Long-lasting anti-fungal and anti-algae coating

Abstract

The present invention provides a heavy metal- and fluororesin-free, long-lasting, water-based antifungal and antialgal coating composition, a method for producing the composition, and a coating. [Solution] A liquid antifungal and / or antialgal composition that forms a coating on a substrate after application, the composition containing less than 0.01 wt% of a heavy metal-containing component and less than 0.01 wt% of a fluorine-containing component. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating applied to a substrate is also durable. The coating contains less than 0.01 wt% of a heavy metal-containing component and less than 0.01 wt% of a fluorine-containing component.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates generally to the field of long-lasting antifungal and antialgal coatings, and more particularly to compositions for forming antifungal and antialgal coatings and methods of using same. In certain embodiments, the antifungal and antialgal coatings and compositions for forming the antifungal and antialgal coatings are long-lasting and free of heavy metals and / or fluorine-containing components. [Background technology]

[0002] Implementing measures to prevent algae and fungal growth on exterior substrates is essential for roofing, siding, and various other residential and commercial materials. These prevention measures include using exterior coatings that will not deteriorate while exposed to outdoor environments. Current antifungal and antialgal technologies use heavy metals, which are water-insoluble and therefore provide long-term protection. In recent years, significant concerns have arisen regarding the effects of these heavy metal complexes and their associated toxicity when leached into municipal water systems, for example.

[0003] Furthermore, when the above-mentioned heavy metal complexes are incorporated into coating agents and applied to exterior substrates, fluororesins, which have excellent durability and gloss retention, have been used as carriers or film formers. However, like the above-mentioned heavy metal complexes, fluororesins and fluorine-containing compositions have also come to be avoided due to concerns about toxicity when they come into contact with plants and animals.

[0004] JPH11293153 discloses triazines used as herbicides. Because the disclosed herbicides are water-soluble, the triazines quickly leach into the environment, causing adverse environmental effects and quickly losing their herbicidal efficacy. The compositions described in JPH11293153 do not form long-lasting coatings and / or are designed for surface treatment of exterior substrates / building materials (e.g., roofing boards). US2013296461 discloses biosurfactants used as antimicrobial agents. The disclosed biosurfactants are water-soluble and leach into the environment within a few days. The compositions quickly lose their effectiveness and form short-lived coatings. Therefore, neither JPH11293153 nor US2013296461 discloses durable biocides and / or coatings that can withstand exterior environments such as roofing boards. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0005] Therefore, there is a need for a long-lasting, water-based antifungal and antialgal coating that is free of heavy metals and fluororesins. The disclosed compositions and coatings eliminate the need for heavy metals by encapsulating the non-heavy metal active ingredient using a highly stable binder system (film-forming composition and clear film) without the use of fluorine-containing resins. The coatings disclosed herein exhibit weatherability that exceeds that of conventional acrylic and polyurethane-based systems and advantageously match or exceed the performance (e.g., durability and / or gloss retention) of fluorine-containing resins. The biocide active ingredient is a unique combination of encapsulated and non-encapsulated biocides, which maximizes the antifungal and antialgal properties of the coating while minimizing leaching from the coating. The water-insoluble biocide active ingredient minimizes leaching over long periods of time, resulting in a durable, weather-resistant coating.

[0006] In certain embodiments, a liquid antifungal and / or antialgal composition is disclosed that forms a coating after application to a substrate, the composition comprising: (a) water at a concentration of 70% by weight or less of the composition; (b) a biocide dispersed in the water in an amount effective to prevent and / or inhibit fungal and / or algal growth after application to the substrate; (c) a stabilizer dispersed in the water; and (d) a film-forming composition dispersed in the water in an amount effective to form a clear film on the substrate after application.

[0007] In certain embodiments, the composition comprises less than 0.01 wt.% heavy metal-containing components and less than 0.01 wt.% fluorine-containing components.

[0008] In certain embodiments, the film-forming composition is an organic-inorganic hybrid resin / emulsion.

[0009] In certain aspects, the film-forming composition comprises a siloxane component and an organic component.

[0010] In certain embodiments, the film-forming composition comprises one or more copolymers.

[0011] In certain embodiments, the film-forming composition comprises a siloxane component and at least one of an acrylate component (e.g., an acrylate monomer and / or an acrylic polymer) and a urethane component (e.g., a polyol, an isocyanate, and / or a urethane polymer).

[0012] In certain embodiments, the film-forming composition comprises a polysiloxane and at least one of an acrylate component (e.g., an acrylate monomer and / or an acrylic polymer) or a urethane component (e.g., a polyol, an isocyanate, and / or a urethane polymer).

[0013] In certain embodiments, the film-forming composition comprises a polysiloxane, an acrylate component (eg, an acrylate monomer and / or an acrylic polymer), and a urethane component (eg, a polyol, an isocyanate, and / or a urethane polymer).

[0014] In certain embodiments, the film-forming composition comprises a polysiloxane-acrylic resin / emulsion and a polysiloxane-urethane resin / emulsion.

[0015] In certain embodiments, the polysiloxane-acrylic resin comprises a shell-core structure in which the polysiloxane is coated with the acrylic.

[0016] In certain embodiments, the organic-inorganic hybrid film-forming composition comprises 10 wt% to 45 wt% of the composition.

[0017] In certain aspects, the biocide comprises an encapsulated biocide and a non-encapsulated biocide.

[0018] In certain embodiments, the encapsulated biocide is configured to release the biocide from the coating on the substrate after application over a predetermined period of time, including, for example, 6 months to 5 years, 1 year to 5 years, 2 years to 5 years, or 3 years to 5 years.

[0019] In certain embodiments, the encapsulated biocide comprises between 0.1 wt% and 2 wt% of the composition.

[0020] In certain embodiments, the non-encapsulated biocide comprises between 0.1 wt% and 1 wt% of the composition.

[0021] In certain aspects, the biocide comprises a carbamate having biocidal activity.

[0022] In a particular embodiment, the biocide comprises butyl carbamate, which has biocidal activity.

[0023] In certain embodiments, the biocide comprises 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate.

[0024] In certain embodiments, the encapsulated biocide and the non-encapsulated biocide comprise at least one carbamate having biocidal activity.

[0025] In certain embodiments, the encapsulated biocide and the non-encapsulated biocide comprise at least one butyl carbamate having biocidal activity.

[0026] In certain embodiments, the encapsulated and non-encapsulated biocide comprises 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate.

[0027] In certain aspects, the non-encapsulated biocide further comprises an aromatic biocide.

[0028] In certain aspects, the aromatic biocide comprises an aromatic urea compound and an aromatic carbamate.

[0029] In certain embodiments, the aromatic biocide comprises 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate, or any combination thereof.

[0030] In certain embodiments, the stabilizer comprises 0.5 wt% to 6 wt% of the composition. In some embodiments, a first stabilizer and a second stabilizer are present in the composition. In certain embodiments, the first stabilizer comprises 0.5 wt% to 0.8 wt% of the composition. In certain embodiments, the second stabilizer comprises 0.3 wt% to 0.4 wt% of the composition.

[0031] In certain embodiments, the stabilizers (primary stabilizer and secondary stabilizer) comprise ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers.

[0032] In certain embodiments, the first UV stabilizer is a heterocycle.

[0033] In certain embodiments, the first UV stabilizer is an azine compound.

[0034] In certain embodiments, the first UV stabilizer is a triazine compound.

[0035] In certain embodiments, the first UV stabilizer is a hydroxyphenyltriazine.

[0036] In certain embodiments, the first UV stabilizer comprises 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-dodecyloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-tridecyloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the second UV stabilizer is a hindered amine and / or heterocycle. In some embodiments, the second UV stabilizer is a heterocyclic hindered amine. In some embodiments, the second UV stabilizer includes, but is not limited to, hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS). In some embodiments, the second UV stabilizer is a derivative of piperidine. In some embodiments, the second UV stabilizer is a derivative of tetramethylpiperidine. In some embodiments, the second UV stabilizer comprises decanedioic acid, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(octyloxy)-4-piperidinyl) ester. When a first stabilizer and a second stabilizer are present in the composition, the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition comprises the first stabilizer and the second stabilizer in a ratio of 1:1 to 5:1, more preferably 2:1 to 4:1.

[0037] In certain embodiments, the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition comprises a biocide and a film-forming composition in a ratio of 1:3 to 1:60.

[0038] In certain embodiments, the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition comprises a ratio of unencapsulated biocide to encapsulated biocide of between 3:1 and 1:7.

[0039] In certain embodiments, the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition comprises a polysiloxane acrylic resin and a polysiloxane urethane resin in a ratio of 9:1 to 1.1:1.

[0040] In certain embodiments, the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition comprises a biocide and a stabilizer (e.g., a first stabilizer and / or a second stabilizer) in a ratio of 8:1 to 1:4. When a first stabilizer and a second stabilizer are present in the composition, the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition comprises a biocide and a stabilizer in a ratio of 1:0.3 to 1:11, more preferably a ratio of 1:0.5 to 1:10. When a first stabilizer and a second stabilizer are present in the composition, the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition comprises a biocide and a stabilizer in a ratio of 1:0.1 to 1:4, more preferably a ratio of 1:0.5 to 1:3.

[0041] Also disclosed is a method for producing an antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition, comprising the steps of: (a) providing water at a concentration of 70 wt% or less of the composition; (b) mixing a biocide with the water, the biocide being present in an amount effective to prevent and / or inhibit fungal and / or algal growth on a substrate after application; (c) mixing a stabilizer with the water; and (d) mixing a film-forming composition with the water, the film-forming composition being present in an amount effective to form a clear film on the substrate after application.

[0042] Also disclosed is a method of coating a substrate, the method comprising the steps of (a) applying an antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition to the substrate, and (b) drying and / or curing the composition after application to the substrate to form a coated substrate.

[0043] In certain embodiments, the substrate is a porous or non-porous material.

[0044] In certain embodiments, the substrate is an unfunctionalized substrate, an electrostatically neutral substrate, or a combination thereof.

[0045] Also disclosed is an antifungal and / or antialgal coating comprising: (a) a clear film; (b) a biocide dispersed within the clear film in an amount effective to prevent and / or inhibit fungal and / or algal growth on and within the antifungal and / or antialgal coating; and (c) a stabilizer dispersed within the clear film.

[0046] In certain embodiments, the coating comprises less than 0.01 wt% heavy metal-containing components and less than 0.01 wt% fluorine-containing components.

[0047] In certain embodiments, the clear film is an organic-inorganic hybrid resin / emulsion.

[0048] In certain aspects, the clear film comprises a siloxane component and an organic component.

[0049] In certain embodiments, the clear film composition comprises one or more copolymers.

[0050] In certain embodiments, the clear film comprises a siloxane component and at least one of an acrylate component and a urethane component.

[0051] In certain embodiments, the clear film comprises a polysiloxane and at least one of an acrylate component (eg, an acrylate monomer and / or an acrylic polymer) and a urethane component (eg, a polyol, an isocyanate, and / or a urethane polymer).

[0052] In certain embodiments, the clear film comprises a polysiloxane, an acrylate component (eg, an acrylate monomer and / or an acrylic polymer), and a urethane component (eg, a polyol, an isocyanate, and / or a urethane polymer).

[0053] In a particular embodiment, the clear film comprises a polysiloxane acrylic resin and a polysiloxane urethane resin.

[0054] In certain embodiments, the polysiloxane acrylic resin comprises a shell-core structure in which the polysiloxane is coated with the acrylic.

[0055] In certain embodiments, the clear film is an organic-inorganic hybrid film with a concentration of 40 wt% to 95 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal coating.

[0056] In certain aspects, the biocide comprises an encapsulated biocide and a non-encapsulated biocide.

[0057] In certain embodiments, the encapsulated biocide is configured to release the biocide from the antifungal and / or antialgal coating over a predetermined period of time, including, for example, 6 months to 5 years, 1 year to 5 years, 2 years to 5 years, or 3 years to 5 years.

[0058] In certain embodiments, the encapsulated biocide comprises between 0.2 wt% and 7.5 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal coating.

[0059] In certain embodiments, the non-encapsulated biocide comprises between 0.2 wt% and 6 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal coating.

[0060] In certain aspects, the biocide comprises a carbamate having biocidal activity.

[0061] In a particular embodiment, the biocide comprises butyl carbamate, which has biocidal activity.

[0062] In certain embodiments, the biocide comprises 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate.

[0063] In certain embodiments, the encapsulated biocide and the non-encapsulated biocide comprise at least one carbamate having biocidal activity.

[0064] In certain embodiments, the encapsulated biocide and the non-encapsulated biocide comprise at least one butyl carbamate having biocidal activity.

[0065] In certain embodiments, the encapsulated and non-encapsulated biocide comprises 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate.

[0066] In certain aspects, the non-encapsulated biocide further comprises an aromatic biocide.

[0067] In certain aspects, the aromatic biocide comprises an aromatic urea compound and an aromatic carbamate.

[0068] In certain embodiments, the aromatic biocide comprises 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate, or any combination thereof.

[0069] In certain embodiments, the stabilizer comprises 0.3 wt% to 22 wt% of the coating. In some embodiments, a first stabilizer and a second stabilizer are present in the coating. In certain embodiments, the first stabilizer comprises 0.9 wt% to 22 wt% of the coating. In certain embodiments, the second stabilizer comprises 0.3 wt% to 8 wt% of the coating.

[0070] In certain embodiments, the stabilizers (primary stabilizer and secondary stabilizer) comprise ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers.

[0071] In certain embodiments, the first UV stabilizer is a heterocycle.

[0072] In certain embodiments, the first UV stabilizer is an azine compound.

[0073] In certain embodiments, the first UV stabilizer is a triazine compound.

[0074] In certain embodiments, the first UV stabilizer is a hydroxyphenyltriazine.

[0075] In certain embodiments, the first UV stabilizer comprises 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-dodecyloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-tridecyloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the second UV stabilizer is a hindered amine and / or heterocycle. In some embodiments, the second UV stabilizer is a heterocyclic hindered amine. In some embodiments, the second UV stabilizer includes, but is not limited to, hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS). In some embodiments, the second UV stabilizer is a derivative of piperidine. In some embodiments, the second UV stabilizer is a derivative of tetramethylpiperidine. In some embodiments, the second UV stabilizer comprises decanedioic acid, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(octyloxy)-4-piperidinyl) ester. When a first UV stabilizer and a second UV stabilizer are present in the coating, the antifungal and / or antialgal coating comprises the first UV stabilizer and the second UV stabilizer in a ratio of 1:1 to 5:1, more preferably 2:1 to 4:1.

[0076] In certain embodiments, the antifungal and / or antialgal coating comprises a biocide and a clear film in a ratio of 1:3 to 1:60.

[0077] In certain embodiments, the antifungal and / or antialgal coating comprises a ratio of unencapsulated biocide to encapsulated biocide of between 3:1 and 1:7.

[0078] In certain embodiments, the antifungal and / or antialgal coating comprises a polysiloxane acrylic resin and a polysiloxane urethane resin in a ratio of 9:1 to 1.1:1.

[0079] In certain embodiments, the antifungal and / or antialgal coating comprises a biocide and a stabilizer (e.g., a first stabilizer and / or a second stabilizer) in a ratio of 8:1 to 1:4. When a first stabilizer and a second stabilizer are present in the coating, the antifungal and / or antialgal coating comprises a biocide and a stabilizer in a ratio of 1:0.3 to 1:11, more preferably 1:0.5 to 1:10. When a first stabilizer and a second stabilizer are present in the coating, the antifungal and / or antialgal coating comprises a biocide and a stabilizer in a ratio of 1:0.1 to 1:4, more preferably 1:0.5 to 1:3.

[0080] In certain embodiments, the antifungal and / or antialgal coating preferably comprises less than 1 wt %, more preferably less than 0.5 wt %, and most preferably less than 0.25 wt % water.

[0081] In certain embodiments, the coating further comprises a substrate having an antifungal and / or antialgal coating thereon.

[0082] In certain embodiments, the substrate is a porous or non-porous material.

[0083] In certain embodiments, the substrate is an unfunctionalized substrate, an electrostatically neutral substrate, or a combination thereof.

[0084] In certain embodiments, the antifungal and / or antialgal coating retains 100% gloss retention after 500 hours of UV exposure, 95% gloss retention after 1000 hours of UV exposure, 93% gloss retention after 1500 hours of UV exposure, and 93% gloss retention after 2000 hours of UV exposure (wavelength of about 340 nm, intensity of about 0.89 W / m 2 ).

[0085] Embodiments of the present invention may include one, more, or any combination of the above-described features and configurations.

[0086] Additional features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will be set forth in the following detailed description, and in part will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the description, or may be learned by practicing the invention as described herein. The foregoing general description and the following detailed description present various embodiments of the present invention and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and characteristics of the invention as claimed.

[0087] The drawings described herein are for illustrative purposes to illustrate selected embodiments, do not depict every possible example, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0088] [Figure 1] 1 is a photograph showing film formation on a polyester substrate after treatment with Comparative Coating 4.

[0089] [Figure 2] 1 is a photograph showing film formation on a polyester substrate after treatment with Comparative Coating 5 (control).

[0090] [Figure 3] 1 is a photograph showing film formation on a polyester substrate after treatment with Example Coating 3. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0091] The present invention will be described in more detail based on the following embodiments. However, the present invention can be embodied in various forms and should not be construed as being limited to the representative embodiments described herein. The embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, fully convey the scope of the invention, and enable those skilled in the art to make, use, and practice the invention. In the various drawings, like reference numerals indicate like or corresponding elements.

[0092] Furthermore, the word "or" as used in this disclosure and the appended claims is intended to mean an inclusive "or," not an exclusive "or." That is, unless otherwise stated or clear from the context, the phrase "X uses A or B" refers to any of the natural and inclusive combinations. That is, the phrase "X uses A or B" refers to either X uses A, X uses B, or X uses both A and B. Furthermore, the articles "a" and "an" as used in this application and the appended claims are generally intended to mean "one or more" unless otherwise stated or the context clearly indicates a singular reference. Throughout the specification and claims, the following terms shall have at least the meanings expressly ascribed herein, unless the context dictates otherwise. The meanings set forth below do not necessarily limit the terms but are merely provided as exemplary illustrations. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the meanings of "a," "an," and "the" may include plural, and the meaning of "in" may include "at," "in," and / or "on." Additionally, the phrase "in one embodiment" as used herein does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, although it may.

[0093] Concentrations, amounts, and other numerical data may be presented in a range format herein. Such range formats are used merely for convenience and brevity and should be interpreted flexibly to include not only the numerical values ​​explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also all individual numerical values ​​and subranges subsumed within the range. For example, a numerical range of "about 1 to 5" should be interpreted to include not only the explicitly recited numerical values ​​from about 1 to about 5, but also each individual value and subrange within the recited range. Thus, this numerical range includes subranges such as 1 to 3, 2 to 4, and 3 to 5, as well as the individual values ​​1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc. The same principle applies to ranges recited with only a single numerical value as the minimum or maximum value. Furthermore, such interpretation should be applied regardless of the breadth of the range or the characteristics recited.

[0094] Disclosed herein are liquid antifungal and / or antialgal compositions that, upon application, form a coating on a substrate (a durable, UV-resistant and / or weather-resistant coating), the composition comprising less than 0.01 wt% of a heavy metal-containing component and less than 0.01 wt% of a fluorine-containing component. Also disclosed are antifungal and / or antialgal coatings applied to substrates that not only exhibit durability (e.g., coating stability and gloss retention) but also exhibit antifungal and / or antialgal properties over a period of time. The coatings comprise less than 0.01 wt% of a heavy metal-containing component and less than 0.01 wt% of a fluorine-containing component. In certain embodiments, the compositions and coatings described above are used on exterior surfaces or substrates, including, but not limited to, glass, metal, ceramic, asphalt, concrete, plastic, or any combination thereof. Additionally, substrates may include residential and / or commercial roofing shingles and / or roofing materials, and exterior siding (e.g., vinyl cladding, and / or engineered wood, and / or cementitious cladding). The compositions and coatings described herein provide the benefit of protecting and maintaining the substrate by reducing and / or preventing fungal and / or algal growth, further reducing the frequency of cleaning the substrate due to fungal and / or algal growth.

[0095] (Antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition) In certain embodiments, a liquid antifungal and / or antialgal composition is disclosed that forms a coating on a substrate after application, the composition comprising: (a) water at a concentration of 70 wt% or less of the composition; (b) a biocide dispersed in the water in an amount effective to prevent and / or inhibit fungal and / or algal growth on the substrate after application; (c) a stabilizer dispersed in the water; and (d) a film-forming composition dispersed in the water in an amount effective to form a clear film on the substrate after application. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises less than 0.01 wt% of a heavy metal-containing component and less than 0.01 wt% of a fluorine-containing component.

[0096] The film-forming composition is included in the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition in an amount effective to form a film (e.g., a transparent or translucent clear film) on the desired substrate after application and drying / curing. The film-forming composition is preferably uniformly dispersed in the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition at a concentration of 10 wt% to 45 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition, although other endpoints within this broad range can also be endpoints of any subrange within that range (e.g., 20 wt% to 40 wt%, 30 wt% to 35 wt%, etc.). Amounts of film-forming composition less than 10.0 wt% result in an inadequate / non-persistent film. On the other hand, if the amount of film-forming composition in the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition exceeds 45 wt %, the viscosity of the liquid composition may become excessively high, preventing proper application of the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition to the substrate and preventing the formation of a coating after curing (e.g., the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition may be applied unevenly and / or non-uniformly). Furthermore, if the film-forming composition exceeds 45 wt % of the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition, the coating (i.e., the coating formed after applying the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition to the substrate and drying / curing) may become too thick, resulting in reduced antifungal and / or antialgal properties, which may inhibit the antifungal and / or antialgal properties of the biocides disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, the film-forming composition comprises one or more copolymers. Additionally, in certain embodiments, the film-forming composition is an organic-inorganic hybrid resin / emulsion, which may comprise a siloxane component and an organic component, respectively.The film-forming composition may include a polysiloxane and at least one of an acrylate component (e.g., an acrylate monomer and / or an acrylic polymer) and a urethane component (e.g., a polyol, an isocyanate, and / or a urethane polymer), and more preferably, the film-forming composition includes a polysiloxane, an acrylate component (e.g., an acrylate monomer and / or an acrylic polymer), and a urethane component (e.g., a polyol, an isocyanate, and / or a urethane polymer). In each of the above-mentioned aspects, the film-forming composition preferably forms a clear film (a transparent film or a translucent film, more preferably a transparent film) after applying the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition onto a substrate and curing / drying.

[0097] The film-forming compositions disclosed herein preferably comprise two film-forming compositions that synergistically interact with each other upon application (e.g., uniform spreading / application) to a substrate to improve the dispersibility and / or miscibility and / or spreadability of the film-forming composition itself and other ingredients (e.g., biocides and / or stabilizers) in the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition. The two film-forming compositions preferably comprise a polysiloxane-acrylic resin (Ceranate Voncoat SA-6360 from DIC, incorporated herein by reference) and a polysiloxane-urethane resin (Ceranate WHW-822 from DIC, incorporated herein by reference). The polysiloxane-acrylic resin is present (dispersed and / or homogeneously dispersed) in the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition at a concentration of 10 wt% to 35 wt% of the composition, although other endpoints within this broad range can also be endpoints of any subrange within that range (e.g., 15 wt% to 30 wt%, 20 wt% to 25 wt%, etc.). The polysiloxane-acrylic resin has a pH of 8.0 to 9.5 and a viscosity of 500 to 2,000 mPa·s. The polysiloxane-acrylic resin has a shell-core structure in which the polysiloxane is coated with an acrylic. This shell-core structure, present in the concentrations and ratios disclosed herein, when combined with other components in the ratios disclosed herein, forms a long-lasting film after a concentration of the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition cures / dries on a substrate. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the acrylic in the polysiloxane-acrylic resin forms the surface of the final coating, imparting durability to the coating. In certain embodiments, the acrylic outer surface of the coating imparts durability to the coating by acting as a sacrificial layer (which decomposes), extending the life of the polysiloxane core. The calculated Tg of the acrylic segment / portion of the polysiloxane-acrylic resin is 20°C.In certain embodiments having a shell-core structure, the polysiloxane is a crosslinker that crosslinks the acrylic polymer in the film-forming composition, further promoting uniform film formation (e.g., at the micro- and / or nanoscale) and persistence of a clear film after drying / curing. Furthermore, the polysiloxane-urethane resin is present (dispersed and / or uniformly dispersed) in the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition at a concentration of 2 wt% to 10 wt% of the composition, although other endpoints within this broad range may also be endpoints of any subrange within that range (e.g., 4 wt% to 8 wt%, 5 wt% to 7 wt%, etc.). The polysiloxane-urethane resin has a pH of 7.5 to 8.5, a particle size of 40 to 70 nm, and a viscosity of 10 to 1,000 mPa·s. When the film thickness is 200 μm, the physical properties of the film include a tensile strength of 5 to 10 MPa and an elongation ratio of 100 to 300%.

[0098] When two film-forming compositions are included in the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition at the above-mentioned concentrations, the two film-forming compositions are included in a ratio of 9:1 to 1.1:1 to achieve the desired dispersibility, miscibility, viscosity, and / or film-forming properties. More specifically, when a polysiloxane-acrylic resin and a polysiloxane-urethane resin are included as two film-forming compositions in the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition, the polysiloxane-acrylic resin and the polysiloxane-urethane resin are included in the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition in a ratio of 9:1 to 1.1:1, or a ratio of 7:1 to 1.05:1, or a ratio of 4:1 to 1:1. Ratios within these ranges are also contemplated and are encompassed herein. The polysiloxane-acrylic resin and polysiloxane-urethane resin are contained in the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition at the concentrations and ratios described above to achieve the desired dispersibility, miscibility, viscosity, and film-forming properties. Furthermore, when the two film-forming compositions (polysiloxane-acrylic resin and polysiloxane-urethane resin) are contained in the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition at the concentrations described above, other advantages are also obtained. For example, coatings obtained from the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition containing the polysiloxane-acrylic resin and polysiloxane-urethane resin exhibit desirable coating hardness and flexibility, making the coating less likely to peel and / or crack (e.g., due to expansion / contraction of the substrate due to temperature fluctuations), and also achieving desirable gloss retention.

[0099] As described above, the biocide is dispersed (preferably uniformly dispersed) in the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition in an amount effective to prevent and / or inhibit fungal and / or algal growth on a substrate after application. The biocide is preferably dispersed (uniformly dispersed) in the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition at a concentration of 0.1 wt% to 3 wt% of the composition, although other endpoints within this broad range may also be endpoints of any other subrange within that range (e.g., 0.5 wt% to 2.5 wt%, 1 wt% to 2 wt%, etc.). The biocide includes one or more of biocidal carbamates, aromatic biocides, and any combination thereof. The biocidal carbamates include biocidal butyl carbamates, more preferably 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate. The aromatic biocides include, but are not limited to, aromatic urea compounds and / or aromatic carbamates, which include, but are not limited to, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate, or any combination thereof.

[0100] In certain embodiments, the biocide includes both encapsulated and non-encapsulated biocides, such that the coating (after application of the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition to the substrate and drying / curing) has sustained release biocidal activity, providing antifungal and / or antialgal properties over an extended period of time (e.g., up to 5 years). More specifically, in certain embodiments, the encapsulated biocide is configured to release the biocide from the coating on the substrate after application over a period of 6 months to 5 years, 1 year to 5 years, 2 years to 5 years, or 3 years to 5 years. The encapsulated biocide (IPBC (Polyphase PW20 EPA Registration No. 5383-197, incorporated herein by reference)) is incorporated herein by reference. Arxada (2023) comprises 0.1 wt% to 2 wt% of the antifungal and / or algal liquid composition, and other endpoints within this broad range may also be endpoints of any other subrange within that range (e.g., 0.5 wt% to 1.5 wt%, 1.0 wt% to 1.2 wt%, etc.). The encapsulated biocide has a pH of 6.0 to 8.0 and a specific gravity of 1.15 to 1.18 at 25°C. Furthermore, the encapsulated biocide is uniformly dispersed throughout the antifungal and / or algal liquid composition. Preferably, the encapsulated biocide is dispersed in a water-soluble polymer, which facilitates application of the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition and enhances its effectiveness after application to a substrate. In certain embodiments, the encapsulated biocide is water-insoluble, resulting in minimal leaching over an extended period of time and minimizing leaching into the environment. The encapsulated biocide comprises a biocidal carbamate, more preferably a biocidal butyl carbamate, and most preferably 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate.

[0101] Non-encapsulated biocide (Diuron, BCM, IPBC (Polyphase 663 EPA Registration No. 5383-109; Product Code 10614, Troy, incorporated herein by reference) Corporation (2016) provides 0.1 wt% to 1 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition, and other endpoints within this broad range can be any other range endpoint within that range (e.g., 0.2 wt% to 0.8 wt%, 0.5 wt% to 0.7 wt%, etc.). The non-encapsulated biocide has a pH of 7.0 to 8.0, a viscosity of 300 cPs at room temperature, and a specific gravity of 1.15 g / cc. Furthermore, the non-encapsulated biocide is preferably uniformly dispersed in the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition, which further enhances the ease and effectiveness of application of the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition to a substrate. In certain embodiments, the non-encapsulated biocide is insoluble in water, resulting in little leaching over an extended period of time and minimizing leaching into the environment. The non-encapsulated biocide maintains biocidal activity. The non-encapsulated biocide may comprise one or more of a carbamate having biocidal activity, an aromatic biocide, and any combination thereof. The carbamate having biocidal activity may comprise a butyl carbamate having biocidal activity, more preferably 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate. Meanwhile, the aromatic biocide may include, but is not limited to, an aromatic urea compound and / or an aromatic carbamate, and the aromatic urea compound and / or aromatic carbamate may include, but is not limited to, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the non-encapsulated biocide may include a carbamate having biocidal activity and an aromatic biocide (including, but not limited to, an aromatic urea compound and / or an aromatic carbamate).In certain preferred embodiments, the non-encapsulated biocide comprises 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (Diuron), 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC), methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate (BCM), or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, Diuron and IPBC are present in a ratio of 6:1 to 2:1, or a ratio of 5:1 to 3:1, although other ratios within these ranges are contemplated and included herein. In certain embodiments, BCM and IPBC are present in a ratio of 4:1 to 2:1, or a ratio of 3:1 to 2:1, although other ratios within these ranges are contemplated and included herein. In certain embodiments, Diuron and BCM are present in a ratio of 2:1 to 1:1.5, or 1.8:1 to 1:1, although other ratios within these ratios are contemplated and are included herein.

[0102] In certain embodiments, the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition contains unencapsulated biocide and encapsulated biocide in a ratio of 3:1 to 1:7, 2.5:1 to 1:6, 2:1 to 1:5, 1.5:1 to 1:4, or 1:1 to 1:3, although other ratios within these ranges are contemplated and are included herein. The inclusion of unencapsulated and encapsulated biocides in the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition at the concentrations and ratios disclosed above provides desirable sustained and / or long-lasting biocidal activity in the coating (after application to a substrate and drying / curing). Biocide ratios and concentrations below the ranges disclosed herein do not provide desirable sustained and / or long-lasting biocidal activity in the coating (after application to a substrate and drying / curing). Meanwhile, biocide ratios and concentrations above the ranges disclosed herein do not provide enhanced antifungal activity / efficacy and / or antialgal activity.

[0103] In certain embodiments, the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition comprises a biocide (e.g., a total of encapsulated and unencapsulated biocide) and a film-forming composition in a ratio of 1:3 to 1:60, 1:7 to 1:50, or 1:10 to 1:25, although other ratios within these ranges are contemplated and are included herein. If the film-forming composition exceeds the concentrations and / or ratios disclosed herein, the viscosity of the liquid composition may be too high, preventing proper application of the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition to a substrate or resulting in poor coating formation after curing (e.g., the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition may be applied unevenly and / or non-uniformly). Furthermore, if the coating (i.e., the coating formed after the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition applied to the substrate has dried / cured) is too thick, the antifungal and / or antialgal properties may be reduced, inhibiting the antifungal and / or antialgal properties of the biocides disclosed herein.

[0104] To improve the stability of the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition and the coating (after application to the substrate and curing / drying), the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition includes a stabilizer (preferably uniformly dispersed throughout the liquid composition). The stabilizer comprises 0.5 wt% to 6 wt% of the composition, although endpoints within this broad range can be endpoints of any other subrange within that range (e.g., 1.0 wt% to 5.0 wt%, 2.0 wt% to 3.0 wt%, etc.). In certain embodiments, the effective concentration of the first stabilizer is 0.5 wt% to 0.8 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition, although endpoints within this broad range can be endpoints of any other subrange within that range (e.g., 0.6 wt% to 0.7 wt%, etc.). The effective concentration of the first stabilizer is 0.5 wt% to 0.8 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition because the first stabilizer added to the solution contained 80% inactive stabilizers (e.g., fillers, carriers, etc.). Therefore, 0.2 (i.e., 20%) multiplied by 2.5 wt% equals 0.5 wt%. In certain embodiments, the first stabilizer comprises an ultraviolet (UV) stabilizer comprising a heterocyclic and / or azine compound. In certain preferred embodiments, the first UV stabilizer is a triazine compound, more specifically a hydroxyphenyltriazine (e.g., Tinuvin® 400-DW ECO Technical Data Sheet BASF (April 2022), incorporated herein by reference). Most preferred are 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-dodecyloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-tridecyloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, a second stabilizer is also included. In certain embodiments, the effective concentration of the second stabilizer is 0.3 wt% to 0.4 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition, although other endpoints within this broad range can also be endpoints of any other subrange within that range (e.g., 0.3 wt% to 0.35 wt%).The effective concentration of the secondary stabilizer is 0.3 wt% to 0.4 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition because the secondary stabilizer added to the solution contained 80% inactive stabilizers (e.g., fillers, carriers, etc.). Therefore, 0.2 (i.e., 20%) multiplied by 1.5 wt% equals 0.3 wt%. In some embodiments, the secondary UV stabilizer comprises a hindered amine and / or a heterocyclic ultraviolet (UV) stabilizer. In certain preferred embodiments, the secondary UV stabilizer is a heterocyclic hindered amine. In some embodiments, the secondary UV stabilizer includes, but is not limited to, hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS). In some embodiments, the secondary UV stabilizer is a piperidine derivative. In some embodiments, the second UV stabilizer is a derivative of tetramethylpiperidine, more specifically, decanedioic acid, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(octyloxy)-4-piperidinyl) ester (e.g., Tinuvin® 123-DW ECO Technical Data Sheet BASF (April 2022), incorporated herein by reference). In certain embodiments, a combination of a first UV stabilizer and a second UV stabilizer is used to achieve a synergistic effect. When the above-mentioned first stabilizer and second stabilizer are present in the composition at the above-mentioned concentrations and / or ratios, the first stabilizer and the second stabilizer interact synergistically to provide the best protection against UV rays. The first UV stabilizer (i.e., UV absorber) and the second UV stabilizer (i.e., HALS) each work by a different mechanism. Therefore, combining both types of UV stabilizers ensures the best protection against UV rays.

[0105] Additionally, the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid compositions may contain a biocide and a stabilizer in a ratio of 8:1 to 1:4, or a ratio of 6.5:1 to 1:3.5, or a ratio of 4:1 to 1:2.5, although other ratios within these ranges are contemplated and are included herein.

[0106] In light of the above, the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition includes water at a concentration of 70 wt% or less of the composition, although the other endpoints within this broad range can be the endpoints of any subrange within that range (e.g., 5.0 wt% to 65.0 wt%, 10.0 wt% to 50.0 wt%, etc.). The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition has a pH of 7.0 to 10.0, more preferably 7.5 to 9.5, although the other endpoints within this broad range can be the endpoints of any other subrange within that range (e.g., 8.0 to 9.0, 8.5 to 9.0, etc.). The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition has a viscosity at room temperature of 225 to 275 cPs, although other endpoints within this broad range can also be endpoints of any other subrange within that range (e.g., 230 cPs to 270 cPs, 240 cPs to 260 cPs, etc.).

[0107] (Method for producing an antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition) Also disclosed is a method for producing an antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition, the method comprising: (a) providing water at a concentration of 70 wt% or less of the composition; (b) mixing a biocide with the water, the biocide being present in an amount effective to prevent and / or inhibit fungal and / or algal growth on a substrate after application; (c) mixing a stabilizer with the water; and (d) mixing a film-forming composition with the water, the film-forming composition being present in an amount effective to form a clear film (e.g., a transparent or translucent film) on the substrate after application. In certain embodiments, the concentrations and / or ratios of the biocide, stabilizer, and film-forming composition in producing the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition can be any of the concentrations and / or ratios described above. In preferred embodiments, the biocide, stabilizer, film-forming composition, or any combination thereof, is uniformly and / or evenly dispersed in the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition to provide a desired viscosity and / or pH of the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition, a desired spreadability / spreadability of the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition on a substrate (e.g., uniform and / or homogeneous spreadability / spreadability), and / or a desirable film-forming property (after application to a substrate and drying / curing).

[0108] (Method of coating a substrate with an antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition) Also disclosed are methods of coating a substrate, the methods comprising: (a) applying to a substrate disclosed herein an antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition disclosed herein; and (b) drying and / or curing the composition after application to the substrate to form a coated substrate. In certain embodiments, the drying and / or curing in step (b) is carried out at a temperature of 25°C to 150°C for 5 to 35 hours, although the endpoints within these broad ranges can also be endpoints of any subrange within that range (e.g., 50°C to 125°C for 10 to 30 hours, 75°C to 100°C for 15 to 25 hours, etc.).

[0109] Prior to applying the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition to a substrate, the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition is thoroughly stirred to uniformly disperse the components in the composition and to ensure that the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition is clear or slightly cloudy.

[0110] In certain embodiments, the substrate is a porous or non-porous material. The substrate may include glass, metal, ceramic, asphalt, concrete, plastic, or any combination thereof. The substrate may further include outdoor and / or architectural substrates, such as roofing shingles and / or roofing materials, and exterior siding materials (e.g., residential and / or commercial vinyl siding and / or engineered wood and / or cementitious siding materials).

[0111] The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition may be applied by various application methods, such as spray coating, roll coating, dip coating, brush coating, fluidized bed spraying, etc. In certain embodiments, the coated substrate has an antifungal and / or antialgal coating uniformly applied to the substrate. In certain embodiments, the coating remains on the substrate for 6 months to 5 years, 1 year to 5 years, 2 years to 5 years, or 3 years to 5 years. In certain embodiments, the substrate is an unfunctionalized substrate, an electrostatically neutral substrate, or a combination thereof, and the coating is physically bonded / immobilized to the substrate by van der Waals forces and / or hydrogen bonding.

[0112] (Antifungal and / or antialgal coating) The antifungal and / or antialgal coating is formed on a substrate after applying an antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition to the substrate and allowing it to dry / cure. In certain aspects, the substrate is an unfunctionalized substrate, an electrostatically neutral substrate, or a combination thereof, the coating is physically bonded / immobilized to the substrate by van der Waals forces and / or hydrogen bonding, and the substrate has a total thickness of 0.4 mils (10 μm) to 10 mils (250 μm), although other endpoints within this broad range may also be endpoints of any other subrange within that range. In preferred embodiments, the antifungal and / or antialgal coating has a uniform (and / or substantially uniform) and / or even (and / or substantially even) thickness (e.g., when viewed in cross section), and the biocide and / or other chemical components are uniformly (and / or substantially uniformly) distributed within and / or throughout the antifungal and / or antialgal coating.

[0113] In particular, the antifungal and / or antialgal coating comprises (a) a clear film (formed from the film-forming composition in the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition after drying and / or curing), (b) a biocide dispersed within the clear film in an amount effective to prevent and / or inhibit fungal and / or algal growth on and within the antifungal and / or antialgal coating for 6 months to 5 years, 1 year to 5 years, 2 years to 5 years, or 3 years to 5 years, and (c) a stabilizer dispersed within the clear film. The coating preferably contains less than 0.01 wt% heavy metal-containing components and less than 0.01 wt% fluorine-containing components, and more preferably is free of heavy metal-containing components and / or fluorine-containing components. Furthermore, the coating preferably contains less than 1 wt% water, more preferably less than 0.5 wt% water, and most preferably less than 0.25 wt% water. In certain embodiments, the antifungal and / or antialgal coating exhibits hydrophobic properties, having a contact angle of 75°-85°, preferably 80°-85°. The hydrophobic nature of the coating has the advantage of improving the longevity and biocidal activity of the coating, particularly compared to hydrophilic coatings, because the waterproof nature of the coating minimizes expansion and contraction (e.g., swelling) associated with moisture absorption due to adverse weather conditions or seasonal outdoor temperature changes.

[0114] The clear film is present in the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid coating at a concentration of 40 wt% to 95 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid coating, although other endpoints within this broad range can also be endpoints of any other subrange within that range (e.g., 45 wt% to 90 wt%, 50 wt% to 85 wt%, etc.). If the concentration of the clear film is less than 40 wt%, the film and coating will exhibit poor / non-sustaining properties. On the other hand, if the concentration of the clear film in the antifungal and / or antialgal coating is greater than 95 wt%, the coating will be uneven and / or non-uniform, and the thickness of the coating may inhibit the antifungal and / or antialgal properties of the biocides disclosed herein.

[0115] In certain embodiments, the clear film comprises one or more copolymers. Furthermore, in certain embodiments, the clear film is formed using an organic-inorganic hybrid resin, which preferably comprises a siloxane component and an organic component. The clear film comprises a polysiloxane and at least one of an acrylate component (e.g., an acrylate monomer and / or an acrylic polymer) and a urethane component (e.g., a polyol, an isocyanate, and / or a urethane polymer), more preferably a polysiloxane, an acrylate component (e.g., an acrylate monomer and / or an acrylic polymer), and a urethane component (e.g., a polyol, an isocyanate, and / or a urethane polymer). In each of the above-described embodiments, the clear film is a transparent or translucent film formed on a substrate, preferably a transparent film. The haze value of the transparent film measured with a spectrophotometer is 10 to 11. Transparent films have less haze and therefore form films with better visual aesthetics than other films.

[0116] The clear film preferably comprises a polysiloxane-acrylic resin (DIC Corporation's Ceranate Voncoat SA-6360, incorporated herein by reference) and a polysiloxane-urethane resin (DIC Corporation's Ceranate WHW-822, incorporated herein by reference). The polysiloxane-acrylic resin is included in the antifungal and / or antialgal coating at a concentration of 35 wt% to 90 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal coating, although other endpoints within this broad range may also represent endpoints of any other subrange within that range (e.g., 45 wt% to 85 wt%, 55 wt% to 75 wt%, etc.). The polysiloxane-acrylic resin has a pH of 8.0 to 9.5 and a viscosity of 500 to 2,000 mPa·s. The polysiloxane-acrylic resin has a shell-core structure in which the polysiloxane is coated with the acrylic. This shell-core structure, present in the concentrations and ratios disclosed herein and combined with other ingredients in the ratios disclosed herein, provides a long-lasting, clear film that, when combined with the biocide and other ingredients disclosed herein, is configured to provide an effective antifungal and / or antialgal coating over a period of time. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating exhibits hydrophobic properties, having a contact angle of 75°-85°, preferably 80°-85°. This property extends the life of the coating and the biocide because it is water-resistant and therefore does not swell upon contact with water. Without being bound by theory, the acrylic in the polysiloxane-acrylic resin forms the outer surface of the coating, advantageously imparting durability to the coating. In certain embodiments, the acrylic outer surface of the coating imparts durability by acting as a sacrificial layer (which decomposes) to extend the life of the polysiloxane core. The calculated glass transition temperature (Tg) of the acrylic segment / acrylic portion of the polysiloxane-acrylic resin is 20° C. In certain embodiments having a shell-core structure, the polysiloxane is a crosslinker that crosslinks the acrylic polymer within the clear film, which provides better film uniformity and thickness after application / formation onto a substrate.Furthermore, the polysiloxane-urethane resin is present (dispersed and / or uniformly dispersed) in the antifungal and / or antialgal coating at a concentration of 5 wt% to 45 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal coating, although other endpoints within this broad range could represent any other range endpoint within that range (e.g., 7.5 wt% to 35 wt%, 10 wt% to 30 wt%, etc.). The polysiloxane-urethane resin has a pH of 7.5 to 8.5, a particle size of 40 to 70 nm, and a viscosity of 10 to 1000 mPa·s. Physical properties of the film at a thickness of 200 μm include a tensile strength of 5 to 10 MPa and an elongation of 100 to 300%.

[0117] When the polysiloxane-acrylic resin and the polysiloxane-urethane resin are included in the clear film, the polysiloxane-acrylic resin and the polysiloxane-urethane resin are included in the antifungal and / or antialgal coating in a ratio of 9:1 to 1.1:1, a ratio of 7:1 to 1.05:1, or a ratio of 4:1 to 1:1, although other ratios within these ranges are contemplated and are included herein. The polysiloxane-acrylic resin and the polysiloxane-urethane resin are included in the antifungal and / or antialgal coating in the concentrations and ratios described above to provide the desired clear film thickness, hardness, flexibility, and / or durability upon repeated exposure to other stresses, such as thermal fluctuations and / or ultraviolet (UV) exposure. For example, coatings comprising polysiloxane-acrylic resins and polysiloxane-urethane resins exhibit desirable coating hardness and flexibility, are less likely to peel and / or crack (due to substrate expansion / contraction due to temperature fluctuations, adverse weather, and / or seasonal changes), and also have the advantage of providing desirable gloss retention.

[0118] The biocide is dispersed (preferably uniformly dispersed) in the antifungal and / or antialgal coating in an amount effective to prevent and / or inhibit fungal and / or algal growth on a substrate over a predetermined period of time. The biocide is preferably dispersed (preferably uniformly dispersed) in the antifungal and / or antialgal coating at a concentration of 0.5 wt% to 15 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid coating, although other endpoints within this broad range may also be endpoints of any other subrange within that range (e.g., 2 wt% to 9.5 wt%, 3 wt% to 8 wt%, etc.). The biocide includes one or more of biocidal carbamates, aromatic biocides, and any combination thereof. The biocidal carbamate includes biocidal butyl carbamate, more preferably 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate. On the other hand, aromatic biocides include, but are not limited to, aromatic urea compounds and / or aromatic carbamates, which include, but are not limited to, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate, or any combination thereof.

[0119] In certain embodiments, the biocide comprises both encapsulated and non-encapsulated biocides, thereby providing a sustained release biocidal activity in the coating, resulting in prolonged (e.g., up to 5 years) antifungal and / or antialgal activity. More specifically, in certain embodiments, the encapsulated biocide is configured to release the biocide from the coating over a predetermined period of time, e.g., 6 months to 5 years, 1 year to 5 years, 2 years to 5 years, or 3 years to 5 years, thereby providing the desired predetermined antifungal and antialgal activity. The encapsulated biocide (see, e.g., IPBC (Polyphase PW20 EPA Registration No. 5383-197, incorporated herein by reference)) is also suitable for use in coatings containing encapsulated biocides. Arxada (2023) provides 0.2 wt% to 7.5 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal coating, although other endpoints within this broad range could also be endpoints of any other subrange within that range (e.g., 1 wt% to 4.5 wt%, 1.5 wt% to 4 wt%, etc.). The encapsulated biocide has a pH of 6.0 to 8.0 and a specific gravity of 1.15 to 1.18 at 25°C. Furthermore, the encapsulated biocide is present in the antifungal and / or antialgal coating. Preferably, the encapsulated biocide is uniformly dispersed in water, thereby providing uniform antifungal and / or antialgal properties throughout the antifungal and / or antialgal coating. In certain embodiments, the encapsulated biocide is water-insoluble, thereby preventing leaching into the environment and minimizing leaching over an extended period of time. The encapsulated biocide comprises a biocidal carbamate, more preferably a biocidal butyl carbamate, and most preferably 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate.

[0120] The non-encapsulated biocide (Diuron, BCM, IPBC (Polyphase 663 EPA Registration No. 5383-109; Product Code 10614, Troy Corporation (2016)), incorporated herein by reference, comprises 0.2 wt% to 6 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal coating, although other endpoints within this broad range could be endpoints of any other range within that range (e.g., 1 wt% to 5 wt%, 1.5 wt% to 3.75 wt%, etc.). The non-encapsulated biocide has a pH of 7.0 to 8.0, a viscosity of 300 cPs at ambient temperature, and a specific gravity of 1.15 g / cc. Additionally, the non-encapsulated biocide comprises 0.2 wt% to 6 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal coating. Preferably, the non-encapsulated biocide is uniformly dispersed within the coating, thereby providing uniform antifungal and / or antialgal properties throughout the antifungal and / or antialgal coating. In certain embodiments, the non-encapsulated biocide is insoluble in water, and therefore does not leach into the environment, minimizing leaching over an extended period of time. The non-encapsulated biocide includes one or more of a biocidal carbamate, an aromatic biocide, and any combination thereof. The biocidal carbamate includes a biocidal butyl carbamate, more preferably 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate. Meanwhile, the aromatic biocide includes, but is not limited to, an aromatic urea compound and / or an aromatic carbamate, which includes, but is not limited to, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the non-encapsulated biocide is The encapsulated biocides include carbamates with biocidal activity and aromatic biocides, including, but not limited to, aromatic urea compounds and / or aromatic carbamates. In certain preferred embodiments, the non-encapsulated biocides include 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (Diuron), 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC), methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate (BCM), or any combination thereof.In certain embodiments, Diuron and IPBC are present in a ratio of 6:1 to 2:1, or 5:1 to 3:1, although other ratios within these ranges are contemplated and are encompassed herein. In certain embodiments, BCM and IPBC are present in a ratio of 4:1 to 2:1, or 3:1 to 2:1, although other ratios within these ranges are contemplated and are encompassed herein. In certain embodiments, Diuron and BCM are present in a ratio of 2:1 to 1:1.5, or 1.8:1 to 1:1, although other ratios within these ranges are contemplated and are encompassed herein.

[0121] In certain embodiments, the antifungal and / or antialgal coating comprises unencapsulated biocide and encapsulated biocide in a ratio of 3:1 to 1:7, 1.5:1 to 1:2.5, 1.25:1 to 1:2, or 1:1.05 to 1:1.5, although other ratios within these ranges are contemplated and are included herein. By incorporating unencapsulated biocide and encapsulated biocide in the antifungal and / or antialgal coating at the above-described concentrations and ratios, the coating exhibits desirable sustained and / or long-lasting biocidal activity. Biocide ratios and concentrations below the ranges disclosed herein may result in a coating exhibiting less desirable sustained and / or long-lasting biocidal activity. On the other hand, biocide ratios and concentrations above the ranges disclosed herein may result in no improved antifungal efficacy / efficacy and / or antialgal activity, and the film / coating may exhibit a hazy appearance that is aesthetically unpleasing and / or distorts the appearance of the substrate. Furthermore, biocide ratios and concentrations beyond the ranges disclosed herein may unnecessarily increase leaching concentrations, for example, exceeding the label limits permitted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for these biocides.

[0122] In certain embodiments, the antifungal and / or antialgal coating comprises a biocide (e.g., a total of encapsulated and unencapsulated biocides) and a clear film in a ratio of 1:3 to 1:60, 1:7 to 1:50, or 1:10 to 1:25, although other ratios within these ranges are contemplated and are included herein. If the clear film exceeds the concentrations and / or ratios disclosed herein, a non-uniform and / or uneven coating may result. Furthermore, if the coating is too thick, the antifungal and / or antialgal properties may be reduced, inhibiting the antifungal and / or antialgal properties of the biocides disclosed herein.

[0123] To improve the stability of the antifungal and / or antialgal coating, the antifungal and / or antialgal coating includes a stabilizer (preferably uniformly dispersed). The stabilizer comprises 0.3 wt% to 22 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal coating, although the endpoints of this broad range can be endpoints of any other subrange within that range (e.g., 2.5 wt% to 20 wt%, 7.5 wt% to 15 wt%, etc.). In certain embodiments, the effective concentration of the first stabilizer is 0.9 wt% to 22 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal coating, although the endpoints of this broad range can be endpoints of any other subrange within that range (e.g., 3 wt% to 20 wt%, 8 wt% to 15 wt%, etc.). The effective concentration of the first stabilizer is 0.9 wt% to 22 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal coating because the first stabilizer added to the solution contained 80% inactive stabilizers (e.g., fillers, carriers, etc.). Therefore, 0.2 (i.e., 20%) multiplied by 4.5 wt% equals 0.9 wt%. In certain embodiments, the first stabilizer comprises an ultraviolet (UV) stabilizer comprising a heterocyclic and / or azine compound. In certain preferred embodiments, the first UV stabilizer is a triazine compound, more specifically a hydroxyphenyltriazine (e.g., Tinuvin® 400-DW ECO Technical Data Sheet, BASF (April 2022), incorporated herein by reference). Most preferred are 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-dodecyloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-tridecyloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, a second stabilizer is also included. In certain embodiments, the effective concentration of the second stabilizer is 0.3 wt% to 8 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal coating, although other endpoints within this broad range can also be endpoints of any other subrange within that range (e.g., 2 wt% to 6 wt%, 4 wt% to 5 wt%, etc.).The effective concentration of the secondary stabilizer is 0.3 wt% to 8 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal coating because the secondary stabilizer added to the solution contained 80% inactive stabilizers (e.g., fillers, carriers, etc.). Therefore, 0.2 (i.e., 20%) multiplied by 1.5 wt% equals 0.3 wt%. In some embodiments, the secondary UV stabilizer comprises a hindered amine and / or a heterocyclic ultraviolet (UV) stabilizer. In certain preferred embodiments, the secondary UV stabilizer is a heterocyclic hindered amine. In some embodiments, the secondary UV stabilizer includes, but is not limited to, a hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS). In some embodiments, the secondary UV stabilizer is a piperidine derivative. In some embodiments, the second UV stabilizer is a derivative of tetramethylpiperidine, more specifically, decanedioic acid, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(octyloxy)-4-piperidinyl) ester (e.g., Tinuvin® 123-DW ECO Technical Data Sheet BASF (April 2022), incorporated herein by reference). In certain embodiments, a combination of a first UV stabilizer and a second UV stabilizer is used to achieve a synergistic effect. When the above-described first and second stabilizers are present in the coating at the above-described concentrations and / or ratios, the first and second stabilizers interact synergistically to provide the highest protection against UV rays. The first UV stabilizer (i.e., UV absorber) and the second UV stabilizer (i.e., HALS) each work by a different mechanism. Therefore, combining both types of UV stabilizers provides the highest protection against UV rays.

[0124] Additionally, the antifungal and / or antialgal coating may include a biocide and stabilizer in a ratio of 8:1 to 1:4, a ratio of 6.5:1 to 1:3.5, or a ratio of 4:1 to 1:2.5, although other ratios within these ratios are contemplated and are included herein.

[0125] The substrate to which the antifungal and / or antialgal coating is applied may be a porous or non-porous material, preferably an unfunctionalized substrate, an electrostatically neutral substrate, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the substrate may include, but is not limited to, glass, metal, ceramic, asphalt, concrete, plastic, or any combination thereof. Furthermore, the substrate may further include residential and / or commercial roofing shingles and / or roofing materials, and exterior siding materials (e.g., vinyl siding and / or engineered wood and / or cementitious siding materials such as James Hardie™ Hardie® Plank).

[0126] In certain embodiments, the antifungal and / or antialgal coating maintains 100% gloss retention after 500 hours of UV exposure, 95% gloss retention after 1000 hours of UV exposure, 93% gloss retention after 1500 hours of UV exposure, and 93% gloss retention after 2000 hours of UV exposure (at a wavelength of about 340 nm and an intensity of about 0.89 W / m 2 ).

[0127] (Example) Table 1 discloses the liquid coating composition (i.e., the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition disclosed herein) prior to application to a substrate and the ranges of ingredients in the liquid coating composition. Table 1 also discloses the dry coating composition (i.e., the antifungal and / or antialgal coating disclosed herein) after application to a substrate and drying / curing, and the ranges of ingredients in the dry coating composition. [Table 1]

[0128] A polysiloxane-acrylic resin / emulsion (Ceranate Voncoat SA-6360 from DIC, incorporated herein by reference) was included in the wet coating and the dry coating at the concentration shown in Table 1. A polysiloxane-urethane resin / emulsion (Ceranate WHW-822 from DIC, incorporated herein by reference) was included in the wet coating and the dry coating at the concentration shown in Table 1. A first stabilizer, hydroxyphenyltriazine (HPT) (Tinuvin® 400-DW ECO Technical Data Sheet BASF (April 2022), incorporated herein by reference), was included in the wet coating and the dry coating at the concentration shown in Table 1. A second stabilizer, decanedioic acid, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(octyloxy)-4-piperidinyl) ester (Tinuvin® 123-DW ECO Technical Data Sheet BASF (2019), incorporated herein by reference), was included in the wet and dry coatings at the concentrations shown in Table 1. Non-encapsulated biocides (Diuron, BCM, IPBC (Polyphase 663 EPA Registration No. 5383-109; Product Code 10614, Troy Corporation (2016)), incorporated herein by reference, are included in the liquid and dry coatings at the concentrations shown in Table 1. Encapsulated biocides (IPBC (Polyphase PW20, EPA Registration No. 5383-197, Arxada (2023)), incorporated herein by reference, are included in the liquid and dry coatings at the concentrations shown in Table 1. The liquid coating compositions may further include water at the concentrations disclosed in Table 1.

[0129] Table 2 shows preferred exemplary configurations of the liquid coating compositions (ie, the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid compositions disclosed herein) prior to application to a substrate. [Table 2]

[0130] In light of the above exemplary compositions and coatings, Applicant further prepared a composition forming Example Coating 1 and a composition forming Comparative Coating 1, as shown in Table 3, to further investigate gloss retention on a substrate after drying / curing. Example Coating 1 is substantially the same as the dry coating composition disclosed in Table 1, except that it does not contain an encapsulated biocide. Furthermore, it should be noted that the total amount of biocide contained in Example Coating 1 is within the range of the total amount of biocide (encapsulated biocide and non-encapsulated biocide) contemplated for the dry coating composition disclosed in Table 1. Therefore, because the total amount of biocide contained in Example Coating 1 is within the range of the total amount of biocide (encapsulated biocide and non-encapsulated biocide) contemplated for the dry coating composition disclosed in Table 1, Example Coating 1 should exhibit gloss retention similar to the composition / coating disclosed in Table 1.

[0131] In addition to Example Coating 1, Table 3 also discloses Comparative Coating 1. Comparative Coating 1 has the same biocide (i.e., non-encapsulated biocide) concentration and hydroxyphenyltriazine concentration as Example Coating 1. Furthermore, Comparative Coating 1 differs from Example Coating 1 in that it includes a film-forming composition that forms a clear film in the coating. In particular, Comparative Coating 1 includes a combination of conventional film-forming compositions, including a polysiloxane-free acrylic emulsion (Lubrizol's Carboset® AE960 / AE-960E Application Guide (August 18, 2015), incorporated herein by reference), instead of using a polysiloxane-acrylic resin / emulsion and / or a polysiloxane-urethane resin / emulsion. [Table 3]

[0132] The coatings disclosed in Table 3 (i.e., Example Coating 1 and Comparative Coating 1) were formed on the same substrate and then evaluated for film thickness and hardness. The film thickness and hardness of Example Coating 1 and Comparative Coating 1 were nearly similar. Example Coating 1 and Comparative Coating 1 were then subjected to ultraviolet (UV) gloss retention testing for 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 hours in accordance with ASTM G-154 (Standard Operating Practice for Fluorescent Lighting Equipment Used for Ultraviolet Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials, ASTM (May 2000), incorporated herein by reference). The ASTM G-154 standard requires UV exposure (340 nm and 0.89 W / m) at 60°C. 2 ) for 8 hours, followed by 4 hours of condensation (without UV exposure) at 50°C. This process was repeated at predetermined intervals (e.g., 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 hours). The baseline gloss retention at time 0 was quantified and then normalized to 100%, as shown in Table 4. A decrease in the percentage after UV exposure indicates a decrease in gloss relative to the baseline value of 100% at time 0, while an increase in the percentage after UV exposure indicates an increase in gloss relative to the baseline value of 100% at time 0. Interestingly, a slight increase in gloss (3.5%) was observed for Example Coating 1 after 500 hours. As shown in Table 4, Example Coating 1 maintained its gloss over all time periods, while Comparative Coating 1 lost gloss over all time periods and did not retain gloss after 2000 hours. Gloss retention is an indication of the durability of the coating and extends the lifespan of the coating's antifungal and / or antialgal properties. [Table 4]

[0133] Based on the above example compositions and example coatings, Applicant further prepared compositions to form Example Coating 2 (within the range of compositions disclosed in Table 1) and Comparative Coating 2 (control), as shown in Table 5, to further investigate the antifungal efficacy of the coatings. Comparative Coating 2 does not contain either an unencapsulated or encapsulated biocide, whereas Example Coating 2 contains both biocides. Comparative Coating 2 and Example Coating 2 contain a second stabilizer, decanedioic acid, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(octyloxy)-4-piperidinyl) ester. The combination of the first and second stabilizers provides excellent protection against UV light. A competitor's composition (Comparative Coating 3; CertainTeed GH-704 AR, Master Label (2014), incorporated herein by reference), which is representative of conventional compositions currently used in the industry / field, was also investigated. This composition contains 4.4% cuprous oxide (CAS number: 1317-39-1) as the active ingredient. [Table 5]

[0134] After forming the coatings disclosed in Table 5 (i.e., Example Coating 2 and Comparative Coating 2), the antifungal efficacy of these coatings was examined. Example Coating 2 and Comparative Coating 2 were applied to aluminum substrates and then cut into test specimens (1.5" x 1.5"). Comparative Coating 3 was pre-applied to roofing shingles and similarly cut into test specimens (1.5" x 1.5"). Antifungal efficacy testing was performed using the green alga Oxenochlorella protothecoides (ATCC #30581) according to a revised version of ASTM E2180 parameters (described below). The green algae were rehydrated and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and grown for 7-14 days at 23°C ± 2°C and 75% relative humidity under a 12-hour fluorescent light / dark cycle. Cultures were performed in Sunblaster Nanodomes. After a uniform growth layer formed, the green algae were collected with a swab, mixed with physiological saline, and thoroughly stirred. This solution was diluted with a non-ionic wetting agent to a final concentration of 0.05% (v / v) to form an agar slurry of the desired concentration to create an inoculum. 0.5 mL of the inoculum was pipetted onto the test samples (aluminum coupons and roofing shingles). A sterile polyethylene film (1 inch x 1 inch) was placed over the inoculum. The polyethylene film ensured contact with the coating and prevented drying. The samples were incubated for 96 hours at 23°C ± 2°C and 75% relative humidity under a 12-hour fluorescent light / dark cycle. After incubation, the samples were collected in 100 mL of Letheen medium to neutralize the active ingredients (i.e., biocide and / or cuprous oxide). Samples were counted on PDA plates by incubating the counting plates for 10 days at 23°C ± 2°C and 75% relative humidity under a 12-hour fluorescent light / dark cycle.

[0135] The mean logarithmic value of the inoculum was 6.12. As shown in Table 6, Example Coating 2 exhibited a superior mean logarithmic value (i.e., 2.00) compared to the Comparative Coating (i.e., greater than 6.00). Furthermore, when comparing the log reduction to the control (i.e., Comparative Coating 2), the Example Coating 2 composition exhibited a log reduction of greater than 4.27, representing a greater than 99.99% reduction in algae population. On the other hand, when comparing the log reduction to the control (i.e., Comparative Coating 2), Comparative Coating 3 exhibited a log reduction of 0.01. Therefore, the Example Coating 2 composition exhibited superior antifungal efficacy against green algae compared to the Comparative Coating. The log reduction data were further analyzed using an unpaired two-tailed Student's t-test with a significance level of α = 0.05 and an equivalent difference δ = 0.5, according to the parameters defined in ASTM E1054. When comparing Example Coating 2 with Comparative Coating 2 (control), the P value was less than 0.0001, which was found to be statistically significant. When comparing Comparative Coating 3 with Comparative Coating 2 (control), the P value was 0.9541, which was found to be statistically insignificant. Therefore, Example Coating 2 exhibits a higher antifungal effect than Comparative Coating 3. [Table 6]

[0136] Combining non-encapsulated and encapsulated biocides provides improved durability compared to either biocide used alone. Additionally, the combination of biocides reduces substrate yellowing, resulting in a more aesthetically pleasing appearance. When the non-encapsulated biocide is omitted, nearly the same antifungal efficacy (approximately 3 log reduction) is observed. However, when the encapsulated biocide is omitted, reduced antifungal efficacy (lower log reduction) is observed. The encapsulated biocide provides a sustained-release feature that results in long-lasting antifungal efficacy.

[0137] Based on the above-described example compositions and coatings, Applicant further prepared compositions to form Comparative Coating 4 and Comparative Coating 5 (controls), as shown in Table 7, to further investigate the appearance of coatings with and without cuprous oxide. These coatings were applied to clear polyester film. The limited effectiveness of cuprous oxide, coupled with the extreme color change, made it impractical to use cuprous oxide as a clear film coating. Figure 1 shows the extreme color change observed in polyester film treated with Comparative Coating 4. The coating appeared golden and lost its transparency / translucency. Comparative Coating 5 (control), which did not contain a biocide (e.g., cuprous oxide), did not change color and maintained its transparency / translucency. Furthermore, Figure 3, which contained an unencapsulated biocide, also did not change color and maintained its transparency / translucency. Therefore, the color change is attributable to the presence of cuprous oxide. Cuprous oxide does not produce a transparent / translucent coating. [Table 7]

[0138] The use of metals, such as cuprous oxide, is harmful to humans and the environment. Cuprous oxide is toxic to aquatic organisms and can cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. Toxicity concerns can be avoided by replacing metals with organic biocides, such as those found in Polyphase 663 and / or Polyphase PW20CR. Additionally, these biocides provide a clear film with strong antifungal and / or antialgal properties.

[0139] The foregoing description is merely illustrative of embodiments of the present invention. It is envisioned that other embodiments may perform a similar function and / or achieve similar results. All such equivalent embodiments and examples are intended to be within the scope of the present invention and are covered by the appended claims.

Claims

1. 1. An antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition that forms a coating on a substrate after application, comprising: (a) water at a concentration of 70 wt % or less of the composition; (b) a biocide dispersed in said water in an amount effective to prevent and / or inhibit fungal and / or algal growth on said substrate after application; (c) a stabilizer dispersed in the water; (d) a film-forming composition dispersed in said water in an amount effective to form a clear film on said substrate after application; 1. A liquid antifungal and / or antialgal composition comprising:

2. 10. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises less than 0.01 wt.% of heavy metal-containing components and less than 0.01 wt.% of fluorine-containing components.

3. 3. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition according to claim 1, wherein the film-forming composition is an organic-inorganic hybrid resin.

4. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the film-forming composition comprises a siloxane component and an organic component.

5. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the film-forming composition comprises one or more copolymers.

6. 6. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of claim 1, wherein the film-forming composition comprises a siloxane component and at least one of an acrylate component and a urethane component.

7. 7. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the film-forming composition comprises a polysiloxane and at least one of an acrylate component and a urethane component.

8. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the film-forming composition comprises a polysiloxane, an acrylate component, and a urethane component.

9. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the film-forming composition comprises a polysiloxane-acrylic resin and a polysiloxane-urethane resin.

10. 10. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the polysiloxane-acrylic resin has a shell-core structure in which the polysiloxane is coated with acrylic.

11. 11. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the organic-inorganic hybrid film-forming composition comprises 10 wt% to 45 wt%, 20 wt% to 40 wt%, or 30 wt% to 35 wt% of the composition.

12. 12. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any of claims 1 to 11, wherein the biocide comprises an encapsulated biocide and a non-encapsulated biocide.

13. 13. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any of claims 1 to 12, wherein the encapsulated biocide is configured to release the biocide from the coating on a substrate after application over a period of 6 months to 5 years, 1 year to 5 years, 2 years to 5 years, or 3 years to 5 years.

14. 14. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any of claims 1 to 13, wherein the encapsulated biocide comprises 0.1 wt% to 2 wt%, 0.5 wt% to 1.5 wt%, or 1.0 wt% to 1.2 wt% of the composition.

15. 15. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any of claims 1 to 14, wherein the non-encapsulated biocide comprises 0.1 wt% to 1 wt%, 0.2 wt% to 0.8 wt%, or 0.5 wt% to 0.7 wt% of the composition.

16. An antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the biocide comprises a carbamate having biocidal activity.

17. An antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the biocide comprises butyl carbamate, which has biocidal activity.

18. 18. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any preceding claim, wherein the biocide comprises 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate.

19. 19. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any of claims 1 to 18, wherein the encapsulated biocide and the non-encapsulated biocide comprise at least one carbamate having biocidal activity.

20. 20. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any of claims 1 to 19, wherein the encapsulated biocide and the non-encapsulated biocide comprise at least one butyl carbamate having biocidal activity.

21. 21. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any of claims 1 to 20, wherein the encapsulated biocide and the non-encapsulated biocide comprise 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate.

22. 22. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any of claims 1 to 21, wherein the non-encapsulated biocide further comprises an aromatic biocide.

23. 23. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any of claims 1 to 22, wherein the aromatic biocide comprises an aromatic urea compound and an aromatic carbamate.

24. 24. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any of claims 1 to 23, wherein the aromatic biocide comprises 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate, or any combination thereof.

25. 25. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any of the preceding claims, wherein the stabilizer comprises 0.5 wt% to 6 wt%, 1 wt% to 5 wt%, or 2 wt% to 3 wt% of the composition.

26. 26. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any of claims 1 to 25, wherein the stabilizer comprises an ultraviolet (UV) stabilizer.

27. 27. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any of claims 1-26, wherein the UV stabilizer comprises a first UV stabilizer, a second UV stabilizer, or a combination thereof.

28. the first UV stabilizer has an effective concentration of 0.5 wt % to 0.8 wt % or 0.6 wt % to 0.7 wt % of the composition; and / or 28. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the second UV stabilizer has an effective concentration of 0.3 wt% to 0.4 wt% or 0.3 wt% to 0.35 wt%.

29. 29. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition according to any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein the first UV stabilizer is a heterocycle.

30. 30. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition according to any one of claims 1 to 29, wherein the first UV stabilizer is an azine compound.

31. 31. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition according to any one of claims 1 to 30, wherein the first UV stabilizer is a triazine compound.

32. 32. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition according to any one of claims 1 to 31, wherein the first UV stabilizer is a hydroxyphenyltriazine.

33. 33. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any of claims 1-32, wherein the first UV stabilizer comprises 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-dodecyloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-tridecyloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, or any combination thereof.

34. 34. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any of claims 1 to 33, wherein the second UV stabilizer comprises a hindered amine and / or heterocycle-containing ultraviolet (UV) stabilizer.

35. 35. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any of claims 1 to 34, wherein the second UV stabilizer comprises a heterocyclic hindered amine.

36. 36. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any of claims 1 to 35, wherein the second UV stabilizer comprises a hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS).

37. 37. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any of claims 1 to 36, wherein the second UV stabilizer comprises a derivative of piperidine.

38. 38. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the second UV stabilizer comprises a derivative of tetramethylpiperidine, preferably decanedioic acid, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(octyloxy)-4-piperidinyl) ester.

39. 39. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition according to any one of claims 1 to 38, wherein a combination of the first UV stabilizer and the second UV stabilizer is used due to a synergistic effect.

40. (a) water at a concentration of 70 wt % or less of the composition; (b) a biocide dispersed in said water in an amount effective to prevent and / or inhibit fungal and / or algal growth on the substrate after application, the biocide comprises an encapsulated biocide comprising 0.1 wt % to 2 wt % of the composition and a non-encapsulated biocide comprising 0.1 wt % to 1 wt % of the composition; the encapsulated biocide and the non-encapsulated biocide comprise a biocidal butyl carbamate, preferably 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate (IPBC); the non-encapsulated biocide further comprising an aromatic biocide, preferably 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate, or any combination thereof; (c) a stabilizer dispersed in the water, comprising 0.5 wt % to 6 wt % of the composition, The stabilizer is a first UV stabilizer which is a heterocycle, preferably 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-dodecyloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-tridecyloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, or any combination thereof; a second UV stabilizer that is a hindered amine and / or heterocycle-containing ultraviolet (UV) stabilizer, preferably a derivative of tetramethylpiperidine, preferably decanedioic acid, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(octyloxy)-4-piperidinyl) ester, or any combination thereof; (d) a film-forming composition dispersed in the water in an amount effective to form a clear film on the substrate after application, the film-forming composition comprising a polysiloxane-acrylic resin and a polysiloxane-urethane resin; 40. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any one of claims 1 to 39, wherein the composition comprises less than 0.01 wt% of heavy metal-containing components and less than 0.01 wt% of fluorine-containing components.

41. 41. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition according to any one of claims 1 to 40, wherein the first UV stabilizer and the second UV stabilizer are present in a ratio of from 1:1 to 5:1, more preferably from 2:1 to 4:

1.

42. 42. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any one of claims 1 to 41, wherein the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition comprises the biocide and the film-forming composition in a ratio of 1:3 to 1:60, a ratio of 1:7 to 1:50, or a ratio of 1:10 to 1:

25.

43. 43. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any one of claims 1 to 42, wherein the liquid antifungal and / or antialgal composition comprises the unencapsulated biocide and the encapsulated biocide in a ratio of 3:1 to 1:7, a ratio of 2.5:1 to 1:6, a ratio of 2:1 to 1:5, a ratio of 1.5:1 to 1:4, or a ratio of 1:1 to 1:

3.

44. 44. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any one of claims 1 to 43, wherein the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition comprises the polysiloxane-acrylic resin and the polysiloxane-urethane resin in a ratio of 9:1 to 1.1:1, a ratio of 7:1 to 1.05:1, or a ratio of 4:1 to 1:

1.

45. 45. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition of any one of claims 1 to 44, wherein the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition comprises the biocide and the stabilizer in a ratio of 8:1 to 1:4, a ratio of 6.5:1 to 1:3.5, or a ratio of 4:1 to 1:2.

5.

46. 46. ​​The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition according to any one of claims 1 to 45, wherein the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition comprises the biocide and the first UV stabilizer in a ratio of 1:0.3 to 1:11, more preferably in a ratio of 1:0.5 to 1:

10.

47. 47. The antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition according to any one of claims 1 to 46, wherein the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition comprises the biocide and the second UV stabilizer in a ratio of 1:0.1 to 1:4, more preferably 1:0.5 to 1:

3.

48. 48. A method for producing the liquid antifungal and / or antialgal composition of any one of claims 1 to 47, comprising the steps of: (a) providing water at a concentration of 70 wt % or less of the composition; (b) mixing a biocide with the water, the biocide being present in an amount effective to prevent and / or inhibit fungal and / or algal growth on the substrate after application; (c) mixing a stabilizer into the water; (d) mixing a film-forming composition with the water, the film-forming composition being present in an amount effective to form a clear film on the substrate after application; A method comprising:

49. 1. A method of coating a substrate, comprising: (a) applying the composition of any one of claims 1 to 47 to a substrate; (b) drying and / or curing the composition of any of claims 1 to 47 on the substrate to form a coated substrate.

50. 50. The method of claim 49, wherein the substrate is a porous or non-porous material.

51. the substrate is an unfunctionalized substrate, an electrostatically neutral substrate, or a combination thereof; 49. The method of claim 47 or 48.

52. 1. An antifungal and / or antialgal coating, comprising: (a) a clear film; (b) a biocide dispersed within the clear film in an amount effective to prevent and / or inhibit fungal and / or algal growth on and within the antifungal and / or antialgal coating; (c) a stabilizer dispersed within the clear film; 1. An antifungal and / or antialgal coating comprising:

53. 53. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claim 52, wherein the coating comprises less than 0.01 wt% heavy metal-containing components and less than 0.01 wt% fluorine-containing components.

54. 54. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claim 52 or 53, wherein the clear film is an organic-inorganic hybrid resin.

55. 55. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52 to 54, wherein the clear film comprises a siloxane component and an organic component.

56. 56. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52-55, wherein the clear film composition comprises one or more copolymers.

57. 57. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52-56, wherein the clear film comprises a siloxane component and at least one of an acrylate component and a urethane component.

58. 58. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52-57, wherein the clear film comprises a polysiloxane and at least one of an acrylate component and a urethane component.

59. 59. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52 to 58, wherein the clear film comprises a polysiloxane, an acrylate component, and a urethane component.

60. 60. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52 to 59, wherein the clear film comprises a polysiloxane-acrylic resin and a polysiloxane-urethane resin.

61. 61. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52 to 60, wherein the polysiloxane-acrylic resin comprises a shell-core structure in which the polysiloxane is coated with the acrylic.

62. 62. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52-61, wherein the clear film is an organic-inorganic hybrid film at a concentration of 40 wt% to 95 wt%, 45 wt% to 90 wt%, or 50 wt% to 85 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal coating.

63. 63. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52 to 62, wherein the biocide comprises an encapsulated biocide and a non-encapsulated biocide.

64. 64. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52-63, wherein the encapsulated biocide is configured to release the biocide from the antifungal and / or antialgal coating over a period of 6 months to 5 years, 1 year to 5 years, 2 years to 5 years, or 3 years to 5 years.

65. 65. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52-64, wherein the encapsulated biocide comprises 0.2 wt% to 7.5 wt%, 1 wt% to 4.5 wt%, or 1.5 wt% to 4 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal coating.

66. 66. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52-65, wherein the non-encapsulated biocide comprises 0.2 wt% to 6 wt%, 1 wt% to 5 wt%, or 1.5 wt% to 3.75 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal coating.

67. 67. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52 to 66, wherein the biocide comprises a carbamate having biocidal activity.

68. 68. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52 to 67, wherein the biocide comprises butyl carbamate, which has biocidal activity.

69. 69. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52-68, wherein the biocide comprises 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate.

70. 70. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52-69, wherein the encapsulated biocide and the non-encapsulated biocide comprise at least one carbamate having biocidal activity.

71. 71. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52-70, wherein the encapsulated biocide and the encapsulated biocide comprise at least one butyl carbamate having biocidal activity.

72. 72. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52-71, wherein the encapsulated biocide and the non-encapsulated biocide comprise 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate.

73. 73. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52-72, wherein the non-encapsulated biocide further comprises an aromatic biocide.

74. 74. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52-73, wherein the aromatic biocide comprises an aromatic urea compound and an aromatic carbamate.

75. 75. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52-74, wherein the aromatic biocide comprises 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate, or any combination thereof.

76. 76. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52-75, wherein the stabilizer comprises 0.3 wt% to 22 wt%, 2.5 wt% to 20 wt%, or 7.5 wt% to 15 wt% of the composition.

77. 77. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52 to 76, wherein the stabilizer comprises an ultraviolet (UV) stabilizer.

78. 78. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52-77, wherein the UV stabilizer comprises a first UV stabilizer, a second UV stabilizer, or a combination thereof.

79. the first UV stabilizer has an effective concentration of 0.9 wt % to 22 wt %, 3 wt % to 20 wt %, or 8 wt % to 15 wt % of the composition; and / or 79. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52-78, wherein the second UV stabilizer comprises an effective concentration of 0.3 wt% to 8 wt%, 2 wt% to 6 wt%, or 4 wt% to 5 wt%.

80. 80. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52 to 79, wherein the first UV stabilizer is a heterocycle.

81. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating according to claims 52 to 80, wherein the first UV stabilizer is an azine compound.

82. 82. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52 to 81, wherein the first UV stabilizer is a triazine compound.

83. 83. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52 to 82, wherein the first UV stabilizer is a hydroxyphenyltriazine.

84. 84. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52-83, wherein the first UV stabilizer comprises 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-dodecyloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-tridecyloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, or any combination thereof.

85. 85. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52-84, wherein the second UV stabilizer comprises a hindered amine and / or heterocycle-containing ultraviolet (UV) stabilizer.

86. 86. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52-85, wherein the second UV stabilizer comprises a heterocyclic hindered amine.

87. 87. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52-86, wherein the second UV stabilizer comprises a hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS).

88. 88. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52-87, wherein the second UV stabilizer comprises a derivative of piperidine.

89. 89. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52 to 88, wherein the second UV stabilizer comprises a derivative of tetramethylpiperidine, preferably decanedioic acid, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(octyloxy)-4-piperidinyl) ester.

90. 90. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52 to 89, wherein a combination of the first UV stabilizer and the second UV stabilizer is used due to a synergistic effect.

91. 91. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52 to 90, wherein the first UV stabilizer and the second UV stabilizer are present in a ratio of from 1:1 to 5:1, more preferably from 2:1 to 4:

1.

92. 92. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52-91, wherein the antifungal and / or antialgal coating comprises the biocide and the clear film in a ratio of 1:3 to 1:60, 1:7 to 1:50, or 1:10 to 1:

25.

93. 93. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52-92, wherein the antifungal and / or antialgal coating comprises the unencapsulated biocide and the encapsulated biocide in a ratio of 3:1 to 1:7, a ratio of 1.5:1 to 1:5, a ratio of 1.25:1 to 1:2, or a ratio of 1:1.05 to 1:1.

5.

94. 94. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52 to 93, wherein the antifungal and / or antialgal coating comprises the polysiloxane-acrylic resin and the polysiloxane-urethane resin in a ratio of 9:1 to 1.1:1, a ratio of 7:1 to 1.05:1, or a ratio of 4:1 to 1:

1.

95. 95. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52 to 94, wherein the antifungal and / or antialgal coating comprises the biocide and the stabilizer in a ratio of 8:1 to 1:4, a ratio of 6.5:1 to 1:3.5, or a ratio of 4:1 to 1:2.

5.

96. 95. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52 to 94, wherein the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition comprises the biocide and the first UV stabilizer in a ratio of 1:0.3 to 1:11, more preferably 1:0.5 to 1:

10.

97. 97. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating of claims 52 to 96, wherein the antifungal and / or antialgal liquid composition comprises the biocide and the second UV stabilizer in a ratio of 1:0.1 to 1:4, more preferably 1:0.5 to 1:

3.

98. 98. An antifungal and / or antialgal coating according to claims 52 to 97, wherein the antifungal and / or antialgal coating preferably contains less than 1 wt% water, more preferably less than 0.5 wt% water, most preferably less than 0.25 wt% water.

99. 99. An antifungal and / or antialgal coating according to claims 52 to 98, comprising (a) a clear film comprising a polysiloxane-acrylic resin and a polysiloxane-urethane resin; (b) a biocide dispersed within the clear film in an amount effective to prevent and / or inhibit fungal and / or algal growth on and within the antifungal and / or antialgal coating, the biocide comprising an encapsulated biocide comprising 0.2 wt% to 7.5 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal coating, and a non-encapsulated biocide comprising 0.2 wt% to 6 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgal coating; the encapsulated biocide and the non-encapsulated biocide comprise a biocidal butyl carbamate, preferably 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate (IPBC); the non-encapsulated biocide further comprising an aromatic biocide, preferably 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate, or any combination thereof; (c) 0.3 wt % to 22 wt % of a stabilizer dispersed within the clear film, The stabilizer is a first UV stabilizer which is a heterocycle, preferably 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-dodecyloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-tridecyloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, or any combination thereof; a second UV stabilizer which is a hindered amine and / or heterocycle-containing ultraviolet (UV) stabilizer, preferably a derivative of tetramethylpiperidine, preferably decanedioic acid, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(octyloxy)-4-piperidinyl) ester, or a combination thereof; the coating comprises less than 0.01 wt. % of a heavy metal-containing component and less than 0.01 wt. % of a fluorine-containing component; 99. An antifungal and / or antialgal coating according to claims 52 to 98, wherein the antifungal and / or antialgal coating preferably contains less than 1 wt% water, more preferably less than 0.5 wt% water, most preferably less than 0.25 wt% water.

100. A substrate provided with the antifungal and / or antialgal coated coating according to any one of claims 52 to 99.

101. 101. The substrate of claim 100, wherein the substrate is a porous or non-porous material.

102. 102. The substrate of claim 100 or 101, wherein the substrate is an unfunctionalized substrate, an electrostatically neutral substrate, or a combination thereof.

103. The antifungal and / or antialgal coating comprises: Maintains 100% gloss retention after 500 hours of UV exposure Maintains 95% gloss retention after 1000 hours of UV exposure Maintains 93% gloss retention after 1500 hours of UV exposure 103. The substrate of claims 100-102, which maintains 93% gloss retention after 2000 hours of UV exposure.

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