Aerial dropping type fire extinguishing bomb

Abstract

To provide an aerial dropping type fire extinguishing bomb and a fire extinguishing method using the aerial dropping type fire extinguishing bomb, hardly affecting the global environment even if falling on the ground surface, easily breaking a wall part of the fire extinguishing bomb when colliding with a falling object such as a forest, and efficiently and accurately spraying a fire extinguishing chemical filled inside the fire extinguishing bomb on the ground surface.SOLUTION: The aerial dropping type fire extinguishing bomb 1 to be dropped from the air is formed by filling a fire extinguishing agent 3 inside a hollow body 2, and the hollow body 2 has a wall part 2a containing diatomaceous earth.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to an air-dropped fire extinguishing grenade. More specifically, the present invention relates to an air-dropped fire extinguishing grenade that can efficiently and accurately spray fire extinguishing agents at the scene of a fire, such as a forest fire, and that is made of environmentally friendly materials. [Background technology]

[0002] A proposed type of drop-type fire extinguishing bomb is carried by a flying object such as a helicopter or airplane and dropped from above a fire site to extinguish a fire. The drop-type fire extinguishing bomb is dropped from the flying object and includes: a main container means having an opening at one end and filled with fire extinguishing material; a fastener means for sealing the opening in a steady state; an attitude maintaining means fixed to the other end of the main container means for maintaining the opening in the direction of fall when falling; an altitude detecting means that operates when the altitude above the ground reaches a predetermined value after being dropped from the flying object; a timer means that operates when a predetermined time has elapsed after being dropped from the flying object; and an opening means that is activated by the output of the altitude detecting means or the timer means and opens the fastener (see, for example, the "Claims" and Figures 1, 2 and 6 of Patent Document 1).

[0003] The dropped fire extinguishing bombs enable effective firefighting activities from a safe altitude above the fire site using flying objects, and by using large transport aircraft, a large amount of fire extinguishing material can be dropped at once, making it possible to quickly extinguish large-scale fires that are difficult to extinguish on the ground (see, for example, paragraph

[0023] of Patent Document 1). [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0004] [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 8-229153 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0005] According to the drop-type fire extinguishing bomb, when the main container means filled with the fire extinguishing material is dropped from the flying object, the opening means of the fastening metal means is activated, and the fire extinguishing material in the main container is released in the direction of fall and scattered in the air, but since the fire extinguishing material is fanned by fire tornadoes, winds that circulate the atmosphere, etc., it is not possible to drop the fire extinguishing agent accurately at the fire site, and therefore it is not possible to extinguish the fire efficiently.In addition, since the drop-type fire extinguishing bomb uses timer means, etc., its structure is complicated and there is a risk that metal parts such as the timer that fall may have an adverse effect on the natural environment.

[0006] As such, conventionally, at the scene of forest fires and other such incidents, fire extinguishing materials have been sprayed from the sky by helicopters and other flying objects, but this has resulted in low fire extinguishing efficiency. In recent years, therefore, there has been an urgent need to develop air-dropped fire extinguishing bombs that can increase fire extinguishing efficiency and that are less likely to have a negative impact on the natural environment even when they fall to the ground.

[0007] The present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned prior art, and aims to provide an air-dropped fire extinguishing bullet that is unlikely to have an adverse effect on the global environment when it falls to the ground, whose wall is easily destroyed when it collides with a falling object such as a forest, and which can efficiently and accurately spray the fire extinguishing agent filled inside the bullet on the ground.

[0008] Another object of the present invention is to provide a fire extinguishing method using an air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb, which is unlikely to have a negative impact on the global environment even when it falls to the ground, and which can be loaded onto an air transport aircraft and dropped toward the fire site from above the fire site, so that the wall of the fire extinguishing bomb is easily destroyed when it collides with a fallen object such as a forest, allowing the fire extinguishing agent filled inside to be efficiently and accurately sprayed on the ground. [Means for solving the problem]

[0009] The present invention provides (1) An air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb that is dropped from the air, characterized in that the interior of a hollow body is filled with a fire extinguishing agent, and the hollow body has a wall portion containing diatomaceous earth; (2) A fire extinguishing method using an air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb, in which the air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb described in (1) above is loaded onto an air transport aircraft and dropped from above the fire site toward the fire site. Regarding. [Effects of the Invention]

[0010] According to the present invention, there is provided an air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb that can efficiently and accurately spray fire extinguishing agent at the scene of a fire such as a forest fire, that is unlikely to have an adverse effect on the global environment even if it falls on a forest or the like, and that easily destroys the wall of the fire extinguishing bomb when it collides with a falling object such as a forest, allowing the fire extinguishing agent filled inside to be efficiently and accurately sprayed on the ground surface.

[0011] Furthermore, according to the present invention, a fire extinguishing method using air-dropped fire extinguishing bombs that are unlikely to have a negative impact on the global environment even when they fall to the ground can be loaded onto an air transport aircraft, and the air-dropped fire extinguishing bombs can be dropped toward the fire site from above the fire site, and the air-dropped fire extinguishing bombs can be easily destroyed when they collide with a fallen object such as a forest, allowing the fire extinguishing agent filled inside to be efficiently and accurately sprayed on the ground. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0012] [Figure 1] 1 is a schematic explanatory diagram showing one embodiment of an air-dropped fire extinguishing grenade of the present invention. [Figure 2] 1 is a schematic explanatory diagram showing an embodiment of a method for manufacturing an air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb of the present invention.

[0023] FIG. [Figure 3] This is a photograph used as a drawing to show firewood burning vigorously inside a drum used in a simulated fire extinguishing test using an air-dropped fire extinguishing grenade. [Figure 4] This is a photograph of a crane truck used in a mock fire test using an air-dropped fire extinguishing grenade. [Figure 5] This is a photograph of firewood in a drum after a simulated fire test using an air-dropped fire extinguisher. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0013] The air-dropped fire extinguishing grenade of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the embodiments shown in the drawings.

[0014] Fig. 1 is a schematic explanatory diagram showing one embodiment of the vertical cross-sectional shape of an air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb of the present invention. The air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb 1 shown in Fig. 1 has a capsule-like cross-sectional shape, but the present invention is not limited to this shape.

[0015] The air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb 1 is a fire extinguishing bomb dropped from the air. A hollow body 2 and a fire extinguishing agent 3 are used as raw materials for the air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb 1. The hollow body 2 of the air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb 1 is filled with the fire extinguishing agent 3.

[0016] The wall 2a of the hollow body 2 contains diatomaceous earth. Diatomaceous earth is a natural mineral formed by the fossilization of diatoms (phytoplankton), and is non-flammable. When the diatoms die and deposit, the silica shells become diatomaceous earth over a long period of time. Diatomaceous earth was once recognized in Japan as edible soil, and there are records that it was used to store food in the inner walls of Kumamoto Castle during sieges.

[0017] Therefore, even if the air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb 1 is dropped from the air, reaches the ground, destroys the wall 2a of the hollow body 2, and scatters the hollow body 2 on the ground, the diatomaceous earth used in the wall 2a of the hollow body 2 is unlikely to have an adverse effect on the global environment, and therefore the air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb 1 of the present invention can be used as an environmentally friendly fire extinguishing bomb.

[0018] The diatomaceous earth preferably has an average particle diameter of 10 to 300 μm, more preferably 50 to 300 μm, from the viewpoint of easily destroying the wall 2a of the hollow body 2 when the air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb 1 hits a fallen object such as a forest where a fire is occurring, and efficiently and accurately dispersing the fire-extinguishing agent filled inside the hollow body 2 to the ground surface. Here, the average particle diameter of the diatomaceous earth means the mode diameter, which is the average of the maximum diameters of the diatomaceous earth particles observed under an electron microscope.

[0019] Diatomaceous earth is readily available commercially. Examples of commercially available diatomaceous earth include those manufactured by Showa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. under the trade names Radiolite #200, Radiolite #300, Radiolite #500, Radiolite #600, Radiolite #700, Radiolite #800, Radiolite #900, Radiolite #2000, and Radiolite #3000, and those manufactured by Chuo Kasei Co., Ltd. under the trade names Oplite W3050 and Oplite W3050, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.

[0020] The wall 2a of the hollow body 2 may be composed solely of diatomaceous earth, or the diatomaceous earth may contain inorganic materials other than diatomaceous earth as long as the object of the present invention is not impaired. Examples of inorganic materials other than diatomaceous earth include alumina, silica, titania, zirconia, magnesia, yttria, zinc oxide, iron oxide, silicon nitride, titanium nitride, boron nitride, silicon carbide, light calcium carbonate, heavy calcium carbonate, aluminum sulfate, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, potassium titanate, talc, kaolin (kaolin clay), kaolinite, halloysite, pyrophyllite, montmorillonite, sericite, muscovite, phlocopite, biotite, sodium taeniolite, lithium taeniolite, hydrotalc, glass flakes, amesite, bentonite, zeolite, calcium silicate, magnesium silicate, and silica sand, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.

[0021] The inventors have produced and tested prototypes of air-dropped fire extinguishing bombs 1 using various materials such as glass, kaolin, paper clay, clay, and mortar, but in all cases, it was confirmed that the fire extinguishing efficiency was low because the wall 2a of the hollow body 2 was difficult to destroy efficiently when a drop test was conducted, or even if the wall 2a of the hollow body 2 was destroyed, the fire extinguishing agent filled inside it was difficult to scatter efficiently.

[0022] In response to this, drop tests were conducted on an air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb 1 in which diatomaceous earth was used for the wall 2a of the hollow body 2, and it was found that, unlike air-dropped fire extinguishing bombs 1 in which a material other than diatomaceous earth was used for the wall 2a of the hollow body 2, the wall 2a of the fire extinguishing bomb was easily destroyed when it collided with a dropped object, allowing the extinguishing agent filled inside the fire extinguishing bomb to be efficiently and accurately dispersed on the ground surface, thereby improving fire extinguishing efficiency.

[0023] The air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb 1 of the present invention uses diatomaceous earth for the wall 2a of the hollow body 2, so that the wall 2a of the hollow body 2 is easily destroyed when it collides with a dropped object, allowing the extinguishing agent filled inside the fire extinguishing bomb to be efficiently and accurately sprayed on the ground surface, thereby achieving the excellent effect of increasing fire extinguishing efficiency.

[0024] The external shape of the hollow body 2 may be, for example, a sphere, a capsule, an oval sphere, a rectangular parallelepiped, a cube, a cylinder, etc., but the present invention is not limited to these examples. Among these external shapes of the hollow body 2, a sphere, a capsule, or an oval sphere is preferred, and a sphere is more preferred, because these shapes reduce air resistance when the air-dropped fire extinguishing gun 1 is dropped in the air and are less susceptible to the effects of strong winds and the like.

[0025] The size of the hollow body 2 is not particularly limited and may be any size. Examples of sizes of the hollow body 2 include a sphere with a diameter of 5 to 20 cm, a cylinder with a diameter of 2 to 10 cm and a height of 3 to 30 cm, a capsule or oval sphere, and a cube or rectangular parallelepiped with a side length of 3 to 20 cm, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.

[0026] In the present invention, the air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb 1 can be dropped from the sky as it is toward the fire scene. Alternatively, a plurality of small air-dropped fire extinguishing bombs 1 can be prepared, and the plurality of air-dropped fire extinguishing bombs 1 can be placed in a container, which can be dropped from the sky toward the ground, and the air-dropped fire extinguishing bombs 1 can be removed from the container as they fall and dispersed in the air, so that the air-dropped fire extinguishing bombs 1 are destroyed when they reach the ground, thereby extinguishing the fire, or the container can be dropped from the sky, and when it reaches the ground, the container and the air-dropped fire extinguishing bombs 1 in the container can be destroyed, thereby extinguishing the fire.

[0027] The wall 2a of the hollow body 2 can be made from a mixture of diatomaceous earth and water. When mixing diatomaceous earth and water, the amount of water per 100 parts by mass of diatomaceous earth is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of efficiently producing the wall 2a of the hollow body 2 having appropriate mechanical strength, it is preferably 10 to 100 parts by mass, more preferably 20 to 80 parts by mass, and even more preferably 30 to 60 parts by mass. The mixture of diatomaceous earth and water may contain an appropriate amount of binder to increase the mechanical strength of the wall 2a of the hollow body 2. Examples of binders include ethylene-vinyl acetate resin emulsion and polyvinyl alcohol, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.

[0028] The hollow body 2 can be produced, for example, using a male mold and a female mold as the molding die. More specifically, it can be produced, for example, based on the steps shown in FIG. 2. Note that FIG. 2 is a schematic explanatory diagram showing one embodiment of the manufacturing method for an air-dropped fire extinguishing grenade of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration to make the structures of the molding die and hollow body 2 easier to understand, and therefore differs from the actual structures of the molding die and hollow body 2. The shape of the molding die shown in FIG. 2 is arbitrary, and the present invention is not limited by the shape of the molding die.

[0029] First, as shown in FIG. 2(a), a mixture 12 of diatomaceous earth and water is poured into a female mold 11 having a tapered surface 11a on the inner surface to allow the molded body to be easily removed.

[0030] Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 2( b ), the male die 13 is inserted into the female die 11 , and the mixture 12 is filled into the gap between the female die 11 and the male die 13 .

[0031] Next, the filled mixture 12 is dried to produce a molded body A14. There are no particular limitations on the method for drying the mixture 12. Examples of the drying method include natural drying and heat drying. The molded body A14 obtained as described above is taken out of the female mold 11 by removing the male mold 13.

[0032] Molded body B15 is produced by a method similar to that for producing molded body A 14 described above, with the inner diameter of the opening being larger than the outer diameter of the opening of molded body A 14. Either molded body A14 or molded body B15 may be produced first.

[0033] 2(d), the opening of molded body A14 is overlapped with the opening of molded body B15, and the opening of molded body A14 is inserted into the opening of molded body B15. When the openings of molded body A14 and molded body B15 are overlapped with each other, the surfaces of molded body A14 and molded body B15 are rough, so they can be integrated so that they do not easily separate, but in order to fix molded body A14 and molded body B15 together, the joint between molded body A14 and molded body B15 may be bonded with the mixture, the binder, or the like.

[0034] By joining the molded body A14 and the molded body B15 in the above manner, the hollow body 2 can be obtained as shown in FIG. 2(d).

[0035] As shown in Figure 2(e), a through hole 16 is made in the hollow body 2 obtained as described above using a drill or the like to fill it with fire extinguishing agent 3, and after the fire extinguishing agent 3 is filled into the interior of the hollow body 2 through the through hole 16, the through hole 16 is blocked with a mixture 12 or the like, and the blocked part of the through hole 16 is solidified by drying or other method, thereby obtaining an air-dropped fire extinguisher 1 in which the fire extinguishing agent 3 is filled inside the hollow body 2, as shown in Figure 2(f).

[0036] The spherical hollow body 2 can be produced using a balloon made of, for example, rubber. More specifically, the hollow body 2 can be produced by preparing a balloon with a spherical outer shape, applying the mixture 12 to the surface of the balloon, and drying the mixture. The resulting hollow body 2 is provided with a through-hole to fill it with the fire-extinguishing agent 3. The balloon may burst when the through-hole is provided. From the viewpoint of obtaining an environmentally friendly air-dropped fire extinguisher 1, it is preferable to remove the burst balloon through the through-hole. If cracks occur in the wall 2 a of the hollow body 2 when the balloon is burst, a release agent such as a silicone release agent may be applied to the surface of the balloon in advance to facilitate peeling of the balloon from the wall 2 a of the hollow body 2, or an appropriate amount of the binder may be added to the mixture 12 to increase the mechanical strength of the wall 2 a of the hollow body 2. After the fire extinguishing agent 3 is filled into the hollow body 2, the through holes are blocked with a mixture 12 or the like, and the blocked through holes are solidified by a method such as drying, thereby obtaining a spherical air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb 1.

[0037] The thickness of the wall 2a of the hollow body 2 cannot be determined in general terms because the degree of destruction of the wall 2a of the hollow body 2 when it collides with a falling object such as a forest and the state of dispersion of the fire-extinguishing agent 3 filled inside the hollow body 2 vary depending on the size and shape of the hollow body 2. The thickness of the wall 2a of the hollow body 2 is preferably 0.5 to 5 mm, and more preferably 1 to 3 mm, from the viewpoints of imparting appropriate mechanical strength to the air-dropped fire extinguishing grenade 1, easily destroying the wall 2a of the hollow body 2 when it falls to the ground, and increasing the fire-extinguishing efficiency of the fire-extinguishing agent 3 filled inside the hollow body 2.

[0038] The extinguishing agent 3 may be a liquid or foam extinguishing agent or a powder extinguishing agent. In the present invention, the extinguishing agent 3 filled inside the hollow body 2 is preferably a powder extinguishing agent 3, taking into consideration the weight reduction of the air-dropped fire extinguishing grenade 1 and the mechanical strength of the wall 2a of the hollow body 2. The powder extinguishing agent 3 may be any extinguishing agent generally used in powder fire extinguishers.

[0039] Examples of powder fire extinguishing agents include inorganic powders such as ammonium phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, and potassium tetraborate, and organic powder fire extinguishing agents such as potassium acetate, potassium citrate, potassium lactate, potassium oxalate, potassium maleate, and potassium tartrate, but the present invention is not limited to these examples. These powder fire extinguishing agents may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Among these powder fire extinguishing agents, inorganic powder fire extinguishing agents are preferred because they are environmentally friendly, with ammonium phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate being more preferred. The average particle size of the powder fire extinguishing agent is not particularly limited, and the average particle size of powder fire extinguishing agents generally used in powder fire extinguishers is approximately 1 to 100 μm. The average particle size of the powder fire extinguishing agent can be measured using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer.

[0040] The amount of fire extinguishing agent filled inside the hollow body 2 cannot be determined in general terms, as it varies depending on the internal volume of the hollow body 2. From the viewpoint of effectively utilizing the air-dropped fire extinguishing grenade 1 of the present invention, it is preferable that the inside of the hollow body 2 is filled with fire extinguishing agent.

[0041] The air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb 1 of the present invention obtained in the above manner maintains its shape when dropped from the sky, preventing the powder fire extinguishing agent from scattering or diffusing in the air as in the past. When it collides with a falling object such as a forest, the hollow body 2 is easily destroyed, allowing the fire extinguishing agent filled inside the hollow body 2 to scatter and be dispersed on the ground surface. This results in the excellent effect of efficiently and accurately dispersing the fire extinguishing agent directly at the scene of a fire such as a forest fire, and further reducing the adverse impact on the global environment such as forests.

[0042] A method of extinguishing a fire using the air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb 1 of the present invention is to load the bomb onto an air transport aircraft and drop the air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb 1 toward the fire site from above the fire site. According to this method, the air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb is loaded onto an air transport aircraft and dropped toward the fire site from above the fire site, so that the bomb is easily destroyed when it collides with a falling object such as a forest, and the extinguishing agent filled inside can be dispersed at the fire site. Therefore, the extinguishing agent used in the air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb 1 can be used efficiently without waste, and fires such as forest fires can be effectively extinguished at the fire site.

[0043] In the present invention, air transport aircraft refers to air transport means such as helicopters, airplanes, and drones.

[0044] Therefore, in today's world where forest fires are occurring frequently not only in Japan but also in other countries, the air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb 1 of the present invention can be dropped directly and accurately from an air transport aircraft onto the fire scene, allowing the extinguishing agent contained in the dropped air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb 1 to be used without waste, thereby enabling firefighting activities to be carried out efficiently, and therefore it is highly expected that it will be used as an alternative to the extinguishing agents used in conventional aerial spraying by helicopters, etc. [Example]

[0045] Next, the air-dropped fire extinguishing grenade 1 of the present invention will be described in more detail based on examples, but the present invention is not limited to only these examples.

[0046] Example 1 Diatomaceous earth and water were used as raw materials for the walls of the hollow bodies used in air-dropped fire extinguishing bombs. 1800g of diatomaceous earth and 600g of water were placed in a 10L (liter) container and mixed to form a uniform mixture.

[0047] Using the mixture obtained above, a cylindrical hollow body with a diameter of approximately 5.5 cm and a height of approximately 15 cm was made according to the method shown in Figure 2, and six air-dropped fire extinguishing bombs were made by filling the hollow body with 350 g of inorganic powder fire extinguishing agent.

[0048] To conduct a simulated fire extinguishing test using air-dropped fire extinguishing bombs, firewood was placed in a drum split in half lengthwise and ignited. The firewood was allowed to burn vigorously, and when the firewood was burning vigorously as shown in Figure 3, six air-dropped fire extinguishing bombs were lifted to a height of 6 m above the ground by a crane as shown in Figure 4 and dropped onto the burning firewood.

[0049] Figure 3 is a photograph (substitute for a drawing) of firewood burning vigorously inside a drum used in a mock fire test using an air-dropped fire extinguishing grenade, and Figure 4 is a photograph (substitute for a drawing) of a crane truck used in a mock fire test using an air-dropped fire extinguishing grenade.

[0050] The situation after six air-dropped fire extinguishing bombs were dropped onto the burning firewood is shown in Figure 5. Figure 5 is a photograph (substituting a drawing) of firewood in a drum after a simulated fire extinguishing test was conducted using air-dropped fire extinguishing bombs.

[0051] As shown in Figure 5, it was confirmed that when an air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb was dropped onto burning firewood, the firewood could be quickly extinguished. The cylindrical object in the lower left of Figure 5 is an air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb dropped from a crane truck, and it can be seen that cracks have appeared in the wall of the hollow body, causing it to be destroyed.

[0052] As such, the air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb of the present invention can be effectively extinguished even when dropped from a position 6 m above the ground. Therefore, if the air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb of the present invention is dropped from even higher in the sky by a helicopter or the like, the strong impact force when it reaches the ground will make the walls of the hollow body even more likely to be destroyed, allowing for efficient extinguishing of the fire at the scene.

[0053] Therefore, the air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb of the present invention can efficiently and accurately spray extinguishing agent at the scene of a fire such as a forest fire, and is unlikely to have a negative impact on the global environment even if it falls on a forest, etc., and is not easily affected by weather such as strong winds.When it collides with a falling object such as a forest at the fire scene, the wall of the hollow body is destroyed, allowing the extinguishing agent filled inside the hollow body to be efficiently and accurately sprayed on the ground surface.Therefore, it is expected that this will make a significant contribution to the early extinguishing and reduction of the scope of fires such as forest fires that are thought to be caused by global warming in recent years around the world. [Explanation of symbols]

[0054] 1. Air-dropped fire extinguishing grenades 2 hollow body 2a Wall of hollow body 3 Fire extinguishing agents 11 Female mold 12 mixture 13 Male type 14 Molded object A 15 Molded Body B 16 through holes

Claims

1. An air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb that is dropped from the air, characterized in that the interior of a hollow body is filled with a fire extinguishing agent, and the hollow body has a wall portion containing diatomaceous earth.

2. A fire extinguishing method using an air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb, comprising loading the air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb according to claim 1 onto an air transport aircraft and dropping the air-dropped fire extinguishing bomb toward the fire site from above the fire site.

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