Granular material containment device

Abstract

This method allows for the reduction of granular material aggregation while controlling the discharge of granular material. [Solution] A granular material containment device according to one aspect of the present disclosure comprises a container for containing granular material, a discharge control unit connected to the container, and a fixing mechanism for fixing the discharge control unit. The discharge control unit has a flexible cylindrical body. The cylindrical body communicates with the container and has a first opening through which the granular material flows in, a second opening through which the granular material flows out, and a flow path connecting the first and second openings. The granular material containment device controls the discharge of granular material by fixing the second opening at a height at which the flow path is curved using the fixing mechanism.

Description

Technical Field

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[0001] The present disclosure relates to a granular material storage device.

Background Art

[0002] Conventionally, a technique for opening and closing a flow path of powder or granular material using a valve has been known. For example, Patent Document 1 discloses a valve that controls the flow rate of powder or granular material by adjusting the opening diameter of a passage of a sleeve valve.

Prior Art Documents

Patent Documents

[0003]

Patent Document 1

Summary of the Invention

Problems to be Solved by the Invention

[0004] The present disclosure provides a technique capable of controlling the discharge of granular material while reducing the occurrence of aggregation of the granular material.

Means for Solving the Problems

[0005] A granular material storage device according to an aspect of the present disclosure includes a container that stores granular material, a discharge control unit that is connected to the container, and a fixing mechanism that fixes the discharge control unit. The discharge control unit has a flexible cylindrical body. The cylindrical body has a first opening through which granular material flows in, a second opening through which granular material flows out, and a flow path portion that connects the first opening and the second opening. The granular material storage device controls the discharge of granular material by fixing the second opening at a height at which the flow path portion is in a curved state using the fixing mechanism.

Effects of the Invention

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0007] [Figure 1] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the configuration of a granular material containing device according to an embodiment. [Figure 2] Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of the configuration of the discharge control unit according to the embodiment. [Figure 3] Figure 3 is a plan view showing an example of the configuration of the discharge control unit according to the embodiment. [Figure 4] Figure 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating how the discharge of granular material is controlled by the discharge control unit. [Figure 5] Figure 5 is a cross-sectional view showing another example of the configuration of the discharge control unit according to the embodiment. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0008] The embodiments for implementing the granular material containing apparatus according to this disclosure (hereinafter referred to as "embodiments") will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings. Note that these embodiments do not limit the granular material containing apparatus according to this disclosure. Furthermore, each embodiment can be combined as appropriate, provided that the processing content is not inconsistent. Also, the same parts are denoted by the same reference numerals in each of the following embodiments, and redundant descriptions are omitted.

[0009] Furthermore, in the embodiments described below, expressions such as "orthogonal" or "parallel" may be used, but these expressions do not require strict "orthogonal" or "parallel" alignment. In other words, each of the above expressions allows for deviations such as manufacturing accuracy and installation accuracy.

[0010] Furthermore, in the drawings referenced below, for the sake of clarity, mutually orthogonal X, Y, and Z axis directions are sometimes defined, and a Cartesian coordinate system is shown with the positive Z axis pointing vertically upward.

[0011] Conventionally, valves that control the flow rate of powders and granules by adjusting the opening diameter of the passage of the sleeve valve are known. For example, in the valve described in Patent Document 1, the opening diameter of the passage of the sleeve valve is adjusted by binding the sleeve valve with a string, thereby controlling the flow rate of powders and granules.

[0012] However, with conventional valves, when closing the flow path of the sleeve valve, pressure may be applied to the powder or granules at the point where the sleeve valve is secured by the string. In this case, the granules may agglomerate due to the pressure.

[0013] The granular material containment device of this disclosure controls the discharge of granular material using a discharge control unit connected to a container that contains granular material. The discharge control unit has a flexible cylindrical body, and the height of the opening in this cylindrical body, which is the outlet for the granular material, can be adjusted by a fixing mechanism. The granular material containment device of this disclosure controls the discharge of granular material by fixing the height of the opening with the fixing mechanism, thereby fixing the cylindrical body in a curved state. With this configuration, it is possible to control the discharge of granular material while reducing the occurrence of aggregation of granular material.

[0014] <Configuration of the granular material containment device> First, the configuration of the granular material containment device according to this embodiment will be described with reference to Figure 1. Figure 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the configuration of the granular material containment device according to this embodiment. In the following description, the plane perpendicular to gravity may be described as the horizontal plane.

[0015] As shown in Figure 1, the granular material containment device 100 may include a container 10, a discharge control unit 20, and a first fixing member 23 and a second fixing member 30 as a fixing mechanism.

[0016] The container 10 contains the granular material 50 described later. The container 10 may have an opening at the top (not shown). The granular material 50 can be put into the container 10 through this opening. The container 10 may have an inclined surface 101 at the bottom. The container 10 may be made of metal, for example.

[0017] The granular material 50 accommodated in the container 10 may be, for example, a ceramic powder. The powder is not limited to the ceramic powder and may be, for example, a metal powder. Further, the granular material 50 is not limited to the powder and may be granular materials such as rice grains, bean grains, and corn. Thus, as the granular material 50 in the present embodiment, general powders or granular materials can be widely applied.

[0018] The container 10 may have a discharge port 11 for discharging the granular material 50 from the inside of the container 10. For example, the container 10 may have a discharge pipe 102 protruding from an inclined surface 101 located at the lower part of the container 10, and the discharge port 11 may be located at the tip of the discharge pipe 102. The discharge pipe 102 may be made of metal. The discharge port 11 may be, for example, an opening circular in plan view. A connecting member 12 for fixing a discharge control unit 20 described later may be attached to the discharge port 11. Details of this point will be described later with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3.

[0019] The discharge port 11 may be arranged such that the direction of the opening axis faces obliquely downward. In this specification, the opening axis is a virtual axis that passes through the center of the opening surface and extends in a direction perpendicular to the opening surface. According to such a configuration, the opening of the discharge control unit 20 described later connected to the discharge port 11 can be arranged obliquely. Specifically, as will be described later, according to such a configuration, aggregation of the granular material 50 is unlikely to occur inside the discharge control unit described later. Further, when controlling the discharge of the granular material, the curvature of the cylindrical body of the discharge control unit described later can be reduced.

[0020] In the present embodiment, the discharge port 11 is arranged on the inclined surface 101 at the lower part of the container 10, but the discharge port 11 may be arranged, for example, on the bottom surface 103 of the container 10. Further, in the present embodiment, the opening axis of the discharge port 11 is arranged to face obliquely downward, but the discharge port 11 may be arranged such that the opening axis faces the horizontal direction (here, the direction parallel to the X-axis) or the vertically downward direction (here, the negative Z-axis direction).

[0021] The discharge control unit 20 is connected to the discharge port 11 of the container 10 and controls the discharge of the granular material 50 from the container 10. The discharge control unit 20 may have a cylindrical body 21 communicating with the container 10. The cylindrical body 21 may be connected to the discharge port 11 via, for example, a connecting member 12. The cylindrical body 21 may have a first opening 211 into which the granular material 50 flows, a second opening 212 from which the granular material 50 flows out, and a flow path portion 213 connecting the first opening 211 and the second opening 212. As will be described later, the cylindrical body 21 according to the embodiment has flexibility.

[0022] Further, the discharge control unit 20 may have a first fixing member 23 and a second fixing member 30. The first fixing member 23 may be located, for example, above the second opening 212. The second fixing member 30 is a member for fixing the first fixing member 23 from above. The second fixing member 30 may be attached to, for example, the connecting member 12. Note that the second fixing member 30 is not limited to such a configuration and may be attached to, for example, the inclined surface 101 of the container 10 or the side surface 104. The first fixing member 23 and the second fixing member 30 are an example of a fixing mechanism for fixing the discharge control unit 20.

[0023] The granular material storage device 100 according to the present embodiment can control the discharge of the granular material 50 by fixing the height of the second opening 212 at a height at which the flow path portion 213 is curved using the first fixing member 23 and the second fixing member 30. Details of the configuration of the discharge control unit 20 and the fixing mechanism will be described later with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3. Also, the method of controlling the discharge of the granular material 50 by the discharge control unit 20 will be described later with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5.

[0024] <Configuration of Discharge Control Unit> Next, the configuration of the discharge control unit 20 and the fixing mechanism according to this embodiment will be described in detail with reference to Figures 2 and 3. Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of the configuration of the discharge control unit according to the embodiment. Specifically, Figure 2 corresponds to a cross-sectional view of the discharge control unit 20 in a side cross-sectional view as seen from a direction perpendicular to the direction of gravity. That is, in Figure 2, the upper surface of the cylindrical body 21 is the surface located on the upper side in the direction of gravity, and the lower surface of the cylindrical body 21 is the surface located on the lower side in the direction of gravity. Figure 3 is a plan view showing an example of the configuration of the discharge control unit according to the embodiment. In the Cartesian coordinate system shown in Figures 2 and 3, axis A is the axis parallel to the opening axis of the discharge port 11 shown in Figure 1, and axis B is the axis perpendicular to the opening axis of the discharge port 11.

[0025] As shown in Figure 2, a flange portion 111 may be located at the tip of the discharge pipe 102 of the container 10. The flange portion 111 may have, for example, five through holes 112 (see Figure 3). Also, as described above, the container 10 may have a connecting member 12 for connecting the discharge port 11 and the discharge control unit 20.

[0026] The connecting member 12 may be, for example, a disc-shaped member having approximately the same diameter as the outer diameter of the flange portion 111 (see Figure 3). The connecting member 12 may have an opening 121 in its center for forming a flow path for the granular material 50, and a plurality of through holes 122 positioned opposite the through holes 112 of the flange portion 111. Each of the through holes 122 in the connecting member 12 communicates with each of the through holes 112 in the flange portion 111.

[0027] As will be described in more detail later, the cylindrical body 21 of the discharge control unit 20 is joined to the connecting member 12. Therefore, the discharge control unit 20 can be connected to the container 10 by fixing the through holes 112 and 122 with, for example, screws 13 and nuts 14, and fixing the connecting member 12 to the discharge port 11.

[0028] As shown in Figure 2, the discharge control unit 20 is connected to the container 10 via the discharge port 11. The cylindrical body 21 is flexible. The cylindrical body 21 has a first opening 211, a second opening 212, and a flow path section 213 connecting the first opening 211 and the second opening 212.

[0029] The granular material 50 contained in the container 10 flows into the interior of the flow channel 213 from the first opening 211 via the discharge port 11. The granular material 50 located inside the flow channel 213 is discharged from the second opening 212. Thus, the first opening 211 is the opening into which the granular material 50 flows in of the cylindrical body 21, and the second opening 212 is the opening into which the granular material flows out.

[0030] The material of the tubular body 21 may be, for example, cloth or nonwoven fabric. Specifically, the material of the tubular body 21 may be, for example, polyester cloth.

[0031] The first opening 211 of the cylindrical body 21 may be joined to the opening 121 of the connecting member 12, as shown in Figure 2. This maintains the first opening 211 in an open state. Specifically, one end of the cloth or nonwoven fabric in the axial direction may be joined to the inner surface of the opening 121.

[0032] Furthermore, a guard member 22 having an annular shape may be provided at the second opening 212 of the cylindrical body 21, as shown in Figure 2. This keeps the second opening 212 open. The guard member 22 may be made of, for example, silicone resin. Note that the diameter of the outlet 11, the diameter of the opening of the connecting member 12, and the inner diameter of the guard member 22 may be approximately the same.

[0033] Furthermore, a resin film may be formed on the surface of the cloth or nonwoven fabric that forms the tubular body 21. Such a resin film may be, for example, a silicone resin film. With this configuration, moisture and other substances are less likely to penetrate from the outer surface of the tubular body 21 into the interior of the tubular body 21.

[0034] The discharge control unit 20 may have a first fixing member 23 as a fixing mechanism at the top of the second opening 212. Specifically, the first fixing member 23 may be, for example, a metal hook provided so as to protrude from the top of the guard member 22 that forms the second opening 212. The material of the first fixing member 23 is not limited to metal. The first fixing member 23 may also be a string or a magnet.

[0035] The granular material containment device 100 may have a second fixing member 30 fixed to the container 10 as a fixing mechanism. The second fixing member 30 may be, for example, a long metal member protruding from the side of the container 10. The material of the second fixing member 30 is not limited to metal.

[0036] The second fixing member 30 may be provided, for example, on the connecting member 12 of the container 10. Specifically, the second fixing member 30 may have a through hole 31 for fixing to the connecting member 12. The second fixing member 30 may be fixed to the connecting member 12 by positioning the through hole 31 opposite the aforementioned through holes 112 and 122 and fastening it with the aforementioned screws 13 and nuts 14.

[0037] Furthermore, the second fixing member 30 may have a through hole 32 at its tip for fixing the first fixing member 23.

[0038] With the granular material containment device 100 having such a fixing mechanism, the second opening 212 can be fixed at a height such that the flow path section 213 is curved by attaching the first fixing member 23 to the second fixing member 30.

[0039] As shown in Figure 2, the second fixing member 30 may extend in a direction inclined by an angle θ with respect to the opening axis direction of the discharge port 11. As shown in Figure 2, let L be the length of the second fixing member 30 extending from the side surface of the container 10. The granular material containment device 100 may adjust the height at which the second opening 212 is fixed by adjusting the angle θ and length L of the second fixing member 30. In other words, the height at which the second opening 212 is fixed can be adjusted by replacing it with another second fixing member 30 having a different angle θ and length L. Note that the dashed line in Figure 2 represents a straight line parallel to the opening axis of the discharge port 11.

[0040] <Method for controlling the discharge of granular material> Next, the method for controlling the discharge of granular material 50 by the granular material containment device 100 according to this embodiment will be described with reference to Figure 4. Figure 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating how the discharge of granular material is controlled by the discharge control unit 20. Specifically, Figure 4 corresponds to a cross-sectional view of the discharge control unit 20 in a side cross-sectional view taken from a direction perpendicular to the direction of gravity. That is, in Figure 4, the upper surface of the cylindrical body 21 is the surface located on the upper side in the direction of gravity, and the lower surface of the cylindrical body 21 is the surface located on the lower side in the direction of gravity.

[0041] The granular material containment device 100 according to this embodiment controls the discharge of granular material by fixing the height of the second opening 212 at a height at which the flow channel 213 is curved, thereby maintaining the slope of the granular material 50 located inside the flow channel 213 at an angle less than or equal to the angle of repose.

[0042] The angle of repose referred to here is the maximum angle of the slope at which stacked granular material can spontaneously maintain stability. This angle of repose is defined as the angle from the horizontal plane. When the angle of the slope of the stacked granular material is less than or equal to the angle of repose, the granular material located on the slope is kept stable by the upward frictional force acting along the slope, preventing it from sliding down. This angle of repose can be calculated from the physical properties of the granular material 50, specifically the coefficient of friction, etc. In the following, the angle of repose of the granular material 50 may be denoted as α.

[0043] Figure 4 shows the state in which the cylindrical body 21 is fixed by the first fixing member 23 and the second fixing member 30. Specifically, the cylindrical body 21 is fixed in a state in which the flow channel section 213 is curved. In Figure 4, line H represents a straight line parallel to the horizontal plane. In Figure 4, line P represents a straight line connecting the opening center of the first opening 211 and the opening center of the second opening 212. Also, point a in Figure 4 represents the point on the inner circumferential ceiling surface of the curved flow channel section 213 where the inclination of the tangent line T coincides with line P. Hereafter, this point a will be referred to as the curvature point. Also, angle β in Figure 4 represents the angle formed by the straight line connecting the curvature point and the lower end of the second opening 212 with the horizontal plane. Hereafter, an angle having such an angle β will be referred to as the curvature angle. Note that Figure 4 shows an example in which the angle of the slope of the granular material located inside the flow channel section 213 is the angle of repose α.

[0044] The fixing mechanism may fix the height of the second opening 212 such that the curvature angle β is smaller than the angle of repose α of the granular material 50. In this case, as shown in Figure 4, the slope of the granular material 50 located inside the flow channel 213 can be kept at an angle less than or equal to the angle of repose α. This allows the granular material 50 to be kept inside the flow channel 213, thereby controlling the discharge of the granular material 50.

[0045] As mentioned above, Figure 4 shows an example where the angle of the slope of the granular material located inside the flow channel 213 is equal to the angle of repose α. However, the angle of the slope of the granular material 50 may be kept smaller than the angle of repose α.

[0046] Furthermore, the fixing mechanism may fix the height of the second opening 212 such that the curvature angle β is smaller than the angle of repose α of the granular material 50 and greater than 0°. With this configuration, the discharge of the granular material 50 can be controlled while reducing the degree of curvature of the flow channel 213. This reduces the pressure on the granular material in the curved portion of the flow channel 213. Therefore, the occurrence of aggregation, deformation, and breakage of the granular material 50 can be reduced.

[0047] Furthermore, as described above, in this embodiment, the outlet 11 of the container 10 is positioned so that its opening axis points diagonally downward. For this reason, the first opening 211 connected to the outlet 11 is positioned so that its opening axis points diagonally upward. With this configuration, as described above, when the flow path 213 curves to form a curvature angle β, the degree of curvature of the flow path 213 near the outlet 11 can be reduced. Therefore, this configuration also reduces the occurrence of aggregation, deformation, and breakage of the granular material 50.

[0048] Furthermore, the flow channel portion 213 in the cylindrical body 21 is formed to be long enough so that the granular material 50 can form an angle of repose α inside the flow channel portion 213. Specifically, as shown in Figure 4, when the central axis of the cylindrical body 21, which extends from the first opening 211 to the second opening 212, is defined as the first axis (axis Q in Figure 4), the second opening 212 is located on the positive side of the first axis relative to the slope of the granular material 50 that forms the angle of repose α inside the flow channel portion 213. For example, if the length of the flow channel portion of the cylindrical body 21 is too short, the granular material 50 located inside the flow channel portion 213 may not be able to form an angle of repose α even if the flow channel portion 213 is curved.

[0049] <Modified configuration of the discharge control unit> Next, a modified example of the configuration of the discharge control unit 20 according to this embodiment will be described with reference to Figure 5. Figure 5 is a cross-sectional view showing another example of the configuration of the discharge control unit according to this embodiment. Specifically, Figure 5 corresponds to a cross-sectional view of the discharge control unit 20 in a side cross-sectional view as seen from a direction perpendicular to the direction of gravity. That is, in Figure 5, the upper surface of the cylindrical body 21 is the surface located on the upper side in the direction of gravity, and the lower surface of the cylindrical body 21 is the surface located on the lower side in the direction of gravity.

[0050] As shown in FIG. 5, the second opening 212 may have an opening axis directed obliquely downward. Specifically, the guard member 22 included in the discharge control unit 20 may be an annular member in which, when the length in the direction of the first axis (axis Q in FIG. 5) at the upper part is D1 and the length in the direction of the first axis at the lower part is D2, D1 > D2. In other words, the guard member 22 may be a cylindrical member in which one end in the axial direction is cut obliquely.

[0051] According to such a configuration, for example, foreign matter falling from above is less likely to enter the inside of the flow path portion 213 through the second opening 212. Further, the second opening 212 may be closed by, for example, a lid or the like. According to such a configuration, it is even less likely for the above-mentioned foreign matter to enter. When the second opening 212 is closed by the lid, the guard member 22 may have D1 < D2. That is, in such a case, the opening axis of the second opening 212 may be directed obliquely upward.

[0052] It should be considered that all the embodiments disclosed this time are illustrative in all respects and not restrictive. Indeed, the above-described embodiments can be embodied in various forms. Further, the above embodiments may be omitted, replaced, or changed in various forms without departing from the scope and spirit of the appended claims.

[0053] Note that the present technology can also have the following configuration. (1) A container for storing granular bodies, A discharge control unit connected to the container, A fixing mechanism for fixing the discharge control unit and The discharge control unit has a flexible cylindrical body, The cylindrical body communicates with the container and has a first opening through which the granular bodies flow in, a second opening through which the granular bodies flow out, and a flow path portion connecting the first opening and the second opening and A granular material containment device that controls the outflow of the granular material by fixing the second opening at a height in which the flow path is curved using the fixing mechanism. (2) In a side cross-sectional view of the cylindrical body fixed to the fixing mechanism, viewed from a direction perpendicular to the direction of gravity, the point on the inner circumferential ceiling surface of the curved flow channel where the inclination of the tangent coincides with the inclination of the straight line connecting the opening center of the first opening and the opening center of the second opening is defined as the curvature point, and the angle formed by the straight line connecting the curvature point and the lower end of the second opening and the horizontal plane is defined as the curvature angle, the fixing mechanism fixes the height of the second opening such that the curvature angle is smaller than the angle of repose of the granular material, as described in (1). (3) The granular material containing apparatus according to (2), wherein the fixing mechanism fixes the height of the second opening such that the curvature angle is greater than 0° in the side cross-sectional view. (4) The granular material containing device according to any one of (1) to (3), wherein, when the central axis of the cylindrical body is defined as the axis extending from the first opening to the second opening, the second opening is located on the positive side of the first axis than the slope of the granular material that forms the angle of repose inside the flow channel. (5) The aforementioned fixing mechanism is The first fixing member fixed to the upper part of the second opening and A second fixing member fixed to the container, Includes, The granular material containing device according to any one of (1) to (4), wherein the fixing mechanism fixes the height of the second opening by attaching the first fixing member to the second fixing member. (6) The first fixing member is a hook, The granular material containing device according to (5), wherein the second fixing member has a through hole for fixing the hook. (7) The granular material containing device according to (6), wherein the first fixing member is a long member protruding from the container and having the through hole at its tip. (8) The granular material containing device according to any one of (1) to (7) above, wherein the second opening has an opening axis that is oriented diagonally downward. (9) The granular material containing device according to any one of (1) to (8), wherein the tubular body is made of woven fabric or nonwoven fabric. (10) The granular material containing device according to (9), wherein the cylindrical body has a resin film on its outer surface. [Explanation of Symbols]

[0054] 10 containers 11 Outlet 12 Connecting members 31,32 Through holes 13 screws 14 nuts 20 Emission Control Unit 21. Cylindrical body 22 Guard member 23 First fixing member 30 Second fixing member 50 Granules 100 Granular material containment device 211 First opening 212 Second opening 213 Flow channel section a. point of curvature Q 1st axis T tangent α angle of repose β Curving angle

Claims

1. A container for containing granular material, The discharge control unit connected to the container, A fixing mechanism for fixing the discharge control unit and It has, The discharge control unit has a flexible cylindrical body, The cylindrical body is A first opening that communicates with the aforementioned container and into which the granular material flows, The second opening from which the granular material flows out, A flow path connecting the first opening and the second opening It has, A granular material containment device that controls the outflow of the granular material by fixing the second opening at a height in which the flow path is curved using the fixing mechanism.

2. In a side cross-sectional view of the cylindrical body fixed to the fixing mechanism, viewed from a direction perpendicular to the direction of gravity, the point on the inner circumferential ceiling surface of the curved flow channel where the inclination of the tangent coincides with the inclination of the straight line connecting the opening center of the first opening and the opening center of the second opening is defined as the curvature point, and the angle formed by the straight line connecting the curvature point and the lower end of the second opening and the horizontal plane is defined as the curvature angle, the fixing mechanism fixes the height of the second opening such that the curvature angle is smaller than the angle of repose of the granular material.

3. The granular material containing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the fixing mechanism fixes the height of the second opening such that the curvature angle is greater than 0° in the side cross-sectional view.

4. The granular material containing device according to claim 1, wherein, when the central axis of the cylindrical body is defined as the axis extending from the first opening to the second opening, the second opening is located on the positive side of the first axis relative to the slope of the granular material that forms the angle of repose inside the flow channel, while the cylindrical body is fixed to the fixing mechanism.

5. The aforementioned fixing mechanism is The first fixing member fixed to the upper part of the second opening and A second fixing member fixed to the container, Includes, The granular material containing device according to claim 1, wherein the fixing mechanism fixes the height of the second opening by attaching the first fixing member to the second fixing member.

6. The first fixing member is a hook, The granular material containing device according to claim 5, wherein the second fixing member has a through hole for fixing the hook.

7. The granular material containing device according to claim 6, wherein the first fixing member is a long member protruding from the container and having the through hole at its tip.

8. The granular material containing device according to claim 1, wherein the opening axis of the second opening is oriented diagonally downward.

9. The granular material containing device according to claim 1, wherein the tubular body is made of woven fabric or nonwoven fabric.

10. The granular material containing device according to claim 8, wherein the cylindrical body has a resin film on its outer surface.

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