Solar cell and manufacturing method thereof, photovoltaic assembly and power consumption device

Abstract

To provide a solar cell, a method of manufacturing the same, a photovoltaic power generation assembly, and a power consumption device for improving photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.SOLUTION: The present application relates to a solar cell and a preparation method thereof, a photovoltaic assembly and a power consumption device. The solar cell includes a plurality of sub-cells, each of the plurality of sub-cells includes a first electrode layer, a photoelectric conversion assembly, and a second electrode layer that are sequentially stacked in a thickness direction of the sub-cell, the second electrode layer includes a body portion and a connection portion electrically connected to the body portion, and the connection portion of one of the plurality of sub-cells is electrically connected to the first electrode layer of another one of the plurality of sub-cells to electrically connect the plurality of sub-cells. Here, the thickness of the main body portion is larger than the thickness of the connection portion. To improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of a solar cell.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 3

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This application relates to the technical field of battery production, and in particular to solar cells and methods of manufacturing same, photovoltaic assemblies and power consuming devices. [Background technology]

[0002] As a photoelectric conversion device that directly converts light energy into electrical energy, solar cells have excellent photoelectric properties and a simple manufacturing method, bringing new space and hope to photovoltaic power generation.

[0003] How to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells during their production process is an issue that needs to be resolved as soon as possible. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The present application has been made in view of the above-mentioned problems, and its object is to provide a solar cell and a manufacturing method thereof, a solar power generation assembly, and a power consumption device for improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0005] To achieve the above object, an embodiment of a first aspect of the present application provides a solar cell, the solar cell having a plurality of sub-cells, each of which includes a first electrode layer, a photoelectric conversion assembly, and a second electrode layer stacked in order along its thickness direction, the second electrode layer including a main body portion and a connection portion electrically connected to the main body portion, the connection portion of one sub-cell among the plurality of sub-cells being electrically connected to the first electrode layer of another sub-cell, for electrically connecting the plurality of sub-cells, wherein the thickness of the main body portion is greater than the thickness of the connection portion.

[0006] Thus, in the embodiments of the present application, when forming the structure of the sub-battery, by setting the thickness of the main body portion to be greater than the thickness of the connection portion, a protective effect is exerted on the photoelectric conversion assembly, reducing the risk of external moisture and oxygen entering the photoelectric conversion assembly, ensuring the performance of the photoelectric conversion assembly, thereby ensuring the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. On the other hand, when scribing the second cutout portion, a part of the main body portion can perform a good heat conduction function, the heat island at the edge of the second cutout structure formed by scribing is small, the structure of the sub-battery is stable, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell can be improved.

[0007] In any embodiment, the ratio of the thickness of the main body portion to the thickness of the connection portion is A, where 1 < A ≤ 20, and optionally, 1 < A ≤ 10. When A satisfies the above range, the main body portion can not only exert a good protective effect on the photoelectric conversion assembly, but also improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0008] In any embodiment, the main body portion is manufactured using the same material. Optionally, the material of the main body portion includes gold Au, silver Ag, copper Cu, aluminum Al, transparent conductive oxide TCO, or carbon. There is almost no interface inside the main body portion, and the structural stability of the entire main body portion can be improved.

[0009] In any embodiment, the main body portion includes a first portion and a second portion. The second portion is located on the side of the first portion away from the first electrode layer, and the first portion and the second portion are manufactured using different materials. Optionally, the materials of the first portion and the second portion are each independently selected from gold Au, silver Ag, copper Cu, aluminum Al, transparent conductive oxide TCO, or carbon. The first portion can protect the photoelectric conversion assembly well and can perform a good heat conduction function during the scribing process. The second portion can perform a good conduction function and is advantageous for electron transport.

[0010] In an optional embodiment, the subcell includes a blocking layer for blocking transport of the first charge, the blocking layer being disposed between the photovoltaic assembly and the main body, and optionally made of at least one of block copolymer BCP, lithium fluoride LiF, and tin oxide SnO2. The blocking layer can block the transport of holes at the interface of the photovoltaic assembly, thereby improving the transport efficiency of electrons through the photovoltaic assembly to the second electrode layer, and can reduce the risk of electron and hole recombination at the interface of the photovoltaic assembly, further improving the electron transport efficiency, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0011] In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the blocking layer to the weight of the main body is B, and B is 0.001≦B≦0.2, and optionally 0.005≦B≦0.1. When B satisfies the above range, the blocking layer has good hole blocking properties, and the main body can also provide good protection for the blocking layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0012] In any embodiment, the ratio of the thickness of the blocking layer to the thickness of the body is C, and C is 0.005≦C≦0.2, and optionally 0.01≦C≦0.1. When C satisfies the above range, the blocking layer has good hole blocking properties, and the body can also provide good protection for the blocking layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0013] In any embodiment, the photovoltaic assembly includes a first charge transport layer, a photovoltaic layer, and a second charge transport layer stacked in order along the thickness direction of the subcell, and the first charge transport layer is located between the first electrode layer and the photovoltaic layer.

[0014] The material of the first charge transport layer includes at least one of poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] PTAA, (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene monomer) polymer PEDOT, nickel oxide NiOx, CuI, and Cu2O. The first charge transport layer is disposed between the first electrode layer and the photoelectric conversion layer to form good ohmic contact, effectively transport holes, reduce carrier recombination at the interface, and improve photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0015] The material of the photoelectric conversion layer conforms to the ABX3 crystal structure, where A includes at least one of methylammonium MA, formamide FA, and cesium Cs, B includes at least one of lead Pb, tin Sn, and copper Cu, and X includes at least one of bromine Br, chlorine Cl, and iodine I. The photoelectric conversion layer can absorb photons and convert them into electrons and holes, which can then be transported to the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer, respectively, under the action of a built-in electric field.

[0016] The material of the second charge transport layer includes at least one of C60, tin oxide (SnO2), fullerene derivative (PCBM), and titanium oxide (TiO2). By placing the second charge transport layer between the photoelectric conversion layer and the second electrode layer, the potential energy barrier between the photoelectric conversion layer and the second electrode layer is lowered, which is advantageous for electron transport and improves electron transport efficiency. Meanwhile, the second charge transport layer itself is advantageous for electron transport, hole blocking, and reducing the risk of carrier recombination at the interface.

[0017] In an optional embodiment, the material of the first electrode layer includes gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), transparent conductive oxide (TCO), or carbon, which has excellent electrical conductivity and is advantageous for hole transport.

[0018] A second aspect of the present application provides a photovoltaic assembly, the photovoltaic assembly including a plurality of solar cells according to an embodiment of the first aspect of the present application.

[0019] A third aspect of the present application provides a power consuming device, the power consuming device comprising a plurality of photovoltaic assemblies according to an embodiment of the second aspect of the present application.

[0020] A fourth aspect of the present application provides a method for manufacturing a solar cell, the method including: providing a substrate; and forming a bottom electrode on one side of the substrate, the bottom electrode including a plurality of first electrode layers spaced apart to divide the solar cell into a plurality of sub-cells; forming a photovoltaic conversion assembly on each of the plurality of first electrode layers facing away from the substrate; and forming a second electrode layer on the surface of the photovoltaic conversion assembly facing away from the substrate, the second electrode layer including a main body portion and a connection portion electrically connected to the main body portion, the connection portion of one sub-cell among the plurality of sub-cells being electrically connected to the first electrode layer of another sub-cell to electrically connect the plurality of sub-cells, wherein the thickness of the main body portion is greater than the thickness of the connection portion.

[0021] In any embodiment, the step of forming a second electrode layer on the surface of the photovoltaic conversion assembly facing away from the substrate includes forming a first portion on the surface of the photovoltaic conversion assembly facing away from the substrate, sequentially removing the first portion and a portion of the photovoltaic conversion assembly along the thickness direction of the sub-cell to form a cut-out area, and forming a second portion on the surface of the first portion facing away from the substrate and forming a connection portion in the cut-out area, wherein the second portion and the first portion are made of different materials.

[0022] In an optional embodiment, a blocking layer is disposed between the photovoltaic assembly and the second electrode layer, the blocking layer being for blocking hole transport. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0023] The features, advantages and technical effects of exemplary embodiments of the present application will be described below with reference to the drawings. [Figure 1] 1 is a structural schematic diagram of a vehicle according to some embodiments of the present application. [Figure 2]FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a photovoltaic assembly according to some embodiments of the present application. [Figure 3] 1 is a structural schematic diagram of a solar cell according to some embodiments of the present application; [Figure 4] FIG. 4 is an enlarged schematic view of a portion I in FIG. 3. [Figure 5] FIG. 4 is another enlarged schematic view of the portion I in FIG. 3. [Figure 6] 1 is a structural schematic diagram of a solar cell according to some other embodiments of the present application. [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is an enlarged schematic view of a portion II in FIG. 6. [Figure 8] 1 is a structural schematic diagram of a solar cell according to some embodiments of the present application; [Figure 9] 1 is a flowchart of solar cell manufacturing according to some embodiments of the present application. [Figure 10] 1 is a flowchart of a solar cell manufacturing method according to some further embodiments of the present application. [Figure 11] 1 is a flowchart of a solar cell manufacturing method according to some embodiments of the present application.

[0024] The drawings are not drawn to scale. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0025] Hereinafter, the embodiments of the present application will be described in more detail with reference to the drawings and examples. The detailed description of the following examples and the drawings are used to exemplify the principles of the present application, but should not be used to limit the scope of the present application, i.e., the present application is not limited to the described examples.

[0026] In the description of this application, unless otherwise specified, "plurality" means two or more, and the orientation or positional relationship indicated by terms such as "up," "down," "left," "right," "inside," and "outside" does not indicate or imply that the depicted device or element must have a particular orientation or be configured and operated in a particular orientation, but is intended solely for ease of explanation and simplification of the description and should not be understood as a limitation of the application. In addition, the terms "first," "second," "third," etc. are used for explanatory purposes only and should not be understood as indicating or implying relative importance. "Perpendicular" does not mean perpendicular in the strict sense, but has a margin of error. "Parallel" does not mean parallel in the strict sense, but has a margin of error.

[0027] Any directions appearing in the following description refer to the directions shown in the drawings and are not intended to limit the specific structure of the present application. It should be further explained that in the description of the present application, unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, the terms "attached," "connected," and "connected" should be understood in a broad sense, and may refer to, for example, a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection, and may be directly connected or indirectly connected via an intermediate medium. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meanings of the above terms in the present application according to the specific circumstances.

[0028] In the embodiment of the present application, a solar cell is a photovoltaic device that converts light energy directly into electrical energy based on the photovoltaic effect. The solar cell includes a photovoltaic assembly for photoelectric conversion, a transport layer, and an electrode layer. The photovoltaic assembly, the transport layer, and the electrode layer are made of different materials, and a built-in electric field is formed inside the photovoltaic device due to the difference in the quasi-Fermi levels of the different materials. The photovoltaic assembly is the light-absorbing material of the solar cell. The photovoltaic assembly can absorb photons to generate electron-hole pairs, which can then separate into free carriers. The generated free carriers then drift in opposite directions under the action of the built-in electric field, with the electrons moving to the negative electrode and the holes moving to the positive electrode. The electrons and holes are then transported by different transport layers and collected by the electrode layers, forming a potential difference between the positive and negative electrodes and generating an electric current, thereby completing the entire photovoltaic conversion process.

[0029] The performance of a solar cell can be reflected by short-circuit current density, open-circuit voltage, fill factor, photoelectric conversion efficiency, and the like.

[0030] The short-circuit current density refers to the current density when the solar cell is in a short-circuit state, i.e., when the voltage across both ends is zero. The short-circuit current occurs due to the generation and collection of photogenerated carriers, and it is related to the optical properties of the solar cell itself, the frequency of the incident light source, interface losses, etc.

[0031] The open-circuit voltage refers to the potential difference across the battery when the current flowing through the external circuit of the solar cell is zero and the circuit is in an open state, that is, the open-circuit voltage.

[0032] The fill factor is the ratio of the maximum power of a solar cell to the product of the short-circuit current density and the open-circuit voltage. The smaller the series resistance of a solar cell, the larger the parallel resistance, and therefore the higher the fill factor.

[0033] Photoelectric conversion efficiency refers to the ratio of the maximum power output of a solar cell to the incident light power, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of a solar cell can be effectively improved by adjusting the short-circuit current density, open circuit voltage and fill factor. For example, in the field of solar cells, photoelectric conversion efficiency is used to evaluate the performance of a solar cell, and the higher the fill factor, the higher the photoelectric conversion efficiency and the better the performance of the solar cell.

[0034] For large-area solar cells, multiple sub-cells are created using a scribing method to obtain the required voltage and current output. For example, the solar cell is divided and electrically connected (e.g., connected in series) by performing the first, second, and third scribing steps using a laser or other method. The scribing process flow is as follows: a first electrode layer is formed on a substrate, scribed to form a first cutout, the division of each sub-cell is completed, a photovoltaic conversion assembly is formed on the side of the first electrode layer facing away from the substrate, scribed to form a second cutout, the scribing of trenches for connecting each sub-cell in series is completed, a second electrode layer is formed on the side of the photovoltaic conversion assembly facing away from the substrate, scribed to form a third cutout, and the division of the second electrode layer is completed.

[0035] Each sub-battery includes a power-generating area and a dead area. The dead area is located between the power-generating areas of two adjacent sub-batteries, i.e., the area between the first and third cutouts. The power-generating area refers to the area where light can be effectively utilized to perform photoelectric conversion, such as the area of ​​each sub-battery where photoelectric conversion can be performed. The dead area cannot utilize light, resulting in wasted light. Contact resistance exists between the first and second electrode layers located in the dead area, and the photoelectric conversion assembly itself located in the dead area also has a certain resistance. These resistances constitute series resistance. The higher the series resistance, the smaller the photocurrent, and the lower the series resistance, the smaller the photocurrent. Furthermore, because the fill factor and series resistance are positively correlated, i.e., the higher the series resistance, the smaller the fill factor, which results in lower photoelectric conversion efficiency, while the lower the series resistance, the higher the fill factor, which results in higher photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0036] According to the inventors' findings, thin-film solar cells have a relatively large area and require a certain amount of time to scribe. In particular, during the second scribing process, the relatively long scribing time allows external moisture and oxygen to penetrate into the sub-cell, adversely affecting the performance of the solar cell.

[0037] In view of this, the embodiments of the present application provide a technical solution for a solar cell having a plurality of sub-cells, each of which includes a first electrode layer, a photoelectric conversion assembly, and a second electrode layer stacked in order along its thickness direction, the second electrode layer including a body and a connector electrically connected to the body, the connector of one of the sub-cells being electrically connected to the first electrode layer of another sub-cell for electrically connecting the sub-cells, and the thickness of the body is greater than the thickness of the connector, thereby significantly improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of a solar cell having this structure.

[0038] The technical solutions described in the embodiments of the present application are suitable for photovoltaic assemblies including solar cells and power consumption devices using the photovoltaic assemblies.

[0039] The power consuming devices may be vehicles, mobile phones, portable devices, laptops, steamships, spacecraft, electric toys, power tools, etc. The vehicles may be fuel oil vehicles, gas vehicles, or new energy vehicles, the spacecraft may include airplanes, rockets, space shuttles, and spaceships, the electric toys may include stationary or mobile electric toys, such as game consoles, electric car toys, electric steamship toys, and electric plane toys, and the power tools may include metal cutting power tools, polishing power tools, assembly power tools, and railroad power tools, such as electric drills, electric grinders, electric wrenches, electric screwdrivers, electric hammers, hammer drills, concrete vibrators, and electric planers. In the embodiments of the present application, the power consuming devices are not particularly limited.

[0040] In the following embodiment, for ease of explanation, the power consuming device is a vehicle.

[0041] 1 , a solar power generation assembly 2 is installed inside a vehicle 1, and the solar power generation assembly 2 may be installed on the top, front, or rear of the vehicle 1. The solar power generation assembly 2 can be used to supply power to the vehicle 1, for example, the solar power generation assembly 2 can be an operating power source for the vehicle 1.

[0042] The vehicle 1 may further include a controller 3 and a motor 4, where the controller 3 controls the solar power assembly 2 to power the motor 4 for use in, for example, starting, navigating, and running the vehicle 1 for its operating power needs.

[0043] As shown in Figure 2, the photovoltaic assembly 2 includes a solar cell 5. The solar cell 5 may be one or more. If there are multiple solar cells 5, the solar cells 5 may be connected in series, in parallel, or in series-parallel. A series-parallel connection refers to both a series connection and a parallel connection of multiple battery cells 5, and can provide high voltage and capacity.

[0044] As shown in Figures 3 and 4, an embodiment of the present application provides a solar cell 5, which has a plurality of sub-batteries 6. Each of the sub-batteries 6 includes a first electrode layer 51, a photoelectric conversion assembly 52, and a second electrode layer 53, which are stacked in order along its thickness direction X. The second electrode layer 53 includes a main body 531 and a connecting portion 532 electrically connected to the main body 531. The connecting portion 532 of one of the sub-batteries 6 is electrically connected to the first electrode layer 51 of another sub-battery 6, thereby electrically connecting the plurality of sub-batteries 6. Here, the thickness of the main body 531 is greater than the thickness of the connecting portion 532.

[0045] The solar cell 5 has multiple sub-batteries 6, which are connected in series to improve the maximum output power of the solar cell 5 and significantly increase its fill factor. As the number of sub-batteries 6 connected in series increases, the constant current effect improves and the open circuit voltage increases, making it possible to use with an external load.

[0046] It should be noted that each film layer in the sub-cell 6 is formed on a substrate 50. Using the substrate 50 as a base, a first electrode layer 51 is formed on the substrate 50 in advance, a photoelectric conversion assembly 52 is formed on the side of the first electrode layer 51 facing away from the substrate 50, and a second electrode layer 53 is formed on the side of the photoelectric conversion assembly 52 facing away from the substrate 50. Exemplarily, the substrate 50 serves as a mounting base and has insulating properties. The substrate 50 may be a flexible substrate or a rigid substrate. The rigid substrate may include a glass substrate, and the flexible substrate may include polyethylene glycol terephthalate (PEI) or polyimide (PI).

[0047] The photoelectric conversion assembly 52 is the core functional layer of the sub-cell 6. Its main function is to absorb external light and then form electron-hole pairs therein, and the electrons and holes are separated and extracted for external output. For example, the photoelectric conversion assembly 52 may be a perovskite photoelectric conversion assembly, or may be another photoelectric conversion assembly 52, such as a zinc cadmium telluride photoelectric conversion assembly or a copper indium gallium selenide photoelectric conversion assembly.

[0048] The photovoltaic assembly 52 may include multiple transport layers, each used for transporting electrons and holes. Of course, the photovoltaic assembly 52 may also include functional layers to improve the efficiency of electron and hole transport and reduce the risk of electron and hole recombination.

[0049] The first electrode layer 51 and the second electrode layer 53 are electrically connected to the photoelectric conversion assembly 52, with the first electrode layer 51 collecting holes and the second electrode layer 53 collecting electrons. The first electrode layer 51 and the second electrode layer 53 may be made of the same material or different materials. For example, the first electrode layer 51 and the second electrode layer 53 may both be made of a metal material, or the first electrode layer 51 may be made of a transparent conductive material and the second electrode layer 53 may be made of a metal material. Metal materials have a large number of free electrons and good metallic conductivity, while transparent conductive materials have conductivity and translucency.

[0050] The second electrode layer 53 of one of two adjacent sub-batteries 6 is connected to the first electrode layer 51, thereby realizing a series connection of the two adjacent sub-batteries 6. In the embodiment of the present application, the second electrode layer 53 includes a body portion 531 and a connection portion 532, and the connection portion 532 is connected to the body portion 531. The body portion 531 of the sub-battery 6 is located on the side of the photoelectric conversion assembly 52 that is away from the first electrode layer 51, and the connection portion 532 of the sub-battery 6 penetrates the photoelectric conversion assembly 52, with one end of the connection portion 532 connected to the body portion 531 and the other end of the connection portion 532 connected to the first electrode layer 51 of the other sub-battery 6.

[0051] When forming the second electrode layer 53, at least a portion of the main body portion 531 and the connection portion 532 are installed as a single unit, and the main body portion 531 and the connection portion 532 are mechanically connected, and electrical connection can also be achieved by a mechanical connection method.

[0052] The second electrode layer 53 may be made of one type of material or a plurality of types of materials.

[0053] When the second electrode layer 53 is made of one material, the material is applied to the side of the photoelectric conversion assembly 52 that faces away from the first electrode layer 51 to form a film layer in advance, and the film layer and the photoelectric conversion assembly 52 are scribed to form a second cutout. Subsequently, a similar material is applied to the second cutout and to the side of the film layer that faces away from the first electrode layer 51 to form another film layer. Because the two film layers formed use the same material, there is no significant interface between the two film layers.

[0054] When the second electrode layer 53 employs a plurality of materials, for example, the plurality of materials may include a first material and a second material, and the first material may be disposed in advance on the side of the photoelectric conversion assembly 52 that faces away from the first electrode layer 51 to form a first film layer. Then, the first film layer and the photoelectric conversion assembly 52 are scribed to form a second cutout P2. Subsequently, a second material is disposed in the second cutout P2 and on the side of the first film layer that faces away from the first electrode layer 51 to form a second film layer. Because the formed two film layers employ different materials, a certain interface exists between the two film layers.

[0055] Of course, the multiple materials may further include a third material, and the first film layer may be formed, and then a second film layer may be formed on the side of the first film layer that faces away from the first electrode layer 51, and then the second film layer, the first film layer, and the photoelectric conversion assembly 52 may be scribed together to form a second cutout P2, and then a third film layer may be formed using a third material in the second cutout P2 and on the side of the second film layer that faces away from the first electrode layer 51. Alternatively, the first film layer may be formed, and then the first film layer and the photoelectric conversion assembly 52 may be scribed to form the second cutout P2, and then a second film layer may be formed in the second cutout P2 and on the side of the first film layer that faces away from the first electrode layer 51, and then a third film layer may be formed on the side of the second film layer that faces away from the first electrode layer 51. The plurality of materials may further include more materials, or a composition of the plurality of materials may be used when forming one of the film layers.

[0056] In each of the above examples, before scribing the second cutout portion P2, at least one film layer is formed in advance, and the film layer can provide a protective effect for the photovoltaic conversion assembly 52. ​​Scribing the second cutout portion P2 with the protective effect of the film layer can reduce the risk of external moisture and oxygen entering the photovoltaic conversion assembly 52, thereby ensuring the stability of the performance of the solar cell 5.

[0057] For scribing, laser scribing, mask or exposure methods can be adopted. Laser scribing will be taken as an example to explain this. A laser beam is irradiated onto the surface of the film layer, and the laser energy contained in the laser beam is transmitted into the film layer. The pre-formed film layer has good thermal conductivity and can conduct heat evenly and quickly during the scribing process, and the edge structure of the second cut-out portion P2 formed by scribing is regular.

[0058] The portion of the photoelectric conversion assembly 52 that is separated from the first electrode layer 51 constitutes the main body portion 531 of the second electrode layer 53, and the portion located within the second cutout portion P2 constitutes the connection portion 532 of the second electrode layer 53. The main body portion 531 includes at least two film layers, and the number of film layers included in the connection portion 532 is fewer than that of the main body portion 531. The main body portion 531 can provide pre-protection against the scribing process of the sub-battery 6. The number of film layers in the main body portion 531 and the connection portion 532 is different, and macroscopically, this appears as if the main body portion 531 is thicker than the connection portion 532. In FIG. 4, H1 represents the thickness of the main body portion 531, H2 represents the thickness of the connection portion 532, and X represents the thickness direction of the sub-battery.

[0059] As a result, in the embodiments of the present application, when forming the structure of the sub-cell 6, the thickness of the main body 531 is set to be greater than the thickness of the connection part 532, so that the main body 531 provides protection for the photoelectric conversion assembly 52, reducing the risk of external moisture and oxygen entering the photoelectric conversion assembly 52 and ensuring the stability of the performance of the photoelectric conversion assembly 52, thereby ensuring the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 5. Meanwhile, when scribing the second cut-out portion P2, a portion of the main body 531 can provide good thermal conductivity, reducing the heat island at the edge of the second cut-out portion P2 structure formed by scribing, stabilizing the structure of the sub-cell 6, and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 5.

[0060] In some embodiments, the ratio of the thickness of the main body portion 531 to the thickness of the connecting portion 532 is A, and 1 <A≦20である。

[0061] When A is equal to 1, in this case, the main body and the connecting part are integrally formed, i.e., the second electrode layer includes one film layer. In the scribing process, it is necessary to first scribe to form the second cutout and then form the second electrode layer, and the main body cannot provide protection for the photoelectric conversion assembly.

[0062] When A exceeds 20, the thickness of the main body is much greater than the thickness of the connection part. In this case, the thickness of the main body accounts for a large proportion of the total thickness of the sub-cell, and in particular, the proportion of the thickness of the photoelectric conversion assembly is relatively small, and the degree of light absorption of the photoelectric conversion assembly is relatively small. As a result, the amount of photocurrent that can be converted and output by the sub-cell is low, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell is low.

[0063] In the embodiments of this application, the ratio of the thickness of the main body part 531 to the thickness of the connection part 532 satisfies 1 < A ≤ 20. As the upper limit of A, it can be selected from 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 or 20. As the lower limit of A, it can be selected from 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 15. As the range of A, it can be selected from any reasonable combination of the above upper limit value and lower limit value. For example, 1 < A ≤ 10. When A satisfies the above range, the main body part 531 can not only play a good protective role for the photoelectric conversion assembly 52, but also improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 5.

[0064] The main body part 531 can be manufactured by adopting one kind of material or multiple kinds of materials. Hereinafter, the material of the main body part 531 will be described.

[0065] In some embodiments, the main body part 531 is manufactured by adopting the same material. In addition to the thickness of the main body part 531 being greater than the thickness of the connection part 532, the main body part 531 includes at least two layers of film layers. Each layer of film is manufactured by adopting the same material, and there is almost no interface between the two formed film layers. In other words, there is almost no interface inside the main body part 531, and the structural stability of the whole main body part 531 can be improved. Exemplarily, the material of the main body part 531 includes gold Au, silver Ag, copper Cu, aluminum Al, transparent conductive oxide (Transparent Conductive Oxide, TCO) or carbon. Here, TCO includes fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO, SnO2:F), indium tin oxide (ITO, In2O3:Sn), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO, ZnO:Al) or antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO, Sn2O:Sb). Regarding the above abbreviations, taking SnO2:F as an example, SnO2:F represents tin oxide SnO2 doped with fluorine F.

[0066] Of course, each film layer may be manufactured using a mixed material, and the material of each film layer may be substantially the same, with almost no interfaces between the film layers, resulting in a relatively stable structure of the body 531. For example, the material of the body 531 may include at least two of gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), and aluminum (Al).

[0067] In some other embodiments, the body portion 531 is manufactured using multiple materials. In addition to the body portion 531 being thicker than the connection portion 532, the body portion 531 includes at least two film layers, each of which may be made of a different material. For example, a film layer pre-formed on the photovoltaic conversion assembly 52 may be made of a first material, and a film layer formed on the surface of the pre-formed film layer facing away from the first electrode layer 51 may be made of a second material. The first material may be made of a material with relatively good thermal conductivity, which is advantageous for heat conduction during the scribing process. The second material may be made of a material with relatively good thermal conductivity, which is advantageous for improving electron transport efficiency. In other words, using multiple materials to manufacture the body portion 531 is advantageous for comprehensively improving the performance of the solar cell 5. For example, the material of each film layer in the body portion 531 may be independently selected from gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), transparent conductive oxide (TCO), or carbon.

[0068] 5, in addition to the film layers of the body 531 being made of different materials, the body 531 also includes a first portion 5311 and a second portion 5312. The second portion 5312 is located on the side of the first portion 5311 that is farther away from the first electrode layer 51, and the first portion 5311 and the second portion 5312 are made of different materials. For example, the first portion 5311 and the second portion 5312 can be independently selected from gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), transparent conductive oxide (TCO), or carbon. The first portion 5311 can provide good protection for the photoelectric conversion assembly 52 and good heat conduction during the scribing process, while the second portion 5312 can provide good electrical conductivity, which is beneficial for electron transport.

[0069] As shown in FIG. 6 , in some embodiments, the subcell 6 includes a blocking layer 54 for blocking the transport of a first charge, the blocking layer 54 being disposed on a side of the photovoltaic assembly 52 away from the first electrode layer 51. Exemplarily, the first charge may be a hole, and correspondingly, the second charge referred to below may be an electron. The blocking layer 54 can block the transport of holes at the interface of the photovoltaic assembly 52, thereby improving the transport efficiency of electrons transported through the photovoltaic assembly 52 to the second electrode layer 53, and can reduce the risk of electrons and holes recombining at the interface of the photovoltaic assembly 52, further improving the electron transport efficiency, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 5.

[0070] Optionally, the material of the blocking layer 54 includes at least one of a block copolymer BCP, lithium fluoride LiF, and tin oxide SnO2. Taking BCP as an example, BCP can sufficiently fill the grain boundaries on the surface of the photovoltaic conversion assembly 52, reduce the accumulation of holes at the interface, and suppress the recombination of electrons and holes at the interface.

[0071] When the second punched portion is scribed, it is necessary to form a blocking layer before scribing. In this case, the blocking layer is exposed to dew for a relatively long time, and the blocking layer is easily invaded by external moisture and oxygen.

[0072] 7 , in order to ensure the performance of the solar cell 5, in the embodiment of the present application, the blocking layer 54 is positioned between the photovoltaic conversion assembly 52 and the main body 531, and the main body 531 protects the blocking layer 54 and reduces the risk of external moisture and oxygen penetrating into the blocking layer 54, thereby ensuring the performance of the solar cell 5. Specifically, the main body 531 includes at least two film layers, and before performing the second scribing, at least one film layer is formed in advance on the blocking layer 54, and the second scribing is performed using the protective effect of the film layer to form the second punched portion P2.

[0073] Optionally, the ratio of the weight of blocking layer 54 to the weight of body portion 531 is B, where 0.001≦B≦0.2, optionally 0.005≦B≦0.1.

[0074] If the weight of the blocking layer 54 is too large, its thickness will be relatively large and its proportion to the overall thickness of the sub-cell 6 will be large, which may result in a relatively small proportion of the thickness of the photovoltaic conversion assembly 52 of the sub-cell 6, thereby reducing the photovoltaic conversion efficiency. If the weight of the blocking layer 54 is too small, its thickness will be relatively small and the blocking layer 54 may not be able to perform a good hole blocking function. In Figure 7, H1 represents the thickness of the main body, and H3 represents the thickness of the blocking layer 54.

[0075] B satisfies 0.001≦B≦0.2, and optionally satisfies 0.005≦B≦0.1, so that the blocking layer has good hole blocking properties, and the main body 531 also has good protection properties for the blocking layer 54, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 5.

[0076] Optionally, the ratio of the thickness of blocking layer 54 to the thickness of body portion 531 is C, where 0.005≦C≦0.2, optionally 0.01≦C≦0.1.

[0077] If the thickness of the blocking layer 54 is too thick, the thickness of the blocking layer 54 will occupy a large proportion of the overall thickness of the subcell 6, which may result in a relatively small proportion of the thickness of the photovoltaic conversion assembly 52 of the subcell 6, thereby reducing the photovoltaic conversion efficiency. If the thickness of the blocking layer 54 is too small, the blocking layer 54 may not be able to perform a good hole blocking function.

[0078] C satisfies 0.005≦C≦0.2, and optionally satisfies 0.01≦C≦0.1, so that the blocking layer has good hole blocking properties, and the main body 531 also has good protection properties for the blocking layer 54, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 5.

[0079] As shown in FIG. 8, the photoelectric conversion assembly 52 is a core member of the solar cell 5, and the structure of the photoelectric conversion assembly 52 will be described below.

[0080] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic assembly 52 includes a first charge transport layer 521, a photovoltaic layer 522, and a second charge transport layer 523, which are stacked in this order along the thickness direction of the subcell 6, and the first charge transport layer 521 is located between the first electrode layer 51 and the photovoltaic layer 522. The first charge transport layer 521 is a hole transport layer, and the second charge transport layer 523 is an electron transport layer. The solar cell 5 includes a substrate 50, a first electrode layer 51, a first charge transport layer 521, a photovoltaic layer 522, a second charge transport layer 523, and a second electrode layer 53, which are stacked in this order along the thickness direction X of the solar cell 5.

[0081] The material of the first charge transport layer 521 includes at least one of poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] PTAA, polymer PEDOT (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene monomer), nickel oxide NiOx, CuI, and Cu2O. The first charge transport layer 521 is disposed between the first electrode layer 51 and the photoelectric conversion layer 522 to form good ohmic contact, effectively transport holes, reduce carrier recombination at the interface, and improve photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0082] The material of the photoelectric conversion layer 522 conforms to the ABX3 crystal structure, which is the crystal structure of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite materials and exhibits a cubic or octahedral structure. Here, A includes at least one of methylammonium (MA), formamide (FA), and cesium (Cs), B includes at least one of lead (Pb), tin (Sn), and copper (Cu), and X includes at least one of bromine (Br), chlorine (Cl), and iodine (I). The photoelectric conversion layer 522 absorbs photons and converts them into electrons and holes, which are then transported to the first charge transport layer 521 and the second charge transport layer 523, respectively, by the action of a built-in electric field.

[0083] The material of the second charge transport layer 523 includes at least one of C60, tin oxide SnO2, a fullerene derivative PCBM, and titanium oxide TiO2. By providing the second charge transport layer 523 between the photoelectric conversion layer 522 and the second electrode layer 53, the potential energy barrier between the photoelectric conversion layer 522 and the second electrode layer 53 is lowered, which is advantageous for electron transport and improves electron transport efficiency, while the second charge transport layer 523 itself is advantageous for electron transport, hole blocking, and reducing the risk of carrier recombination at the interface.

[0084] In some embodiments, the material of the first electrode layer 51 includes gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), transparent conductive oxide (TCO), or carbon. Gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), and aluminum (Al) are metal electrodes with excellent conductivity. Transparent conductive oxide (TCO) is used as a transparent electrode, and the transparent electrode includes fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), indium tin oxide (ITO), or aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO). The first electrode layer 51 made of the above materials has excellent conductivity and is advantageous for hole transport.

[0085] As shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, an embodiment of the present application further provides a method for manufacturing a solar cell, the method including:

[0086] S100, providing the substrate.

[0087] S200, forming a bottom electrode on one side of the substrate, the bottom electrode including a plurality of first electrode layers spaced apart to divide the solar cell into a plurality of sub-cells;

[0088] A bottom electrode, for example a transparent glass electrode, is formed on the surface of the substrate 50 by magnetron sputtering or chemical methods, and the bottom electrode can be divided into a plurality of first electrode layers 51 by scribing, and the gaps between the plurality of first electrode layers 51 are first cutout portions P1, and the scribing method may include laser scribing, mask or exposure methods.

[0089] S300: forming a photoelectric conversion assembly on each of the surfaces of the plurality of first electrode layers that are away from the substrate;

[0090] The photoelectric conversion assembly 52 includes a first charge transport layer 521 (hole transport layer), a photoelectric conversion layer 522, and a second charge transport layer 523 (electron transport layer) stacked in order along its thickness direction X.

[0091] A first charge transport layer 521 is formed on the surface of the first electrode layer 51 facing away from the substrate 50 by magnetron sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition (ALD) or coating, and the first cutout portion P1 may be filled with an insulating material, or of course, may be directly installed as the material for the first charge transport layer 521.

[0092] A photoelectric conversion layer 522 is formed on the surface of the first charge transport layer 521 that faces away from the substrate by coating, spray coating, spin coating, vapor deposition, or chemical deposition.

[0093] A second charge transport layer 523 is formed on the surface of the photoelectric conversion layer 522 that faces away from the substrate 50 by magnetron sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition (ALD), or coating.

[0094] By scribing using laser scribing, a mask or an exposure method, a second cut-out portion P2 is formed in the first charge transport layer 521, the photoelectric conversion layer 522 and the second charge transport layer 523, penetrating the first charge transport layer 521, the photoelectric conversion layer 522 and the second charge transport layer 523.

[0095] S400: Forming a second electrode layer on a surface of the photovoltaic conversion assembly facing away from the substrate, the second electrode layer including a main body portion and a connection portion electrically connected to the main body portion, the connection portion of one sub-battery among the plurality of sub-batteries being electrically connected to the first electrode layer of another sub-battery for electrically connecting the plurality of sub-batteries, wherein the thickness of the main body portion is greater than the thickness of the connection portion.

[0096] A second electrode layer 53, such as a metal electrode, is formed within the second cutout portion P2 and on the surface of the photovoltaic conversion assembly 52 facing away from the substrate 50 by magnetron sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition (ALD) or coating method, and the metal electrode located within the second cutout portion P2 realizes the series connection of adjacent sub-batteries 6.

[0097] By performing scribing using laser scribing, a mask, or an exposure method, a third cutout portion P3 is formed in the metal electrode, the first charge transport layer 521, the photoelectric conversion layer 522, and the second charge transport layer 523.

[0098] The main body 531 of the second electrode layer 53 is located on the side of the photoelectric conversion assembly 52 that is away from the substrate 50, and the connection portion 532 of the second electrode layer 53 is located in the second punched portion P2. After forming the second electrode layer 53, the second electrode layer 53 and the photoelectric conversion assembly 52 are scribed to form the third punched portion P3, and the third punched portion P3 penetrates the second electrode layer 53 and the photoelectric conversion assembly 52.

[0099] In the solar cell manufactured based on the manufacturing method of the embodiment of the present application, the thickness of the body portion is greater than the thickness of the connection portion, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell can be improved.

[0100] As shown in FIG. 10, in some embodiments, step S400 includes:

[0101] S410, forming a first portion on a surface of the photoelectric conversion assembly away from the substrate.

[0102] S420: sequentially removing the first portion and a portion of the photoelectric conversion assembly along the thickness direction of the sub-cell to form a hollow area;

[0103] The cut-out area in this step is the second cut-out portion mentioned above.

[0104] S430, forming a second portion on a surface of the first portion facing away from the substrate, and forming a connection portion in the cutout area, wherein the second portion and the first portion are made of different materials.

[0105] The second electrode layer, which is formed by using different materials for the second and first parts, has both electrical and thermal conductivity, thereby improving the overall performance of the solar cell.

[0106] As shown in FIG. 11, in some embodiments, after step S300, the method further includes:

[0107] S500, a blocking layer is disposed between the photovoltaic conversion assembly and the second electrode layer, the blocking layer being for blocking hole transport.

[0108] The provision of a blocking layer can block hole transport, reduce the risk of recombination of holes and electrons at the interface of the photovoltaic assembly, and improve the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0109] Based on the above steps, the positive output electrode and the negative output electrode can be further joined by conductive tape bonding, ultrasonic welding, laser welding or solder paste to form an external output electrode.

[0110] Example Examples of the present application are described below. The examples described below are illustrative and are used only to interpret the present application, and should not be understood as limiting the present application. In the examples, specific techniques or conditions are not specified, but are carried out according to the techniques or conditions described in the technical literature or product instructions. Reagents or equipment used without a specified manufacturer are all common products that can be purchased commercially.

[0111] Examples 1 to 12, Comparative Examples 1 and 2 A set of FTO conductive glass with a standard size of 100mm x 100mm was taken, and an infrared laser (wavelength 1064nm) was used to etch the first cutout P1, the width of P1 being about 30um. The entire glass was divided into 10 sub-batteries, and the series resistance of the different sub-batteries was greater than 10MΩ. 10mm on each side was used as the welding area for the FTO conductive glass, which was then cleaned with a cleaning agent (multiple types of active materials and alkaline additives) and subjected to ultrasonic vibration for 10 minutes in deionized water, ethanol, and acetone, respectively. After ultrasonic treatment, it was blown dry with N2 and prepared for use.

[0112] The cleaned FTO conductive glass is placed into a magnetron sputtering apparatus (injecting a constant Ar:O) to deposit a hole transport layer, NiO, with a thickness of approximately 15 nm.

[0113] The hole transport layer was irradiated with ultraviolet light (wavelength 253.7 nm) for 10 minutes, and the surface of the hole transport layer facing away from the FTO conductive glass was coated with the perovskite solution (FA x Cs 1-x PbI y Br 3-y ) A perovskite absorber layer was applied, crystallized and deposited (VCD, 120°C 20min annealing), and then removed and ready for use.

[0114] The FTO conductive glass with the perovskite absorber layer formed was placed in a vacuum deposition apparatus and 4 × 10 -4 The vacuum was drawn to 300 Pa, and a 30 nm C60 electron transport layer was deposited on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer facing away from the FTO conductive glass.

[0115] A blocking layer (BCP vapor deposition, thickness 6 nm) was formed on the surface of the electron transport layer that was away from the FTO conductive glass. The material, weight and thickness of the blocking layer were as shown in Table 1.

[0116] A first portion is formed on the surface of the blocking layer that faces away from the FTO conductive glass, and the material, weight and thickness of the first portion are as shown in Table 1.

[0117] The temperature of the FTO conductive glass is lowered to about 30°C, the vacuum is broken, and the glass is removed. A second cutout P2 is laser-etched. The width of P2 is 150 μm, and the etching is continued until the surface of the FTO conductive glass is reached. The distance between P2 and P1 is 20 μm.

[0118] The FTO conductive glass was again placed in the vacuum deposition equipment and deposited to form the second part, the material, weight and thickness of which are shown in Table 1.

[0119] The temperature is lowered to about 30°C, the vacuum is broken and the substrate is taken out, and a third cutout P3 is laser etched. The width of P3 is 15 μm, and the etching is continued until the FTO conductive glass is reached. The distance between P3 and P2 is 20 μm.

[0120] Then, infrared trimming (wavelength 1064 nm) was performed on the FTO conductive glass, that is, 10 mm was etched on each side of the FTO conductive glass to obtain a solar cell.

[0121] Performance Test 1. Photoelectric conversion efficiency test 25℃ 1000W / m 2 The solar simulator (3A class) measures the effective area of ​​the solar cell to be 64cm. 2 The energy conversion efficiency of the solar cell was tested by inputting a test voltage of -2 to 14 V and a scan rate (320 scan points).

[0122] 2. Thickness test of the first and second parts Using a glass cutter, a line was drawn on the back of the solar cell in a direction parallel to the incident light, the solar cell was split, and 10 points containing the cross section of P2 were taken. The thickness of the bottom of P2 (second part) and the edge of P2 (first part) were photographed at 30,000x or 50,000x magnification using a scanning electron microscope.

[0123] 3. Thickness test of blocking layer The electrodes were removed using tape and the thickness was tested using an ellipsometer.

[0124] The parameters and solar cell performance of Examples 1 to 12 and Comparative Examples 1 to 2 are as shown in Table 1.

Table 1

[0125] As shown in Table 1, Comparative Example 1 does not contain the second part. That is, in the second scribing process, there is almost no protective effect on the photoelectric conversion assembly, and its photoelectric conversion efficiency is relatively low.

[0126] Compared with Comparative Example 1, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cells of Examples 1 to 12 was significantly improved.

[0127] In Comparative Example 2, the proportion of the thickness of the main body part is large, so the proportion of the thickness of the photoelectric conversion assembly is small, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell is small.

[0128] Compared with Comparative Example 2, the thickness of the main body part of Examples 1 to 5 is appropriate. Especially when the ratio A of the thickness of the main body part to the connecting part satisfies 1 < A ≤ 20, especially when 1 < A ≤ 10, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell is excellent, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of Example 1 is particularly excellent.

[0129] For Examples 6 to 12, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell can be adjusted by adjusting the range of the ratio C of the thickness of the blocking layer to the main body part. When C satisfies 0.005 ≤ C ≤ 0.2, especially when 0.01 ≤ C ≤ 0.1, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell is excellent.

[0130] Although this application has been described in connection with preferred embodiments, various improvements may be made thereto without departing from the scope of this application, and the components therein may be replaced with equivalent ones. In particular, as long as there is no structural contradiction, the technical features mentioned in each embodiment can be combined in any way. This application is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed in this specification, but includes all technical solutions included in the scope of the claims.

Explanation of Reference Signs

[0131] X: thickness direction; P1: first punched portion; P2: second punched portion; P3: third punched portion; 1. Vehicle, 2. Photovoltaic assembly, 3. Controller, 4. Motor, 5. Solar cells, 50, board, 51, a first electrode layer; 52, photoelectric conversion assembly; 521, first charge transport layer; 522, photoelectric conversion layer; 523, second charge transport layer; 53, second electrode layer, 531, main body portion, 5311, first portion, 5312, second portion, 532, connection portion, 54, blocking layer; 6. Sub battery.

Claims

1. a solar cell having a plurality of sub-cells formed on a substrate, each of the plurality of sub-cells including a first electrode layer, a photoelectric conversion assembly, and a second electrode layer stacked in order along a thickness direction of the sub-cell; the second electrode layer including a main body and a connection portion electrically connected to the main body, the connection portion having a portion formed on a surface of the first electrode layer facing away from the substrate in a cut-out area and a portion extending from the portion along the thickness direction so as to contact a side surface of the photoelectric conversion assembly; the connection portion of one of the plurality of sub-cells is electrically connected to the first electrode layer of another of the plurality of sub-cells, for electrically connecting the plurality of sub-cells; and the thickness of the main body is greater than the thickness of the portion of the connection portion formed on the surface of the first electrode layer facing away from the substrate. the main body portion includes a first portion and a second portion, the second portion being located on a side of the first portion that is away from the first electrode layer, and the first portion and the second portion being manufactured using different materials; the first portion and the second portion are each independently made of gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), a transparent conductive oxide (TCO), or carbon; The solar cell, wherein the connection portion and the second portion are made of the same material.

2. 2. The solar cell according to claim 1, wherein a ratio of the thickness of the first portion to the thickness of the second portion is 0.5 to 8.

3. the thickness of the first portion is 30 nm to 80 nm; The solar cell according to claim 1 , wherein the second portion has a thickness of 10 nm to 60 nm.

4. 2. The solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the main body is 10 nm to 90 nm.

5. 2. The solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the connection portion is 10 nm to 60 nm.

6. The solar cell according to claim 1 , wherein a ratio of the thickness of the main body portion to the thickness of the connection portion is A, and 1<A≦20.

7. The solar cell according to claim 6 , wherein 1<A≦10.

8. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the sub-cell includes a blocking layer for blocking transport of the first charge, the blocking layer being disposed between the photoelectric conversion assembly and the main body.

9. 9. The solar cell according to claim 8, wherein the blocking layer has a thickness of 1 nm to 30 nm.

10. 9. The solar cell of claim 8, wherein a ratio of the weight of the blocking layer to the weight of the body is B, and 0.001≦B≦0.

2.

11. 9. The solar cell of claim 8, wherein the ratio of the thickness of the blocking layer to the thickness of the body is C, and 0.005≦C≦0.

333.

12. The solar cell according to claim 11, wherein 0.005≦C≦0.

2.

13. the photoelectric conversion assembly includes a first charge transport layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a second charge transport layer that are stacked in this order along a thickness direction of the sub-cell, the first charge transport layer being located between the first electrode layer and the photoelectric conversion layer; The material of the first charge transport layer is poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine]PTAA, polymer PEDOT of (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene monomer), nickel oxide NiOx, CuI and Cu 2 O, and / or The material of the photoelectric conversion layer is ABX 3 conforming to a crystalline structure, wherein A comprises at least one of methylammonium MA, formamide FA, and cesium Cs; B comprises at least one of lead Pb, tin Sn, and copper Cu; and X comprises at least one of bromine Br, chlorine Cl, and iodine I; and / or The material of the second charge transport layer is C60, tin oxide (SnO) 2 , fullerene derivative PCBM and titanium oxide TiO 2 The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 12, comprising at least one of:

14. 14. The solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the material of the first electrode layer includes gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), a transparent conductive oxide (TCO), or carbon.

15. A photovoltaic assembly comprising a plurality of solar cells according to any one of claims 1 to 14.

16. 16. A power consuming device comprising the photovoltaic assembly of claim 15, said photovoltaic assembly being for providing electrical energy.

17. A method for manufacturing a solar cell, comprising: Providing a substrate; forming a bottom electrode on one side of the substrate, the bottom electrode including a plurality of spaced apart first electrode layers to divide the solar cell into a plurality of sub-cells; forming a photoelectric conversion assembly on each of the first electrode layers on a surface thereof facing away from the substrate; forming a second electrode layer on a side of the photoelectric conversion assembly facing away from the substrate, the second electrode layer including a main body portion and a connection portion electrically connected to the main body portion, the connection portion having a portion formed on a surface of the first electrode layer facing away from the substrate in a cut-out area and a portion extending from the portion along a thickness direction of the sub-battery so as to contact a side surface of the photoelectric conversion assembly, the connection portion of one of the plurality of sub-batteries being electrically connected to a first electrode layer of another of the plurality of sub-batteries to electrically connect the plurality of sub-batteries, and the thickness of the main body portion being greater than the thickness of the portion of the connection portion formed on the surface of the first electrode layer facing away from the substrate; The step of forming a second electrode layer on a side of the photovoltaic conversion assembly facing away from the substrate includes: forming a first portion of the photovoltaic conversion assembly on a side facing away from the substrate; forming the cutout area by sequentially removing the first portion and a portion of the photoelectric conversion assembly along a thickness direction of the sub-battery; forming a second portion on a surface of the first portion that faces away from the substrate, and forming a connection portion in the cutout area, wherein the second portion and the first portion are made of different materials; the first portion and the second portion are each independently made of gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), a transparent conductive oxide (TCO), or carbon; The method for manufacturing a solar cell, wherein the material of the connection portion and the material of the second portion are the same.

18. 18. The method for manufacturing a solar cell according to claim 17, wherein a blocking layer is disposed between the photovoltaic conversion assembly and the second electrode layer, the blocking layer being for blocking hole transport.

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