Electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge, and image forming apparatus

Abstract

To provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor that has excellent environmental stability in its electrical properties and whose photosensitive layer is resistant to peeling. [Solution] The electrophotographic photoreceptor comprises a conductive substrate and a photoreceptor layer disposed on the conductive substrate, the photoreceptor having a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer, wherein the charge transport layer contains a charge transport material and a polyarylate resin having at least one dicarboxylic acid unit selected from the group consisting of a dicarboxylic acid unit (A2) represented by formula (A2), a dicarboxylic acid unit (A3) represented by formula (A3), a dicarboxylic acid unit (A4) represented by formula (A4), and a dicarboxylic acid unit (A5) represented by formula (A5), and a diol unit represented by formula (B), and the charge generating layer contains a butanediol adduct of titanylphthalocyanine as a charge generating material.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This disclosure relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor, a process cartridge, and an image forming apparatus. [Background technology]

[0002] Patent Document 1 discloses an electrophotographic photoreceptor in which the photosensitive layer contains titanylphthalocyanine crystals, and the titanylphthalocyanine crystals are an adduct of titanylphthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol. Patent Document 2 discloses an electrophotographic photoreceptor that contains a reaction product of an oxytitanium phthalocyanine compound and (2R,3R)-(-)-2,3-butanediol and / or (2S,3S)-(+)-2,3-butanediol as a charge generating material for the photosensitive layer. Patent Document 3 discloses an electrophotographic photoreceptor in which the photosensitive layer contains a polyester resin having a biphenyl structure as a repeating unit and substantially no terephthalic acid units. Patent Document 4 discloses an electrophotographic photoreceptor in which the charge generation layer contains a titanyl phthalocyanine pigment as a charge generation material, the main peak at Bragg angle 2θ in the X-ray diffraction spectrum for Cu-Kα rays being at least 26.2°±0.2°. Patent Document 5 discloses an organic photoreceptor in which the charge generation layer contains 2,3-butanediol adduct titanylphthalocyanine and unadducted titanylphthalocyanine. Patent Document 6 discloses an electrophotographic photoreceptor in which the charge transport layer contains a polyarylate resin and a phthalocyanine pigment. [Prior art documents] [Patent Documents]

[0003] [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 05-273775 [Patent Document 2] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 09-043877 [Patent Document 3] Japanese Patent Publication No. 2001-265021 [Patent Document 4] Japanese Patent Publication No. 2001-318476 [Patent Document 5] Japanese Patent Publication No. 2014-137445 [Patent Document 6] Japanese Patent Publication No. 2022-181415 [Overview of the project] [Problems that the invention aims to solve]

[0004] The objective of this disclosure is to provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor that exhibits excellent environmental stability of electrical properties and is resistant to peeling of the photosensitive layer. [Means for solving the problem]

[0005] The following embodiments are specific means for solving the aforementioned problem. Each formula is identical to the formula with the same number described later.

[0006] <1> The device comprises a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer having a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, disposed on the conductive substrate. The charge transport layer contains a charge transport material and a polyarylate resin having at least one dicarboxylic acid unit selected from the group consisting of a dicarboxylic acid unit (A2) represented by formula (A2), a dicarboxylic acid unit (A3) represented by formula (A3), a dicarboxylic acid unit (A4) represented by formula (A4), and a dicarboxylic acid unit (A5) represented by formula (A5), as well as a diol unit represented by formula (B). The charge generation layer contains a titanylphthalocyanine butanediol adduct as a charge generation material. Electrophotographic photoreceptor. <2> The butanediol adduct of titanylphthalocyanine includes the 2,3-butanediol adduct of titanylphthalocyanine, <1> The electrophotographic photoreceptor described above. <3> The charge generating layer contains a butanediol adduct of titanylphthalocyanine and a non-adduct of titanylphthalocyanine as charge generating materials, and the proportion of the butanediol adduct of titanylphthalocyanine in the total of the two is 30 mol% or more and 90 mol% or less. <1> or <2> The electrophotographic photoreceptor described above. <4> The diol unit represented by formula (B) includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a diol unit represented by formula (B1) (B1), a diol unit represented by formula (B2) (B2), a diol unit represented by formula (B3) (B3), a diol unit represented by formula (B4) (B4), a diol unit represented by formula (B5) (B5), a diol unit represented by formula (B6) (B6), a diol unit represented by formula (B7) (B7), and a diol unit represented by formula (B8) (B8). <1> ~ <3> An electrophotographic photoreceptor as described in any one of the following. <5> The polyarylate resin includes a polyarylate resin having a structural unit containing biphenyl represented by formula (BP). <1> ~ <4> An electrophotographic photoreceptor as described in any one of the following. <6> The charge transport layer further contains polycarbonate resin. <1> ~ <5> An electrophotographic photoreceptor as described in any one of the following. <7> The polycarbonate resin includes a polycarbonate resin having a structural unit containing biphenyl represented by formula (BP). <6> The electrophotographic photoreceptor described above. <8> The proportion of the polyarylate resin in the total amount of the polyarylate resin and polycarbonate resin contained in the charge transport layer is 25% by mass or more and 75% by mass or less. <6> or <7> The electrophotographic photoreceptor described above. <9> <1> ~ <8> It comprises an electrophotographic photoreceptor as described in any one of the following: A process cartridge that is attached to and detached from an image forming apparatus. <10> <1> ~ <8> An electrophotographic photoreceptor as described in any one of the following, A charging device for charging the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, An electrostatic latent image forming apparatus for forming an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the charged electrophotographic photoreceptor, A developing apparatus that develops an electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of an electrophotographic photoreceptor using a developer containing toner to form a toner image, A transfer device for transferring the toner image onto the surface of a recording medium, An image forming apparatus equipped with the following features. [Effects of the Invention]

[0007] <1> , <2> , <4> , <5> , <6> , <7> or <8> According to this, an electrophotographic photoreceptor is provided that has superior environmental stability of electrical properties and is less prone to peeling of the photosensitive layer compared to a case in which the charge generation layer does not contain a titanylphthalocyanine butanediol adduct. <3> According to this, an electrophotographic photoreceptor is provided that has superior environmental stability of electrical properties and is less prone to peeling of the photosensitive layer, compared to a case where the charge generating layer contains both a titanylphthalocyanine butanediol adduct and a titanylphthalocyanine non-adduct, and the proportion of the titanylphthalocyanine butanediol adduct in the total of both is less than 30 mol% or more than 90 mol%. <9> According to this, a process cartridge is provided that features an electrophotographic photoreceptor that has superior environmental stability of electrical properties and is less prone to peeling of the photosensitive layer compared to an electrophotographic photoreceptor in which the charge generation layer does not contain a titanylphthalocyanine butanediol adduct. <10> According to this, an image forming apparatus is provided that features an electrophotographic photoreceptor that has superior environmental stability of electrical properties and is less prone to peeling of the photosensitive layer compared to an electrophotographic photoreceptor in which the charge generation layer does not contain a titanylphthalocyanine butanediol adduct. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0008] [Figure 1] This is a partial cross-sectional view showing an example of the layer structure of an electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the first embodiment. [Figure 2] This is a schematic diagram showing an example of an image forming apparatus according to this embodiment. [Figure 3]This is a schematic diagram showing another example of the image forming apparatus according to this embodiment. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0009] The embodiments of this disclosure are described below. These descriptions and embodiments are illustrative and do not limit the scope of the embodiments.

[0010] In this disclosure, the numerical range indicated using "~" represents a range that includes the numbers before and after "~" as the minimum and maximum values, respectively. In numerical ranges described in stages within this disclosure, the upper or lower limit of one numerical range may be replaced with the upper or lower limit of another numerical range described in stages. Furthermore, in numerical ranges described within this disclosure, the upper or lower limit of that range may be replaced with the values ​​shown in the examples.

[0011] In this disclosure, "A and / or B" is synonymous with "at least one of A and B." In other words, "A and / or B" may be A alone, B alone, or a combination of A and B.

[0012] In this disclosure, the term "process" includes not only independent processes but also processes that cannot be clearly distinguished from other processes, provided that their objectives are achieved.

[0013] When embodiments are described in this disclosure with reference to the drawings, the configuration of such embodiments is not limited to the configuration shown in the drawings. Furthermore, the sizes of the components in each figure are conceptual, and the relative relationships between the components are not limited thereto.

[0014] In this disclosure, each component may contain multiple types of the corresponding substance. When referring to the amount of each component in a composition in this disclosure, if there are multiple types of the substance corresponding to each component in the composition, it means the total amount of those multiple types of substances present in the composition unless otherwise specified. In this disclosure, each component may contain multiple types of particles. If multiple types of particles corresponding to each component are present in the composition, the particle size of each component refers to the value for a mixture of such multiple types of particles present in the composition, unless otherwise specified.

[0015] In this disclosure, alkyl groups and alkylene groups include linear, branched, and cyclic groups unless otherwise specified. In this disclosure, organic groups, aromatic rings, linking groups, alkyl groups, alkylene groups, aryl groups, aralkyl groups, alkoxy groups, aryloxy groups, etc., may have hydrogen atoms in the group substituted with halogen atoms.

[0016] In this disclosure, when compounds are shown by structural formulas, the symbols representing carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms (C and H) in the hydrocarbon group and / or hydrocarbon chain may be omitted.

[0017] In this disclosure, the term "constituent unit" of a copolymer or resin is synonymous with "monomer unit."

[0018] <Electrophotographic photoconductor> The electrophotographic photoreceptor (hereinafter also referred to as "photoreceptor") according to this embodiment comprises a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate, the photoreceptor having a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer.

[0019] Figure 1 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view showing an example of the layer structure of a photoreceptor according to this embodiment. The photoreceptor 10A shown in Figure 1 has a stacked photoreceptor layer. The photoreceptor 10A has a structure in which a base layer 2, a charge generation layer 3, and a charge transport layer 4 are stacked in this order on a conductive substrate 1, and the charge generation layer 3 and the charge transport layer 4 constitute the photoreceptor layer 5 (a so-called functionally separated photoreceptor layer). The photoreceptor 10A may have an intermediate layer (not shown) between the base layer 2 and the charge generation layer 3. The base layer 2 may or may not be present.

[0020] The photoreceptor according to this embodiment comprises a charge transport layer containing a charge transport material and a polyarylate resin having at least one dicarboxylic acid unit selected from the group consisting of a dicarboxylic acid unit (A2) represented by formula (A2), a dicarboxylic acid unit (A3) represented by formula (A3), a dicarboxylic acid unit (A4) represented by formula (A4), and a dicarboxylic acid unit (A5) represented by formula (A5), as well as a diol unit represented by formula (B). The charge generation layer contains a titanylphthalocyanine butanediol adduct as a charge generation material. In this disclosure, the above-mentioned polyarylate resin is referred to as polyarylate resin (PA).

[0021] The photoreceptor according to this embodiment exhibits excellent environmental stability of its electrical properties and is resistant to peeling of the photosensitive layer. The mechanism is presumed to be as follows.

[0022] Polyarylate resin (PA) improves the wear resistance of the charge transport layer because the resin molecules are bound together by intermolecular forces through the stacking of aromatic rings. On the other hand, polyarylate resin (PA) is hygroscopic, which may reduce the environmental stability of the electrical properties of the charge transport layer. In addition, charge transport layers containing polyarylate resin (PA) tend to peel off easily from the charge generation layer. In contrast, if the charge generation layer contains a titanylphthalocyanine butanediol adduct, the affinity between the titanylphthalocyanine butanediol adduct and the polyarylate resin (PA) makes it difficult for the charge transport layer to peel off from the charge generation layer, and also improves the environmental stability of the electrical properties of the charge transport layer.

[0023] From the viewpoint of the sensitivity of the charge transport layer, the butanediol adduct of titanylphthalocyanine contained in the charge transport layer is preferably a 2,3-butanediol adduct of titanylphthalocyanine, and more preferably a (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol adduct and / or a (2S,3S)-2,3-butanediol adduct.

[0024] The charge generation layer preferably contains both a titanylphthalocyanine butanediol adduct and a titanylphthalocyanine non-adduct, from the viewpoint of further improving the environmental stability of the photoreceptor's electrical properties. The proportion of the titanylphthalocyanine butanediol adduct in the total of both is preferably 30 mol% to 90 mol%, more preferably 40 mol% to 80 mol%, and even more preferably 50 mol% to 70 mol%.

[0025] [Polyarylate resin (PA)] Polyarylate resin (PA) improves the wear resistance of the charge transport layer because the resin molecules are bound together by intermolecular forces through the stacking of aromatic rings.

[0026] The polyarylate resin (PA) has at least one selected from the group consisting of a dicarboxylic acid unit (A2) represented by formula (A2), a dicarboxylic acid unit (A3) represented by formula (A3), a dicarboxylic acid unit (A4) represented by formula (A4), and a dicarboxylic acid unit (A5) represented by formula (A5). It is more preferable that the dicarboxylic acid unit (A) has at least one selected from the group consisting of a dicarboxylic acid unit (A2), a dicarboxylic acid unit (A3), and a dicarboxylic acid unit (A4), and it is even more preferable that it has a dicarboxylic acid unit (A2).

[0027] [Chemical formula]

[0028] In formula (A2), n , , , , , , 302 , 302 , , , 301 , 302 , ,

[0031] , , 301 , ,

[0030] , , , , 301 , , 302 ,

[0029] , 301 and n 202 are each independently an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less, and n 201 number of Ra 201 and n 202 number of Ra 202 are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. n 201 is preferably 0, 1 or 2, more preferably 0 or 1, and even more preferably 0. n 202 is preferably 0, 1 or 2, more preferably 0 or 1, and even more preferably 0.

[0029] [Chemical formula] <00005​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​

[0032] In equation (A4), n 401 n is an integer between 0 and 6, and 401 Individual Ra 401 Each of these is independently an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. n 401 It is preferably an integer between 0 and 4, more preferably 0, 1, or 2, and even more preferably 0.

[0033] [ka]

[0034] In equation (A5), n 501 , n 502 and n 503 Each of these is an independent integer between 0 and 4, and n 501 Individual Ra 501 , n 502 Individual Ra 502 and n 503 Individual Ra 503 Each of these is independently an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. n 501 It is preferably 0, 1, or 2, more preferably 0 or 1, and even more preferably 0. n 502 It is preferably 0, 1, or 2, more preferably 0 or 1, and even more preferably 0. n 503 It is preferably 0, 1, or 2, more preferably 0 or 1, and even more preferably 0.

[0035] Ra in equation (A2) 201 and Ra 202 Ra of formula (A3) 301 and Ra 302 Ra of formula (A4) 401 Also, Ra in formula (A5)501 Ra 502 and Ra 503 Since the specific form and preferred form are the same, hereinafter, Ra 201 Ra 202 Ra 301 Ra 302 Ra 401 Ra 501 Ra 502 and Ra 503 We will refer to them collectively as "Ra" and explain them accordingly.

[0036] The alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms related to Ra may be linear, branched, or cyclic. The number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group is preferably 1 to 6, more preferably 1 to 4, and even more preferably 1 or 2. Examples of linear alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, and n-decyl groups. Examples of branched alkyl groups having 3 to 10 carbon atoms include isopropyl group, isobutyl group, sec-butyl group, tert-butyl group, isopentyl group, neopentyl group, tert-pentyl group, isohexyl group, sec-hexyl group, tert-hexyl group, isoheptyl group, sec-heptyl group, tert-heptyl group, isooctyl group, sec-octyl group, tert-octyl group, isononyl group, sec-nonyl group, tert-nonyl group, isodecyl group, sec-decyl group, tert-decyl group, and the like. Examples of cyclic alkyl groups having 3 to 10 carbon atoms include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, and cyclodecyl groups, as well as polycyclic alkyl groups (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic, spirocyclic) formed by linking these monocyclic alkyl groups.

[0037] The aryl group with 6 to 12 carbon atoms related to Ra may be monocyclic or polycyclic. The number of carbon atoms in the aryl group is preferably 6 to 10, and more preferably 6. Examples of aryl groups having 6 to 12 carbon atoms include phenyl, biphenyl, 1-naphthyl, and 2-naphthyl groups.

[0038] The alkyl group in the alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms related to Ra may be linear, branched, or cyclic. The number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group in the alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms is preferably 1 to 4, more preferably 1 to 3, and even more preferably 1 or 2. Examples of linear alkoxy groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, n-butoxy, n-pentyloxy, and n-hexyloxy groups. Examples of branched alkoxy groups having 3 to 6 carbon atoms include isopropoxy group, isobutoxy group, sec-butoxy group, tert-butoxy group, isopentyloxy group, neopentyloxy group, tert-pentyloxy group, isohexyloxy group, sec-hexyloxy group, and tert-hexyloxy group. Examples of cyclic alkoxy groups having 3 to 6 carbon atoms include cyclopropoxy, cyclobutoxy, cyclopentyloxy, and cyclohexyloxy groups.

[0039] Below are examples of dicarboxylic acid units (A2) (A2-1) to (A2-3). Dicarboxylic acid units (A2) are not limited to these examples.

[0040] [ka]

[0041] The following are specific examples of dicarboxylic acid units (A3), namely (A3-1) and (A3-2). However, dicarboxylic acid units (A3) are not limited to these examples.

[0042] [ka]

[0043] Below are examples of dicarboxylic acid units (A4) (A4-1) to (A4-3). Dicarboxylic acid units (A4) are not limited to these examples.

[0044] [ka]

[0045] Below are examples of dicarboxylic acid units (A5), specifically (A5-1) to (A5-4). Dicarboxylic acid units (A5) are not limited to these examples.

[0046] [ka]

[0047] The dicarboxylic acid unit (A) preferably includes at least one selected from the group consisting of (A2-3), (A3-2), and (A4-3) as described above, more preferably includes at least one selected from the group consisting of (A2-3), (A3-2), and (A4-3), and even more preferably includes at least (A2-3).

[0048] The dicarboxylic acid units (A) contained in the polyarylate resin (PA) may be one type or two or more types.

[0049] The mass percentage of dicarboxylic acid units (A) in the polyarylate resin (PA) is preferably 15% by mass or more and 60% by mass or less. When the mass percentage of dicarboxylic acid units (A) is 15% by mass or more, the abrasion resistance of the charge transport layer is good. From this viewpoint, the mass percentage of dicarboxylic acid units (A) is more preferably 20% by mass or more, and even more preferably 25% by mass or more. When the mass percentage of dicarboxylic acid units (A) is 60% by mass or less, peeling of the charge transport layer can be suppressed. From this viewpoint, the mass percentage of dicarboxylic acid units (A) is more preferably 55% by mass or less, and even more preferably 50% by mass or less.

[0050] Polyarylate resin (PA) may contain dicarboxylic acid units other than dicarboxylic acid unit (A). Examples of other dicarboxylic acid units include aliphatic dicarboxylic acid units (e.g., oxalic acid, malonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, citraconic acid, itaconic acid, glutaconic acid, succinic acid, alkenylsuccinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid), alicyclic dicarboxylic acid units (e.g., cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid), and lower alkyl ester units thereof (e.g., having 1 to 5 carbon atoms). The polyarylate resin (PA) may contain one or more of these dicarboxylic acid units.

[0051] Polyarylate resin (PA) has a diol unit (B) represented by the following formula (B).

[0052] [ka]

[0053] In equation (B), Ar B1 and Ar B2 Each of these is an aromatic ring which may independently have substituents, L B is a single bond, oxygen atom, sulfur atom or -C(Rb 1 )(Rb 2 )- and n B1 Rb is 0, 1, or 2. 1 and Rb 2 Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, or an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, and Rb 1 and Rb 2 These may be bonded together to form a cyclic alkyl group.

[0054] Ar B1 The aromatic ring may be monocyclic or polycyclic. Examples of aromatic rings include benzene rings, naphthalene rings, anthracene rings, and phenanthrene rings, with benzene rings and naphthalene rings being preferred.

[0055] Ar B1 The hydrogen atoms on the aromatic ring may be substituted with alkyl groups, aryl groups, aralkyl groups, alkoxy groups, aryloxy groups, halogen atoms, etc. B1 When the aromatic ring is substituted, preferred substituents are alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl groups having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, and alkoxy groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

[0056] Ar B2 The aromatic ring may be monocyclic or polycyclic. Examples of aromatic rings include benzene rings, naphthalene rings, anthracene rings, and phenanthrene rings, with benzene rings and naphthalene rings being preferred.

[0057] Ar B2 The hydrogen atoms on the aromatic ring may be substituted with alkyl groups, aryl groups, aralkyl groups, alkoxy groups, aryloxy groups, halogen atoms, etc. B2 When the aromatic ring is substituted, preferred substituents are alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl groups having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, and alkoxy groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

[0058] Rb 1 and Rb 2 The alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms may be linear, branched, or cyclic. The number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group is preferably 1 to 18, more preferably 1 to 14, and even more preferably 1 to 10.

[0059] Rb 1 and Rb 2 The aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms may be monocyclic or polycyclic. The number of carbon atoms in the aryl group is preferably 6 to 10, and more preferably 6.

[0060] Rb 1 and Rb 2The alkyl group in the aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms may be linear, branched, or cyclic. The number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group in the aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms is preferably 1 to 4, more preferably 1 to 3, and even more preferably 1 or 2. Rb 1 and Rb 2 The aryl group in the aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms may be monocyclic or polycyclic. The number of carbon atoms in the aryl group is preferably 6 to 10, and more preferably 6.

[0061] The diol unit (B) preferably includes at least one selected from the group consisting of the diol unit (B1) represented by formula (B1), the diol unit (B2) represented by formula (B2), the diol unit (B3) represented by formula (B3), the diol unit (B4) represented by formula (B4), the diol unit (B5) represented by formula (B5), the diol unit (B6) represented by formula (B6), the diol unit (B7) represented by formula (B7), and the diol unit (B8) represented by formula (B8).

[0062] The diol unit (B) more preferably includes at least one selected from the group consisting of the diol unit (B1) represented by the following formula (B1), the diol unit (B2) represented by the formula (B2), the diol unit (B4) represented by the formula (B4), the diol unit (B5) represented by the formula (B5), and the diol unit (B6) represented by the formula (B6). It is even more preferable to include at least one selected from the group consisting of a diol unit represented by the following formula (B1), a diol unit represented by the following formula (B2), a diol unit represented by the following formula (B5), and a diol unit represented by the following formula (B6): It is even more preferable to include at least one selected from the group consisting of a diol unit represented by the following formula (B1), a diol unit represented by the following formula (B2), and a diol unit represented by the following formula (B6): It is most preferable that the material contains at least one selected from the group consisting of a diol unit (B1) represented by the following formula (B1) and a diol unit (B2) represented by the following formula (B2).

[0063] [ka]

[0064] In equation (B1), Rb 101 Rb is a branched alkyl group having 4 to 20 carbon atoms. 201 Rb is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. 401 , Rb 501 , Rb 801 and Rb 901 Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom.

[0065] Rb 101 The number of carbon atoms in the branched alkyl group having 4 to 20 carbon atoms is preferably 4 to 16, more preferably 4 to 12, and even more preferably 4 to 8. 101 Specific examples include isobutyl group, sec-butyl group, tert-butyl group, isopentyl group, neopentyl group, tert-pentyl group, isohexyl group, sec-hexyl group, tert-hexyl group, isoheptyl group, sec-heptyl group, tert-heptyl group, isooctyl group, sec-octyl group, tert-octyl group, isononyl group, sec-nonyl group, tert-nonyl group, isodecyl group, sec-decyl group, tert-decyl group, isododecyl group, sec-dodecyl group, tert-dodecyl group, tert-tetradecyl group, tert-pentadecyl group, and the like.

[0066] [ka]

[0067] In equation (B2), Rb 102is a linear alkyl group having 4 to 20 carbon atoms, Rb 202 is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, Rb 402 , Rb 502 , Rb 802 and Rb 902 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom. [[ID=z]]

[0068] Rb 102 The number of carbon atoms of the linear alkyl group having 4 to 20 carbon atoms related to Rb is preferably 4 to 16, more preferably 4 to 12, and still more preferably 4 to 8. Rb 102 Specific examples of include n-butyl group, n-pentyl group, n-hexyl group, n-heptyl group, n-octyl group, n-nonyl group, n-decyl group, n-undecyl group, n-dodecyl group, tridecyl group, n-tetradecyl group, n-pentadecyl group, n-heptadecyl group, n-octadecyl group, n-nonadecyl group, n-icosyl group and the like.

[0069]

Chemical formula

[0070] In formula (B3), Rb 113 and Rb 213 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a linear alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom, d is an integer of 7 to 15, Rb[[ID=z]] 403 , Rb 503 , Rb 803 and Rb 903 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom.

[0071] Rb 113 and Rb 213 The number of carbon atoms of the linear alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms related to and is preferably 1 or 2, and more preferably 1. Specific examples of the group include methyl group, ethyl group, and n-propyl group. It should be noted that in the original text, there are some tags like ,

[0068] , , ,

[0069] , , , , , , ,

[0070] , , <000068 five>,

[0071] , which are required to remain unchanged as per the instruction. Also, there seems to be a mislabeled "z" in the translation which should be corrected according to the original text's correct tags. If this was a mistake in the original input, please double-check. Rb 113 and Rb 213 In the alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms related to Rb, the alkyl group may be linear, branched or cyclic. The number of carbon atoms of the alkyl group in the alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is preferably 1 to 3, more preferably 1 or 2, and still more preferably 1. Specific examples of the group include methoxy group, ethoxy group, n-propoxy group, n-butoxy group, isopropoxy group, isobutoxy group, sec-butoxy group, tert-butoxy group, cyclopropoxy group, cyclobutoxy group and the like. Rb 113 and Rb 213 Examples of the halogen atom related to Rb include fluorine atom, chlorine atom, bromine atom and iodine atom.

[0072]

Chemical formula

[0073] In formula (B4), Rb 104 and Rb 204 are each independently a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and Rb 404 , Rb 504 , Rb 804 and Rb 904 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a halogen atom.

[0074] Rb 104 The alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms related to Rb may be linear, branched or cyclic. The number of carbon atoms of the alkyl group is preferably 1 or 2, and more preferably 1. Specific examples of Rb 104 include methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, isopropyl group and cyclopropyl group.

[0075]

Chemical formula

[0076] In equation (B5), Ar 105 Rb is an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms or an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms. 205 Rb is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. 405 , Rb 505 , Rb 805 and Rb 905 Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom.

[0077] Ar 105 The aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms may be monocyclic or polycyclic. The number of carbon atoms in the aryl group is preferably 6 to 10, and more preferably 6. Ar 105 The alkyl group in the aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms may be linear, branched, or cyclic. The number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group in the aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms is preferably 1 to 4, more preferably 1 to 3, and even more preferably 1 or 2. 105 The aryl group in the aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms may be monocyclic or polycyclic. The number of carbon atoms in the aryl group is preferably 6 to 10, and more preferably 6. Examples of aralkyl groups having 7 to 20 carbon atoms include benzyl group, phenylethyl group, phenylpropyl group, 4-phenylbutyl group, phenylpentyl group, phenylhexyl group, phenylheptyl group, phenyloctyl group, phenylnonyl group, naphthylmethyl group, naphthylethyl group, anthracenylmethyl group, and phenylcyclopentylmethyl group.

[0078] [ka]

[0079] In equation (B6), Rb 116 and Rb 216 Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, a linear alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom, e is an integer between 4 and 6, and Rb406 , Rb 506 , Rb 806 and Rb 906 Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom.

[0080] Rb 116 and Rb 216 The number of carbon atoms in the linear alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms is preferably 1 or 2, and more preferably 1. Specific examples of this group include a methyl group, an ethyl group, and an n-propyl group. Rb 116 and Rb 216 The alkyl group in the alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms may be linear, branched, or cyclic. The number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group in the alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is preferably 1 to 3, more preferably 1 or 2, and even more preferably 1. Specific examples of the group include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, n-butoxy, isopropoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, cyclopropoxy, and cyclobutoxy groups. Rb 116 and Rb 216 Examples of halogen atoms involved include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine atoms.

[0081] [ka]

[0082] In equation (B7), Rb 407 , Rb 507 , Rb 807 and Rb 907 Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom.

[0083] [ka]

[0084] In equation (B8), Rb 408 , Rb 508 , Rb 808 and Rb 908 Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom.

[0085] Rb of equation (B1) 201 Rb of formula (B2) 202 Rb in formula (B4) 204 and Rb of formula (B5) 205 Since the specific form and preferred form are the same, hereinafter referred to as Rb 201 , Rb 202 , Rb 204 and Rb 205 to "Rb 200 They explain it collectively as "[...]."

[0086] Rb 200 The alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms may be linear, branched, or cyclic. The alkyl group preferably has 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and more preferably 1 carbon atom. Examples of alkyl groups having 1 to 3 carbon atoms include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, and cyclopropyl groups.

[0087] Rb of equation (B1) 401 Rb of formula (B2) 402 Rb of formula (B3) 403 Rb in formula (B4) 404 Rb in formula (B5) 405 Rb in formula (B6) 406 Rb in equation (B7) 407 and Rb of formula (B8) 408 Since the specific form and preferred form are the same, hereinafter referred to as Rb 401 , Rb 402 , Rb 403 , Rb 404 , Rb 405 , Rb 406 , Rb 407 and Rb 408 to "Rb 400 They explain it collectively as "[...]."

[0088] Rb 400 The alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms may be linear, branched, or cyclic. The number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group is preferably 1 to 3, more preferably 1 or 2, and even more preferably 1. Examples of linear alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and n-butyl groups. Examples of branched alkyl groups having 3 or 4 carbon atoms include isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl groups. Examples of cyclic alkyl groups having 3 or 4 carbon atoms include the cyclopropyl group and the cyclobutyl group.

[0089] Rb 400 The alkyl group in the alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms may be linear, branched, or cyclic. The number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group in the alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms is preferably 1 to 4, more preferably 1 to 3, and even more preferably 1 or 2. Examples of linear alkoxy groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, n-butoxy, n-pentyloxy, and n-hexyloxy groups. Examples of branched alkoxy groups having 3 to 6 carbon atoms include isopropoxy group, isobutoxy group, sec-butoxy group, tert-butoxy group, isopentyloxy group, neopentyloxy group, tert-pentyloxy group, isohexyloxy group, sec-hexyloxy group, and tert-hexyloxy group. Examples of cyclic alkoxy groups having 3 to 6 carbon atoms include cyclopropoxy, cyclobutoxy, cyclopentyloxy, and cyclohexyloxy groups.

[0090] Rb 400 Examples of halogen atoms involved include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine atoms.

[0091] Rb of equation (B1) 501 Rb of formula (B2) 502Rb of formula (B3) 503 Rb in formula (B4) 504 Rb in formula (B5) 505 Rb in formula (B6) 506 Rb in equation (B7) 507 and Rb of formula (B8) 508 Since the specific form and preferred form are the same, hereinafter referred to as Rb 501 , Rb 502 , Rb 503 , Rb 504 , Rb 505 , Rb 506 , Rb 507 and Rb 508 to "Rb 500 They explain it collectively as "[...]."

[0092] Rb 500 The alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms may be linear, branched, or cyclic. The number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group is preferably 1 to 3, more preferably 1 or 2, and even more preferably 1. Examples of linear alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and n-butyl groups. Examples of branched alkyl groups having 3 or 4 carbon atoms include isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl groups. Examples of cyclic alkyl groups having 3 or 4 carbon atoms include the cyclopropyl group and the cyclobutyl group.

[0093] Rb 500 The alkyl group in the alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms may be linear, branched, or cyclic. The number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group in the alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms is preferably 1 to 4, more preferably 1 to 3, and even more preferably 1 or 2. Examples of linear alkoxy groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, n-butoxy, n-pentyloxy, and n-hexyloxy groups. Examples of branched alkoxy groups having 3 to 6 carbon atoms include isopropoxy group, isobutoxy group, sec-butoxy group, tert-butoxy group, isopentyloxy group, neopentyloxy group, tert-pentyloxy group, isohexyloxy group, sec-hexyloxy group, and tert-hexyloxy group. Examples of cyclic alkoxy groups having 3 to 6 carbon atoms include cyclopropoxy, cyclobutoxy, cyclopentyloxy, and cyclohexyloxy groups.

[0094] Rb 500 Examples of halogen atoms involved include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine atoms.

[0095] Rb of equation (B1) 801 Rb of formula (B2) 802 Rb of formula (B3) 803 Rb in formula (B4) 804 Rb in formula (B5) 805 Rb in formula (B6) 806 Rb in equation (B7) 807 and Rb of formula (B8) 808 Since the specific form and preferred form are the same, hereinafter referred to as Rb 801 , Rb 802 , Rb 803 , Rb 804 , Rb 805 , Rb 806 , Rb 807 and Rb 808 to "Rb 800 They explain it collectively as "[...]."

[0096] Rb 800 The alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms may be linear, branched, or cyclic. The number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group is preferably 1 to 3, more preferably 1 or 2, and even more preferably 1. Examples of linear alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and n-butyl groups. Examples of branched alkyl groups having 3 or 4 carbon atoms include isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl groups. Examples of cyclic alkyl groups having 3 or 4 carbon atoms include the cyclopropyl group and the cyclobutyl group.

[0097] Rb 800 The alkyl group in the alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms may be linear, branched, or cyclic. The number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group in the alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms is preferably 1 to 4, more preferably 1 to 3, and even more preferably 1 or 2. Examples of linear alkoxy groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, n-butoxy, n-pentyloxy, and n-hexyloxy groups. Examples of branched alkoxy groups having 3 to 6 carbon atoms include isopropoxy group, isobutoxy group, sec-butoxy group, tert-butoxy group, isopentyloxy group, neopentyloxy group, tert-pentyloxy group, isohexyloxy group, sec-hexyloxy group, and tert-hexyloxy group. Examples of cyclic alkoxy groups having 3 to 6 carbon atoms include cyclopropoxy, cyclobutoxy, cyclopentyloxy, and cyclohexyloxy groups.

[0098] Rb 800 Examples of halogen atoms involved include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine atoms.

[0099] Rb of equation (B1) 901 Rb of formula (B2) 902 Rb of formula (B3) 903 Rb in formula (B4) 904 Rb in formula (B5) 905 Rb in formula (B6) 906 Rb in equation (B7) 907 and Rb of formula (B8) 908 Since the specific form and preferred form are the same, hereinafter referred to as Rb 901 , Rb 902 , Rb 903 , Rb 904 , Rb 905 , Rb 906 , Rb907 and Rb 908 to "Rb 900 They explain it collectively as "[...]."

[0100] Rb 900 The alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms may be linear, branched, or cyclic. The number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group is preferably 1 to 3, more preferably 1 or 2, and even more preferably 1. Examples of linear alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and n-butyl groups. Examples of branched alkyl groups having 3 or 4 carbon atoms include isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl groups. Examples of cyclic alkyl groups having 3 or 4 carbon atoms include the cyclopropyl group and the cyclobutyl group.

[0101] Rb 900 The alkyl group in the alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms may be linear, branched, or cyclic. The number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group in the alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms is preferably 1 to 4, more preferably 1 to 3, and even more preferably 1 or 2. Examples of linear alkoxy groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, n-butoxy, n-pentyloxy, and n-hexyloxy groups. Examples of branched alkoxy groups having 3 to 6 carbon atoms include isopropoxy group, isobutoxy group, sec-butoxy group, tert-butoxy group, isopentyloxy group, neopentyloxy group, tert-pentyloxy group, isohexyloxy group, sec-hexyloxy group, and tert-hexyloxy group. Examples of cyclic alkoxy groups having 3 to 6 carbon atoms include cyclopropoxy, cyclobutoxy, cyclopentyloxy, and cyclohexyloxy groups.

[0102] Rb 900 Examples of halogen atoms involved include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine atoms.

[0103] The following are specific examples of diol units (B1), specifically (B1-1) to (B1-6). Diol units (B1) are not limited to these examples.

[0104] [ka]

[0105] The following are specific examples of diol units (B2), specifically (B2-1) to (B2-11). Diol units (B2) are not limited to these examples.

[0106] [ka]

[0107] The following are specific examples of diol units (B3), namely (B3-1) to (B3-4). Diol units (B3) are not limited to these examples.

[0108] [ka]

[0109] The following are examples of diol units (B4-1) to (B4-7). Diol units (B4) are not limited to these examples.

[0110] [ka]

[0111] The following are examples of diol units (B5-1) to (B5-6). Diol units (B5) are not limited to these examples.

[0112] [ka]

[0113] The following shows diol units (B6-1) to (B6-4) as specific examples of the diol unit (B6). The diol unit (B6) is not limited thereto.

[0114] [Chemical formula]

[0115] The following shows diol units (B7-1) to (B7-3) as specific examples of the diol unit (B7). The diol unit (B7) is not limited thereto.

[0116] [Chemical formula]

[0117] The following shows diol units (B8-1) to (B8-3) as specific examples of the diol unit (B8). The diol unit (B8) is not limited thereto.

[0118] [Chemical formula]

[0119] The diol unit (B) contained in the polyarylate resin (PA) may be one type or two or more types.

[0120] The mass ratio of the diol unit (B) in the polyarylate resin (PA) is preferably 25% by mass or more and 80% by mass or less. When the mass ratio of the diol unit (B) is 25% by mass or more, peeling of the charge transport layer can be suppressed. From this viewpoint, the mass ratio of the diol unit (B) is more preferably 30% by mass or more, and still more preferably 35% by mass or more. When the mass percentage of diol units (B) is 80% by mass or less, it is possible to maintain solubility in the coating solution for forming the charge transport layer and improve wear resistance. From this viewpoint, the mass percentage of diol units (B) is more preferably 75% by mass or less, and even more preferably 70% by mass or less.

[0121] Polyarylate resin (PA) may contain other diol units besides diol unit (B). Examples of other diol units include aliphatic diol units (e.g., ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butanediol, hexanediol, neopentyl glycol) and alicyclic diol units (e.g., cyclohexanediol, cyclohexanedimethanol, hydrogenated bisphenol A). The polyarylate resin (PA) may contain one or more of these diol units.

[0122] The ends of the polyarylate resin (PA) may be sealed or modified with end-capping agents or molecular weight modifiers used during manufacturing. Examples of end-capping agents or molecular weight modifiers include monohydric phenols, monohydric acid chlorides, monohydric alcohols, and monohydric carboxylic acids. Examples of monohydric phenols include phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-ethylphenol, m-ethylphenol, p-ethylphenol, o-propylphenol, m-propylphenol, p-propylphenol, o-tert-butylphenol, m-tert-butylphenol, p-tert-butylphenol, pentylphenol, hexylphenol, octylphenol, nonylphenol, 2,6-dimethylphenol derivatives, 2-methylphenol derivatives, o-phenylphenol, m Examples include -phenylphenol, p-phenylphenol, o-methoxyphenol, m-methoxyphenol, p-methoxyphenol, 2,3,5-trimethylphenol, 2,3,6-trimethylphenol, 2,3-xylenol, 2,4-xylenol, 2,5-xylenol, 2,6-xylenol, 3,4-xylenol, 3,5-xylenol, 2-phenyl-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 2-phenyl-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propane, and 2-phenyl-2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propane. Examples of monovalent acid chlorides include monofunctional acid halides such as benzoyl chloride, methanesulfonyl chloride, phenyl chloroformate, acetate chloride, butyrate chloride, octylate chloride, benzenesulfonyl chloride, benzenesulfinyl chloride, sulfinyl chloride, benzenephosphonyl chloride, and their substituted derivatives. Examples of monohydric alcohols include methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, 2-butanol, pentanol, hexanol, dodecyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, and phenethyl alcohol. Examples of monocarboxylic acids include acetic acid, propionic acid, octanoic acid, cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, benzoic acid, toluic acid, phenylacetic acid, p-tert-butylbenzoic acid, and p-methoxyphenylacetic acid.

[0123] The weight-average molecular weight of the polyarylate resin (PA) is preferably 30,000 to 300,000, more preferably 40,000 to 250,000, and even more preferably 50,000 to 200,000. The molecular weight of polyarylate resin (PA) is the molecular weight in polystyrene equivalent, measured by GPC (gel permeation chromatography). Tetrahydrofuran is used as the eluent in GPC.

[0124] Polyarylate resins (PA) can be obtained by polycondensation of monomers that give dicarboxylic acid units (A) and monomers that give diol units (B), along with other monomers as needed, using conventional methods. Methods for the polycondensation of monomers include interfacial polymerization, solution polymerization, and melt polymerization. Interfacial polymerization is a polymerization method that obtains polyester by mixing a divalent carboxylic acid halide dissolved in an organic solvent immiscible with water with a divalent alcohol dissolved in an alkaline aqueous solution. Literature on interfacial polymerization includes WMERECKSON, J. Poly. Sci., XL399, 1959, and Japanese Patent Publication No. 40-1959. Because interfacial polymerization is faster than solution polymerization, it can suppress the hydrolysis of divalent carboxylic acid halides, resulting in the acquisition of high molecular weight polyarylate resins (PA).

[0125] The following provides a detailed explanation of each layer of the photoreceptor.

[0126] [Conductive substrate] Examples of conductive substrates include metal plates, metal drums, and metal belts containing metals (aluminum, copper, zinc, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, indium, gold, platinum, etc.) or alloys (stainless steel, etc.). Other examples of conductive substrates include paper, resin films, and belts coated, vapor-deposited, or laminated with conductive compounds (e.g., conductive polymers, indium oxide, etc.), metals (e.g., aluminum, palladium, gold, etc.) or alloys. Here, "conductive" refers to a volume resistivity of 1 × 10⁻⁶. 13 This refers to a value less than Ω·cm.

[0127] When an electrophotographic photoreceptor is used in a laser printer, the surface of the conductive substrate is preferably roughened to a center-line average roughness Ra of 0.04 μm to 0.5 μm in order to suppress interference fringes that occur when irradiated with laser light. When non-interfering light is used as the light source, roughening to prevent interference fringes is not particularly necessary, but it is suitable for a longer lifespan because it suppresses the occurrence of defects due to surface irregularities of the conductive substrate.

[0128] Methods for roughening a surface include, for example, wet honing, which involves suspending an abrasive in water and spraying it onto a conductive substrate; centerless grinding, which involves pressing a conductive substrate against a rotating grinding wheel and continuously grinding it; and anodizing.

[0129] One method for roughening the surface is to disperse conductive or semiconductive powder in a resin without roughening the surface of the conductive substrate, to form a layer on the surface of the conductive substrate, and then roughen the surface with the particles dispersed in that layer.

[0130] Anodizing roughening treatment involves forming an oxide film on the surface of a conductive substrate (e.g., aluminum) by anodizing it in an electrolyte solution. Examples of electrolyte solutions include sulfuric acid solution and oxalic acid solution. However, the porous anodic oxide film formed by anodizing is chemically active, easily contaminated, and exhibits large resistance fluctuations depending on the environment. Therefore, it is preferable to perform a sealing treatment on the porous anodic oxide film to block the micropores of the oxide film by volume expansion due to a hydration reaction using pressurized steam or boiling water (metal salts such as nickel may be added), thereby converting it into a more stable hydrated oxide.

[0131] The thickness of the anodic oxide film is preferably, for example, 0.3 μm to 15 μm. When the film thickness is within this range, it tends to exhibit barrier properties against injection and tends to suppress the increase in residual potential due to repeated use.

[0132] The conductive substrate may be treated with an acidic treatment solution or with boehmite. The treatment with the acidic treatment liquid is carried out, for example, as follows. First, an acidic treatment liquid containing phosphoric acid, chromic acid and hydrofluoric acid is prepared. The mixing ratios of phosphoric acid, chromic acid and hydrofluoric acid in the acidic treatment liquid are, for example, in the range of 10% by mass or more and 11% by mass or less for phosphoric acid, 3% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less for chromic acid, and 0.5% by mass or more and 2% by mass or less for hydrofluoric acid, and the concentration of the total of these acids is preferably in the range of 13.5% by mass or more and 18% by mass or less. The treatment temperature is preferably, for example, 42°C or more and 48°C or less. The film thickness of the film is preferably 0.3 μm or more and 15 μm or less.

[0133] The boehmite treatment is carried out, for example, by immersing in pure water at 90°C or more and 100°C or less for 5 to 60 minutes, or by contacting with hot steam at 90°C or more and 120°C or less for 5 to 60 minutes. The film thickness of the film is preferably 0.1 μm or more and 5 μm or less. This may be further anodized using an electrolyte solution with low film solubility such as adipic acid, boric acid, borate, phosphate, phthalate, maleate, benzoate, tartrate, citrate, etc.

[0134] [Underlayer] The underlayer is, for example, a layer containing inorganic particles and a binder resin.

[0135] As the inorganic particles, for example, inorganic particles having a powder resistance (volume resistivity) of 1×10 2 Ω·cm or more and 1×10 11 Ω·cm or less are exemplified. Among these, as the inorganic particles having the above resistance value, for example, metal oxide particles such as tin oxide particles, titanium oxide particles, zinc oxide particles, zirconium oxide particles are preferable, and particularly, zinc oxide particles are preferable.

[0136] The specific surface area of the inorganic particles by the BET method is, for example, 10 m 2 / g or more is preferable. The volume average particle diameter of the inorganic particles is, for example, 50 nm or more and 2000 nm or less (preferably 60 nm or more and 1000 nm or less) is preferable.

[0137] The inorganic particle content is preferably 10% by mass or more and 80% by mass or less relative to the binder resin, and more preferably 40% by mass or more and 80% by mass or less.

[0138] The inorganic particles may be surface-treated. Two or more types of inorganic particles with different surface treatments or particle sizes may be mixed and used.

[0139] Examples of surface treatment agents include silane coupling agents, titanate-based coupling agents, aluminum-based coupling agents, and surfactants. Silane coupling agents are particularly preferred, and silane coupling agents having an amino group are more preferred.

[0140] Examples of silane coupling agents having an amino group include, but are not limited to, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane, and N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane.

[0141] Silane coupling agents may be used in combination of two or more types. For example, a silane coupling agent having an amino group may be used in combination with another silane coupling agent. Examples of other silane coupling agents include, but are not limited to, vinyltrimethoxysilane, 3-methacrylateoxypropyl-tris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane, 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriacetoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane.

[0142] The surface treatment method using the surface treatment agent may be any known method, and may be either a dry or wet method.

[0143] The amount of surface treatment agent applied is preferably, for example, 0.5% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less relative to the inorganic particles.

[0144] In this case, it is preferable for the underlayer to contain electron-accepting compounds (acceptor compounds) along with inorganic particles, from the viewpoint of improving the long-term stability of electrical properties and carrier blocking ability.

[0145] Examples of electron-accepting compounds include electron-transporting substances such as: compounds having an anthraquinone structure; quinone compounds such as chloranil and bromoanil; tetracyanoquinodimethane compounds; fluorenone compounds such as 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone and 2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenone; oxadiazole compounds such as 2-(4-biphenyl)-5-(4-t-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, 2,5-bis(4-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, and 2,5-bis(4-diethylaminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole; xanthone compounds; thiophene compounds; diphenoquinone compounds such as 3,3',5,5'-tetra-t-butyldiphenoquinone; and benzophenone compounds such as 4-hydroxybenzophenone and 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenone. In particular, compounds having an anthraquinone structure are preferred as electron-accepting compounds. Examples of compounds having an anthraquinone structure include hydroxyanthraquinone compounds, aminoanthraquinone compounds, and aminohydroxyanthraquinone compounds. Specifically, examples of preferred compounds include anthraquinone, alizarin, quinizarin, anthralphine, purpurin, 4-ethoxy-1,2-hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone, and their derivatives.

[0146] The electron-accepting compound may be dispersed in the underlayer together with inorganic particles, or it may be present attached to the surface of the inorganic particles.

[0147] Methods for attaching electron-accepting compounds to the surface of inorganic particles include, for example, dry methods or wet methods.

[0148] The dry method involves, for example, adding an electron-accepting compound, either directly or dissolved in an organic solvent, dropwise while stirring inorganic particles with a mixer that has a high shear force, or spraying it with dry air or nitrogen gas, to adhere the electron-accepting compound to the surface of the inorganic particles. When adding or spraying the electron-accepting compound, it is preferable to do so at a temperature below the boiling point of the solvent. After adding or spraying the electron-accepting compound, further baking at 100°C or higher may be performed. The baking temperature and time are not particularly limited as long as electrophotographic characteristics can be obtained.

[0149] The wet method involves dispersing inorganic particles in a solvent using, for example, a stirrer, ultrasonic disperser, sand mill, attritor, or ball mill, while adding an electron-accepting compound. After stirring or dispersion, the solvent is removed, and the electron-accepting compound adheres to the surface of the inorganic particles. Solvent removal methods include, for example, filtration or distillation. After solvent removal, further baking at 100°C or higher may be performed. The baking temperature and time are not particularly limited as long as electrophotographic characteristics can be obtained. In the wet method, the water content of the inorganic particles may be removed before adding the electron-accepting compound. Examples of this include removing water while stirring and heating in the solvent, or removing water by azeotrope with the solvent.

[0150] The electron-accepting compound may be applied before or after surface treatment with a surface treatment agent to the inorganic particles, or it may be applied simultaneously with the surface treatment with the surface treatment agent.

[0151] The content of the electron-accepting compound is preferably, for example, 0.01% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less relative to the inorganic particles, and more preferably 0.01% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less.

[0152] Examples of known polymer compounds used as the binder resin for the undercoat include acetal resin (e.g., polyvinyl butyral), polyvinyl alcohol resin, polyvinyl acetal resin, casein resin, polyamide resin, cellulose resin, gelatin, polyurethane resin, polyester resin, unsaturated polyester resin, methacrylic resin, acrylic resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, polyvinyl acetate resin, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride resin, silicone resin, silicone-alkyd resin, urea resin, phenol resin, phenol-formaldehyde resin, melamine resin, urethane resin, alkyd resin, epoxy resin, zirconium chelate compounds, titanium chelate compounds, aluminum chelate compounds, titanium alkoxide compounds, organic titanium compounds, and silane coupling agents. Examples of binder resins used in the undercoat include charge-transporting resins having charge-transporting groups, conductive resins (e.g., polyaniline), and the like.

[0153] Among these, a resin insoluble in the coating solvent of the upper layer is preferred as the binder resin used for the undercoat layer. In particular, a resin obtained by the reaction of a curing agent with at least one resin selected from the group consisting of thermosetting resins such as urea resin, phenol resin, phenol-formaldehyde resin, melamine resin, urethane resin, unsaturated polyester resin, alkyd resin, and epoxy resin is preferred. When using two or more of these binder resins in combination, the mixing ratio is set as needed.

[0154] The undercoat may contain various additives to improve electrical properties, environmental stability, and image quality. Examples of known additives include electron-transporting pigments such as polycyclic condensation and azo pigments, zirconium chelate compounds, titanium chelate compounds, aluminum chelate compounds, titanium alkoxide compounds, organic titanium compounds, and silane coupling agents. As mentioned above, silane coupling agents are used for surface treatment of inorganic particles, but they may also be added to the undercoat as additives.

[0155] Examples of silane coupling agents used as additives include vinyltrimethoxysilane, 3-methacrylateoxypropyl-tris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane, 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriacetoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane.

[0156] Examples of zirconium chelate compounds include zirconium butoxide, ethyl zirconium acetate, zirconium triethanolamine, acetylacetonate zirconium butoxide, ethyl acetate zirconium butoxide, zirconium acetate, zirconium oxalate, zirconium lactate, zirconium phosphonate, zirconium octanoate, zirconium naphthenate, zirconium laurate, zirconium stearate, zirconium isostearate, methacrylate zirconium butoxide, stearate zirconium butoxide, and isostearate zirconium butoxide.

[0157] Examples of titanium chelate compounds include tetraisopropyl titanate, tetran-butyl titanate, butyl titanate dimer, tetra(2-ethylhexyl) titanate, titanium acetylacetonate, polytitanium acetylacetonate, titanium octylene glycolate, titanium lactate ammonium salt, titanium lactate, titanium lactate ethyl ester, titanium triethanolamine, and polyhydroxytitanium stearate.

[0158] Examples of aluminum chelating compounds include aluminum isopropylate, monobutoxyaluminum diisopropylate, aluminum butyrate, diethylacetoacetate aluminum diisopropylate, and aluminum tris(ethylacetoacetate).

[0159] These additives may be used individually or as a mixture or polycondensate of multiple compounds.

[0160] The underlayer should ideally have a Vickers hardness of 35 or higher. The surface roughness (ten-point average roughness) of the undercoat layer should be adjusted to between 1 / (4n) (where n is the refractive index of the upper layer) and 1 / 2 of the exposure laser wavelength λ used, in order to suppress moiré patterns. Resin particles may be added to the undercoat to adjust the surface roughness. Examples of resin particles include silicone resin particles and cross-linked polymethyl methacrylate resin particles. The surface of the undercoat may also be polished to adjust the surface roughness. Polishing methods include buffing, sandblasting, wet honing, and grinding.

[0161] The formation of the undercoat is not particularly limited, and known formation methods can be used. For example, it can be carried out by forming a coating film of an undercoat-forming solution obtained by adding the above components to a solvent, drying the coating film, and heating it if necessary.

[0162] Solvents for preparing the coating solution for forming the undercoat include known organic solvents such as alcohol-based solvents, aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, halogenated hydrocarbon solvents, ketone-based solvents, ketone alcohol-based solvents, ether-based solvents, and ester-based solvents. Specific examples of these solvents include common organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, benzyl alcohol, methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, methylene chloride, chloroform, chlorobenzene, and toluene.

[0163] Known methods for dispersing inorganic particles when preparing a coating solution for forming an undercoat include, for example, roll mills, ball mills, vibrating ball mills, attritors, sand mills, colloid mills, and paint shakers.

[0164] Conventional methods for applying the undercoating solution onto a conductive substrate include, for example, the blade coating method, wire bar coating method, spray coating method, immersion coating method, bead coating method, air knife coating method, and curtain coating method.

[0165] The thickness of the undercoat layer is preferably set to a range of 15 μm or more, and more preferably within the range of 20 μm to 50 μm.

[0166] [Middle class] The intermediate layer is, for example, a layer containing a resin. Examples of resins used in the intermediate layer include polymer compounds such as acetal resin (e.g., polyvinyl butyral), polyvinyl alcohol resin, polyvinyl acetal resin, casein resin, polyamide resin, cellulose resin, gelatin, polyurethane resin, polyester resin, methacrylic resin, acrylic resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, polyvinyl acetate resin, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride resin, silicone resin, silicone-alkyd resin, phenol-formaldehyde resin, and melamine resin. The intermediate layer may contain an organometallic compound. Examples of organometallic compounds used in the intermediate layer include those containing metal atoms such as zirconium, titanium, aluminum, manganese, and silicon. The compounds used in these intermediate layers may be used individually, as a mixture of multiple compounds, or as polycondensates.

[0167] Among these, the intermediate layer is preferably a layer containing an organometallic compound that contains zirconium atoms or silicon atoms.

[0168] The formation of the intermediate layer is not particularly limited, and known formation methods can be used. For example, it can be carried out by forming a coating film of an intermediate layer-forming coating solution obtained by adding the above components to a solvent, drying the coating film, and heating it if necessary. Conventional methods such as immersion coating, push-up coating, wire bar coating, spray coating, blade coating, air knife coating, and curtain coating are used to form the intermediate layer.

[0169] The thickness of the intermediate layer is preferably set in the range of 0.1 μm to 3 μm. The intermediate layer may also be used as a base layer.

[0170] [Charge generation layer] The charge generation layer is, for example, a layer containing a charge generation material and a binder resin. Alternatively, the charge generation layer may be a vapor-deposited layer of the charge generation material. A vapor-deposited layer of the charge generation material is suitable when using non-coherent light sources such as LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) or organic EL (Electro-Luminescence) image arrays.

[0171] Examples of charge-generating materials include azo pigments such as bisazo and trisazo; fused aromatic pigments such as dibromoanthonthrone; perylene pigments; pyrrolopyrrole pigments; phthalocyanine pigments; zinc oxide; and trigonal selenium.

[0172] Among these, in order to accommodate laser exposure in the near-infrared region, it is preferable to use a metal phthalocyanine pigment or a metal-free phthalocyanine pigment as the charge generating material. Specifically, for example, hydroxygallium phthalocyanine; chlorogallium phthalocyanine; dichlorotin phthalocyanine; and titanyl phthalocyanine are more preferable.

[0173] On the other hand, to accommodate laser exposure in the near-ultraviolet region, preferred charge-generating materials include fused aromatic pigments such as dibromoanthoten; thioindigo pigments; porphyrazine compounds; zinc oxide; trigonal selenium; and bisazo pigments.

[0174] The above charge generating material may also be used when using non-coherent light sources such as LEDs and organic EL image arrays, which have a central emission wavelength between 450 nm and 780 nm.

[0175] When n-type semiconductors such as fused aromatic pigments, perylene pigments, and azo pigments are used as charge-generating materials, dark currents are less likely to be generated, and image defects called black spots can be suppressed even in thin films. The n-type is determined using the commonly used time-of-flight method, which is determined by the polarity of the photocurrent that flows, and materials that readily carry electrons as carriers rather than holes are classified as n-type.

[0176] The binder resin used in the charge generation layer can be selected from a wide range of insulating resins, or it may be selected from organic photoconductive polymers such as poly-N-vinylcarbazole, polyvinylanthracene, polyvinylpyrene, and polysilane. Examples of binder resins include polyvinyl butyral resin, polyarylate resin (such as polycondensates of bisphenols and aromatic divalent carboxylic acids), polycarbonate resin, polyester resin, phenoxy resin, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyamide resin, acrylic resin, polyacrylamide resin, polyvinylpyridine resin, cellulose resin, urethane resin, epoxy resin, casein, polyvinyl alcohol resin, and polyvinylpyrrolidone resin. Here, "insulating properties" refer to a volume resistivity of 1 × 10⁻⁶. 13This refers to a density of Ω·cm or greater. These binder resins can be used individually or in mixtures of two or more types.

[0177] The mixing ratio of the charge-generating material to the binder resin is preferably within the range of 10:1 to 1:10 by mass ratio.

[0178] The charge generation layer may also contain other known additives.

[0179] The formation of the charge generation layer is not particularly limited, and known formation methods can be used. For example, it can be carried out by forming a coating film of a coating solution for forming a charge generation layer by adding the above components to a solvent, drying the coating film, and heating it as necessary. The charge generation layer may also be formed by vapor deposition of a charge generation material. Formation of the charge generation layer by vapor deposition is particularly suitable when using fused ring aromatic pigments or perylene pigments as the charge generation material.

[0180] Solvents for preparing the coating solution for forming the charge generation layer include methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, benzyl alcohol, methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, methyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, methylene chloride, chloroform, chlorobenzene, and toluene. These solvents may be used individually or in mixtures of two or more.

[0181] Methods for dispersing particles (e.g., charge-generating material) in a coating solution for forming a charge-generating layer include, for example, media dispersers such as ball mills, vibrating ball mills, attritors, sand mills, and horizontal sand mills, as well as media-less dispersers such as stirrers, ultrasonic dispersers, roll mills, and high-pressure homogenizers. Examples of high-pressure homogenizers include collision methods, in which the dispersion is dispersed by liquid-liquid collisions or liquid-wall collisions under high pressure, and penetration methods, in which the dispersion is dispersed by penetrating fine channels under high pressure. During dispersion, it is effective to set the average particle size of the charge-generating material in the coating solution for forming the charge-generating layer to 0.5 μm or less, preferably 0.3 μm or less, and more preferably 0.15 μm or less.

[0182] Conventional methods for applying the charge-generating layer forming coating solution onto the undercoat (or intermediate layer) include, for example, the blade coating method, wire bar coating method, spray coating method, immersion coating method, bead coating method, air knife coating method, and curtain coating method.

[0183] The thickness of the charge generation layer is preferably set within the range of 0.1 μm to 5.0 μm, and more preferably within the range of 0.2 μm to 2.0 μm.

[0184] [Charge transport layer] The charge transport layer is, for example, a layer containing a binder resin and a charge transport material. The charge transport layer may also be a layer containing a polymer charge transport material.

[0185] Examples of charge transport materials include quinone compounds such as p-benzoquinone, chloranil, bromanil, and anthraquinone; tetracyanoquinodimethane compounds; fluorenone compounds such as 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone; xanthone compounds; benzophenone compounds; cyanovinyl compounds; and ethylene compounds, which are electron transport compounds. Other examples of charge transport materials include hole transport compounds such as triarylamine compounds, benzidine compounds, arylalkane compounds, aryl-substituted ethylene compounds, stilbene compounds, anthracene compounds, and hydrazone compounds. These charge transport materials may be used individually or in combination of two or more, but are not limited to these.

[0186] Examples of polymeric charge transport materials include known chemical substances with charge transport properties such as poly-N-vinylcarbazole and polysilane. For example, polyester-based polymeric charge transport materials are preferred. Polymeric charge transport materials may be used alone or in combination with a binder resin.

[0187] Examples of charge transport materials or polymeric charge transport materials include polycyclic aromatic compounds, aromatic nitro compounds, aromatic amine compounds, heterocyclic compounds, hydrazone compounds, styryl compounds, enamine compounds, benzidine compounds, triarylamine compounds (especially triphenylamine compounds), diamine compounds, oxadiazole compounds, carbazole compounds, organic polysilane compounds, pyrazoline compounds, indole compounds, oxazole compounds, isoxazole compounds, thiazole compounds, thiadiazole compounds, imidazole compounds, pyrazole compounds, triazole compounds, cyano compounds, benzofuran compounds, aniline compounds, butadiene compounds, and resins having groups derived from these substances. Specifically, paragraphs 0078-0080 of JP 2021-117377, paragraphs 0046-0048 of JP 2019-035900, paragraphs 0052-0053 of JP 2019-012141, paragraphs 0122-0134 of JP 2021-071565, and paragraph 0078-0080 of JP 2021-015223 Examples of compounds include those described in paragraphs 0101-0110, paragraph 0116 of Japanese Patent Publication No. 2013-097300, paragraphs 0309-0316 of International Publication No. 2019 / 070003, paragraphs 0103-0107 of Japanese Patent Publication No. 2018-159087, and paragraphs 0102-0113 of Japanese Patent Publication No. 2021-148818.

[0188] From the viewpoint of charge mobility, the charge transport material preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of a chemical substance (C1) represented by the following formula (C1), a chemical substance (C2) represented by the formula (C2), a chemical substance (C3) represented by the formula (C3), and a chemical substance (C4) represented by the formula (C4).

[0189] [ka]

[0190] In equation (C1), Ar T1 Ar T2 and Ar T3 Each is independently an aryl group, -C6H4-C(R T4 )=C(RT5 )(R T6 ) or -C6H4-CH=CH-CH=C(R T7 )(R T8 ) is R T4 , R T5 , R T6 , R T7 and R T8 Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or an aryl group. T5 and R T6 When it is an aryl group, the aryl groups are -C(R 51 )(R 52 )-and / or-C(R 61 )=C(R 62 )- may be linked by a divalent group. R 51 , R 52 , R 61 and R 62 Each of these is independently either a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

[0191] The group in formula (C1) may be substituted with a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or a substituted amino group substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

[0192] As for the chemical substance (C1), from the viewpoint of charge mobility, it is an aryl group or -C6H4-CH=CH-CH=C(R T7 )(R T8 A chemical substance having at least one of the following is preferred, and a chemical substance (C'1) represented by the following formula (C'1) is more preferred.

[0193] [ka]

[0194] In equation (C'1), R T111 , R T112 , R T121 , R T122 , R T131 and R T132Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group (preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms), an alkoxy group (preferably an alkoxy group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms), a phenyl group, or a phenoxy group. Tj1, Tj2, Tj3, Tk1, Tk2, and Tk3 are each independently 0, 1, or 2.

[0195] [ka]

[0196] In equation (C2), R T201 , R T202 , R T211 and R T212 Each of these is independently a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an amino group substituted with an alkyl group having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, an aryl group, and -C(R T21 )=C(R T22 )(R T23 ) or -CH=CH-CH=C(R T24 )(R T25 ) is R T21 , R T22 , R T23 , R T24 and R T25 Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or an aryl group. T221 and R T222 Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms. Tm1, Tm2, ​​Tn1, and Tn2 are each independently 0, 1, or 2.

[0197] The group in formula (C2) may be substituted with a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or a substituted amino group substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

[0198] As for the chemical substance (C2), from the viewpoint of charge mobility, alkyl groups, aryl groups, or -CH=CH-CH=C(R T24 )(R T25A chemical substance having at least one alkyl group, aryl group, or -CH=CH-CH=C(R T24 )(R T25 A chemical substance having two of these is more preferable.

[0199] [ka]

[0200] In equation (C3), R T301 , R T302 , R T311 and R T312 Each of these is independently a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an amino group substituted with an alkyl group having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, an aryl group, and -C(R T31 )=C(R T32 )(R T33 ) or -CH=CH-CH=C(R T34 )(R T35 ) is R T31 , R T32 , R T33 , R T34 and R T35 Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or an aryl group. T321 , R T322 and R T331 Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms. To1, To2, Tp1, Tp2, Tq1, Tq2, and Tr1 are each independently 0, 1, or 2.

[0201] The group in formula (C3) may be substituted with a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or a substituted amino group substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

[0202] [ka]

[0203] In equation (C4), R T401 , R T402 , R T411 and R T412 Each of these is independently a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an amino group substituted with an alkyl group having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, an aryl group, and -C(R T41 )=C(R T42 )(R T43 ) or -CH=CH-CH=C(R T44 )(R T45 ) is R T41 , R T42 , R T43 , R T44 and R T45 Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or an aryl group. T421 , R T422 and R T431 Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms. Ts1, Ts2, Tt1, Tt2, Tu1, Tu2, and Tv1 are each independently 0, 1, or 2.

[0204] The group in formula (C4) may be substituted with a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or a substituted amino group substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

[0205] The amount of charge transport material contained in the charge transport layer is preferably 20% by mass or more and 70% by mass or less, relative to the total mass of the charge transport layer.

[0206] Examples of binder resins used in the charge transport layer include polycarbonate resin, polyester resin, polyarylate resin, methacrylic resin, acrylic resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, polyvinylidene chloride resin, polystyrene resin, polyvinyl acetate resin, styrene-butadiene copolymer, vinylidene chloride-acrylonitrile copolymer, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride copolymer, silicone resin, silicone alkyd resin, phenol-formaldehyde resin, styrene-alkyd resin, poly-N-vinylcarbazole, and polysilane. Among these, polycarbonate resin or polyarylate resin is preferred as the binder resin. These binder resins can be used individually or in combination of two or more. The preferred mixing ratio of the charge transport material to the binder resin is between 10:1 and 1:5 by mass.

[0207] An example of an embodiment of the charge transport layer contains polyarylate resin (PA) and polycarbonate resin. From the viewpoint of forming a fine phase separation structure in the charge transport layer, the proportion of polyarylate resin (PA) to the total amount of polyarylate resin (PA) and polycarbonate resin is preferably 20% to 80% by mass, more preferably 25% to 75% by mass, and even more preferably 30% to 70% by mass.

[0208] As the polycarbonate resin, a polycarbonate resin having continuous structural units with aromatic rings is preferred. In this polycarbonate resin, the resin molecules are bound together by intermolecular forces through the stacking of aromatic rings, improving the abrasion resistance of the charge transport layer. Specifically, a preferred form of the polycarbonate resin is the polycarbonate resin disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2023-121553. A more preferred form of the polycarbonate resin is the polycarbonate resin used in the examples described later.

[0209] The polyarylate resin (PA) preferably includes a polyarylate resin (PA) having a structural unit containing biphenyl represented by the following formula (BP). The polycarbonate resin preferably includes a polycarbonate resin having a structural unit containing biphenyl represented by the following formula (BP). As a combination of polyarylate resin (PA) and polycarbonate resin, a combination of resins in which both have a structural unit containing biphenyl represented by the following formula (BP) is preferred.

[0210] [ka]

[0211] In equation (BP), j is an integer between 0 and 4, and j R 1 Each is independently either a methyl group or an ethyl group, k is an integer between 0 and 4, and there are k R 2 These are independently either a methyl group or an ethyl group.

[0212] The biphenyl represented by formula (BP) may be the entire structure or a part of the structure obtained by removing the ester bond (-C(=O)O-) or carbonate bond (-OC(=O)O-) from the constituent unit containing the biphenyl represented by formula (BP). In other words, the right and left ends of the biphenyl represented by formula (BP) may be independently directly bonded to an ester bond or a carbonate bond, or they may be bonded to an ester bond or a carbonate bond via other atoms or groups of atoms.

[0213] j is an integer between 0 and 4, preferably between 0 and 3, more preferably between 0 and 2, even more preferably 0 or 1, and particularly preferably 0. If j is an integer greater than or equal to 1, then j R 1 Each of these is independently a methyl group or an ethyl group, and a methyl group is preferred.

[0214] k is an integer between 0 and 4, preferably between 0 and 3, more preferably between 0 and 2, even more preferably 0 or 1, and particularly preferably 0. If k is an integer greater than or equal to 1, then k R 2 Each of these is independently a methyl group or an ethyl group, and a methyl group is preferred.

[0215] The biphenyl represented by formula (BP) is preferably 4,4'-biphenyl in terms of its linkage position in the main chain.

[0216] As for the combination of polyarylate resin (PA) and polycarbonate resin, a combination of polyarylate resin (PA) having at least one of dicarboxylic acid units (A2-3) and diol units (B7-1) and polycarbonate resin having constituent units (Cb7-1) is particularly preferred.

[0217] [ka]

[0218] The charge transport layer may also contain other known additives.

[0219] The formation of the charge transport layer is not particularly limited, and known formation methods can be used. For example, it can be carried out by forming a coating film of a charge transport layer forming solution obtained by adding the above components to a solvent, drying the coating film, and heating it if necessary.

[0220] Suitable solvents for preparing the coating solution for forming the charge transport layer include common organic solvents such as aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene, toluene, xylene, and chlorobenzene; ketones like acetone and 2-butanone; halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons like methylene chloride, chloroform, and ethylene chloride; and cyclic or linear ethers like tetrahydrofuran and ethyl ether. These solvents can be used individually or in mixtures of two or more.

[0221] Conventional methods for applying a charge transport layer forming coating solution onto a charge generation layer include blade coating, wire bar coating, spray coating, immersion coating, bead coating, air knife coating, and curtain coating.

[0222] The thickness of the charge transport layer is preferably 5 μm to 50 μm, more preferably 8 μm to 45 μm, and even more preferably 10 μm to 40 μm.

[0223] <Image forming apparatus, process cartridge> The image forming apparatus according to this embodiment comprises an electrophotographic photoreceptor, a charging device for charging the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, an electrostatic latent image forming device for forming an electrostatic latent image on the charged surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, a developing device for developing the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor with a developer containing toner to form a toner image, and a transfer device for transferring the toner image to the surface of a recording medium. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to this embodiment is used as the electrophotographic photoreceptor.

[0224] The image forming apparatus according to this embodiment includes known image forming apparatuses such as: an apparatus equipped with a fixing device for fixing a toner image transferred to the surface of a recording medium; a direct transfer apparatus for directly transferring a toner image formed on the surface of an electrophotographic photoreceptor to a recording medium; an intermediate transfer apparatus for first transferring a toner image formed on the surface of an electrophotographic photoreceptor to the surface of an intermediate transfer body, and secondarily transferring the toner image transferred to the surface of the intermediate transfer body to the surface of a recording medium; an apparatus equipped with a cleaning device for cleaning the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor after the transfer of the toner image and before it is charged; an apparatus equipped with a static elimination device for irradiating the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor with static elimination light to eliminate static charge after the transfer of the toner image and before it is charged; and an apparatus equipped with an electrophotographic photoreceptor heating member for raising the temperature of the electrophotographic photoreceptor and reducing the relative temperature.

[0225] In the case of an intermediate transfer method apparatus, the transfer apparatus may be configured to include, for example, an intermediate transfer body on which a toner image is transferred; a primary transfer apparatus that first transfers the toner image formed on the surface of an electrophotographic photoreceptor to the surface of the intermediate transfer body; and a secondary transfer apparatus that secondarily transfers the toner image transferred to the surface of the intermediate transfer body to the surface of a recording medium.

[0226] The image forming apparatus according to this embodiment may be either a dry developing type image forming apparatus or a wet developing type image forming apparatus (a developing method using a liquid developer).

[0227] In the image forming apparatus according to this embodiment, for example, the portion comprising the electrophotographic photoreceptor may be a cartridge structure (process cartridge) that can be attached to and detached from the image forming apparatus. As the process cartridge, for example, a process cartridge comprising the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to this embodiment is preferably used. In addition to the electrophotographic photoreceptor, the process cartridge may also include at least one selected from the group consisting of, for example, a charging device, an electrostatic latent image forming device, a developing device, and a transfer device.

[0228] The following is an example of an image forming apparatus according to this embodiment, but it is not limited to this example. The main parts shown in the figure will be described, and the descriptions of other parts will be omitted.

[0229] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram showing an example of an image forming apparatus according to this embodiment. As shown in Figure 2, the image forming apparatus 100 according to this embodiment includes a process cartridge 300 equipped with an electrophotographic photoreceptor 7, an exposure device 9 (an example of an electrostatic latent image forming apparatus), a transfer device 40 (a primary transfer device), and an intermediate transfer body 50. In the image forming apparatus 100, the exposure device 9 is positioned to expose the electrophotographic photoreceptor 7 from the opening of the process cartridge 300, and the transfer device 40 is positioned opposite the electrophotographic photoreceptor 7 via the intermediate transfer body 50, with a portion of the intermediate transfer body 50 in contact with the electrophotographic photoreceptor 7. Although not shown, the apparatus also includes a secondary transfer device that transfers the toner image transferred to the intermediate transfer body 50 to a recording medium (e.g., paper). The intermediate transfer body 50, the transfer device 40 (primary transfer device), and the secondary transfer device (not shown) are examples of transfer devices.

[0230] In Figure 2, the process cartridge 300 integrally supports an electrophotographic photoreceptor 7, a charging device 8 (an example of a charging device), a developing device 11 (an example of a developing device), and a cleaning device 13 (an example of a cleaning device) within a housing. The cleaning device 13 has a cleaning blade (an example of a cleaning member) 131, which is positioned to contact the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor 7. The cleaning member may be a conductive or insulating fibrous member, rather than a cleaning blade 131, and may be used alone or in combination with the cleaning blade 131.

[0231] Figure 2 shows an example of an image forming apparatus that includes a fibrous member 132 (roll-shaped) for supplying lubricant 14 to the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor 7, and a fibrous member 133 (flat brush-shaped) for assisting cleaning. These can be arranged as needed.

[0232] The following describes the various components of the image forming apparatus according to this embodiment.

[0233] -Charging device- The charging device 8 may be a contact-type charging device in which the charging member contacts the outer surface of the photoreceptor, or a non-contact-type charging device in which the charging member does not contact the outer surface of the photoreceptor. The effect of the image forming apparatus according to this embodiment (less likely to cause contamination of the charging member over a long period of time) is particularly pronounced in the contact-type charging device.

[0234] As the charging device 8, for example, contact-type charging members using conductive or semiconductive charging rollers, charging brushes, charging films, charging rubber blades, charging tubes, etc. are used. Non-contact roller chargers, known chargers such as scorotron chargers and corotron chargers that utilize corona discharge are also used.

[0235] -Exposure equipment- Examples of exposure devices 9 include optical equipment that exposes the surface of an electrophotographic photoreceptor 7 to a predetermined image using light such as semiconductor laser light, LED light, or liquid crystal shutter light. The wavelength of the light source is within the spectral sensitivity range of the electrophotographic photoreceptor. As for the wavelength of the semiconductor laser, near-infrared lasers with an oscillation wavelength of around 780 nm are the mainstream. However, the wavelength is not limited to this, and lasers with oscillation wavelengths in the 600 nm range or blue lasers with oscillation wavelengths between 400 nm and 450 nm may also be used. Furthermore, for color image formation, surface-emitting laser light sources capable of outputting multiple beams are also effective.

[0236] -Developing equipment- Examples of developing devices 11 include general developing devices that develop by contacting or not contacting the developing agent. There are no particular restrictions on the developing device 11 as long as it has the above-described functions, and it can be selected according to the purpose. For example, known developing devices that have the function of applying a one-component or two-component developing agent to the electrophotographic photoreceptor 7 using a brush, roller, etc. Among these, those that use a developing roller that holds the developing agent on its surface are preferred.

[0237] The developer used in the developing device 11 may be a one-component developer consisting of toner alone, or a two-component developer containing toner and a carrier. Furthermore, the developer may be magnetic or non-magnetic. Known developers can be used.

[0238] -Cleaning device- The cleaning device 13 uses a cleaning blade system equipped with a cleaning blade 131. In addition to the cleaning blade system, a fur brush cleaning system or a developing and cleaning system may also be used.

[0239] -Transfer device- Examples of the transfer device 40 include contact-type transfer chargers using belts, rollers, films, rubber blades, etc., and transfer chargers that are known themselves, such as scorotron transfer chargers and corotron transfer chargers that utilize corona discharge.

[0240] -Intermediate Transcript- As the intermediate transfer body 50, a belt-shaped material (intermediate transfer belt) containing semiconducting polyimide, polyamide-imide, polycarbonate, polyarylate, polyester, rubber, etc. is used. In addition to the belt shape, a drum-shaped intermediate transfer body may also be used.

[0241] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram showing another example of the image forming apparatus according to this embodiment. The image forming apparatus 120 shown in Figure 3 is a tandem-type multi-color image forming apparatus equipped with four process cartridges 300. In the image forming apparatus 120, the four process cartridges 300 are arranged in parallel on the intermediate transfer body 50, and one electrophotographic photoreceptor is used for each color. The image forming apparatus 120 has the same configuration as the image forming apparatus 100, except that it is a tandem type. [Examples]

[0242] The embodiments of the invention will be described in detail below with reference to examples, but the embodiments of the invention are not limited to these examples. In the following explanation, unless otherwise specified, "parts" and "%" refer to mass. In the following descriptions, synthesis, processing, and manufacturing were carried out at room temperature (25°C ± 3°C) unless otherwise specified.

[0243] <Synthesis of charge-generating materials> [Charge-generating material (CG-1)] 10.0 g of amorphous titanylphthalocyanine and 0.94 g of (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol (equivalent ratio of 0.6 to amorphous titanylphthalocyanine) were mixed in 200 ml of orthodichlorobenzene (ODB), and the mixture was heated and stirred at a reaction temperature of 60°C to 70°C for 6.0 hours. After standing overnight, methanol was added to the reaction solution, and the resulting crystals were filtered. The filtered crystals were then washed with methanol to obtain 10.3 g of charge-generating material (CG-1). When the charge-generating material (CG-1) was coated onto a transparent glass plate and the X-ray diffraction spectrum was measured, clear peaks were observed at 8.3°, 24.7°, 25.1°, and 26.5°. When the mass spectrum was measured, peaks were observed at 576 m / z and 648 m / z. When the IR spectrum was measured, peaks were observed at 970 cm⁻¹. -1 Absorption of Ti=O appears in the vicinity, along with 630 cm. -1 Both O-Ti-O absorptions were observed in the vicinity. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed a mass loss of approximately 7% between 390°C and 410°C. Based on the above analysis results, it was estimated that the charge-generating material (CG-1) is a mixed crystal of a titanylphthalocyanine (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol adduct (adduct molar ratio 1:1) and a non-adduct titanylphthalocyanine (adduct proportion 60 mol%).

[0244] [Charge-generating material (CG-2)] Charge-generating material (CG-2) was obtained in the same manner as the synthesis of charge-generating material (CG-1), except that the amount of (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol was changed to 1.41 g (equivalent ratio to amorphous titanylphthalocyanine: 0.9). Based on the analysis results, it was estimated that the charge-generating material (CG-2) is a mixed crystal of a titanylphthalocyanine (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol adduct (adduct molar ratio 1:1) and a non-adduct titanylphthalocyanine (adduct proportion 90 mol%).

[0245] [Charge-generating material (CG-3)] Charge-generating material (CG-3) was obtained in the same manner as the synthesis of charge-generating material (CG-1), except that the amount of (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol was changed to 0.47 g (equivalent ratio to amorphous titanylphthalocyanine: 0.3). Based on the analysis results, it was estimated that the charge-generating material (CG-3) is a mixed crystal of a titanylphthalocyanine (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol adduct (adduct molar ratio 1:1) and a non-adduct titanylphthalocyanine (adduct proportion 30 mol%).

[0246] [Charge-generating material (CG-4)] Charge-generating material (CG-4) was obtained in the same manner as the synthesis of charge-generating material (CG-1), except that the amount of (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol was changed to 3.33 g (equivalent ratio to amorphous titanylphthalocyanine: 2.0). Based on the analysis results, it was estimated that the charge-generating material (CG-4) is a crystal of the (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol adduct of titanylphthalocyanine (adduct molar ratio 1:1), and does not contain the non-adduct form of titanylphthalocyanine (adduct proportion 100 mol%).

[0247] [Charge-generating material (CG-5)] Y-type titanylphthalocyanine was prepared. This Y-type titanylphthalocyanine showed significantly developed peaks at Bragg angles 2θ = 9.5 degrees and 27.2 degrees.

[0248] <Synthesis of binding resins> [Polyarylate resin] Polyarylate resins (PA1) to (PA4) were synthesized. Table 1 shows the units and composition of polyarylate resin. A2-3 and others listed in Table 1 are specific examples of the dicarboxylic acid unit (A) described above. Table 1 shows examples of B1-2, etc., which are specific examples of the diol unit (B) described above.

[0249] [Table 1]

[0250] For comparison, a polyarylate resin (A1) with the following structure was synthesized. The numbers accompanying the constituent units represent the molar ratio.

[0251] [ka]

[0252] [Polycarbonate resin] Polycarbonate resins (PC1) and (PC3) having the following structures were synthesized. The numbers accompanying the constituent units represent the molar ratio.

[0253] [ka]

[0254] <Manufacturing of photoreceptors> [Example 1] -Formation of the lower layer (UC-1)- • Polyamide resin (CM8000, Toray Industries, Inc.) 10 parts Titanium dioxide (average primary particle size 35 nm, primary surface treatment: silica-alumina treatment, secondary surface treatment: methylhydrogenpolysiloxane treatment) 30 parts • Methanol 90 parts • Ethanol 5 parts The above materials were mixed and dispersed in a circulating wet disperser to prepare a coating solution for forming the undercoat. The undercoat solution was immersed and applied to the outer surface of a drum-shaped aluminum substrate and dried to form an undercoat (UC-1) with a thickness of 2.0 μm.

[0255] -Formation of a charge generation layer- • Charge generating material (CG-4) 24 parts • Polyvinyl butyral resin (Eslec BL-1, Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) 12 parts 3-Methyl-2-butanone / cyclohexanone = 4 / 1(V / V) 400 copies The above materials were mixed and dispersed in a circulating ultrasonic homogenizer to prepare a coating solution for forming a charge generation layer. The coating solution for forming the charge generation layer was immersed and coated onto the base layer and dried to form a charge generation layer with a thickness of 0.3 μm.

[0256] -Formation of a charge transport layer- ·Charge transport material: CTM-3 40 parts • Polyarylate resin: PA1 60 parts • Antioxidant (Irganox 1010, BASF Japan Ltd.) Part 2 Tetrahydrofuran 550 copies • Toluene 50 copies The above materials were mixed to prepare a coating solution for forming a charge transport layer. The coating solution for forming the charge transport layer was immersed on the charge generation layer and dried at 130°C for 30 minutes to form a charge transport layer with a thickness of 30 μm. The structure of the charge transport material CTM-3 is shown below.

[0257] [ka]

[0258] [Examples 2-9, Comparative Examples 1-3] Each photoreceptor was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the materials of the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer were changed as shown in Table 2.

[0259] The resin percentages shown in Table 2 represent the mass ratio of the total amount of polyarylate resin and polycarbonate resin. The CTM ratios in Table 2 represent the mass ratios when multiple types of CTM are used. In Table 2, "AO-80" refers to ADEKA Stab AO-80 (ADEKA Corporation). The structures of the charge transport materials CTM-1 and CTM-2 are shown below.

[0260] [ka]

[0261] [Examples 10-11] The photoreceptor of Example 10 was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 4, except that the formation of the undercoat layer was modified as described below. The photoreceptor of Example 11 was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 5, except that the formation of the undercoat layer was modified as described below.

[0262] -Formation of the lower layer (UC-2)- • Butyral resin (Eslec BM-1, Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) 3.5 parts • Hardener (Sumijuru 3175, Sumitomo Bayer Urethane Co., Ltd.) 10 units • Zinc oxide (surface treatment: silane coupling agent treatment) 45.5 parts • 0.27 parts of the compound represented by the following structural formula Methyl ethyl ketone 41 parts

[0263] [ka]

[0264] The above materials were mixed and dispersed for 2 hours using a sand mill with 1 mm diameter glass beads. Furthermore, 0.01 parts of dioctyl tin dilaurate and 2 parts of silicone resin particles (product name: Tospearl 145, GE Toshiba Silicone Co., Ltd.) were added and stirred to prepare a coating solution for forming the undercoat layer. The undercoat layer forming solution was immersed and applied to the outer surface of a drum-shaped aluminum substrate and dried and cured to form an undercoat layer (UC-2) with a thickness of 20 μm.

[0265] <Performance Evaluation> [Abrasion resistance] A photoreceptor was mounted in an Apeos C7070 image forming machine (Fujifilm Business Innovation Co., Ltd.). Under low temperature and low humidity conditions (temperature 10°C and relative humidity 15%), 100,000 black images with 100% image density (area coverage) and 100% image density were continuously printed on A3 plain paper. The average thickness of the charge transport layer was determined before and after image formation, and the difference in average thickness before and after image formation was defined as the amount of wear (nm). A Permascope (Fischer Instruments Co., Ltd.) was used as the film thickness measuring instrument. The amount of wear was classified as follows.

[0266] A: Wear amount is less than 500 nm B: Wear amount is 500 nm or more, but less than 1500 nm. C: Wear amount is 1500 nm or more

[0267] [Stability of electrical properties] Two types of photoreceptors were prepared as follows: • Photoreceptor (1): A photoreceptor stored for one week in a high-temperature, high-humidity environment (temperature 28°C and relative humidity 85%). • Photoreceptor (2): A photoreceptor stored for one week in a low-temperature, low-humidity environment (temperature 10°C and relative humidity 15%). Photoreceptor (1) or photoreceptor (2) was mounted in an image forming apparatus bizhub C750i (Konica Minolta, Inc.), and 10 halftone patterns with an image density of 30% were printed on A3 plain paper in a laboratory environment (temperature 20°C and relative humidity 40%). The image quality of the last 10th print was visually observed and classified as follows.

[0268] A: No difference in density is observed between photoreceptor (1) and photoreceptor (2). B: There is a slight difference in density between photoreceptor (1) and photoreceptor (2), but it is within the acceptable range. C: There is a clear difference in density between photoreceptor (1) and photoreceptor (2).

[0269] [Peeling of the charge transport layer] The photoreceptor was mounted in an Apeos C7050 image forming machine (Fujifilm Business Innovation Co., Ltd.). 100,000 image density patterns with 10% image density were continuously printed on A3 plain paper in a high-temperature, high-humidity environment (temperature 28°C and relative humidity 85%). Afterwards, the photoreceptor was removed, and the lifting of the surface of the photoreceptor was visually observed and classified as follows.

[0270] A: No lifting is observed on the surface of the photoreceptor. B: Lifting is observed on the surface of the photoreceptor. The maximum length is less than 2 mm. C: Lifting is observed on the surface of the photoreceptor. The maximum length is 2 mm or more. D: Surface lifting is visible across the entire surface of the photoreceptor.

[0271] The abbreviations in Table 2 have the following meanings. • PAR: Polyarylate resin PC: Polycarbonate resin ·CTM: Charge transport material

[0272] [Table 2]

[0273] The electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge, and image forming apparatus of this disclosure include the following embodiments. Each formula is identical to the formula of the same number described above.

[0274] (Note) (((1))) The device comprises a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer having a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, disposed on the conductive substrate. The charge transport layer contains a charge transport material and a polyarylate resin having at least one dicarboxylic acid unit selected from the group consisting of a dicarboxylic acid unit (A2) represented by formula (A2), a dicarboxylic acid unit (A3) represented by formula (A3), a dicarboxylic acid unit (A4) represented by formula (A4), and a dicarboxylic acid unit (A5) represented by formula (A5), as well as a diol unit represented by formula (B). The charge generation layer contains a titanylphthalocyanine butanediol adduct as a charge generation material. Electrophotographic photoreceptor. (((2))) The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to (((1))), wherein the butanediol adduct of titanylphthalocyanine comprises a 2,3-butanediol adduct of titanylphthalocyanine. (((3))) The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to (((1))) or (((2))), wherein the charge generating layer contains a butanediol adduct of titanylphthalocyanine and a non-adduct of titanylphthalocyanine as charge generating materials, and the proportion of the butanediol adduct of titanylphthalocyanine in the total of both is 30 mol% or more and 90 mol% or less. (((4))) An electrophotographic photoreceptor according to any one of (((1))) to (((3))), wherein the diol unit represented by formula (B) includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a diol unit represented by formula (B1) (B1), a diol unit represented by formula (B2) (B2), a diol unit represented by formula (B3) (B3), a diol unit represented by formula (B4) (B4), a diol unit represented by formula (B5) (B5), a diol unit represented by formula (B6) (B6), a diol unit represented by formula (B7) (B7), and a diol unit represented by formula (B8) (B8). (((5))) The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to any one of (((1))) to (((4))), wherein the polyarylate resin comprises a polyarylate resin having a structural unit containing biphenyl represented by formula (BP). (((6))) The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to any one of (((1))) to (((5))), wherein the charge transport layer further contains a polycarbonate resin. (((7))) The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to (((6))), wherein the polycarbonate resin comprises a polycarbonate resin having a structural unit containing biphenyl represented by formula (BP). (((8))) The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to (((6))) or (((7))), wherein the proportion of the polyarylate resin in the total amount of the polyarylate resin and the polycarbonate resin contained in the charge transport layer is 25% by mass or more and 75% by mass or less. (((9))) The electrophotographic photoreceptor is provided as described in any one of (((1))) to (((8))), A process cartridge that is attached to and detached from an image forming apparatus. (((10))) An electrophotographic photoreceptor described in any one of (((1))) to (((8))), A charging device for charging the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, An electrostatic latent image forming apparatus for forming an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the charged electrophotographic photoreceptor, A developing apparatus that develops an electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of an electrophotographic photoreceptor using a developer containing toner to form a toner image, A transfer device for transferring the toner image onto the surface of a recording medium, An image forming apparatus equipped with the following features.

[0275] According to (((1))), (((2))), (((4))), (((5))), (((6))), (((7))) or (((8))), an electrophotographic photoreceptor is provided that has superior environmental stability of electrical properties and is less prone to peeling of the photosensitive layer compared to a case in which the charge generating layer does not contain a titanylphthalocyanine butanediol adduct. According to (((3))), an electrophotographic photoreceptor is provided that has superior environmental stability of electrical properties and is less prone to peeling of the photosensitive layer compared to a case where the charge generating layer contains a titanylphthalocyanine butanediol adduct and a titanylphthalocyanine non-adduct, and the proportion of the titanylphthalocyanine butanediol adduct in the total of both is less than 30 mol% or more than 90 mol%. According to (((9))), a process cartridge is provided that has an electrophotographic photoreceptor that is superior in environmental stability of electrical properties and less prone to peeling of the photosensitive layer compared to an electrophotographic photoreceptor in which the charge generation layer does not contain a titanylphthalocyanine butanediol adduct. According to (((10))), an image forming apparatus is provided that has an electrophotographic photoreceptor that is superior in environmental stability of electrical properties and less prone to peeling of the photosensitive layer compared to an electrophotographic photoreceptor in which the charge generation layer does not contain a titanylphthalocyanine butanediol adduct. [Explanation of Symbols]

[0276] 1 conductive substrate, 2 subbing layer, 3 charge generation layer, 4 charge transport layer, 5 photosensitive layer, 10A photoreceptor

[0277] 7 Electrophotographic photoreceptor, 8 Charging device, 9 Exposure device, 11 Developing device, 13 Cleaning device, 14 Lubricant, 40 Transfer device, 50 Intermediate transfer body, 100 Image forming device, 120 Image forming device, 131 Cleaning blade, 132 Fibrous material (roll type), 133 Fibrous material (flat brush type), 300 Process cartridge

Claims

1. The device comprises a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer having a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, disposed on the conductive substrate. The charge transport layer contains a charge transport material and a polyarylate resin having at least one dicarboxylic acid unit selected from the group consisting of a dicarboxylic acid unit (A2) represented by the following formula (A2), a dicarboxylic acid unit (A3) represented by the formula (A3), a dicarboxylic acid unit (A4) represented by the formula (A4), and a dicarboxylic acid unit (A5) represented by the formula (A5), as well as a diol unit represented by the formula (B). The charge generation layer contains a titanylphthalocyanine butanediol adduct as a charge generation material. Electrophotographic photoreceptor. 【Chemistry 1】 【Chemistry 2】 In equation (A2), n ２０１ and n ２０２ Each of these is an independent integer between 0 and 4, and n ２０１ Individual Ra ２０１ and n ２０２ Individual Ra ２０２ Each of these is independently an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. In formula (A3), n ３０１ and n ３０２ are each independently an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less, and n ３０１ pieces of Ra ３０１ and n ３０２ pieces of Ra ３０２ are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. In equation (A4), n ４０１ n is an integer between 0 and 6, and ４０１ Individual Ra ４０１ Each of these is independently an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. In equation (A5), n ５０１ , n ５０２ and n ５０３ Each of these is an independent integer between 0 and 4, and n ５０１ Individual Ra ５０１ , n ５０２ Individual Ra ５０２ and n ５０３ Individual Ra ５０３ Each of these is independently an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. In equation (B), Ar Ｂ１ and Ar Ｂ２ Each of these is an aromatic ring which may independently have substituents, L Ｂ is a single bond, oxygen atom, sulfur atom or -C(Rb １ )(Rb ２ )- and n Ｂ１ Rb is 0, 1, or 2. １ and Rb ２ Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, or an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, and Rb １ and Rb ２ These may be bonded together to form a cyclic alkyl group.

2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1, wherein the butanediol adduct of titanylphthalocyanine comprises a 2,3-butanediol adduct of titanylphthalocyanine.

3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1, wherein the charge generating layer contains a butanediol adduct of titanylphthalocyanine and a non-adduct of titanylphthalocyanine as charge generating materials, and the proportion of the butanediol adduct of titanylphthalocyanine in the total of the two is 30 mol% or more and 90 mol% or less.

4. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1, wherein the diol unit represented by formula (B) includes at least one selected from the group consisting of the diol unit represented by formula (B1) (B1), the diol unit represented by formula (B2) (B2), the diol unit represented by formula (B3) (B3), the diol unit represented by formula (B4) (B4), the diol unit represented by formula (B5) (B5), the diol unit represented by formula (B6) (B6), the diol unit represented by formula (B7) (B7), and the diol unit represented by formula (B8) (B8). 【Transformation 3】 【Chemistry 4】 In equation (B1), Rb １０１ Rb is a branched alkyl group having 4 to 20 carbon atoms. ２０１ Rb is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. ４０１ , Rb ５０１ , Rb ８０１ and Rb ９０１ Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom. In equation (B2), Rb １０２ Rb is a linear alkyl group having 4 to 20 carbon atoms. ２０２ Rb is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. ４０２ , Rb ５０２ , Rb ８０２ and Rb ９０２ Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom. In equation (B3), Rb １１３ and Rb ２１３ Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, a linear alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom, d is an integer between 7 and 15, and Rb ４０３ , Rb ５０３ , Rb ８０３ and Rb ９０３ Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom. In equation (B4), Rb １０４ and Rb ２０４ Each is independently a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and Rb ４０４ , Rb ５０４ , Rb ８０４ and Rb ９０４ Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom. In formula (B5), Ar １０５ Rb is an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms or an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms. ２０５ Rb is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. ４０５ , Rb ５０５ , Rb ８０５ and Rb ９０５ Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom. In equation (B6), Rb １１６ and Rb ２１６ Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, a linear alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom, e is an integer between 4 and 6, and Rb ４０６ , Rb ５０６ , Rb ８０６ and Rb ９０６ Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom. In equation (B7), Rb ４０７ , Rb ５０７ , Rb ８０７ and Rb ９０７ Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom. In equation (B8), Rb ４０８ , Rb ５０８ , Rb ８０８ and Rb ９０８ Each of these is independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom.

5. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1, wherein the polyarylate resin comprises a polyarylate resin having a structural unit containing biphenyl represented by the following formula (BP). 【Transformation 5】 In equation (BP), j is an integer between 0 and 4, and j R １ Each is independently either a methyl group or an ethyl group, k is an integer between 0 and 4, and there are k R ２ These are independently either a methyl group or an ethyl group.

6. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1, wherein the charge transport layer further contains a polycarbonate resin.

7. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 6, wherein the polycarbonate resin comprises a polycarbonate resin having a structural unit containing biphenyl represented by the following formula (BP). 【Transformation 6】 In equation (BP), j is an integer between 0 and 4, and j R １ Each is independently either a methyl group or an ethyl group, k is an integer between 0 and 4, and there are k R ２ These are independently either a methyl group or an ethyl group.

8. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 6, wherein the proportion of the polyarylate resin in the total amount of the polyarylate resin and the polycarbonate resin contained in the charge transport layer is 25% by mass or more and 75% by mass or less.

9. The electrophotographic photoreceptor is provided according to any one of claims 1 to 8, A process cartridge that is attached to and detached from an image forming apparatus.

10. An electrophotographic photoreceptor according to any one of claims 1 to 8, A charging device for charging the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, An electrostatic latent image forming apparatus for forming an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the charged electrophotographic photoreceptor, A developing apparatus that develops an electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of an electrophotographic photoreceptor using a developer containing toner to form a toner image, A transfer device for transferring the toner image onto the surface of a recording medium, An image forming apparatus equipped with the following features.

Images