akadama soil (Akagi soil) available in categories 4-5. Engei Co., Ltd., Akadama soil medium grain), and commercially available husk chips (SMILE PET CL) in categories 4-6. Husk chips 6-13mm manufactured by UB Co., Ltd.), and commercially available charcoal (manufactured by Nara Tanka Kogyo Co., Ltd., Min Glue carbon granules), and commercially available perlite (Mitsui Kinzoku Perlite Co., Ltd., Neni) in category 4-8. Sanso No. 1), and commercially available peat moss (Hokkaido Peat Moss Co., Ltd., Tobimos) was used in categories 4-9. The particle size of the medium for categories 4-2 to 4-9 was set to be 2.8 mm or more and less than 16 mm.

[0060] <Method for measuring drainage of culture medium> The drainage of the medium was measured by the method described above. In this case, the time (seconds) until the drainage reaches approximately 100 mL and the volume of drained water (mL) For Categories 4-2 to 4-7, the time until the drainage reaches approximately 200 mL is measured. The time (seconds) and the volume of water drained (mL) were measured and applied to [Equation 1] to calculate the drainage volume. The water-drainage properties of each category are shown in Table 6.

[0061] [Table 6]

[0062] The tomatoes were planted in each medium and cultivated. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse. The EC of the nutrient solution was set at 3.0±1.0. Tomato seeds were sown in early September. The seeds were planted about four weeks after sowing. Harvesting began about three months after planting. Harvesting took place over a period of approximately five months. The harvested fruits were evaluated for yield and gamma-aminobutyric acid content. Measured.

[0063] <Yield measurement method> The yield was measured in the same manner as described above.

[0064] <Method for measuring gamma-aminobutyric acid content> The γ-aminobutyric acid content was measured in the same manner as described above.

[0065] <Result> [Table 7]

[0066] Table 7 shows the yield and gamma-aminobutyric acid content of each fraction. The following are the results: Compared to Category 4-1, Category 4-2 to Category 4-7 have γ-aminobutyric acid The content is 1.3 times or more. In addition, although the yield is reduced in Category 4-3, Category 4-1 This is more than 80% of the original amount, and a reduction of this magnitude is sufficient for business use. In categories 4-8 and 4-9, the gamma-aminobutyric acid content was less than 1.3 times. Therefore, the drainage rate of the medium is 30 mL / sec or more, the particle size of the medium is 2.8 mm or more, and By using a medium with a density of less than 6.5 mm, both a high content of γ-aminobutyric acid and suppression of yield decline can be achieved. It can be made to stand. [Industrial Applicability]

[0067] An area in which the present invention is useful is vegetable production.

Claims

1. A method for increasing gamma-aminobutyric acid in tomatoes, comprising at least the following steps: The process is: Cultivation: The tomatoes grown here are The drainage of the culture medium for cultivation is 30 mL / sec or more, The particle size of the medium in which the cultivation is carried out is 2.8 mm or more and less than 26.5 mm.

2. 10. The method of claim 1, The medium contains at least obsidian perlite, expanded glass, pumice, Akadama soil, husk chips, and It contains one or more of the following: pulp, charcoal, or charcoal.

3. 3. The method of claim 2, The medium is made up of obsidian perlite, expanded glass, pumice, Akadama soil, and husk chips. It is one or more of the following: pulp, charcoal, or both.

4. 4. The method of any one of claims 1 to 3, The drainage rate of the container containing the culture medium is 55 mL / sec or more and 3650 mL / sec or less. do.

5. A method for producing tomatoes comprising at least the following steps: Cultivation: The tomatoes grown here are The drainage of the culture medium for cultivation is 30 mL / sec or more, The particle size of the medium in which the cultivation is carried out is 2.8 mm or more and less than 26.5 mm.

6. 6. The method of claim 5, The medium contains at least obsidian perlite, expanded glass, pumice, Akadama soil, husk chips, and It contains one or more of the following: pulp, charcoal, or charcoal.

7. 7. The method of claim 6, The medium is made up of obsidian perlite, expanded glass, pumice, Akadama soil, and husk chips. It is one or more of the following: pulp, charcoal, or both.

8. 8. The method of any one of claims 5 to 7, further comprising: The drainage rate of the container containing the culture medium is 55 mL / sec or more and 3650 mL / sec or less. do.

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