Simulated tissue model and method

Abstract

Simulated tissue structures for practicing surgical techniques and methods of making these structures are disclosed.SOLUTION: In particular, a realistic organ model or simulated tissue portion is provided for practicing the removal of a tumor or other undesirable tissue and then suturing the remaining defect as part of the same surgical procedure. The simulated tissue structure includes a polyp simulation having a suturable mesh layer that is separable from a defect layer. A simulated colon model with interchangeable and suturable tissue pods is also provided as is a fully suturable rectum model and a rectum model with an integral suturable and removable polyp zone.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This application relates generally to surgical training tools, and more particularly to anatomical models that mimic organs or tissues for teaching and practicing various surgical techniques and procedures.

[0002] Description of Related Applications This application claims priority to and benefits from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 089,919, filed December 10, 2014, entitled "Suturable rectum model," which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and which claims priority to and benefits from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 079,523, filed November 13, 2014, entitled "Fully suturable rectum," which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and which claims priority to and benefits from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 079,479, filed November 13, 2014, entitled "One piece polyp This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 118,179, filed February 15, 2015, entitled "Method of making simulated tissue using stencils," which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [Background technology]

[0003] Medical students learning new surgical techniques and experienced surgeons require extensive training before they are qualified to operate on human patients. This training must teach proper technique using a variety of medical instruments to cut, puncture, clamp, grasp, staple, cauterize, and suture various types of tissue. The range of situations trainees may encounter is wide. For example, various organs and patient anatomies and diseases are presented. The thickness and consistency of various tissue layers will also vary from one part of the body to the next and from patient to patient. Therefore, the skills or abilities required with techniques and instruments will also vary. Furthermore, trainers must have students practice the techniques in easily accessible open surgical sites and laparoscopic approaches. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0004] Many teaching aids, training devices, simulated training devices (simulators), and model organs are available for one or more aspects of surgical training. However, there is a need for model organs or simulated (mimic) tissue elements that may be encountered in endoscopic, laparoscopic, transanal, minimally invasive, or other surgical procedures or techniques involving the removal of tumors or other tissue structures. In particular, there is a need for lifelike or realistic model organs for repeatable practice of removing tumors or other unwanted tissue and then suturing or stapling the target tissue as part of the same surgical procedure. In view of the same, it is an object of the present invention to provide an instrument for surgical training that realistically simulates such specific situations encountered during surgery. [Means for solving the problem]

[0005] According to one aspect of the present invention, a simulated tissue structure for surgical training is provided. The structure includes a first layer made of silicone having a substantially flat first surface opposite a substantially flat second surface, with a first thickness defined between the first and second surfaces. The first layer has a periphery and protrusions extending outward from the first surface at protrusion locations within the periphery. The first thickness is substantially constant, and the protrusions are formed by an increase in the first thickness of the first layer. The simulated tissue structure includes a second layer made of silicone having a substantially flat first surface opposite the substantially flat second surface, with a second thickness defined between the first and second surfaces. The second thickness is substantially constant. The second layer has a periphery, and the second layer is coupled to the first layer such that the periphery of the first layer and the periphery of the second layer are aligned and the first surface of the second layer faces and contacts the second surface of the first layer. The first layer and the second layer are adhered to one another by an adhesive disposed around the protrusion location such that the first layer and the second layer are separable at the protrusion location to facilitate removal of the protrusion.

[0006] According to another aspect of the present invention, a simulated tissue structure for surgical training is provided. The simulated tissue structure comprises a substantially cylindrical tube having a sidewall with inner and outer surfaces extending between a proximal end and a distal end, and a central lumen having a longitudinal axis. At least one of the proximal and distal ends is open. The cylindrical tube has at least one hole extending across the sidewall from the inner surface to the outer surface. The simulated tissue structure comprises at least one pod sized and shaped to be insertable into the at least one hole. The pod is also configured to be removably connectable to the cylindrical tube. The pod comprises a cap and simulated tissue connected to the cap. The cap has a frame with a flange and defining an opening. The simulated tissue comprises at least one flat layer of silicone with inner and outer surfaces. The simulated tissue is connected to the flange such that the outer surface of the simulated tissue is connected to the flange and the simulated tissue straddles the opening defined by the frame. The pod is removably coupled to the cylindrical tube such that the simulated tissue aligns with the inner surface of the sidewall when coupled to the cylindrical tube.

[0007] According to another aspect of the present invention, a method for fabricating a simulated tissue model is disclosed. The method includes the steps of providing an elongated mandrel having an outer surface with at least one depression, rotating the mandrel, and depositing a first layer of uncured silicone onto the mandrel, allowing the first layer to harden to form a substantially tubular structure having inner and outer surfaces and wells with depths formed in the outer surface where the depressions are located. The method further includes the steps of providing a second layer of cured silicone having a shape substantially corresponding to the shape of the wells and a thickness substantially corresponding to the depth of the wells, disposing the second layer within the wells of the first layer, and depositing a third layer of uncured silicone on the outer surfaces of the first and second layers, allowing the third layer to harden to bond to the first and second layers and form a smooth outer surface. The method further includes providing a simulated tumor having a size smaller than the second layer and attaching the simulated tumor to the inner surface of the first layer at the location of the depression located adjacent to the second layer.

[0008] According to another aspect of the present invention, a method for fabricating a simulated tissue model is provided. The method includes the steps of providing an elongated mandrel having an outer surface, rotating the mandrel, applying a first layer of uncured silicone to the mandrel, and allowing the first layer to cure to form a substantially tubular structure having an inner surface and an outer surface. The method further includes providing a simulated tumor having a size smaller than the first layer and attaching the simulated tumor to a location on the inner surface of the first layer. The method further includes providing a second layer of cured silicone having a size larger than the tumor and placing the second layer on the outer surface of the first layer at a location opposite the location of the tumor.

[0009] According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for fabricating a simulated tissue model. The method includes the steps of providing an elongated mandrel having an outer surface with at least one outward detent, rotating the mandrel, applying a first layer of uncured silicone to the mandrel, and allowing the first layer to harden to form a substantially tubular structure having an inner surface forming a lumen, an outer surface, and a well with a depth formed in the inner surface at the location of the outward detent. The method further includes providing a polyp replica and disposing the polyp replica in the well of the first layer. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0010] [Figure 1] 1 is a side view of a surgical training instrument with model organs of the present invention. FIG. [Figure 2A] 1 is a cross-sectional side view of a simulated tissue structure of the present invention. [Figure 2B] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional side view of a simulated tissue construct showing a tumor excised in accordance with the present invention. [Figure 2C] 1 is a cross-sectional side view of a simulated tissue construct with an opening suture in accordance with the present invention. [Figure 2D] 1 is a cross-sectional side view of a simulated tissue construct with a closing suture in accordance with the present invention. [Figure 3A] FIG. 2 is a plan view of a defect layer having circular defects in accordance with the present invention. [Figure 3B] FIG. 2 is a plan view of a defect layer with elongated defects in accordance with the present invention. [Figure 3C] FIG. 2 is a plan view of a defect layer having irregularly shaped defects in accordance with the present invention. [Figure 3D] FIG. 2 is a plan view of a defect layer with a two-piece defect in accordance with the present invention. [Figure 3E] FIG. 2 is a plan view of a multi-part defect layer in accordance with the present invention. [Figure 3F] FIG. 2 is a plan view of a defect layer with multiple defects in accordance with the present invention. [Figure 4]FIG. 1 is a plan view of a simulated tissue structure of the present invention. [Figure 5] 1 is a cross-sectional side view of a simulated tissue structure of the present invention. [Figure 6A] 1 is a perspective view of a modular tissue structure and support of the present invention; FIG. [Figure 6B] 1 is a perspective view of a modular tissue structure and support of the present invention; FIG. [Figure 7] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a simulated tissue structure configured to closely resemble a human uterus in accordance with the present invention. [Figure 8] 1 is a plan view of a modular organizational structure according to the present invention; [Figure 9] FIG. 1 is a side view of a modular organizational structure of the present invention. [Figure 10A] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a simulated tissue structure of the present invention. [Figure 10B] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a simulated tissue structure of the present invention. [Figure 11A] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a simulated tissue structure of the present invention. [Figure 11B] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a simulated tissue structure of the present invention. [Figure 12] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a suture needle and a simulated tissue construct of the present invention. [Figure 13A] 1 is a side perspective view of a polyp simulant according to the present invention. FIG. [Figure 13B] FIG. 1 is a side view of a defect layer of a polyp replica according to the present invention. [Figure 13C] FIG. 1 is a side view of a mesh layer of a polyp replica of the present invention. [Figure 13D] FIG. 1 is a side view of the muscle layer of a polyp replica of the present invention. [Figure 14A] FIG. 1 is a side view of a mold for the muscle layer of the present invention. [Figure 14B] FIG. 1 is a plan view of a mold for the muscle layer of the present invention. [Figure 15A] FIG. 2 is a side view of a mold for the defect layer of the present invention. [Figure 15B] FIG. 2 is a bottom view of a mold for the defect layer of the present invention. [Figure 16]FIG. 1 is an exploded view of a defect mold, defect layer, mesh layer, mold release layer, and muscle layer according to the present invention. [Figure 17A] FIG. 1 shows a tissue mimic model having a pod with attached simulated tissue portions according to the present invention. [Figure 17B] 1A-1C illustrate a pod assembly of the present invention. [Figure 17C] FIG. 2 is an exploded view of the pod assembly of the present invention. [Figure 18] FIG. 10 is a bottom perspective view of a pod frame without tissue sections in accordance with the present invention. [Figure 19] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional top perspective view of a tissue replica module of the present invention. [Figure 20] FIG. 1 is a top cross-sectional perspective view of a mandrel used to fabricate a tissue replica model in accordance with the present invention. [Figure 21] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a tissue mimic model of the present invention. [Figure 22] FIG. 1 is a top perspective view of a tissue mimic model of the present invention. [Figure 23] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a tissue mimic model of the present invention. [Figure 24] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a mandrel for fabricating a tissue replica model in accordance with the present invention. [Figure 25] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a tissue mimic model of the present invention. [Figure 26A] FIG. 1 is a plan view of a mesh layer of a tissue mimic model of the present invention. [Figure 26B] FIG. 1 is a plan view of a mesh layer of a tissue replica model formed into a cylindrical sleeve of the present invention. [Figure 27] FIG. 10 shows a mesh sleeve fitted onto a mandrel in accordance with the present invention. [Figure 28] FIG. 10 shows a mesh sleeve fitted onto a mandrel in accordance with the present invention. [Figure 29] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional end view of a fully suturable rectum model with exemplary suture paths in accordance with the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0011] A surgical training tool 10 configured to closely resemble a patient's torso, e.g., abdominal region, is shown in FIG. 1 . The surgical training tool 10 includes a simulated body cavity 18 that is substantially hidden from the user and receives model organs or simulated or living tissue. Access to the body cavity 18 is achieved through a tissue simulation region 19 that is punctured by a user using an instrument to perform a surgical procedure on tissue or organs 20 visible within the body cavity 18. While the body cavity 18 is shown as being accessible through the tissue simulation region 19, the body cavity 18 may alternatively be accessed using a manual access or single-site port instrument, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13 / 248,449, filed Sep. 29, 2011, entitled "Portable Laparoscopic Trainer," which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The surgical training tool 10 is particularly well-suited for practicing laparoscopic or other minimally invasive surgical procedures.

[0012] The surgical training instrument 10 has a base 12 and a top cover 14 connected to and spaced from the base 12 to define an internal body cavity 18 therebetween. At least one leg 16 connects and separates the top cover 14 and the base 12. A model organ or simulated tissue 20 is disposed within the body cavity 18. The model organ 20 shown in FIG. 1 is a portion of a colon or intestine, shown suspended from the top cover 14 by a tether 22 and connected to at least one leg 24. The at least one leg 24 has an aperture (not shown) facing the internal cavity 20. The model colon 20 has a tube 26 with a proximal end and a distal end. The proximal end of the tube 26 is interconnected to the aperture in the leg 16, providing an access port to the lumen of the tube 26. The access ports and holes are shown in FIG. 1 closed with an access device 28, which, when combined with the sealed distal end of the tube 26, provides the model organ 20 configured for insufflation with a fluid deliverable through an insufflation port 30. An optional insert 32 made of a soft material, such as silicone, creates a realistic interface for the access port. The distal end of the tube 26 extends into and is suspended within the body cavity 18. The interior of the tube 26 of the simulated organ 20 is accessible through an access port in the leg 24 or through the tissue simulation region 19 or instrument insertion port 34. An endoscopic camera inserted into the body cavity 18 or organ 20 through the access port produces live images viewable on a foldable video screen 36, shown in a closed position in FIG. 1. The simulated organ 20 of FIG. 1 is ideal for practicing procedures associated with transanal minimally invasive surgery, although any simulated organ or tissue portion may be employed. One particular aspect of organ 20 is provided connected to it at least one tumor or defect 38. As shown in Figure 1, tumor 38 is connected to the wall of organ duct 26.

[0013] Referring now to FIG. 2A, a partial cross-sectional side view of a portion of a simulated organ 20 containing a tumor 38 is shown. The simulated organ or tissue 20 has a base layer or organ wall 40. The organ wall 40 is made of a material, such as silicone or other polymer, configured to closely resemble real, living tissue and appropriately colored. One or more base layers 40 of various thicknesses and colors can be employed to make up the entire wall 40. In one form, the organ wall 40 is rigid and made of a polymeric material. Located above the base layer 40 is a second layer or defect layer 42. The defect layer 42 may be the same size as the base layer 40 or smaller, forming a raised platform for the tumor 38. The defect layer 42 is connected to the base layer 40 by adhesive or other means known to those skilled in the art, including being integrally formed with the base layer 40 as a single unit. The defect layer 42 is made of silicone and, in one form, is the same color as the base layer 40, so that the defect layer 42 blends into the background of the base layer 40. The defect layer 42 has at least one defect or gap 44. In one form, the defect 44 is a pre-fabricated breach in the defect layer 42 that closely resembles an incision, gap, or other void in real tissue resulting from tearing, cutting, removal, or other surgical procedure that requires surgical attention, such as suturing or stapling, to close the defect. This situation most often arises during tumor 38 removal, in which surrounding tissue is also removed along with the tumor 38, thereby prophylactically excising the entire tumor and leaving a residual defect in the tissue. The defect 44 has two opposing sides or surfaces that define a gap between them. Although the adjacent sides or surfaces are shown as being perpendicular to the base layer 40, the invention is not so limited and the juxtaposed surfaces or sides can have any shape, for example, they may be curved. The defects 44 can be of any shape, as will be described with reference to Figures 3A-3F.

[0014] Referring now to FIG. 3A, a plan view of a defect layer 42 having a circular defect 44 is shown. A defect layer 42 having an elongated, oval, or elliptical defect 44 is shown in FIG. 3B. The defect 44 may be irregular, as shown in FIG. 3C, or may be of any shape. The defect layer 42 may be multipart, as shown in FIG. 3D, where the defect layer 42 includes two or more adjacent defect layer pieces 42a, 42b, which are juxtaposed to form at least one defect 44 therebetween. Another multipart defect layer 42 is shown in FIG. 3E, where multiple adjacent defect layer pieces 42a, 42b, and 42c form one or more defects 44 therebetween. Of course, the defect layer 42 may also include multiple defects 44a, 44b, and 44c, as shown in FIG. 3F. The defects 44 may all be identical or may be of different shapes, as shown in FIG. 3F. The defect shapes, thicknesses, and sizes allow a trainee surgeon to practice suturing between defects of varying difficulty. In one form, the defect layer 42 is not of equal thickness. Instead, the thickness of the defect layer 42 varies at the defect location 48 to increase the difficulty of suturing or closing the defect.

[0015] Referring back to FIG. 2A , a tumor 38 is positioned above the defect layer 42. The tumor 38 is preferably a different color than the base layer 40, the defect layer 42, or both, so that the tumor can be easily identified by a trainee. Preferably, the tumor 38 is made of silicone or other polymeric material and is red, black, blue, or dark brown in color. Generally speaking, the tumor 38 is a darker color than the base layer 40 or the defect layer 42 or contrasts with the base layer 40 or the defect layer 42 when viewed under a microscope. In one form, the tumor 38 is connected to the defect layer 42 by adhesive or other means known to those skilled in the art. In another form, the tumor 38 is not connected or attached to the defect layer 42, but is removably positioned on the defect layer 42.

[0016] Still referring to FIG. 2A , the simulated tissue structure 20 includes a cover layer 46 positioned above the tumor 38. In one embodiment, the cover layer 46 covers the tumor 38, the defect layer 42, and the base layer 40. The cover layer 46 is preferably transparent or translucent in color and made of a polymeric material, such as silicone. In another embodiment, the cover layer 46 is the same color as the base layer 40 or the defect layer 42. The cover layer 46 is at least as thick as the base layer 40 or the defect layer 42, and in one embodiment, is thinner than the defect layer 42, and in another embodiment, is thinner than the base layer 40. The cover layer 46 is sized to cover the entire tumor 38 and the entire defect layer 42, and in one embodiment, the cover layer is large enough to contact the base layer 40. In another embodiment, the cover layer 46 is sized to cover the entire tumor 38 and the entire defect layer 42 and to contact the defect layer 42. The cover layer 46 is connected to the base layer 40, the defect layer 42, the tumor 38, or any two or more of the three layers by adhesive or other means known to those skilled in the art. In another embodiment, the cover layer 46 is small and connected only to the defect layer 42. In yet another embodiment, the cover layer 46 is connected to both the defect layer 42 and the base layer 40 by adhesive or other means known to those skilled in the art. The cover layer 46 can be of any shape or size, and can be configured to present a smooth surface to the surgeon rather than a layered surface at the location of a simulated tumor. In one embodiment, the cover layer 46, the tumor 38, the defect layer 42, or the base layer 40 has a surface texture. The cover layer 46 also helps to keep the tumor 38 and the defect layer 42 sandwiched between the cover layer 46 and the base layer 40, which is advantageous in embodiments where the tumor 38 is not adhered to the defect layer 42. A plan view of the base layer 40, the defect layer 42, the cover layer 46, and the tumor 38 is shown in FIG. 4. In one form, any one or more of the base layer 40, defect layer 42, and cover layer 46 are made from silicone molded onto a woven, cloth, or mesh material, such as nylon or cheesecloth, so that the silicone layer has integral mesh structural support or other form of reinforcement.Any one or more of layers 38, 40, 42, 46 may include a fabric or mesh reinforcement combined with a resilient polymer, such as silicone. The mesh support helps prevent a suture, staple, or suture needle from tearing through at least one of the layers, and in particular tearing through defective layer 42 when pulling the suture to close gap 44.

[0017] In FIG. 2B, the tumor 38 and a portion of the cover layer 46 are shown excised from the base layer 40. The excision is performed by a trainee using a surgical instrument, such as a scalpel or other medical instrument, to remove the tumor 38. The trainee would then cut open the cover layer 46 around the tumor 38, isolate the tumor 38, and lift the tumor 38 away from the site to expose the underlying defect 44, as shown in FIG. 2B. Next, as shown in FIG. 2C, the trainee would use surgical sutures 48 to adhere the lips or edges of the defect layer 42 together, as shown in FIG. 2D, to suture the defect 44, thereby practicing closure of the gap or wound created by the surgical removal of the tumor 38. The cutting of the opening through at least one layer, removal of the mock tumor, and suturing the gap are performed while the simulated tissue structure is housed within the simulated body cavity 18 of the surgical training instrument, such that the simulated tissue structure is at least partially obscured from view by the user.

[0018] Referring now to FIG. 5 , another configuration is shown in which the second or defect layer 42 does not have a pre-formed gap or defect. Alternatively, when resecting the tumor 38, a defect is created by the user in one or more of the cover layer 46, the defect layer 42, the base layer 40, and any remaining tumor portion not removed by the user. The user then practices suturing the defect created in any of these layers 38, 40, 42, 46. In one such configuration, one of the defect layer 42 or the base layer 40 is omitted from this example configuration. In another configuration, the tumor 38 is placed on the base layer 40, and the defect layer 42 is placed over the tumor 38 such that the defect layer 42 is positioned above the tumor 38. In such a configuration, a cover layer 46 may or may not be included. If a cover layer 46 is included, the cover layer may be integrally formed with the defect layer as a separate, integral layer. With respect to any of the configuration examples described above with reference to Figures 2-5, the configuration example may be inverted or the layers may be placed in the opposite direction, or the configuration example may be accessible by the user from either the top or bottom direction, with the thickness and color of the layers adjusted accordingly if necessary to provide the effect of simulating real tissue.

[0019] 6A and 6B, for any of the configurations in this description, the simulated tissue configuration may be modular, i.e., not integrally formed with the entire simulated organ 20, but instead configured as removable and interchangeable modules. One or more modules 50 are supported or housed within a module support 52. The module support 52 has a first surface 51, a second surface 53, and one or more tumor module receiving portions 54, 56, 58 formed in the support 52. The tumor support 52 may be rigid or flexible and made of a polymeric material. The tumor support 52 may also be comprised of a sheet of an elastomeric material. The module receiving portions 54, 56, 58 are each sized and shaped to receive a correspondingly sized and shaped module 50. While the module 50 and module receiving portions 54, 56, and 58 in FIG. 6 are shown as circular, the tumor module 50 may be of any shape, with complementary receiving portions formed in the module support 52. The thickness of the support 52 may vary, thereby providing configurations in which the tumor module 50 is positioned at various depths. The module receiving portions 54, 56, and 58 may have a bottom wall upon which the tumor module 50 can rest. Alternatively, the tumor receiving portions 54, 56, and 58 may extend between openings in the first surface 51 and the second surface 53, with the module 50 containing the tumor 38 either coupled between the openings or at one of the openings in either surface 51 or 53, or suspended within the tumor receiving portion. In one embodiment, a single tumor module 50 contains one or more tumors 38. One or more tumor modules 50 are loaded onto the module support 52, and the simulated tissue construct 20 is inserted into the body cavity 18, frame structure, or other torso model of the surgical trainer 10. The model support may be located on the base 12 of the trainer 10 or may be suspended within the body cavity 18 of the trainer 10.The simulated tissue construct 20 and / or training device may include attachment mechanisms, such as clips, fasteners, wires, hook-and-loop fasteners, etc., to allow for placement of the simulated tissue construct 20, placement in a floating state, or connection of the simulated tissue construct 20 to the training device 10.

[0020] With particular reference to FIG. 6B, a modular support 52 having two or more layers is shown. The modular support 52 of FIG. 6B includes a first layer 57 coupled to a second layer 55. In one embodiment, the first layer 57 is made of a sheet of elastomeric material, and the second layer 55 is made of any suitable polymeric material, such as a low-density elastomeric foam. The second layer 55 serves as support for the first layer 57. The second layer 55 also advantageously provides depth to the modular support 52, allowing the tumor 38 within the module 50 to be positioned deeper within the modular support 52 relative to the first surface 51. Module receiving portions 54, 56, and 58 are formed in one or more of the first layer 57 and the second layer 55. The module receiving portions 54, 56, and 58 formed in the second layer 55 may have a different shape than the same module receiving portions 54, 56, and 58 in the first layer 57. In one form, tumor module 50 includes only a simulated tumor 38 embedded or embedded within second layer 55, with at least one of first layer 57 or second layer 55 constituting a defect layer against which a user can practice closure. Alternatively, first layer 57 does not include a module receiving portion; instead, first layer 57 serves as a cover layer against which a user can practice incisions to access tumor 38 located in the tumor receiving portion formed in second layer 55. In such a form, first layer 57 may be a sheet of elastomeric material, such as silicone, and second layer 55 may be a layer of low-density elastomeric foam. Module support 52 may be flat, as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, or alternatively, may be shaped to resemble a portion of a human anatomy, tissue, or organ.

[0021] For example, FIG. 7 shows a support 52 shaped to resemble a human uterus. The support 52 has a first layer 57 connected to a second layer 55. In one form, the first layer 57 is made of any suitable polymeric material, such as a sheet of elastomeric material, and the second layer 55 is made of any suitable polymeric material, such as a low-density elastomeric foam. The second layer 55 serves as a support for the first layer 57, and the second layer 55 can advantageously connect the tumor 38 within the module 50 or the tumor 38 itself to the support 52, thereby allowing the tumor 38 to extend realistically deep into the support 52 and be distributed throughout the support 52 in various locations and orientations, including by being embedded in the first layer 57 as shown in FIG. 7. A tumor or module receiving portion 61 is formed in at least one of the first layer 57 and the second layer 55. The tumor receiving portion 61 may be a pre-formed pocket in the second layer 55 or may be formed by the user by cutting a slit into the second layer 55. In one form, the tumor 38 is shaped to resemble a fibroid commonly found in the human uterus. Examples of fibroids that may be simulated by the tumor 38 provided on the support include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following types of fibroids: pendulous submucosal fibroids, subserosal fibroids, submucosal fibroids, pendulous subserosal fibroids, and intramural fibroids. A user can access the support 52 and excise the simulated tumor 38 from the first surface 51 or the second surface 53 via the access channel or opening 63. In one form, the opening 63 serves as the only opening in the hollow portion 59, or alternatively, the support 52 may have a substantially C-shaped, flattened configuration with access available to the user from above or below the flattened C-shaped structure.

[0022] In one form, the modular support 52, of any of a variety of configurations, is not flat but instead includes a landscape that includes linear structures, other structures, mountains, valleys, and various textures. The varying landscapes provide the user with varying degrees of difficulty in approaching each tumor location, forcing the user to navigate around artifacts and features that may obscure the tumor location. These structural artifacts of the tumor support 52 may be integrally molded with the tumor support 52 or may be modular in structure, similar to the tumor module 50, thereby allowing the anatomical landscape module to be removable and replaceable. The tumor module 50 is compatible with non-tumor modules, which may include, for example, features and artifacts or textures made of silicone or other materials that extend outward or inward from one or more of the upper and lower surfaces 51 and 53 of the modular support 52. The features of such non-tumor modules may have various shapes to resemble anatomical structures, including adjacent organ structures or tissues. For example, the non-tumor module may comprise a tubular form of silicone to resemble an intestine. The non-tumor and tumor modules 50 are removably coupled to the module support 52 by any means known to those skilled in the art, allowing the user to discard a module after use and then continue practicing by replacing the discarded module or advancing to an adjacent module 50 in the module support 52, or by replacing the tumor module 50 with another tumor module 50 having different characteristics or difficulty level.

[0023] A variation of the tumor module 50 is shown in Figures 8 and 9. The tumor module 50 includes a simulated tissue portion 60 connected to a support 62. In the illustrated embodiment, the support 62 includes a top frame 64 connected to a bottom frame 66. At least one of the top and bottom frames 64, 66 includes a window. A top frame 64 with a window 68 is shown in Figure 8. The bottom frame 66 may or may not include a window. If windows are provided in both the top and bottom frames 64, 66, the windows are at least partially aligned with each other. The support 62 is sized and shaped to receive the simulated tissue portion 60 between the top and bottom frames 64, 66. The top frame 64 can be connected to the bottom frame 66 to capture the simulated tissue portion 60, which may be a one-piece portion or may be made of multiple layers and, in one embodiment, separable. In one form, the frames 64, 66 are spaced apart from one another using spacers 70. Additionally, at least one of the top frame 64 and the bottom frame 66 has one or more interlocking features 72 configured to secure the tumor module 50 to the tumor support 52 (not shown). In FIG. 9, the interlocking features 72 are shown as pegs that extend insertably into corresponding holes formed in the tumor support 52 to create a snap-fit ​​engagement. A friction fit or other fasteners or interlocking means, such as hook-and-loop type material, can be employed on the mandrel 50 and module support 52 to removably connect the module 50 to the support 52.

[0024] Still referring to FIGS. 8 and 9, the simulated tissue portion 60 can be any of the configurations described above with reference to FIGS. 2-5. If windows are formed in both the first and second frames 64, 66, the simulated tissue portion 60 can be accessed from either side of the module 50. Any of the layers described above as cover layers can serve as a top layer or a bottom layer depending on which side or direction the simulated tissue portion 60 is accessed from. For example, the base layer can also serve as a top layer or a bottom layer depending on which side or direction the simulated tissue portion 60 is accessed from. In such bidirectional configurations, the thickness and color of the layers can be adjusted accordingly to provide the desired simulated effect.

[0025] The simulated tissue portion 60 of FIG. 9 includes a first layer 74 and a second layer 76. The first and second layers 74, 76 are made of a polymeric material, such as silicone or other polymer, configured to resemble real, living tissue. The layers may include any one or more suitable color dyes or mesh, fabric, or other reinforcing materials. Each of the layers 74, 76 includes a tumor receiving portion 78, 80, respectively. Each tumor receiving portion 78, 80 is a recess, indentation, half-pocket, or area of ​​reduced thickness formed in the layer 74, 76. The tumor receiving portions 78, 80 are substantially aligned with one another to form a pocket for the tumor 38. While each layer 74, 76 of FIG. 9 is shown with a tumor receiving portion 78, 80, in one embodiment, a single tumor receiving portion 78, 80 is formed in at least one of the first and second layers 74, 76. A tumor 38 is placed within a pocket formed by one or more tumor receiving portions 78, 80 formed in one or more layers 74, 76. The tumor 38 may be attached to either layer 74, 76 or may be free-floating within the pocket. As shown in FIG. 9, the interlocking tumor receiving portions can be considered a type of defect, and the configuration of FIG. 9 illustrates an example simulated tissue configuration having two defect layers, with a tumor residing between them. As the user approaches the simulated tissue portion 60, the user views the target tumor location. Visualization of the target tumor 38 is enhanced by the tumor receiving portion having a reduced thickness relative to the rest of the layers, which is provided by a recess or pocket. The user then cuts at least one of the layers 74, 76 at the general location of the tumor, thereby removing the tumor 38. The incision of one or more layers completes the formation of a gap or complete defect, and the user can then practice suturing or otherwise closing the gap or complete defect together. In another form, layers 74, 76 do not have tumor receiving portions formed therein.In such a configuration, at least one tumor is located between two layers 74, 76, the layers 74, 76 have a substantially uniform thickness, and the tumor 38 forms a small bulge in the layer.

[0026] 10A, 10B, 11A, 11B, and 12, an alternative embodiment of a simulated tissue segment 86 is shown. The tissue segment 86 may be one-piece or modular, as described above. The tissue segment 86 includes a base layer 88 formed of any suitable polymeric material, such as silicone or other elastomeric polymer, which may or may not include a reinforcing material, such as fabric, mesh, nylon, or other reinforcing or filler material, that resists tearing during suture delivery or suturing. The base layer 88 is coupled to a defect layer 90, which is superimposed on the base layer 88. The defect layer 90 has a plurality of protrusions extending upward from the base layer 88. The defect layer 90 may be integrally formed with the base layer 88 or may be a separate layer adhered to the base layer 88. As can be seen in Figures 10A, 11A, and 12, the defect layer 90 is configured in a grid-shaped pattern, such that the grid is elevated or protrudes upward from the base layer 88. The grid pattern is exemplary, and any shape can be formed by the defect layer 90, resulting in a pattern having multiple adjacent protrusions. These protrusions on the base layer 90 provide a user with a location for hooking a suture needle into and as a platform to elevate the tumors 38a, 38b above the base layer 88 for easy excision. In one form, the tumors 38a, 38b can be adhered to the defect layer 90, and a cover layer 92 can be provided. 10A and 11A show a semi-exploded view of a simulated tissue portion 86, including a base layer 88, a defect layer 90, tumors 38a and 38b, and a cover layer 92, where the cover layer 92 is elevated above the other layers. The tumor 38a in FIG. 10A is substantially flat. It is shown covered in FIG. 10B by the cover layer 92. The tumor 38b in FIG. 11A has a large height and is substantially spherical in shape, and FIG. 11B shows the spherical tumor 38b covered by the cover layer 92, leaving a raised portion or protrusion in the example configuration.FIG. 12 shows the tumor 38 being removed, leaving a residual defect 94 in the base layer 88, with the suture needle traversing the gap in the defect 94, and access to the defect being under or through the cover layer 92.

[0027] 13A, there is shown a polyp replica 100 of the present invention. The polyp replica 100 has a defect layer 102, a mesh layer 104, a muscle layer 106, and a mold release means 108.

[0028] Referring now to FIG. 13B, defect layer 102 has a first surface 110 located opposite second surface 112. Defect layer 102 is a substantially flat and thin layer of silicone material when viewed in the x-y plane. Defect layer 102 has a defect 114 extending outward from first surface 110 along the z-axis, perpendicular to the x-y plane. Defect 114 can be of any shape. In one embodiment, defect 114 resembles an abnormal tissue growth, such as a polyp. In one embodiment, defect 114 has a narrow, elongated stalk and a bulbous distal end. In another embodiment, the distal end of the defect is curved. In another embodiment, defect 114 resembles a colon polyp or colonic polyp. In one embodiment, defect 114 is approximately 2-5 millimeters in length and 1-5 millimeters in width. In one form, the silicone of the defect layer 102 is dyed red or pink. In one form, the defect layer includes silicone that is dyed a contrasting color.

[0029] Referring now to FIG. 13C, mesh layer 104 has a first surface 116 opposite second surface 118. Mesh layer 104 is a substantially flat, thin layer, as viewed in the x-y plane, comprised of fiber strands 120 made of nylon or other polymers. In one embodiment, mesh layer 104 is made of LYCRA. In one embodiment, mesh layer 104 is stretchable in any direction. In another embodiment, the mesh layer has bidirectional stretch properties. The polymer fiber strands form a web or net. Mesh layer 104 may be woven, and the mesh layer may have a uniform pattern. Mesh layer 104 may be pink, clear, or white in color.

[0030] 13D, muscle layer 106 has a first surface 122 opposite second surface 124. Muscle layer 106 is a substantially flat and thin layer of silicone material when viewed in the x-y plane. In one form, muscle layer 106 is yellow in color.

[0031] The mold release means 108 is a mold release agent, typically in liquid form, that is sprayed to form a mold release region or layer. The mold release agent is an agent suitable for use on silicone. In one form, the mold release layer 108 is an alternative or replacement for a mold release agent. The mold release layer 108 prevents at least a portion of the silicone layer surface from bonding to an adjacent silicone surface. In one form, the mold release means 108 prevents a portion of the defect layer 102 from bonding to an adjacent muscle layer 106. In another form, the mold release means 108 prevents at least a portion of the combination of the defect layer 102 and mesh layer 104 from bonding to an adjacent muscle layer 106.

[0032] 14A and 14B, a muscle mold 126 for molding the muscle layer 106 is shown. The muscle mold 126 has a first well 128. The well 128 is circular in shape to produce a circular muscle layer 106. The first well 128 can be of any shape. Uncured silicone is poured into the mold and allowed to harden to form the muscle layer. A mold release means can be employed to aid in removal of the cured layer. The removed layer can be washed with alcohol to remove any mold release means.

[0033] 15A and 15B, a defect mold 130 for forming the defect layer 102 is shown. The defect mold 130 has a first well 132 with a first depth and a second well 134 with a second depth. The second depth is deeper than the first depth. The second well 134 is disposed within the first well 132. The second well 134 is intended to create the shape of a polyp or other defect 114. The shape of the second well 134 matches the shape of the defect 114. The shape of the first well 132 is circular to form a circular defect layer, even though it can have any shape. In one form, the dimensions of the first well 132 are identical to the dimensions of the first well 128 of the muscle mold 126, thereby forming the muscle layer 106 and defect layer 102 that have the same dimensions and can be easily established and connected to form a satisfactory patch-like replica 100. Second well 134 is formed such that it is positioned within the perimeter of first well 132. Second well 134 creates defect 114 surrounded by the remainder of defect layer 102. Uncured silicone is poured into defect mold 130, allowed to harden, and then removed. A mold release means may be employed to facilitate removal of defect layer 102 from defect mold 130. In another form, contrasting colored cured silicone pieces are placed within second well 134 to form the shape of a polyp or other defect. For example, one or more red-colored, cylindrically shaped cured silicone pieces sized to fit within second well 134 are placed within second well 134 prior to pouring uncured silicone into the defect mold or after uncured silicone has been poured into defect mold 130 to form defect layer 102. As a result, contrasting colored silicone pieces are embedded within the defect layer 102 at the location of the defect to provide a customized and more realistic representation of the particular defect being simulated.

[0034] In one embodiment, the defect layer 102 is coupled to the mesh layer 104 such that the second surface 112 of the defect layer 102 faces the first surface 116 of the mesh layer 104. In one embodiment, an adhesive may be used between the defect layer 102 and the mesh layer 104, or in another embodiment, the mesh layer 104 is placed into the defect layer 102 while the silicone in the defect layer 102 is still uncured. As a result, the mesh layer 104 becomes embedded within the defect layer 102. When the mesh layer 104 is embedded within the defect layer 102, the resulting combination has a proximal surface that is the first surface 110 of the defect layer 102 and a distal surface that is the surface adjacent to the mesh layer 104. A mold release agent 108 is applied to the distal surface of the defect / mesh layer combination in selected areas. In one embodiment, the mold release agent 108 is applied centrally around the periphery, resulting in an annular area without the mold release agent 108 surrounding the area where the mold release agent is applied. In another embodiment, the mold release agent 108 is applied beneath the defect 114, such that the area of ​​the distal surface not covered by the mold release agent surrounds the area covered by the mold release agent 108. The area surrounding the mold release agent is free of the mold release agent 108, thereby creating a bond between the muscle layer 106 and the circular-shaped defect layer 102. The area covered by the mold release agent 108 does not bond the muscle layer 106 to the defect layer 102, thereby allowing the muscle layer and defect layer to separate at the defect 114. The muscle layer 106 is then connected to the distal surface of the defect / mesh layer combination. In one embodiment, the muscle layer 106 is connected with an adhesive. In another embodiment, the muscle layer 106 is applied to the distal surface of the defect / mesh layer combination while the silicone of the defect layer 102 is still uncured, thereby embedding the muscle layer 106 within the defect / mesh layer combination.

[0035] In another method of forming the polyp replica 100, the formation process includes the use of two molds: a muscle mold 126 and a defect mold 130. Silicone is poured into the muscle mold 126 to form the muscle layer 106. The silicone in the muscle layer 106 is allowed to harden. The muscle layer 106 is then removed from the muscle mold 126. The muscle layer 106 is cleaned with isopropyl alcohol. A mold release agent 108 is applied only to the center of the muscle layer 106 or only to the underside of the defect 114. A stencil is used to apply the mold release agent 108 to the first surface 122. The muscle layer 106 with the mold release agent 108 applied is then left. Referring to FIG. 16 , silicone is poured into the defect mold 130 to form the defect layer 102. While the silicone in the defect mold 130 is still uncured, a mesh layer 104 having a shape matching the shape of the first well 132 is placed on the uncured silicone in the defect mold 130 so that the mesh layer is bonded to the uncured silicone. The muscle layer 106 with the mold release device 108 applied thereto is placed on top of the mesh layer 104 so that the first surface 122 with the mold release device 108 applied thereto faces the mesh layer 104 and the defect layer 102. The muscle layer 106 with the mold release device 108 applied thereto is placed face down on top of the mesh layer 104 and the defect layer 102, with the uncured silicone of the latter facing downwards. While the muscle layer 106 is still uncured, it is pressed into the defect layer 102, for example with a gloved finger, thereby removing any air bubbles that may be present. The silicone in the defect layer 102 is allowed to cure, and the resulting polyp replica 100 is removed from the defect mold 130. All of these layers have the same shape and are aligned and overlapped to form a single piece of polyp simulant 100. As a result of mold release means 108, portions of muscle layer 106 are not adhered to the defect and mesh layers 102, 104, and portions of muscle layer 106 not subjected to mold release means 108 are adhered to the defect and mesh layers 102, 104. The selective adhesion advantageously creates a polyp simulant 100 suitable for practicing polyp removal, and the mesh layer creates a polyp simulant suitable for practicing suturing after polyp removal.

[0036] Alternatively, the defect layer 102 is cured with or without the mesh layer 104. The second layer 106 is cured. A stencil is placed on top of one of the defect layer 102 and the second layer 106. The stencil has one or more holes. The one or more holes are arranged on the stencil in a pattern configured for adhesion. One pattern includes a plurality of randomly spaced dots or circles. Uncured silicone or adhesive is applied to the stencil at the locations of the holes, so that the uncured silicone or adhesive passes through the one or more openings and contacts the layer on which the stencil is placed. The stencil is then removed along with any excess adhesive or uncured silicone, leaving behind the patterned uncured silicone or adhesive. It is then placed on top of the other of the defect layer and the second layer 106 and adhered thereto. The adhesive pattern on the stencil can be a circumferential or circular pattern created at the locations of the defects, or any other pattern. The stencil holes may be a single continuous line of circles or a pattern of holes, such as a large circle around the perimeter of the layers and / or around a defect, so that the two layers are not bonded to each other outside of the applied adhesive or applied uncured silicone. A mold release means may or may not be used between the two bonded layers.

[0037] One or more of the resulting polyp replicas 100 are then adhered to another portion of a simulated tissue structure. For example, the patch-like polyp replicas 100 are adhered with an adhesive to the inner surface of a tubular simulated colon, which in one form is made of silicone. The polyp replicas 100 are connected to the simulated colon model so that the defect 114 extends into the lumen of the colon.

[0038] In another form, muscle layer 106 and defect layer 102 are bonded together without an additional mesh layer 104 for ease of manufacturing. In another form, muscle layer 106 and defect layer 102 are fully cured separately and then adhered together without any mold release means 108. In another form, defect 114 is not formed as an integral protrusion extending from first surface 110 of defect layer 102. Instead, defect 114 is a separate piece located between muscle layer 106 and defect layer 102. In another form, defect 114 is not formed as an integral protrusion extending from first surface 110 of defect layer 102. Instead, defect 114 is a separate piece located between muscle layer 106 and defect layer 102 such that defect 114 floats between defect layer 102 and muscle layer 106.

[0039] The polyp mimic 100 is used in a simulated rectum. The mimic 100 advantageously includes a mesh layer 104 embedded therein, which allows a user to practice suturing techniques following the removal of the defect 114. The mimic 100 increases the difficulty of defect removal because the layers 106 and 102 are not easily separated due to the annular area without the mold release means 108. The mesh layer 104 allows the polyp mimic 100 to be sutured. Suturing techniques can be practiced by the user without damaging the surrounding silicone. The two muscle layers 106 are joined together while the defect layer 102 is still uncured, resulting in a configuration that increases the difficulty of separating the two layers and improves the accuracy of the mimic. The embedded mesh layer 104 prevents sutures from tearing, splitting, or cutting through the silicone. Furthermore, because a weak vacuum is created between the two layers 102, 106 at the location of the de-mold means 108, it is difficult to separate the muscle layer 106 from the defect layer 102. The vacuum keeps the muscle layer 106 and the defect / mesh layer in close contact with each other, thereby simulating adhesion. The vacuum is released by a surgical instrument creating a space between the two layers 102, 106 and pulling them apart, allowing the user to practice the technique. This facilitates separation depending on the application and / or anatomical structure of the two layers where no de-mold means is present between them, resulting in the muscle layer and defect layer being bonded along the entire interfacing surface.

[0040] Referring now to Figures 17A-17C, a simulated tissue model 200 for practicing surgical procedures is shown. While the model 200 shown in Figure 17 is configured to resemble a portion of a colon or intestinal segment, the present invention is not limited to the colon or intestine. The entire model 200 may be configured to resemble at least a portion of an organ or tissue segment on which it is desired to practice a particular surgical procedure. The simulated tissue model 200 has an inner surface 202 and an outer surface 204, which together form a sidewall having a thickness. The simulated tissue model 200 of Figure 17A has a cylindrical shape with a central lumen 206 extending along a longitudinal axis between an opening at a proximal end and an opening at a distal end to simulate a colon, rectum, or intestinal segment. One of the openings at the ends may be omitted. One or more of the inner surface 202 and the outer surface 204 may have surface features or textures that mimic real tissue. For example, transverse folds and / or a mesorectal layer may be provided. The simulated transverse folds may impede the surgeon's instrument movement and / or may prevent direct visualization of the lesion. Thus, the presence of the transverse folds compounds the challenges a surgeon may face while performing a transanal procedure. In the simplified model 200, the transverse folds are omitted. The simulated mesorectal layer provided in the model 200 advantageously provides a reference plane for approaching target tissue lesions located near the anal margin, which are difficult to remove due to instrument movement and sharp approach angles.

[0041] The sidewall separates the interior space defined by the central lumen 206 of the simulated tissue model 200 from the exterior space of the model 200. The model 200 has one or more holes 208 extending through the sidewall from the inner surface 202 to the outer surface 204. Each hole 208 is shaped and configured to receive a module or pod 210. The sidewall has a substantially uniform thickness in the area surrounding the pod-receiving hole 208. Multiple holes 208 are formed around the sidewall at various locations along the length of the model 200, from the proximal end to the distal end. The sidewall of the model 200 is made of a rigid or semi-rigid material, such as plastic. In another embodiment, the sidewall of the model 200 is flexible and / or has a combination of flexible and semi-rigid or rigid portions. The sidewall of the model 200 is configured to allow the pod 210 to be attached to the model 200.

[0042] Each pod 210 includes a simulated tissue portion 212 coupled to a tissue carrier 214, also referred to as a cap. A tissue carrier 214 is shown in FIG. 18 . The carrier 214 includes a flange 216 coupled to a frame 218. In one embodiment, the frame 218 is substantially cylindrical in shape, with an opening 220 at a proximal end and a closed distal end. The flange 216 is disposed at the proximal end and at least partially surrounds the opening 220. The frame 218 includes a substantially circular proximal opening 220, with the flange 216 extending along at least a portion of the circumference of the opening 220. The flange 216 is substantially perpendicular to the cylindrical sidewall of the frame 218 and extends radially outward at the proximal end. The flange 216 includes a surface 222 configured to couple to and float the tissue portion 212. The pod 210 is configured to serve as a tissue insert that fills the hole 208, with the flange surface 222 contoured to match the portion of the inner surface 202 into which it is received. For example, if the inner surface 202 of the model 200 is concave, the surface 222 of the flange 216 is correspondingly concave in shape. The frame 218 has opposed detents 224 configured to flex inward and then spring back outward to couple or uncouple the pod 210 to or from the model 200. A user's fingers are used to press the detents 224 inward while inserting the pod 210 into the hole 208 of the model 200. The pod 210 is inserted through the interior space of the model so that the side walls of the model 200 ride over and along the detents 224, thereby deflecting them inward, and after the detents 224 clear the side walls, the detents snap back outward, capturing the side walls of the model 200 between the detents 224 and the flange 214, thereby connecting the pod 210 to the model 200. The inner surface 202 of the model 200 has recesses 226 surrounding each hole 208, as shown in FIG.Each recess 226 extends around the hole 208 and is sized and shaped to receive a flange 216 of the pod 210, such that the associated tissue segment 212 or flange 216 is positioned substantially flush with or flush with the inner surface 202 of the model 200. The pod 210 with the associated tissue segment 212 is shown inserted into the hole 208 of the model 200 in FIGS. 17A and 19 . The tissue segment 212 is coupled to the flange 216 of the pod 210. Specifically, the tissue segment 212 is coupled to the surface 222 of the flange 216 by adhesive or bonding such that at least a portion of the tissue segment 212 is free-floating or straddles the proximal opening 220. The free-floating tissue segment 212 is free to flex and stretch within the pod 210, and the tissue segment is dissected during the simulated procedure. Following the procedure, the pod 210 is removed from the model 200, discarded, and replaced with a new pod 210, which is placed into the cylindrical sidewall of the model 200, for subsequent training and practice of the surgical procedure. Each pod 210 with tissue portion 212 is configured to be attachable to the simulated model 200, which has a tubular shape that may be configured to open as a clam for insertion and removal of the pod 210.

[0043] The tissue portion 212 of each pod 210 is flexible and includes at least a flat first layer 228. The first layer 228 has a first face or side and a second face or side. The first layer 228 is coupled to the flange surface 222 with the first face facing the interior of the model 200. The first layer 228 is sized and shaped to cover the opening 220 and to attach to the flange 216. Thus, the coupled first layer 228 covers the opening 220. A central portion of the first layer 228 is free to flex in response to impact with a surgical instrument. The first layer 228 is also configured to be cut with a blade, e.g., a scalpel, or other instrument, grasped by a surgical instrument, or manipulated as needed by a surgeon practicing a surgical procedure. The central portion of the first layer 228 is provided to float in a trampoline-like manner. The first layer 228 is made of silicone and may or may not have a mesh layer, fiber, fabric or other reinforcement that gives the first layer 228 a suturing quality that allows it to hold sutures without tearing. In another form, the first layer 228 is made of KRATON®.

[0044] In another embodiment, tissue portion 212 includes a substantially flat first layer 228 and a simulated target or tumor 232 coupled to first layer 228. First layer 228 is coupled to frame 218 with a first surface facing the interior of model 200. Simulated tumor 232 is coupled to a first surface of first layer 228 such that simulated tumor 232 faces the interior of model 200 and, in one embodiment, protrudes toward the longitudinal axis. In this embodiment, both first layer 228 and simulated tumor 232 are made of silicone. First layer 228 is dyed entirely to have the same color as the surrounding interior surface 202 of model 200, thereby making the first layer indistinguishable from the surrounding interior surface 202. First layer 228 is generally pink or red in color. The simulated tumor 232 may be stained a darker or contrasting color than the first layer 228, such as dark red, brown, or black. The simulated tumor 232 extends outward from a first surface of the first layer 228. In another embodiment, the polyp replica 100 of Figures 13-16 is attached to a pod 210.

[0045] In another embodiment, tissue portion 212 includes a substantially flat first layer 228 having a first face or side and a second face or side, a flat second layer 230 having a first face or side and a second face or side, and a simulated target or tumor 232. First layer 228 is substantially flat and is coupled to frame 218 with the first face facing the interior of model 200. First layer 228 is made of silicone and is dyed pink or red. Second layer 230 is substantially flat and has a first face or side and a second face or side. Second layer 230 is coupled to first layer 228 with the first face of second layer 230 facing the second face of first layer 228. In one embodiment, an adhesive is applied to at least a portion of the first or second layer to connect the first and second layers together. In another embodiment, one of layers 228, 230 is applied to the other layer while uncured, allowing the layer to cure and adhere to the other layer, so that the layers can be easily separated using the adhesive. Second layer 230 is made of silicone and is dyed yellow. Simulated tumor 232 is attached to or integrally formed with first layer 228, such that simulated tumor 232 is connected to or extends outward from the first surface of first layer 228. Second layer 230 is yellow in color, simulating a mucosal layer. First layer 228 is pink in color, simulating the rectal wall. The simulated tumor 232 mimics a tumor, lesion, or other surgically desirable target. In one form, the second layer 230 has a flattened configuration with an outer surface and an inner surface, and the second layer is configured to be the same size and shape as the first layer 228, with the tumor 230 being sized smaller than the first and second layers 228, 230. When practicing the transanal approach, the surgeon inserts surgical instruments into openings at one or more of the proximal or distal ends of the model 200. The surgeon practices using a scalpel to make an incision in the first layer 228 and extend the incision through the first layer 228 and around the simulated tumor 232.The second layer 230 provides an indicator or warning to the surgeon to stop cutting and avoid cutting into the second layer 230. Thus, the surgeon can practice careful and precise excision of the simulated tumor 232. Thus, the yellow second layer 230 serves as a reference plane for the surgeon during visualization. In one form, to facilitate excision of the tumor 232 and at least a portion of the first layer 228, the area of ​​the first layer 228 adjacent to or underlying the simulated tumor 232 is not adhered to the second layer 230 with adhesive. In one form, the first layer 228 is adhered to the second layer 230 only circumferentially around the simulated tumor 232, thereby allowing the first layer 228 to be easily separated from the second layer 230 when a cut is made around the adhesion. This type of adhesive placement advantageously helps guide the surgeon to perform a more precise excision. Alternatively, the area of ​​the first layer 228 underlying the simulated tumor 230 can be attached to the second layer 230 without adhesive, either by the surface adhesive properties of the same material or by curing one layer onto the other during construction of the tissue segment 212. After removing the main layer 232, the surgeon can practice suturing the resulting defect or gap closed. The first and / or second layers 228, 230 can be made of a sutureable material. For example, sutureable materials can include thermosetting polymers, thermoplastic elastomers, or thermoplastic elastomers overmolded onto fibers, meshes, or fabrics. Fabric mesh materials can also have bidirectional stretch properties.

[0046] At least a portion of tissue portion 212 is suspended by frame 218 to provide space behind simulated tissue portion 212 to allow manipulation of simulated tumor 232 and / or tissue portion 212. The suspended portion is a midsection of tissue portion 212, the periphery of which is attached to frame 218. As a result, attached tissue portion 212 mimics the elasticity of the rectal wall and, in one form, has elastic or spring properties that differ from the elasticity of the surrounding material.

[0047] Referring now to FIG. 20, another configuration of the tissue model will now be described. FIG. 20 illustrates a mandrel 234 for forming the simulated tissue model of the present invention. The mandrel 234 includes at least one depression 236. The mandrel 234 may further include one or more fissures 238 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis for forming transverse pleats in the resulting tissue model. A cross-section of the resulting tissue model is shown in FIG. 21. A first layer 240 of uncured silicone is evenly applied around the mandrel 234 of FIG. 20, and this first layer hardens on the mandrel 234 to form the model 200 having a substantially cylindrical shape that closely resembles an intestinal segment or colon. The first layer 240 may include multiple applications of uncured silicone applied by swipes of a brush or other instrument that supports or pours the silicone. The silicone hardens, resulting in first layer 240 having an inner surface 244, an outer surface 246, and at least one recess 242 formed in outer surface 246 at the location of at least one mandrel recess 236. A second layer 248 is disposed within recess 242, sized and shaped to fit within recess 242. Second layer 248 is substantially flat and has an inner surface and an outer surface. Second layer 248 is disposed within recess 242 with its inner surface facing outer surface 246 of first layer 240. Second layer 248 is made of yellow-dyed silicone that flexes to conform to first layer 240. Second layer 248 can be bonded to first layer 240 using an adhesive. Next, a third layer 250 is applied to the first layer 240 and the second layer 248, trapping the second layer 248 between the first layer 240 and the third layer 250. The third layer 250 is made of a silicone that is clear or pink in color. The third layer 250 is typically applied evenly while the silicone is in an uncured state, thereby forming a layer of substantially uniform thickness. The third layer 250, of course, adheres to the first layer 240 when the silicone is cured. A simulated tumor 252, lesion, or tissue target is attached to the inner surface 244 of the first layer 240 at a location adjacent and inward from the second layer 248.In one form, the second layer 248 is a patch-like structure having an outer surface and an inner surface and a flattened configuration sized smaller than the first layer 240, and the tumor 252 is sized smaller than the second layer 248. The simulated tumor 252 protrudes into the interior from the inner surface 244 of the first layer 240. A plurality of simulated tumors 252 are disposed adjacent to the plurality of recesses 242 and the second layer 248 throughout the tissue model 200. The simulated tissue 252 may also be formed as a layer with an inner and outer surface, the outer surface being connected to the inner surface of the first layer 240. The first layer 240 provides a substantially smooth inner surface facing inward with one or more simulated tumors 252 protruding inward. The outer surface of the third layer 250 is substantially smooth because the second layer 248 and its interfaces with the first and third layers 240 and 250 are filled with the wet silicone of the third layer 250. This provides a bowel section containing a simulated tumor with a support layer provided by the second layer 248 positioned behind the simulated tumor 252. In another form, adhesive is applied between the first and second layers 240 and 248 at locations surrounding the location of the simulated tumor 252, such that the adhesive-free central portion of the second layer 248 can be easily separated from the first layer 240. Additional adhesive can be applied between the second and third layers 248 and 250 to hold the second layer 248 in place when the first layer 240 and attached tumor 252 are removed. In yet another form, no adhesive is applied between the first layer 240 and the second layer 248, thereby allowing the two adjacent layers to be easily separated. It may be desirable to be able to separate the first layer 240 from the second layer 248 in preselected areas that provide feedback to the surgeon regarding the proper placement of the incision.For example, if a trainee makes an incision away from the location of the tumor 252, the trainee may have difficulty separating the glued areas between the first layer 240 and the second layer 248 from one another, whereas if an incision is made closer to the tumor 252, the surgeon may encounter an unglued area adjacent to the tumor 252 and easily separate the two layers 240, 248 from one another. In another form, no adhesive is used between the first layer 240 and the second layer 248, but both layers are made of silicone and one layer cures on top of the other, resulting in a natural adhesion without a glue bond, which attaches the layers together but allows them to be easily separated. As the trainee surgically approaches the simulated tumor 252 from within the model's central lumen through one of the proximal or distal openings and begins to cut through the first layer 240, the second layer 248 serves as an indicator or visual reference layer to stop the trainee from cutting too deeply into or through the second layer 248. After removing the tumor 252 by cutting around it and into the first layer 240, the surgeon can visualize the second layer 248 through the incision and see a color change as it is approached, thereby training the trainee to be precise during the dissection. The first layer 240 may include a fabric, mesh, or fabric configured to hold a suture so that the surgeon can practice placing the suture to close the gap created in the first layer 240. The reinforced first layer 240 helps to hold the sutures so that they do not cut through the silicone, and may comprise a stretchable mesh material.

[0048] In another form of the simulated tissue model 200 shown in FIG. 22, uncured silicone is poured or brushed onto a mandrel, cured to form a first layer 240, and then removed. The resulting first layer 240, molded around the cylindrical mandrel, forms a substantially cylindrical shape with an open proximal end and / or an open distal end and an inner surface 244 and an outer surface 246. The first layer 240 may have folds extending circumferentially and at least partially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. The first layer 240 is dyed pink. One or more simulated tumors 252 (not shown in FIG. 22) are attached to the inner surface 244. The simulated tumors 252 are made of dark-colored silicone. A plurality of second layers 248 are attached to the outer surface of the first layer 240 opposite the simulated tumors 252. The second layer 248 is made of yellow-dyed silicone and attached with adhesive. The second layer 248 is a patch-like structure with a flattened configuration, with outer and inner surfaces sized smaller than those of the first layer 240. The tumor 252 is sized smaller than the second layer 248. The inner surface of the second layer 248 faces the outer surface 246 of the first layer 240. In this embodiment, the inner surface 244 of the first layer 240 is substantially smooth. In particular, the inner surface 244 of the first layer 240 is smooth in the area surrounding the simulated tumor 252, which protrudes inward from the inner surface 244. The yellow second layer 248 is slightly visible through the first layer 240. The outer surface 246 of the first layer 240 is interrupted by an outwardly protruding patch of the second layer 248. Therefore, model 200 does not appear smooth from the outside because it does not have an overcoat smoothing layer applied; however, model 200 appears smooth from the inside. First layer 240 may include mesh, fabric, or fabric to facilitate suturing, as described above. Yellow second layer 248 serves as an instruction layer for the trainee to avoid tearing the simulated fat layer. After passing through first layer 240, the trainee will see a contrasting or bright color for the underlying second layer 248.The trainee can test the model 200 following imitation to determine whether the second layer 248 has been defeated to provide feedback to the trainee.

[0049] For any of the above configurations, the second layer 246 may be attached to the outer surface 246 of the first layer 240 along its periphery so that a generally central region of the second layer 248 can be easily separated from the outer surface 246 of the first layer 240, thereby assisting a trainee in separating the first layer 240 and attached tumor 252 from the remainder of the model 200, and in particular from the second layer 248. Alternatively, the second layer 248 may be selectively attached such that less than the entire inner surface of the second layer 248 adheres to the outer surface 246 of the first layer 240.

[0050] Referring now to FIG. 23, in another form of model 200, a first layer 240 of uncured silicone is applied to a cylindrical mandrel. The first layer 240 is pink and allowed to cure. A second layer 248 of silicone is then applied to the outer surface 246 of the first layer 240 and allowed to cure, so that the second layer 248 becomes attached to the first layer 240. The model 200 is then removed from the mandrel, which is a tubular sleeve sized and shaped to mimic a colon or intestinal segment with optional transverse folds 254 extending inwardly into the central lumen 206. A simulated tumor 252 made of silicone is then attached in places only to the inner surface 244 of the first layer 240. The first layer 240 is pink in color, and this first layer mimics the rectal wall. In one form, the first layer 240 includes a mesh, fabric, or fabric to create a sutureable wall configured to stretch under user-applied force and to retain sutures without tearing the silicone layer. The second layer 248 is yellow and mimics the mesorectal layer. The outer surface of the second layer 248 is generally smooth along the length of the model 200, with transverse folds 254 projecting inward toward the longitudinal axis. The inner surface 244 is also generally smooth along the length of the model 200, with transverse folds 254 projecting into the central lumen 206. The smooth inner surface 244 is interrupted by an inwardly protruding simulated tumor 252 attached to the inner surface 244. The simulated tumor 252 is a color that contrasts with the color of the first layer 240, such as black or dark red. The smooth inner and outer surfaces of the model 200 provide a realistic approach for the physician. Also, a user approaching the lesion to be excised from the central lumen 206 can make an incision in the first layer 240, which is therefore resectable. After puncturing the first layer 240, the user will have direct visibility to the yellow second layer 248, which serves as a reference layer to indicate to the user that the first layer 240 has been punctured and that the incision should not proceed further into the second layer 248.Because second layer 248 is not adhered to first layer 240 and hardens on first layer 240, first layer 240, along with simulated tumor 252, can be easily separated from second layer 248. After removing tumor 252, a user can practice suturing the resulting gap in first layer 240 where simulated tumor 252 was attached by threading a suture through first layer 240 to close the gap. This configuration of model 200 allows tumor 252 to be positioned anywhere along the length of the model, allowing a user to practice removing tumors 252 located in hard-to-reach areas.

[0051] Referring now to Figures 24 and 25, another form of model 200 will now be described. Figure 24 shows a mandrel 234 having outward detents 256 that protrude outward from the outer surface of the mandrel 234. After a first layer 240 of silicone or other material is overmolded onto the mandrel 234, the tubular model 200 is removed from the mandrel 234, leaving behind the model 200 with a plurality of recesses 242 formed in the first layer 240. The recesses 242 extend outward from the inner surface 244 to form wells for receiving simulated tumors 252 therein. The simulated tumors 252 may be formed as part of a pod. The polyp replica 100 described above with reference to Figures 13A-16 may be placed within the recesses 242 and attached to the inner surface of the first layer 240, which is the bottom of the well. In one embodiment, shown in FIG. 25 , tumor pod 258 includes a first layer 260 having an inner surface 262 and an outer surface 264. First layer 260 is substantially flat and has a shape that matches the shape of recess 242 into which it is inserted. First layer 260 is made of silicone and is pink in color, matching the color of first layer 240. A simulated tumor 252 is attached to the inner surface 262 of first layer 260. Tumor 252 is also made of silicone and is darker in color than first layer 260 to provide a color contrast representative of the tumor. Tumor 252 extends outward from inner surface 262 of first layer 260, thereby forming a protrusion. Tumor 252 has a smaller area than first layer 260. Tumor pod 258 includes a second layer 266 having an inner surface 268 and an outer surface 270. The second layer 266 is made of silicone that is yellow in color to mimic the mesorectum. The second layer 266 is attached to the first layer 260 by joining the layers 260, 266 together while one of the layers is still uncured, allowing the uncured layer to cure on the other layer. This allows the first layer 260 to be more easily separated from the second layer 266 compared to bonding with glue. In another form, the first layer 260 is adhered to the second layer 266 by calendaring the surface of one of the layers 260, 266 with an adhesive to attach the two layers together.The inner surface 268 of the second layer 266 faces the outer surface 264 of the first layer 260 when attached. In yet another embodiment, adhesive is selectively applied on the outer surface 264 of the first layer 260 or on the inner surface 268 of the second layer 266 around the location of the tumor 252 to create an area between the first layer 260 and the second layer 266 that is not adhered to each other, thereby allowing these areas to be easily separated from each other. The combined thickness of the first layer 260 and the second layer 266 is approximately the same as the depth of the recess 242 in which they are disposed, thereby making the inner surface 262 of the first layer 260 substantially flush or at the same height as the inner surface of the first layer 240. In another embodiment, the combined thickness of the first layer 260 and the second layer 266 is slightly less than the overall thickness of the first layer 240, resulting in a slight recession of the tumor 262. The user visualizes the tumor 252 and approaches it with an instrument through the central lumen 246 and one or more openings at the end of the model 200. The user incises the first layer 260 of the tumor pod 258 adjacent to the tumor 252 and guides the blade around the tumor 252 to remove it. The user practices depth cutting by visualizing when the yellow second layer 266 is reached, being careful not to cut into it. The first layer 260 and attached tumor 252 are separated from the second layer 266 and removed from the model 200. The user can repeatedly practice such removal at other locations along the length of the model 200. The recesses 242 allow for insertion of the modular pod 258 while maintaining a substantially smooth exterior and interior surface of the model 200, while providing a reference point for practicing depth perception through incision formation. The second layer 266, acting as a reference layer, defines a dissection path through the first layer 260 from the inner surface 262 of the first layer 260 to the outer surface 264 of the first layer 260, and then aids in separation along the interface between the first layer 260 and the second layer 266. The first layer 260 and attached tumor 252 are pulled away from the second layer 266. The first layer 260 may further include a mesh material that allows it to retain sutures after the tumor 252 is removed.The user can also practice closing the residual gap with sutures. The sutureable layer may comprise silicone with the mesh material described above, or alternatively may be made of KRATON®, e.g., VERSAFLEX®, without mesh, fabric, or fiber reinforcement.

[0052] A fully suturable rectal model 300 is disclosed. The rectal model 300 is made of silicone with embedded mesh material. The rectal model 300 is fully suturable, meaning that the entire length of the tubular rectal model 300 includes mesh. This rectal model is suturable, allowing surgeons and users to practice suturing techniques on a simulated colon. Silicone itself is not easily and realistically suturable because sutures do not retain the silicone material and easily cut through it. The addition of a mesh, such as SPANDEX, prevents the suture from cutting through the silicone. As a result, the silicone rectal model is too thick and provides too much resistance to a suture passing through its entire thickness. Physicians need to practice certain suturing techniques, such as tightening a purse string or simply suturing a closed defect. The present invention provides such a suturable rectal model.

[0053] Referring now to FIG. 26A, a mesh layer 302 is shown. The mesh layer 302 has a first surface 304 opposite a second surface 306. The mesh layer 302 is a substantially flat and thin layer, as viewed in the x-y plane, composed of strands of fibers made of nylon or other polymers. In one embodiment, the mesh layer 302 is made of LYCRA. In one embodiment, the mesh layer 302 is SPANDEX. In one embodiment, the mesh layer 302 is stretchable in any direction. In another embodiment, the mesh layer has bidirectional stretch properties. The polymer fiber strands form a web or net. The mesh layer 302 may be woven, and the mesh layer may have a uniform pattern. The mesh layer 302 may be red, pink, clear, or white in color.

[0054] Still referring to FIG. 26A and further referring to FIG. 26B, an appropriate length and width of mesh layer 302 is provided. As shown in FIG. 26B, mesh layer 302 is formed into a cylinder and a longitudinal seam 308 is created using a bar sealer. The bar sealer heat seals mesh layer 302 to one another to form seam 302. Cylindrical mesh layer 302 forms a sleeve 312 having a central lumen 310, as shown in FIG.

[0055] 27 and 28, a mandrel 314 is provided. A mold release agent is applied to the mandrel 314, for example, by spraying the mandrel 314 with the mold release agent or by brushing the mandrel 314 with the mold release agent. Mold release substitutes or alternatives can also be employed. After the mold release agent is applied to the mandrel 314, the mandrel 314 is inserted into the central lumen 310 of the sleeve 312. The sleeve 312 is sized and configured to fit over the mandrel 314, which has a size and shape that closely resembles a natural colon. The inner diameter of the sleeve 312 has a diameter that is the same as or slightly larger than the outer diameter of the mandrel 314. The mandrel 314 has a rotation pin 316 that is connected to a motor configured to rotate the mandrel 314 about its longitudinal axis. While the mandrel 314 is rotating, uncured silicone is applied to the mesh sleeve 312. The uncured silicone can be applied, for example, at the proximal and distal ends of the sleeve 312 or to the rotating mandrel 314 before inserting the mandrel 314 into the sleeve 312. The uncured silicone is applied evenly with a brush or other dispensing mechanism. Repeated applications of uncured silicone are made and build upon previous applications of silicone to the sleeve 312. In one form, the uncured silicone is applied before inserting the mandrel 314 into the sleeve 312.

[0056] Once the silicone application is complete and covers the mesh completely or until the desired product thickness is reached, the silicone is allowed to fully cure. The cured silicone and mesh product are then removed from the mandrel 314. As a result, the mesh layer 302 is embedded in the silicone, thereby forming a tubular colon model 300 that can be sutured along its entire length. Embedding the mesh sleeve 312 in the silicone prevents the silicone from cutting and tearing while practicing suturing the colon model 300. As a result of the colon model 300 being fully sutureable, complex suturing techniques, such as a purse or purse string arrangement of sutures, are illustrated in FIG. 29. In FIG. 29, the fully sutureable colon model 300 is visible along its longitudinal axis 318. Sutures 320 can be threaded in and out of the colon model 300 in a daisy-like pattern without tearing the colon model wall as a result of the embedded mesh structure. The ends of the suture 320 can then be grasped like a coin purse to tighten the central lumen of the colon model 300 .

[0057] In one form, instead of a cylindrical sleeve 312 of mesh material, one or more strips of mesh material are placed directly onto the mandrel and held in place or placed onto uncured silicone brushed onto the mandrel 314, and then a continuous application of uncured silicone is applied in an even manner around the mandrel 314 to embed the one or more strips of mesh material.

[0058] U.S. Patent Application No. 13 / 656,467, filed October 19, 2012, entitled "Simulated tissue structure for surgical training," which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 549,838, filed October 21, 2011, entitled "Simulated tissue structure for surgical training," is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0059] It will be understood that various modifications can be made to the system embodiments disclosed herein. Accordingly, the above description should not be construed as limiting the invention, but merely as exemplifications of preferred embodiments. Those skilled in the art will envision other modifications that fall within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure.

Claims

1. A simulated tissue model, comprising: a first layer made of silicone having a substantially planar first surface and a substantially planar second surface opposite the first surface, a first thickness defined between the first surface and the second surface, the first layer having a periphery and protrusions extending outward from the first surface at protrusion locations located within the periphery, the first thickness being substantially constant, and the protrusions being formed by an increase in the first thickness of the first layer; a second layer made of silicone having a substantially flat first surface and a substantially flat second surface opposite the first surface, a second thickness defined between the first surface and the second surface, the second thickness being substantially constant, the second layer having an outer periphery and being connected to the first layer such that the outer periphery of the first layer and the outer periphery of the second layer are aligned and the first surface of the second layer faces the second surface of the first layer and contacts the second surface, the first layer and the second layer being adhered to each other by an adhesive applied around a location of the protrusion such that the first layer and the second layer are separable at the location of the protrusion to facilitate excision of the protrusion.

2. The simulated tissue model of claim 1, further comprising a substantially cylindrical tube of silicone having an inner and outer surface and a central lumen with a longitudinal axis, wherein the second surface of the second layer is attached to the inner surface of the cylindrical tube such that the protrusion extends into the lumen toward the longitudinal axis.

3. The simulated tissue model of claim 2 , further comprising a mesh layer embedded within the cylindrical tube.

4. The simulated tissue model according to any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising a mesh layer embedded within the first layer.

5. 5. The simulated tissue model of claim 1, further comprising a release layer disposed between the first layer and the second layer around the adhesive at the location of the protrusion, the release layer being made of a material that prevents adhesion of the first silicone layer to the second silicone layer.

6. The simulated tissue model according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the protrusions have a relatively darker color than the remainder of the first layer.

7. 7. The simulated tissue model according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive is uncured silicone.

8. A simulated tissue model, comprising: a substantially cylindrical tube having a sidewall with inner and outer surfaces extending between a proximal end and a distal end, the sidewall having a central lumen with a longitudinal axis, at least one of the proximal end and the distal end being open, the cylindrical tube having at least one hole extending across the sidewall from the inner surface to the outer surface; A simulated tissue model comprising at least one pod sized and shaped to be insertable into the at least one hole and removably connectable to the cylindrical tube, the pod having a cap and simulated tissue connected to the cap, the cap having a frame with a flange and defining an opening, the simulated tissue having at least one flat layer of silicone with an inner surface and an outer surface, the simulated tissue connected to the flange such that the outer surface of the simulated tissue is connected to the flange and the simulated tissue straddles the opening defined by the frame, and the pod is removably connected to the cylindrical tube so as to align with the inner surface of the side wall when the simulated tissue is connected to the cylindrical tube.

9. The simulated tissue model of claim 8 , wherein the simulated tissue comprises a simulated tumor.

10. The simulated tissue model according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the simulated tissue includes a protrusion extending from the inner surface.

11. The simulated tissue model according to any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the frame defines a circular opening, and the simulated tissue covers the circular opening.

12. 12. The simulated tissue model of claim 8, wherein the cap has depressible detents on opposite sides to allow insertion and removal of the cap from the cylindrical tube.

13. The simulated tissue model according to any one of claims 8 to 12, wherein the simulated tissue has a mesh layer embedded in the silicone layer.

14. The simulated tissue model according to any one of claims 8 to 13, wherein the simulated tissue has a first silicone layer and a second silicone layer.

15. 1. A method for producing a simulated tissue model, comprising: providing an elongated mandrel having an outer surface with at least one depression; rotating the mandrel; applying a first layer of uncured silicone to the mandrel; allowing the first layer to harden to form a substantially tubular structure having inner and outer surfaces and wells with depths formed in the outer surface at the locations of the depressions; providing a second layer of cured silicone having a shape substantially corresponding to the shape of the well and a thickness substantially corresponding to the depth of the well; disposing the second layer within the well of the first layer; applying a third layer of uncured silicone to the outer surfaces of the first and second layers; allowing the third layer to harden and adhere to the first and second layers to form a smooth outer surface; providing a simulated tumor having a size smaller than that of the second layer; and attaching the simulated tumor to the interior surface of the first layer at the location of the depression located adjacent to the second layer.

16. 1. A method for producing a simulated tissue model, comprising: providing an elongated mandrel having an outer surface; rotating the mandrel; applying a first layer of uncured silicone to the mandrel; allowing the first layer to harden to form a substantially tubular structure having an inner surface and an outer surface; providing a simulated tumor having a size smaller than that of the first layer; attaching the simulated tumor to a location on the interior surface of the first layer; providing a second layer of cured silicone having a size greater than the size of the tumor; and placing the second layer on the outer surface of the first layer at a location opposite the location of the tumor.

17. The method of claim 16 further comprising embedding a layer of mesh within the first layer.

18. 18. The method of claim 16 or 17, further comprising adhering the second layer to the outer surface of the first layer such that the second layer is adhered around the location of the tumor rather than at the location of the tumor.

19. 1. A method for producing a simulated tissue model, comprising: providing an elongated mandrel having an outer surface with at least one outwardly facing detent; rotating the mandrel; applying a first layer of uncured silicone to the mandrel; allowing the first layer to harden to form a substantially tubular structure having an inner surface forming a lumen, an outer surface, and a well with a depth formed in the inner surface at the location of the outward detent; providing a polyp mimic; and placing the polyp replica within the well of the first layer.

20. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the step of providing a polyp replica comprises providing the polyp replica of claim 1.

21. 21. The method of claim 19 or 20, further comprising adhering the polyp replica to the interior surface of the first layer.

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