Torsion-resistant joints

Abstract

A fitting for joining a first pipe element and a second pipe element includes a first ring and a second ring attachable to the pipe elements. Each ring defines a groove and a plurality of receiving surfaces adjacent the groove. Segments are attachable end-to-end to surround the central space and the rings. Each segment includes a key protruding toward the central space for engaging with each groove in the ring. Each segment includes at least one working surface engageable with the receiving surfaces of the first ring and the second ring. Engagement between the working surface and the receiving surface prevents rotation of the first pipe element and the second pipe element relative to each other. A method of assembling the fitting is also disclosed.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is based on and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 448,363, filed February 27, 2023, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 448,364, filed February 27, 2023, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 448,366, filed February 27, 2023, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 600,392, filed November 17, 2023, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 600,400, filed November 17, 2023, which applications are incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a mechanical coupling for joining pipe elements and a method for pipeline maintenance. [Background technology]

[0003] background Large-diameter pipelines are complex, expensive, and dangerous to assemble and deploy on-site. In some industries, particularly mining, the media (such as slurry) transported in the pipelines can be abrasive and / or corrosive, which can cause accelerated wear of the internal portions of the pipe elements that come into contact with the media. The lowest regions inside the pipe elements typically experience the most wear because abrasive particles stratify in the flow under gravity, and the majority of the abrasive particles in the fluid contact and erode the lowest regions most rapidly.

[0004] The life of such pipes can be significantly increased by periodically rotating the pipe elements to position a different, less erodible portion of the pipe element's interior so that it is at the bottom, while rotating worn portions to the side or top. Depending on the medium and wear rate, the pipe elements can be rotated in 90-degree, 120-degree, or 180-degree increments (called "clocking"). When the pipe element has been clocked enough times so that all interior surfaces show approximately equal wear, it is replaced.

[0005] Pipe rotation is also a complex, expensive, and dangerous endeavor, often requiring the same heavy equipment used to initially lay the pipe, especially for large-diameter pipes. Because it is impractical to individually rotate each pipe element in a pipe line, it is common to rotate long sections of pipe, which may include several hundred feet (tens to hundreds of meters) of pipe elements and several joints (which remain intact). A common method for rotating pipe sections uses a series of specialized tracked vehicles called "side booms," although lifting equipment such as cranes and other machines known in the art can also be used. Each side boom has a lifting crane boom extending to the side of the tracked vehicle to lift the pipe elements from a trench or elevated support. When pipe elements in a pipe line are joined by bolted flanges, the flanges on both ends of the pipe section to be rotated are unbolted. Specialized slings, which allow for rotation of the pipe elements about their longitudinal axes, are strung around the pipe section at spaced intervals along its length. Multiple side booms are then introduced, connected to slings, and used to lift the pipe section. One or more side booms are then introduced and connected to different slings arranged to clamp around the pipe. These slings are eccentrically positioned relative to the diameter of the pipe section so that the lifting axis of each sling is pulled tangentially to the pipe section as the sling is lifted. As the side booms lift the pipe section, each eccentric sling rotates that pipe section, resulting in rotation of the entire pipe section. Because the eccentric slings can only produce a limited amount of rotation per lift, the eccentric slings may need to be reset several times during the lift, and the rotation process is repeated while the lifting side booms hold the pipe section in the raised position until the desired amount of rotation is achieved.

[0006] Once the pipeline section has been sufficiently rotated, the eccentric sling is disengaged, and the lifting side boom lowers the pipeline section back into place to reconnect the end flanges of the pipeline section to the pipeline. If flanged pipe elements are used, the rotation of the pipeline section must be carefully controlled to ensure that the bolt holes on the flanges at the end of the section are flush with the mating flanges of the pipeline. Because grooved joints are independent of the rotational position of the joined pipe elements, a joint between pipe elements formed by a mechanical coupling that engages grooved pipe elements (a "grooved joint") may be used to eliminate the need for rotational alignment between the pipeline section and the pipeline, because grooved joints are independent of the rotational position of the joined pipe elements. However, grooved joints have lower rotational resistance about the longitudinal axis of the pipe elements than flanged joints. Pipe elements joined by grooved joints may slip, allowing individual pipe elements to rotate relative to each other. Thus, not all pipe elements in the pipe section may rotate the same amount as the pipe elements rotated by the eccentric sling. Slippage of pipe elements relative to fittings reduces the number of joints that can be included in the sections of pipeline that are rotated together, resulting in shorter sections of pipeline being rotated at one time. Whether grooved or flanged joints are used, the need to disconnect pipe elements at the end of each section can allow for loss of fluid from the pipeline. This loss may be economically impractical or environmentally unfriendly depending on the fluid in the pipeline.

[0007] Clearly, an opportunity exists for an improved process for lifting and rotating large diameter pipeline joints and sections that does not suffer from the drawbacks of prior art processes. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0008] overview The present disclosure relates to a coupling for joining a first pipe element and a second pipe element. In one exemplary embodiment, the coupling includes a first ring attachable to an end of the first pipe element. The first ring defines a first groove extending circumferentially therearound and a plurality of bearing surfaces adjacent to the first groove. A second ring is attachable to the end of the second pipe element. The second ring defines a second groove extending circumferentially therearound and a plurality of bearing surfaces adjacent to the second groove. The first and second segments are attachable end-to-end to surround a central space. The first segment includes a first key and a second key extending longitudinally along the first segment and projecting toward the central space. The first and second keys are in a spaced-apart relationship. At least one working surface is engageable with one of the bearing surfaces of the first ring. At least one working surface is engageable with one of the plurality of receiving surfaces of the second ring. Engagement between the working surface and the receiving surface prevents rotation of the first pipe element and the second pipe element relative to each other. The second segment includes a first key and a second key extending longitudinally along the second segment and protruding toward the central space. The first key and the second key on the second segment are spaced apart. When the first ring and the second ring are positioned in the central space, the first key and the second key of the first segment and the second segment are engageable with the first groove and the second groove, respectively. The first segment includes a first mounting member and a second mounting member positioned at opposite ends thereof. The second segment includes a first mounting member and a second mounting member positioned at opposite ends thereof. The first mounting member on the first segment is engageable with the first mounting member on the second segment. A second attachment member on the first segment is engagable with a second attachment member on the second segment to attach the first and second segments to one another.

[0009] For example, each of the plurality of bearing surfaces of the first ring extends along a chord of the first ring, and each of the plurality of bearing surfaces of the second ring extends along a chord of the second ring.

[0010] In one exemplary embodiment, the second segment further includes at least one working surface engageable with a receiving surface of the plurality of receiving surfaces of the first ring and at least one working surface engageable with a receiving surface of the plurality of receiving surfaces of the second ring, wherein engagement between the working surface and the receiving surface prevents rotation of the first pipe element and the second pipe element relative to each other.

[0011] In one exemplary embodiment, the first ring defines a first notch and a second notch adjacent to the first groove. Each of the first notch and the second notch comprises a receiving surface among the plurality of receiving surfaces of the first ring. The second ring defines a first notch and a second notch adjacent to the second groove. Each of the first notch and the second notch comprises a receiving surface among the plurality of receiving surfaces of the second ring. The first segment includes a first protrusion and a second protrusion extending transversely to the first key and the second key. Each of the first protrusion and the second protrusion comprises an active surface among at least one active surface of the first segment. The first protrusion is engageable with the first notch of the first ring, and the second protrusion is engageable with the first notch of the second ring. The second segment includes a first protrusion and a second protrusion extending transversely to the first key and the second key, each of the first protrusion and the second protrusion including an active surface of the at least one active surface of the second segment, the first protrusion being engageable with the second notch of the first ring, and the second protrusion being engageable with the second notch of the second ring.

[0012] For example, the first ring defines a second notch adjacent to the first groove. The second notch comprises a bearing surface among the plurality of bearing surfaces of the first ring. The second ring defines a second notch adjacent to the second groove. The second notch comprises a bearing surface among the plurality of bearing surfaces of the second ring. For further example, the first notch and second notch of the first ring and the second ring comprise the first and second bearing surfaces extending inward toward the central space and a third bearing surface extending transversely therebetween. For example, the first notch and second notch of the first ring are on opposite sides of the first ring, and the first notch and second notch of the second ring are on opposite sides of the second ring.

[0013] For example, the first and second protrusions of the first and second segments include first and second working surfaces extending outwardly away from the respective first and second keys and third working surfaces extending transversely therebetween. Further by way of example, the first and second working surfaces are configured to engage with the first and second receiving surfaces, respectively, and the third working surface is configured to engage with the third receiving surface.

[0014] In one exemplary embodiment, each mounting member includes a ledge defining a first hole and a second hole in spaced relation, each hole adapted to receive an adjustable fastener for attaching the first mounting member on the first segment to the first mounting member on the second segment and for attaching the second mounting member on the first segment to the second mounting member on the second segment.

[0015] In one exemplary embodiment, the first segment defines a first channel positioned between and extending longitudinally along the first and second keys on the first segment. The second segment defines a second channel positioned between and extending longitudinally along the first and second keys on the second segment. Illustratively, the fitting further includes seals received within the first and second channels. The seals are engageable with the first and second rings to provide a fluid-tight joint.

[0016] In one exemplary embodiment, the first ring defines a third notch and a fourth notch, and the second ring defines a third notch and a fourth notch. By way of example, the third and fourth notches of the first and second rings comprise first and second bearing surfaces extending inward toward the central space and a third bearing surface extending transversely therebetween. By way of further example, the third and fourth notches of the first ring are on opposite sides of the first ring, and the third and fourth notches of the second ring are on opposite sides of the second ring.

[0017] In another exemplary embodiment, the first mounting member on the first segment defines a first working surface of the at least one working surface of the first segment engageable with a first receiving surface of the plurality of receiving surfaces of the first ring when the first and second rings are in the central space, and a second working surface of the at least one working surface of the first segment in a spaced-apart relationship with the first working surface and engageable with a second receiving surface of the plurality of receiving surfaces of the second ring. In one exemplary embodiment, the first mounting member on the second segment includes a third working surface of the at least one working surface of the second segment engageable with the first receiving surface on the first ring, and a fourth working surface of the at least one working surface of the second segment in a spaced-apart relationship with the third working surface and engageable with the second receiving surface on the second ring.

[0018] For example, the coupling may further include a third bearing surface extending over a portion of the first ring adjacent the first groove and a fourth bearing surface extending over a portion of the second ring adjacent the second groove. The second attachment member on the first segment includes a fifth working surface engageable with the third bearing surface on the first ring and a sixth working surface in a spaced relationship relative to the fifth working surface and engageable with the fourth bearing surface on the second ring. The second attachment member on the second segment includes a seventh working surface engageable with the third bearing surface on the first ring and an eighth working surface in a spaced relationship relative to the seventh working surface and engageable with the fourth bearing surface on the second ring. For example, the first, second, third, and fourth bearing surfaces include flat surfaces, each extending through a chord of the ring. Further by way of example, the first and third receiving surfaces are on opposite sides of the first ring, and the second and fourth receiving surfaces are on opposite sides of the second ring.

[0019] In one exemplary embodiment, the first and second working surfaces comprise flat surfaces that can matingly engage with the first and second receiving surfaces, respectively. The third and fourth working surfaces comprise flat surfaces that can matingly engage with the first and second receiving surfaces, respectively. The fifth and sixth working surfaces comprise flat surfaces that can matingly engage with the third and fourth receiving surfaces, respectively. The seventh and eighth working surfaces comprise flat surfaces that can matingly engage with the third and fourth receiving surfaces, respectively. By way of example, for each working surface, the first portion of the working surface is oriented at an angle relative to the second portion of the working surface. By way of further example, each first mounting member and each second mounting member on each segment is oriented at an angle portion of a respective one of the segments. The angle portion defines a forming angle ranging from 15° to 35° when measured from the center of curvature of one of the keys on each segment. Further by way of example, each first attachment member and each second attachment member on each segment subtends an angular portion of a respective one of the segments, the angular portions defining a 25° angle as measured from the center of curvature of one of the keys on each segment.

[0020] One exemplary embodiment further includes a fifth bearing surface extending over a portion of the first ring adjacent to the first groove, a sixth bearing surface extending over a portion of the second ring adjacent to the second groove, a seventh bearing surface extending over a portion of the first ring adjacent to the first groove, and an eighth bearing surface extending over a portion of the second ring adjacent to the second groove. For example, the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth bearing surfaces include flat surfaces. Each flat surface extends through a chord of the ring. For example, the fifth and seventh bearing surfaces are on opposite sides of the first ring, and the sixth and eighth bearing surfaces are on opposite sides of the second ring.

[0021] The present disclosure further encompasses a method of assembling a fitting for joining a first pipe element and a second pipe element. For example, the fitting includes a first ring attachable to an end of the first pipe element. The first ring defines a first groove extending circumferentially therearound and a first notch adjacent to the first groove. For example, the fitting includes a second ring attachable to an end of the second pipe element. The second ring defines a second groove extending circumferentially therearound and a first notch adjacent to the second groove. The first and second segments are attachable end-to-end to surround a central space. The first segment includes a first key and a second key extending longitudinally along the first segment and projecting toward the central space. The first and second keys are in a spaced-apart relationship. The first and second protrusions extend transversely to the first and second keys. The second segment includes first and second keys extending longitudinally along the second segment and protruding toward the central space. The first and second keys on the second segment are spaced apart. For example, the method includes positioning the first and second rings end-to-end. For a further example, the method includes lifting the first and second segments positioned end-to-end around the central space adjacent the first mounting member of the first segment and the first mounting member of the second segment. For a further example, the method includes separating the first and second segments from each other. For a further example, the method includes lowering the first and second segments over the first and second rings until the first and second rings are positioned within the central space. As a further example, the method includes attaching a second attachment member of the first segment and a second attachment member of the second segment via the first fastener. As a further example, the method includes attaching a first attachment member of the first segment and a first attachment member of the second segment via the second fastener.By way of further example, the method may include rotating the attached first and second segments about the first and second rings until the first and second protrusions align with the first and second notches of the first and second rings, respectively. By way of further example, the method may include tightening the first and second fasteners until the first and second protrusions engage with the first and second notches of the first and second rings, respectively.

[0022] For example, the first ring defines a second notch, and the second ring defines a second notch. Further by way of example, the second segment further includes a first protrusion and a second protrusion extending transversely to the first key and the second key. In one exemplary embodiment, the first segment and the second segment are rotated around the first ring and the second ring until the first protrusion and the second protrusion are aligned with the second notch of the first ring and the second ring, respectively. Upon tightening the first fastener and the second fastener, the first protrusion and the second protrusion engage with the second notch of the first ring and the second ring, respectively. For example, the first and second notches of the first and second rings include first and second receiving surfaces extending inwardly toward the central space and a third receiving surface extending transversely therebetween.Further example, the first and second protrusions of the first and second segments include first and second working surfaces extending outwardly away from the respective first and second keys and a third working surface extending transversely therebetween. For example, when the first and second protrusions of the first segment engage the first notches of the first and second rings and the first and second protrusions of the second segment engage the second notches of the first and second rings, the first and second working surfaces engage the first and second receiving surfaces, respectively, and the third working surface engages the third receiving surface. In one exemplary embodiment, the third working surface slides on an outer surface extending between the notches of the first and second rings when the first and second segments are rotated around the first and second rings.

[0023] In one exemplary embodiment, the method further includes disposing a seal around the first ring and the second ring such that the seal covers a seam formed between the end-to-end first and second rings. For example, the first segment defines a first channel positioned between and extending longitudinally along a first key and a second key on the first segment. The second segment defines a second channel positioned between and extending longitudinally along a first key and a second key on the second segment. As a further example, when the first segment and the second segment are rotated around the first and second rings, a gap is formed between the seal and the first channel, and a gap is formed between the seal and the second channel. As a further example, when the first fastener and the second fastener are tightened, the first channel and the second channel receive the seal.

[0024] In one exemplary embodiment, the first segment and the second segment are elevated at a point between the first attachment member of the first segment and the first attachment member of the second segment.

[0025] The present disclosure also encompasses a coupling for joining a first pipe element and a second pipe element. In one exemplary embodiment, the coupling includes a first ring attachable to an end of the first pipe element. The first ring defines a first groove extending circumferentially therearound and first and second receiving surfaces adjacent to the first groove. In one exemplary embodiment, the coupling includes a second ring attachable to an end of the second pipe element. The second ring defines a second groove extending circumferentially therearound and first and second receiving surfaces adjacent to the second groove. The first and second segments are attachable end-to-end to surround a central space. Illustratively, the first segment includes a first key and a second key extending longitudinally along the first segment and projecting toward the central space. The first and second keys are in a spaced-apart relationship. As a further example, the first a-segment includes a first working surface and a second working surface. As a further example, the second segment includes a first key and a second key extending longitudinally along the second segment and projecting toward the central space. The first key and the second key on the second segment are spaced apart. As a further example, the second segment includes a first working surface and a second working surface. The first key and the second key of the first segment and the second segment are engageable with the first groove and the second groove, respectively. When the first ring and the second ring are positioned within the central space, the first working surface and the second working surface of the first segment are engageable with the first receiving surfaces of the first ring and the second ring, respectively, and the first working surface and the second working surface of the second segment are engageable with the second receiving surfaces of the first ring and the second ring, respectively. For example, the first segment may have a first mounting member and a second mounting member positioned at opposite ends thereof, and the second segment may have a first mounting member and a second mounting member positioned at opposite ends thereof, with the first mounting member on the first segment engageable with the first mounting member on the second segment.A second attachment member on the first segment is engagable with a second attachment member on the second segment to attach the first and second segments to one another. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0026] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is an isometric view of an exemplary fitting according to the present invention, with the fitting shown joining pipe elements.

[0027] [Figure 1A] FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view of the joint shown in FIG.

[0028] [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is an isometric view of an exemplary fitting according to the present invention.

[0029] [Figure 3] FIG. 3 is a side view of the joint shown in FIG.

[0030] [Figure 4] FIG. 4 is a front view of the joint shown in FIG.

[0031] [Figure 4A] FIG. 4A is a front view of the joint shown in FIG.

[0032] [Figure 5] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along section line 5-5 of FIG.

[0033] [Figure 6] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along section line 6-6 of FIG.

[0034] [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is an isometric view of an exemplary first ring.

[0035] [Figure 8]FIG. 8 is an isometric view of an exemplary second ring.

[0036] [Figure 9] FIG. 9 is a side view of the exemplary first ring shown in FIG.

[0037] [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a side view of the exemplary second ring shown in FIG.

[0038] [Figure 11] FIG. 11 is a front view of the exemplary first ring shown in FIG.

[0039] [Figure 12] FIG. 12 is a front view of the exemplary second ring shown in FIG.

[0040] [Figure 13] FIG. 13 is an isometric view of an exemplary first segment.

[0041] [Figure 14] FIG. 14 is an isometric view of an exemplary second segment.

[0042] [Figure 15] FIG. 15 is a front view of the exemplary first segment shown in FIG.

[0043] [Figure 16] FIG. 16 is a front view of the exemplary second segment shown in FIG.

[0044] [Figure 17] FIG. 17 is a side view of the exemplary first segment shown in FIG.

[0045] [Figure 18] FIG. 18 is a side view of the exemplary second segment shown in FIG.

[0046] [Figure 19] 19-24 illustrate an exemplary method of assembling a fitting according to the present invention. [Figure 20] 19-24 illustrate an exemplary method of assembling a fitting according to the present invention. [Figure 21] 19-24 illustrate an exemplary method of assembling a fitting according to the present invention. [Figure 22] 19-24 illustrate an exemplary method of assembling a fitting according to the present invention. [Figure 23] 19-24 illustrate an exemplary method of assembling a fitting according to the present invention. [Figure 24] 19-24 illustrate an exemplary method of assembling a fitting according to the present invention.

[0047] [Figure 25] FIG. 25 is an isometric view of an exemplary coupling according to the present invention for joining pipe elements.

[0048] [Figure 26] FIG. 26 is a plan view of the joint shown in FIG.

[0049] [Figure 26A] FIG. 26A is a cross-sectional view of a segment with the joint shown in FIG.

[0050] [Figure 26B] FIG. 26B is a plan view of a segment with the joint shown in FIG.

[0051] [Figure 27] FIG. 27 is an exploded isometric view of a segment with the joint shown in FIG.

[0052] [Figure 28] 28 and 29 are isometric views of the components of the fitting shown in FIG. [Figure 29]28 and 29 are isometric views of the components of the fitting shown in FIG.

[0053] [Figure 30] FIG. 30 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the coupling and pipe element shown in FIG.

[0054] [Figure 31] FIG. 31 is an isometric view of an exemplary coupling that allows rotation about the longitudinal axis of a pipe element.

[0055] [Figure 32] FIG. 32 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the pipe fitting shown in FIG.

[0056] [Figure 33] FIG. 33 is an isometric view of an exemplary pipeline comprising pipe elements connected to one another using the fitting shown in FIG.

[0057] [Figure 34] FIG. 34 is an isometric cross-sectional view of a portion of the coupling shown in FIG. 31 connected to a pipe element.

[0058] [Figure 35] FIG. 35 shows an isometric view of an exemplary coupling according to the present invention connected to a pipe element.

[0059] [Figure 35A] FIG. 35A shows an isometric view of an exemplary fitting according to the present invention connected to a pipe element.

[0060] [Figure 36] FIG. 36 shows an isometric view of an exemplary first type of non-rotating joint connecting two pipe elements.

[0061] [Figure 36A] FIG. 36A shows an isometric view of an exemplary second type of non-rotating joint connecting two pipe elements.

[0062] [Figure 37] FIG. 37 is an isometric view of an exemplary fitting according to the present invention having a locking mechanism.

[0063] [Figure 38] FIG. 38 is an isometric view of an exemplary fitting according to the present invention having a locking mechanism.

[0064] [Figure 38A] FIG. 38A is an isometric view of an exemplary fitting according to the present invention having a locking mechanism.

[0065] [Figure 39] FIG. 39 is a plan schematic view of a conduit having a section that is rotated in accordance with an exemplary method of the present invention.

[0066] [Figure 40] FIG. 40 is an axial view of a point on the pipeline where the section is supported by the side booms.

[0067] [Figure 41] FIG. 41 is an axial view of a point on the pipeline where a torque is being applied to the section by the side boom using a sling.

[0068] [Figure 42] FIG. 42 is an axial view of a point on a pipeline where a torque is being applied to the section by a side boom using a sling connected to a torsion-resistant joint.

[0069] [Figure 42A] FIG. 42A is an axial view of a point on a pipe line where a torque is being applied to the section by a side boom using a wrench. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0070] Detailed Description 1-30, torsion-resistant or anti-rotation couplings are disclosed herein. Advantageously, these couplings can join pipe elements of various sizes, including large diameter pipe elements, while preventing rotation of the pipe elements relative to one another along a longitudinal axis extending the length of the pipe elements. Advantageously, the couplings can be designed to reduce rotational slippage at the pipe joint between the pipe element and the coupling.

[0071] 31-38A, a rotary joint is also disclosed. The rotary joint can join pipe elements of various sizes, including large diameter pipe elements, while allowing the pipe elements to rotate relative to one another along a longitudinal axis extending the length of the pipe elements. The rotary joint can include a locking mechanism for selectively preventing the pipe elements joined by the rotary joint from rotating relative to one another.

[0072] The torsion-resistant couplings and rotary couplings disclosed herein can be used together to join pipelines to form pipeline sections. For example, a pipeline section may include a rotary coupling at either end of the section, and the rotary coupling can be configured to join the pipeline section to an adjacent pipeline section. The torsion-resistant coupling can join pipe elements to each other between the rotary couplings. Further, the torsion-resistant coupling can join pipe elements within the pipeline section to the rotary coupling. A pipeline section joined by a torsion-resistant coupling and a rotary coupling can be rotated relative to the adjacent joined pipeline section without being disconnected from the adjacent joined pipeline section.

[0073] A method for rotating a pipeline section is also disclosed herein with reference to Figures 39-42A. The pipeline section may include pipe elements coupled to one another via torsion-resistant joints as disclosed herein, with each end of the pipeline section coupled to a rotary joint as disclosed herein. The method may provide an efficient way to rotate the pipeline section without separating or disconnecting the rotating pipeline section from adjacent joined pipeline sections, thereby providing an efficient way to extend the life of the pipeline section.

[0074] Torsion-resistant joints Disclosed herein is an exemplary torsion-resistant joint configured to join pipe elements and prevent the pipe elements from rotating relative to one another. The joint includes two rings, each attachable to a pipe element such that they are joined by a segment. The segments are attached via adjustable fasteners around the rings and pipe elements. The segments include working surfaces configured to engage with receiving surfaces of the rings. The working surfaces and receiving surfaces are designed such that engagement between the surfaces prevents rotation between the coupled rings and pipe elements. Optionally, the receiving surfaces extend along the chords of the respective rings.

[0075] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary fitting 10 for joining a first pipe element 12 and a second pipe element 14 while preventing relative rotation of the pipe elements 12, 14 about a coaxial longitudinal axis 16. As shown in FIG. 1, the fitting 10 includes a first ring 18 attachable to the end of the first pipe element 12 and a second ring 20 attachable to the end of the second pipe element 14. Attachment of the rings 18 and 20 to the pipe elements 12 and 14, respectively, may be effected by welding, although other attachment means are also feasible. As shown in FIGS. 1A and 2, the fitting 10 encloses a central space 40. As shown in FIG. 1A, the ends of the pipe elements 12, 14 may abut against each other within the central space 40. During rotation of the pipe elements 12, 14, end-to-end contact of the pipe elements 12, 14 may provide frictional resistance to twisting. Torsional friction resistance may prevent or limit rotational slippage between the pipe elements 12, 14. Additionally, end-to-end contact of the pipe elements 12, 14 may provide a smooth internal transition between the pipe elements 12, 14, thereby minimizing turbulence and leading edge wear.

[0076] As shown in FIGS. 7 and 9 , the first ring 18 defines a first groove 22 extending circumferentially around the ring 18. As shown in FIG. 11 , the first ring 18 also defines one or more notches adjacent to the first groove 22, in this example four notches 24, 25, 26, and 27. The notches 24, 25, 26, and 27 may be arranged 90° apart from one another around the first ring 18. Each notch 24, 25, 26, and 27 may include a first receiving surface 28 and a second receiving surface 29 extending inward toward the central space 40 and a third receiving surface 37 extending transversely between the first receiving surface 28 and the second receiving surface 29. If desired, the third receiving surface 37 may extend perpendicular or nearly perpendicular (e.g., within 10 degrees of perpendicular) to the first receiving surface 28 and the second receiving surface 29. Optionally, first receiving surface 28 and second receiving surface 29 may extend along respective chords of first ring 18, which chords extend through central space 40. Optionally, first receiving surface 28 and second receiving surface 29 may taper inwardly toward one another as they approach third receiving surface 37.

[0077] In this exemplary embodiment, the second ring 20 is identical to the first ring 18 and defines a second groove 30 extending circumferentially therearound, as shown in Figures 8 and 10. Like the first ring 18, the second ring 20 defines one or more notches 32, 33, 34, and 35 adjacent to the second groove 30, which may be arranged 90° apart from one another around the second ring 20 (see Figure 12). The notches 32, 33, 34, and 35 again comprise first and second bearing surfaces 28, 29 extending inwardly toward the central space 40, and a third bearing surface 37 extending transversely between the first and second bearing surfaces 28, 29. Optionally, the third receiving surface 37 may extend perpendicular or nearly perpendicular (e.g., within 10 degrees of perpendicular) to the first receiving surface 28 and the second receiving surface 29. Optionally, the first receiving surface 28 and the second receiving surface 29 may extend along respective chords of the second ring 20, with the chords extending through the central space 40. Optionally, the first receiving surface 28 and the second receiving surface 29 may taper inward toward each other as they approach the third receiving surface 37. Rings 18 and 20 are not limited to four notches, as more or fewer notches arranged in pairs at angular intervals around the rings are feasible. Optionally, rings 18, 20 may include flat portions 21 to provide a flat reference for consistent placement of a level during assembly into the pipe elements 12, 14. In this example, flat portion 21 may be positioned directly adjacent notches 32, 33, 34, 35, as shown in FIGS.

[0078] As shown in Figures 1-6, fitting 10 also includes first and second segments 36, 38 that are attachable end-to-end to surround central space 40. As shown in Figure 13, first segment 36 includes first and second keys 42, 44, which in this example take the form of arcuate protrusions that extend lengthwise along the first segment and project toward central space 40. First and second keys 42, 44 are in a spaced apart relationship and are spaced apart to engage first and second grooves 22, 30 defined in first and second rings 18, 20 when the rings are positioned within central space 40, as shown in Figures 5 and 6.

[0079] The second segment 38 may be identical to the first segment 36, as in the exemplary fitting embodiment 10 shown in FIG. 1, and includes first and second keys 46, 48 extending longitudinally along the second segment 38 and projecting toward the central space 40, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 6. The first and second keys 46, 48 on the second segment 38 are in a spaced apart relationship and are spaced apart to engage the first and second grooves 22, 30 defined in the first and second rings 18, 20 when the rings are positioned within the central space 40, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6.

[0080] As shown in FIGS. 13, 15, and 17, the first segment 36 includes a first protrusion 60 and a second protrusion 62 that extend transversely relative to the first key 42 and the second key 44. Optionally, the first protrusion 60 and the second protrusion 62 extend perpendicular or nearly perpendicular (e.g., within 10 degrees of perpendicular) relative to the first key 42 and the second key 44. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 5, the first protrusion 60 and the second protrusion 62 are positioned to engage with first notches 24, 32 defined in the first ring 18 and the second ring 20 when the rings are positioned within the central space 40. As shown in FIGS. 14, 16, and 18, the second segment 38 includes a first protrusion 64 and a second protrusion 66 that extend transversely relative to the first key 46 and the second key 48. Optionally, the first and second protrusions 64, 66 extend perpendicular or nearly perpendicular (e.g., within 10 degrees of perpendicular) to the first and second keys 46, 48. As shown in FIG. 5 , the first and second protrusions 64, 66 of the second segment 38 are positioned to engage second notches 25, 33 defined in the first and second rings 18, 20 when the rings are positioned within the central space 40. As shown in FIGS. 13-18 , each of the protrusions 60, 62, 64, 66 may include first and second action surfaces 72, 74 extending outwardly away from the respective first and second keys 42, 46, 44, 48, and a third action surface 76 extending transversely between the first and second action surfaces 72, 74. Optionally, the third working surface 76 may extend perpendicular or nearly perpendicular (e.g., within 10 degrees of perpendicular) between the first working surface 72 and the second working surface 74. As shown in Figures 2, 4, and 5, the first working surface 72 and the second working surface 74 may be configured to engage the first receiving surface 28 and the second receiving surface 29, respectively. The first working surface 72 and the second working surface 74 are advantageously oriented to match the orientation of the first receiving surface 28 and the second receiving surface 29, respectively, to optimize contact and engagement between the working surfaces 72, 74 and the receiving surfaces 28, 29.Optionally, the third working surface 76 may be configured to engage the third receiving surface 37. The engagement between the first working surface 72 and the second working surface 74 and the first receiving surface 28 and the second receiving surface 29, respectively, prevents rotation of the first pipe element 12 and the second pipe element 14 relative to one another about the longitudinal axis 16. The engagement between the first working surface 72 and the second working surface 74 and the first receiving surface 28 and the second receiving surface 29 may transmit torque through the pipe elements 12, 14 while reducing relative slippage.

[0081] Each notch 24, 25, 26, 27 of the first ring 18 may be configured to receive a first protrusion 60 of the first segment 36 and a first protrusion 64 of the second segment 38, and each notch 32, 33, 34, 35 of the second ring 20 may be configured to receive a second protrusion 62 of the first segment 36 and a second protrusion 66 of the second segment 38. The use of multiple pairs of notches on each ring 18, 20 allows for effective mechanical engagement between the segments 36 and 38 and the rings 18, 20 and also allows the pipe elements 12, 14 to which the rings 18, 20 are attached to be rotated or "clocked" relative to the segments 36 and 38 through angular intervals about the longitudinal axis 16 of the pipe elements, as defined by the number of pairs of notches. In this example, the pipe elements may be clocked through 90° intervals, which coincide with the 90° angular separation between the pairs of notches. The ability to clock the pipe elements allows the pipe elements to be rotated to more evenly distribute abrasive wear on the inner surfaces of the pipe elements (thereby increasing the useful life of the pipe elements) while maintaining the orientation of fitting segments 36 and 38. This can also be advantageous when fitting 10 is disconnected at the end of the section to be clocked, as it allows convenient access to the fasteners connecting the segments after repeated clocking of the pipe elements, which may not be possible if the segments are rotated with the pipe elements as they are clocked.

[0082] 1 and 2, the first segment 36 includes a first mounting member 50 and a second mounting member 52 positioned at opposite ends thereof. The second segment 38 also includes a first mounting member 54 and a second mounting member 56 positioned at opposite ends thereof. The first mounting member 50 on the first segment 36 is engageable with the first mounting member 54 on the second segment 38. Similarly, the second mounting member 52 on the first segment 36 is engageable with the second mounting member 56 on the second segment 38. The mounting members attach the first segment 36 and the second segment 38 to one another.

[0083] In this exemplary embodiment, each mounting member 50, 52, 54, 56 includes a lug 80 (see FIGS. 13 and 14 ) that defines a first hole 82 and a second hole 84 in spaced apart relation. Each hole is adapted to receive an adjustable fastener 61 for attaching the first mounting member 50 on the first segment 36 to the first mounting member 54 on the second segment 38 and attaching the second mounting member 52 on the first segment 36 to the second mounting member 56 on the second segment 38. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 4 , at least one adjustable fastener 61 may extend through the first mounting members 50, 54 of the first and second segments 36, 38, and at least one adjustable fastener 61 may extend through the second mounting members 52, 56 of the first and second segments 36, 38. Tightening of the adjustable fastener 61 may draw the segments 36, 38 together around the pipe elements 12, 14, as shown in Figures 1 and 1A. As shown in Figure 2, upon tightening of the adjustable fastener 61, a space may remain between the stop surface 53 of the first segment 36 and the stop surface 53 of the second segment 38. As shown in Figure 1A, tightening of the adjustable fastener 61 results in engagement of the first keys 42, 46 of the first segment 36 and the second segment 38 with the first groove 22 and engagement of the second keys 44, 48 of the first segment 36 and the second segment 38 with the second groove 30.

[0084] Optionally, in one exemplary embodiment, the engagement of the first keys 42, 46 with the first groove 22 and the second keys 44, 48 with the second groove may provide a wedge effect on the ends of the pipe elements 12, 14 to drive the ends of the pipe elements 12, 14 toward each other. Advantageously, the wedge effect may compressively preload the pipe ends, thereby creating a rigid joint 10 with no gap between the rings 18, 20 and the segments 36, 38, clamping the butt ends of the pipe elements 12, 14 together. The compressively preloaded pipe-to-pipe interface may remain closed, i.e., zero gap between the pipe elements 12, 14, under the influence of axial pressure. Optionally, the interface may remain closed under axial pressures and / or other loads up to at least 750 psi. A fitting 10 according to the present disclosure may include structural components that prevent rotation of the pipe elements relative to each other, create a wedge effect on the ends of the pipe elements, or both.

[0085] As shown in FIG. 4 , the first mounting member 50 and the second mounting member 52 of the first segment 36 can be positioned on the segment 36 a distance L1 away from the apex of the first segment 36. The first mounting member 54 and the second mounting member 56 of the second segment 38 can be positioned on the segment 38 a distance L2 away from the apex of the second segment 38. As shown in FIG. 4 , the holes 82, 84 of the lugs 80 of the first segment 36 and the second segment 38 are aligned coaxially with the adjustable fasteners 61, which extend along a first axis 85. The first axis 85 is positioned a distance L3 away from a first plane 102. The first plane 102 includes the longitudinal axis 16 and extends perpendicular to a second plane 103, which includes the longitudinal axis and extends perpendicular to the first axis 85. Distances L1 and L2 can each be between 8 inches and 20 inches, depending on the diameter of the fitting. It is advantageous to minimize L1 and L2 to reduce L3, thereby reducing bending of attachment members 50, 52, 54, 56 and adjustable fastener 61. Optionally, with reference to FIGS. 4A and 6, to reduce bending of attachment members 50, 52, 54, 56 and fastener 61, at least a portion of each first axis 85 may be positioned less than or equal to the diameter of fastener 61 from a point on the circumference of circle 110 defined by center of gravity 106 of first segment 36 and center of gravity 108 of second segment 38. As shown in FIG. 6, center of gravity 106 of first segment 36 and center of gravity 108 of second segment 38 are the area centroids of the exposed surfaces of segments 36, 38 resulting from section line 6-6 shown in FIGS. 4 and 4A. The cross section line 6-6 extends through the longitudinal axis 16. The cross section line 6-6 may extend through the longitudinal axis 16, through the first segment 36 between the first and second protrusions 60, 62 and the first mounting member 50, and through the second segment 38 between the first and second protrusions 64, 66 and the second mounting member 56.The cutting plane line 6-6 may extend through the longitudinal axis 16, through the first segment 36 between the first and second mounting members 50 and 52, and through the second segment 38 between the first and second mounting members 54 and 56, at a location that provides the smallest exposed surface area of ​​the segments 36 and 38. The angle 105 between the first plane 102 and the cutting plane line 6-6 may be in the range of 5 to 80 degrees. If desired, to reduce bending of the mounting members 50, 52, 54, 56 and the fastener 61, at least a portion of each first axis 85 may be positioned less than or equal to the diameter of the respective hole 82 and 84 from a point on the circumference of the circle 110 defined by the centroid 106 of the first segment 36 and the centroid 108 of the second segment 38. Optionally, to reduce bending of the attachment members 50, 52, 54, 56 and fasteners 61, the distance between a point on each first axis 85 and the longitudinal axis 16 is less than or equal to the radius plus the diameter of the respective hole 82, 84, where the radius is equal to the radius of a circle 110 defined by the centroid 106 of the first segment 36 and the centroid 108 of the second segment 38. Optionally, to reduce bending of the attachment members 50, 52, 54, 56 and fasteners 61, the distance between a point on each first axis 85 and the longitudinal axis 16 is less than or equal to the radius plus the diameter of the fastener 61, where the radius is equal to the radius of a circle 110 defined by the centroid 106 of the first segment 36 and the centroid 108 of the second segment 38. Optionally, to reduce bending of attachment members 50, 52, 54, 56 and fasteners 61, each first axis 85 is a first distance from an inner edge of the respective lug 80 closest to central space 40 and a second distance from an outer edge of the respective lug 80 furthest from central space 40. The ratio of the first distance to the second distance may be between 0.333 and 0.5.

[0086] As shown in FIGS. 15 and 16 , each segment 36, 38 may include a stop surface 53 on either end. Upon tightening of the adjustable fastener 61, at least a portion of the stop surface 53 of the first segment 36 may abut against at least a portion of the stop surface 53 of the second segment 38. Alternatively, upon tightening of the adjustable fastener 61, a gap may exist between the stop surface 53 of the first segment 36 and the stop surface 53 of the second segment 38. As shown in FIGS. 15 and 16 , each stop surface 53 may include a recess 55. As shown in FIG. 4 , when the segments 36, 38 are pulled toward each other, the recess 55 in each of the stop surfaces 53 may define a slot 57 adapted to receive a tool, such as a pry bar or flange spreader, that can be used to pry open the fitting 10, if necessary. If necessary, a tool, such as a gauge, may be used to measure the slot 57 to verify proper fitment.

[0087] As shown in FIGS. 15 and 16 , each segment 36, 38 may include multiple openings 94a-94c that can be used to assemble the fitting 10 as described herein. In this example shown in FIGS. 15 and 16 , the openings 94a-94c may extend through one or more gussets 96 connected to the segments 36, 38. The openings 94a-94c may be located at different locations around the circumference of the segments 36, 38 to provide attachment points for equipment to lift the fitting 10 and rotate the pipeline section. The standard lifting opening 94a may be located in an advantageous location for lifting the segments 36, 38 in an orientation that allows the fasteners 61 to be inserted vertically into the holes 82, 84. The rotation opening 94b may be located in a relatively thick section of the segments 36, 38 and may be of a larger diameter than the lifting opening 94a so that it can be used to rotate the pipeline segment when the fitting 10 is fully installed. Clamshell opening 94c may advantageously be located between stop surface 53 and mounting members 50, 52, 54, 56 to aid in installation of fitting 10 using a sling and to allow fastener 61 to be inserted horizontally into holes 82, 84. Clamshell opening 94c may be positioned such that fastener 61 may be easily inserted into holes 82, 84 while attached to lifting equipment and without interference from the lifting equipment, such as a shackle and / or sling(s).

[0088] As shown in FIG. 13 , the first segment 36 defines a first channel 88 positioned between the first key 42 and the second key 44 on the first segment. The channel 88 extends longitudinally along the first segment 36. As shown in FIG. 14 , the second segment 38 defines a second channel 90 positioned between the first key 46 and the second key 48 on the second segment 38. The second channel 90 extends longitudinally along the second segment 38. As shown in FIG. 6 , a seal 92 is received in the first channel 88 and the second channel 90. The seal 92 is engageable with the first ring 18 and the second ring 20 to provide a fluid-tight joint between the pipe element 12 and the pipe element 14.

[0089] 19-24 illustrate an exemplary method of assembling the fitting 10 disclosed herein. The method of assembling the fitting 10 disclosed herein may also be referred to as a "clamshelling" or "clamshell" method. As shown in FIG. 19, the method includes positioning a first ring 18 and a second ring 20 (first ring 18 is shown) end-to-end. The method may further include disposing a seal 92 around the first ring 18 and the second ring 20 such that the seal 92 covers a seam formed between the end-to-end first ring 18 and second ring 20 (shown in FIGS. 5 and 6). As shown in FIG. 19, the method includes lifting the first segment 36 and the second segment 38 positioned end-to-end to surround the central space 40 adjacent the first mounting member 50 of the first segment 36 and the first mounting member 54 of the second segment 38. If desired, the first segment 36 and the second segment 38 may be lifted at a location between the first attachment member 50 of the first segment 36 and the stop surface 53 of the first segment 36, and between the first attachment member 54 of the second segment 38 and the stop surface 53 of the second segment 38. The first segment 36 and the second segment 38 may be lifted at a point between the first attachment member 50 of the first segment 36 and the first attachment member 54 of the second segment 38. If desired, the first segment 36 and the second segment 38 may be lifted via a sling 100 attached to a shackle connected to the first segment 36 and the second segment 38 through the clamshell opening 94c. The sling 100 may be connected to lifting equipment, such as a crane. As shown in FIG. 19, the location of the clamshell opening 94c may advantageously allow the opposing ends of the first and second segments 36, 38 proximate the second mounting members 52, 56 to hang closer to each other than the ends proximate the lifting location. 56The ends of the first segment 36 and the second segment 38 that are closest to each other may contact each other.

[0090] 20 and 21 , the method includes separating the first segment 36 and the second segment 38 from one another and lowering the first segment 36 and the second segment 38 onto the first ring 18 and the second ring 20 until the first ring 18 and the second ring 20 are positioned within the central space 40. As shown in FIG. 21 , once the first segment 36 and the second segment 38 are fully lowered onto the rings 18, 20 and the rings 18, 20 are positioned within the central space 40, the opposing ends of the first segment 36 and the second segment 38 adjacent the second attachment members 52, 56 may return to their adjacent positions or may substantially return to their adjacent positions, thereby allowing easy insertion of the fastener 61. Because of the location of the lift point, and more specifically the location of the clamshell opening 94c, the opposing ends can return to a position relatively close together without having to manually press the segments 36, 38 together to insert the fastener 61.

[0091] 22, the method includes attaching the second attachment member 52 of the first segment 36 and the second attachment member 56 of the second segment 38 via fasteners 61. The method includes attaching the first attachment member 50 of the first segment 36 and the first attachment member 54 of the second segment 38 via fasteners 61. If desired, after the second attachment members 52, 56 are attached, the sling 100 may again be lifted to force the ends proximate the lifting point together to allow the fasteners 61 to be easily attached to attach the first attachment members 50, 54. After the fasteners 61 are attached, the sling 100 may be removed.

[0092] 23 and 24 , the method includes rotating the attached first and second segments 36, 38 about the first and second rings 18, 20 until the first and second protrusions 60, 62 of the first segment 36 align with the first notch 24 of the first ring 18 and the first notch 32 of the second ring 20, respectively. The method may include rotating the attached first and second segments 36, 38 about the first and second rings 18, 20 until the first and second protrusions 64, 66 of the second segment 38 align with the second notch 25 of the first ring 18 and the second notch 33 of the second ring 20, respectively. The partially assembled fitting 10 may be rotated about the rings 18, 20 to advantageously orient the fastener 61 vertically. In this position, the fastener 61 can be more easily fully tightened. During rotation, the third working surface 76 can slide on the outer surface 19 of the rings 18, 20. The outer surfaces 19 of the rings 18, 20, which extend between the notches, can provide a guide surface for the third working surface 76 of the protrusions to ride on, stabilizing and guiding the segments 36, 38 and providing space between the segments and the seal 92 as the segments 36, 38 are rotated relative to the rings 18, 20 and pipe elements. The outer surfaces 19 can have a diameter larger than the outer diameter of the seal 92, thereby creating a gap or space between the channels 88, 90 and the seal 92. The gap or space between the channels 88, 90 and the seal 92 can prevent rotation of the segments 36, 38 from damaging or displacing the seal 92. Furthermore, the gap or space can reduce friction between the seal 92 and the segments 36, 38, allowing the segments 36, 38 to rotate more easily around the rings 18, 20.

[0093] As shown in FIG. 4 , after the protrusions 60, 62, 64, 66 are positioned in place, the method may include tightening the fastener 61 until the first protrusion 60 and the second protrusion 62 of the first segment 36 engage with the first notch 24 of the first ring 18 and the first notch 32 of the second ring 20, respectively. Upon tightening of the fastener 61, the first protrusion 64 and the second protrusion 66 of the second segment 38 engage with the second notch 25 of the first ring 18 and the second notch 33 of the second ring 20, respectively. Tightening of the fastener 61 may also result in engagement of the keys 42, 44, 46, 48 of the segments 36, 38 with the grooves 22, 30 of the rings 18, 20. Upon tightening of the fastener 61, the first channel 88 and the second channel 90 may receive the seal 92. Upon tightening of fastener 61, first channel 88 and second channel 90 are pulled toward rings 18, 20 and a seal 92 positioned around rings 18, 20. As channels 88, 90 are pulled toward rings 18, 20 and seal 92, seal 92 may be seated within channels 88, 90.

[0094] 25 and 26 illustrate an exemplary fitting 210 for joining a first pipe element 212 and a second pipe element 214 while preventing relative rotation of the pipe elements about a coaxial longitudinal axis 216. As shown in FIG. 25 , the fitting 210 includes a first ring 218 attachable to an end of the first pipe element 212 and a second ring 220 attachable to an end of the second pipe element 214. Attachment of the rings 218 and 220 to the respective pipe elements 212 and 214 can be effected by welding, although other attachment means are possible. As shown in FIGS. 28 and 30 , the first ring 218 defines a first groove 222 extending circumferentially around the ring. As shown in FIG. 28 , the first ring 218 also defines one or more bearing surfaces, in this example four bearing surfaces 224, 225, 226, and 227. Each of the receiving surfaces 224, 225, 226, and 227 extends across a respective portion of the first ring 218 adjacent to the first groove 222. In this exemplary embodiment, the receiving surfaces 224, 225, 226, and 227 include a flat surface 228, with each flat surface extending along a chord of the ring 218. The receiving surfaces are arranged 90° apart from one another around the first ring 218. In this exemplary embodiment, the second ring 220 is identical to the first ring 218 and defines a second groove 230 that extends circumferentially around the second ring, as shown in FIGS. 29 and 30 . Similar to ring 218, four receiving surfaces 232, 233, 234 and 235 extend across respective portions of second ring 220 (see FIG. 28), the receiving surfaces also comprising flat surfaces 228, each of which extends along a chord of ring 220 and is arranged 90° apart from one another around second ring 220. Rings 218 and 220 are not limited to four receiving surfaces, as either more or fewer surfaces arranged in angularly spaced pairs around the ring are feasible.

[0095] 25 and 26, the fitting 210 also includes a first segment 236 and a second segment 238 that are attachable end-to-end to surround the central space 240. As shown in FIGS. 27 and 30, the first segment 236 includes a first key 242 and a second key 244 that, in this example, take the form of arcuate protrusions extending lengthwise along the first segment and projecting toward the central space 240. The first key 242 and the second key 244 are in a spaced apart relationship and are spaced apart to engage with the first groove 222 and the second groove 230 defined in the first ring 218 and the second ring 220 when the rings are positioned within the central space 240, as shown in FIG.

[0096] The second segment 238 is connected to the first segment 238 as in the exemplary joint embodiment 210 shown in FIG. 236 27 and 30, with first and second keys 246, 248 extending longitudinally along second segment 238 and projecting toward central space 240. First and second keys 246, 248 on second segment 238 are in a spaced apart relationship and are spaced apart to engage first and second grooves 222, 230 defined in first and second rings 218, 220 when the rings are positioned within central space 240, as shown in FIG.

[0097] 25 and 26, first segment 236 includes a first mounting member 250 and a second mounting member 252 positioned at opposite ends thereof. Second segment 238 also includes a first mounting member 254 and a second mounting member 256 positioned at opposite ends thereof. First mounting member 250 on first segment 236 is engageable with first mounting member 254 on second segment 238. Similarly, second mounting member 252 on first segment 236 is engageable with second mounting member 256 on second segment 238, the mounting members attaching first segment 236 and second segment 238 to one another. 25 and 27, the first mounting member 250 on the first segment 236 defines a first working surface 258 engageable with a first one of the receiving surfaces 224 on the first ring 218 when the first ring 218 and the second ring 220 are in the central space 240, and a second working surface 260 in a spaced relationship relative to the first working surface 258 and engageable with a second one of the receiving surfaces 232 (not visible) on the second ring 220. The engagement between the working surfaces 258, 260 and the receiving surfaces 224, 232 prevents rotation of the first pipe element 212 and the second pipe element 214 relative to each other about the longitudinal axis 216, respectively.

[0098] It may be advantageous for multiple working surfaces to engage with respective receiving surfaces. Thus, in this exemplary embodiment, as shown in Figures 25, 26, and 27, the first mounting member 254 on the second segment 238 includes a third working surface 262 engageable with the first receiving surface 224 on the first ring 218 and a fourth working surface 264 in spaced relation to the third working surface 262 and engageable with the second receiving surface 232 (not visible) on the second ring 220. It may also be advantageous for the working surfaces to engage receiving surfaces on opposite sides of the rings 218 and 220. Thus, as shown in Figures 28 and 29, the third one of the receiving surfaces 226 extends over a portion of the first ring 218 adjacent the first groove 222, and the fourth one of the receiving surfaces 234 extends over a portion of the second ring 220 adjacent the second groove 230. 26 and 27, the second mounting member 252 on the first segment 236 includes a fifth working surface 266 engageable with the third receiving surface 226 on the first ring 218 shown in FIGS. 26 and 28. As shown in FIG. 27, the sixth working surface 268 is in a spaced relationship with the fifth working surface 266 and engageable with the fourth receiving surface 234 on the second ring 220 shown in FIG. 29. As shown in FIGS. 26 and 27, the second mounting member 256 on the second segment 238 includes a seventh working surface 270 engageable with the third receiving surface 226 on the first ring 218 and an eighth working surface 272 in a spaced relationship with the seventh working surface 270 and engageable with the fourth receiving surface 234 on the second ring 220 (see FIG. 29).

[0099] For compatibility and effective engagement between the working surface and the receiving surface, as described above, 2 24, 225, 226, and 227, andAdvantageously, 232, 233, 234, and 235 comprise flat surfaces 228, each flat surface extending along a chord of ring 218 and ring 220. For advantageous mating engagement to prevent relative rotation between pipe element 212 and pipe element 214 about longitudinal axis 216, in this exemplary embodiment, first through eighth working surfaces 258, 260, 262, 264, 266, 268, 270, and 272 also comprise flat surfaces 274 that can be matingly engaged with respective receiving surfaces.

[0100] 26 and 27, in this exemplary embodiment, for each working surface, a first portion 276 of the working surface is oriented at an angle relative to a second portion 278 of the working surface. The angular orientation of first portion 276 serves as a lead-in to guide rings 218 and 220 into segments 236 and 238 when fitting 210 is assembled.

[0101] The bearing surfaces on each ring 218, 220 function as opposing pairs to engage the eight working surfaces of segments 236 and 238. It is advantageous to include multiple pairs of bearing surfaces on each ring 218, 220. In this example, there are two sets of pairs of bearing surfaces on ring 218: pair 224 and 226, and pair 225 and 227. Similarly, ring 220 includes pair 232 and 234, and pair 233 and 235. The use of multiple pairs of bearing surfaces on each ring 218, 220 allows for effective mechanical engagement between segments 236 and 238 and the rings, and also allows the pipe elements to which the rings are attached to be rotated or "clocked" relative to segments 236 and 238 through angular intervals about the longitudinal axes of the pipe elements, as defined by the number of pairs of bearing surfaces. In this example, the pipe elements can be clocked over 90° intervals, which corresponds to the 90° angular separation between the pair of receiving surfaces. The ability to clock the pipe elements allows the pipe elements to be rotated to more evenly distribute abrasive wear on the inner surfaces of the pipe elements (thereby increasing the useful life of the pipe elements) while maintaining the orientation of fitting segments 236 and 238. This is advantageous because it allows convenient access to the fasteners connecting the segments after repeated clocking of the pipe elements, which may not be possible if the segments were rotated with the pipe elements as they were clocked.

[0102] In this exemplary embodiment, each mounting member 250, 252, 254, and 256 includes a ledge 280 (see FIGS. 25 and 26 ) that defines a first hole 282 and a second hole 284 in spaced apart relation. Each hole is adapted to receive an adjustable fastener 286 for attaching the first mounting member 250 on the first segment 236 to the first mounting member 254 on the second segment 238 and the second mounting member 252 on the first segment 236 to the second mounting member 256 on the second segment 238.

[0103] It is believed to be advantageous to minimize the distance between the neutral axis of the cross section of the segments and a point, such as the centerline, on the cross section of the fastener that attaches the segments to one another. Minimizing this distance reduces the bending moment applied to the fastener due to internal pressure within the ring attempting to separate the segments that form the pipe joint. A smaller bending moment allows for various design tradeoffs, such as smaller diameter fasteners, less expensive fasteners made of lower strength material, or increased pressure load capacity for a given fastener and fitting combination. Prior art fittings are limited in their ability to locate the fastener centerline near the neutral axis of the fitting segments by the size of the fastener and its head (such as a bolt head or nut) and the need to provide clearance for access to the fastener and the tool used to install the fastener.

[0104] Figure 26A also shows another way of specifying an advantageous attachment configuration. In this example, the relationship between the radius of a convenient point on the key, measured along one diameter of the rings (18, 20), and the distance from that point on the key to a convenient point on the fastener is used as a proxy for minimizing the distance between the neutral axis of the segment and the fastener, independent of the particular cross section of the joint. As shown by way of example in Figure 26A, the diameter line of the ring 218 to The distance K between point 289 midway between root 291 of key 246 and free end 293 of key 246, measured along the axis, and point 295 on centerline 297 of fastener 286, can be compared to the distance R between point 289 and the center of curvature of key 246 at axis 239 by dividing distance K by distance R. This ratio represents the relative proximity of the bolt to the key with respect to the radius of the key, and therefore generally of the pipe to be joined. This is expected to provide an advantage when the ratio of R / K is greater than 23, and also when the ratio is greater than 5, such as between 5 and 6.

[0105] Another example of defining an advantageous configuration for the fitting segments is shown in Figure 26B. In this example, the attachment members on segments 236 and 238 (attachment members 256 and 258 on segment 238 are shown) are keyed to keys 242, 244 (segment 236), keyed to keys 246, 248 (segment 238), and keyed to keys 248, 248. 246 and 248 (Segment 238 but axis that is the center of curvature of the 239 256. The angle 241 formed by mounting members 250, 252, 254, and 256 (254 and 256 are shown) ranges from 15° to approximately 35°, with a 25° angle being considered advantageous. In this example, the relatively large angle formed by mounting members 256 and 258 allows centerline 283 of fastener 286 to be positioned relatively close to key 246, since support surfaces 257 on mounting members 256 and 258 are then advantageously positioned away from mating plane 245. This positioning is advantageous because the clearance between the outer surface of segment 238 and nut 247 of fastener 286 increases as support surface 257 becomes more distant from plane 245.

[0106] As shown in FIGS. 27 and 30 , the first segment 236 defines a first channel 288 positioned between the first key 242 and the second key 244 on the first segment. The channel 288 extends longitudinally along the first segment 236. The second segment 238 defines a second channel 290 positioned between the first key 246 and the second key 248 on the second segment 238. The second channel 290 extends longitudinally along the second segment 238. As shown in FIG. 30 , a seal 292 is received in the first channel 288 and the second channel 290. The seal 292 is engageable with the first ring 218 and the second ring 220 to provide a fluid-tight joint between the pipe element 212, 214.

[0107] It is anticipated that a pipe coupling according to the present invention may eliminate various drawbacks associated with rotating pipe sections, thereby improving the efficiency and safety of such operations.

[0108] Rotary joint Also disclosed herein are exemplary rotary joints configured to join pipe elements together and allow the pipe elements to rotate relative to one another.

[0109] 31-33 illustrate an exemplary embodiment of a coupling 310 that allows rotation of pipe elements 312, 314 about a longitudinal axis 316 in accordance with the present invention. As shown in detail in FIG. 32, the exemplary coupling 310 includes a first ring 318 attachable to a first of the pipe elements, the first ring 318 including a first collar 320 extending circumferentially around the first ring and projecting outwardly therefrom. The first collar 320 defines a support surface 322 and a retention surface 324 that are positioned opposite each other. The surfaces 322 and 324 are oriented transversely to a first ring axis 326 that is coaxially aligned with the first ring 318. Optionally, the surfaces 322 and 324 are oriented perpendicular or nearly perpendicular (e.g., within 10 degrees of perpendicular) to the first ring axis 326. The first ring 318 may also include a liner 319 that acts as a sacrificial wear surface to protect the first ring from abrasion. The liner 319 may be formed from or include a wear-resistant material such as steel, chromium carbide, and urethane, to name a few, and the liner is replaceable to allow the ring to be reused.

[0110] The housing 328 defines a through bore 330 surrounding a longitudinal axis 332 coaxially aligned with the bore. The housing 328 has a first end 334 and a second end 336 disposed opposite one another. The housing 328 has a length extending along the longitudinal axis 332 between the first end 334 and the second end 336. The first end 334 of the housing 328 is adapted to coaxially receive the first ring 318 within the housing bore 330. In this exemplary embodiment, the housing includes a first shoulder 338 positioned distal to the first end 334 of the housing (e.g., spaced from the first end 334 in a direction toward the second end 336 of the housing 328). The first shoulder 338 may be positioned between the first end 334 and a midpoint of the housing 328 between the first end 334 and the second end 336. A first shoulder 338 projects toward the longitudinal axis 332 and is oriented transversely relative to the longitudinal axis. Optionally, the first shoulder 338 is oriented perpendicular or nearly perpendicular (e.g., within 10 degrees of perpendicular) relative to the longitudinal axis 332. A first channel 340 extends circumferentially around the housing 328 and faces the longitudinal axis 332. The first channel 340 is positioned proximate the first end 334 of the housing 328 in spaced relationship to the first shoulder 338 (e.g., the first channel 340 may be positioned within 10-15% of the length of the housing from the first end 334). Optionally, the first channel 340 may be positioned between the first shoulder 338 and the first end 334. A first retaining ring 342 is positionable within the first channel 340. An exemplary retaining ring 342 suitable for use in the present invention is commercially available from Smalley USA, located in Lake Zurich, Illinois. The retaining ring 342 operates similarly to a snap ring, fitting within the bore 330 and then expanding radially outward to engage the channel 340. A first retaining ring 342 projects into the bore 330 toward the longitudinal axis 332 of the housing.

[0111] As shown in FIG. 32 , when the first ring 318 is received at its first end 334 within the bore 330 of the housing 328, the first collar 320 of the first ring 318 is positionable between the first shoulder 338 and the first channel 340 of the housing 328. A first retaining ring 342 is then positionable within the first channel 340. The support surface 322 of the collar 320 is engageable with the first shoulder 338, and the retaining surface 324 of the first collar is engageable with the first retaining ring 342. The first ring 318 is thereby axially retained within the housing 328, with the only resistance to relative rotation between the first ring 318 and the housing 328 about the longitudinal axis 332 of the housing being friction between the housing 328 and the first ring 318.

[0112] Because the fitting 310 according to the present invention is intended to allow relative rotation between the first ring 318 and the housing 328 (with any pipe element attached to the first ring, see FIG. 33 ), it is advantageous to position a first bearing 344 between the housing 328 and the first ring 318. In this example, the first bearing 344 is positioned distal to the first end 334 of the housing 328 (e.g., spaced from the first end 334 in a direction toward the second end 336 of the housing 328). The first bearing 344 may be positioned between the first shoulder 338 and a midpoint of the housing 328 between the first end 334 and the second end 336. To provide the ring 318 with two-point support for smooth rotation, a second bearing 346 is advantageously positioned between the housing 328 and the first ring 318. In this example, the second bearing 346 is positioned between the first collar 320 and the housing. By way of example, both first bearing 344 and second bearing 346 include a first bearing ring 348 and a second bearing ring 350, each of which extends circumferentially around bore 330. Both first bearing ring 348 and second bearing ring 350 are formed of a material having a lower coefficient of friction than either first ring 318 or housing 328. In a practical design, bearing ring 348 and bearing ring 350 are formed from or include polytetrafluoroethylene for a low-friction interface between housing 328 and first ring 318.

[0113] First ring 318 and housing 328 To provide a liquid-tight joint between the housing 318It may be further advantageous to provide one or more seals 352 between the first ring 318 and the first collar 320. In the exemplary fitting embodiment 310 shown in FIG. 32, multiple seals are used and are positioned distal to the first end 334 of the housing 328 and between the housing and the first collar 320 (e.g., spaced from the first end 334 in a direction toward the second end 336 of the housing 328). If desired, multiple seals may be positioned between the first shoulder 338 and a midpoint of the housing 328 between the first end 334 and the second end 336. In a practical design, the seals 352 may comprise O-rings or similar specially designed seals 354 received in respective circumferential grooves 356 positioned on either the first ring 318 (including the first collar 320) or the housing 328 (shown). O-rings or similar specially designed seals may be considered advantageous because they allow for relative rotation between the housing and the ring.

[0114] 31 and 32, the first ring 318 includes a first external groove 358 extending circumferentially therearound to allow the first ring 318 to be conveniently coupled to the pipe element. The external groove 358 is positioned outside the bore 330 of the housing 328 to receive a mating key from a mechanical coupling 360, as shown in FIG. 34, joining the first ring 318, and thus the coupling 310, to the first pipe element 312. Alternatively, the first ring 318 may include a flange for coupling to a flanged pipe element or may be joined to the first pipe element 312 by other means known in the art.

[0115] 32, the exemplary fitting 310 may further include a second ring 362 attachable to a second one of the pipe elements. The second end 336 of the housing 328 is adapted to receive the second ring 362 coaxially within its bore 330 and is a mirror image of the first ring 318. The second ring 362 includes the same elements as the first ring 318, namely, a second ring axis 364 coaxially aligned with the second ring 362, and a second collar 366 extending circumferentially around and projecting outwardly therefrom, the second collar 366 defining a support surface 368 and a retaining surface 370 positioned opposite each other, the surfaces 368 and 370 being in contact with the second ring. 362 The second ring 362 has a first end 336 and a second shoulder 372 positioned distally of the second end 336 of the housing, the second shoulder 372 projecting toward the longitudinal axis 332 of the housing and oriented transversely relative to the longitudinal axis (e.g., spaced away from the second end 336 in a direction toward the first end 334 of the housing 328). Optionally, the second shoulder 372 is oriented perpendicular or nearly perpendicular (e.g., within 10 degrees of perpendicular) relative to the longitudinal axis 332 of the housing. Optionally, the second shoulder 372 is oriented perpendicular or nearly perpendicular (e.g., within 10 degrees of perpendicular) relative to the longitudinal axis 332 of the housing. A second shoulder 372 may be positioned between the second end 336 and a midpoint of the housing 328 between the first end 334 and the second end 336. A second channel 374 extends circumferentially around the housing 328 and faces the longitudinal axis 332, the second channel positioned proximate the second end 336 of the housing 328 in a spaced relationship relative to the second shoulder 372 (e.g., the second channel 374 may be positioned within 10-15% of the length of the housing from the second end 336). Optionally, the second channel 374 may be positioned between the second shoulder 372 and the second end 336. A second retaining ring 376 may be provided to retain the second channel 374The second ring 362 is positionable within the bore 330, and the second retaining ring protrudes into the bore 330 toward the longitudinal axis 332. As with the first ring 318, when the second ring 362 is received within the bore 330 at the second end 336 of the housing 328, the second collar 366 is positionable between the second shoulder 372 and the second channel 374, the second retaining ring 376 is then positionable within the second channel 374, the support surface 368 of the second collar 366 is engageable with the second shoulder 372, and the retaining surface 370 of the second collar 366 is engageable with the second retaining ring 376, thereby retaining the second ring 362 within the housing 328.

[0116] An exemplary fitting 310 according to the present invention may also include one or more additional seals 378 positioned between the housing 328 and the second ring 362. As shown in FIG. 32 , the seal 378 is positioned distal to the second end 336 of the housing 328 and between the housing and the second collar 366 (e.g., spaced from the second end 336 in a direction toward the first end 334 of the housing 328). Optionally, the seal 378 may be positioned between the second shoulder 372 and a midpoint of the housing 328 between the first end 334 and the second end 336. The seal 378 may include an O-ring 380 received in a circumferential groove 382 positioned on either the second ring 362 (including the second collar 366) or the housing 328 (shown).

[0117] To provide support and minimize friction between the second ring 362 and the housing 328, a first bearing and a second bearing are positioned between the housing and the second ring. In this example, the first bearing 384 is positioned distal to the second end 336 of the housing 328, and the second bearing 386 is positioned between the second collar 366 and the housing 328 (e.g., spaced from the second end 336 in a direction toward the first end 334 of the housing 328). The first bearing 384 may be positioned between the second shoulder 372 and a midpoint of the housing 328 between the first end 334 and the second end 336. The bearings 384 and 386 may include a first bearing ring 388 and a second bearing ring 390, respectively, that extend circumferentially around the bore 330. Bearing ring 388 and bearing ring 390 are advantageously formed of a material that has a lower coefficient of friction than either second ring 362 or housing 328. In a practical design, bearing ring 388 and bearing ring 390 may be formed from or may include polytetrafluoroethylene.

[0118] Similar to the first ring 318, the second ring 362 includes an exterior groove 392 extending circumferentially therearound. The exterior groove 392 of the second ring 362 is positioned outside the bore 330 of the housing 328 for receiving a mating key from a mechanical coupling similar to 360, joining the second ring 362, and thus the coupling 310, to the second pipe element 314 (see FIG. 33), similar to the coupling shown in FIG. 34. Alternatively, the second ring 362 may include a flange for joining to a flanged pipe element, or may be joined to the second pipe element 314 by other means known in the art.

[0119] FIG. 33 shows two exemplary sections 396, 398 of a conduit 400. Sections 396, 398 include pipe elements 312, 402, 404, 406, 408, and 314, 410, 412, 414, and 416, respectively. Each pipe element may be as long as 50 feet, known as a "double random" length of pipe. Joints 310 allow sections 396, 398 to be rotated about their longitudinal axes 316 without disconnecting sections 396, 398 from the conduit 400 or from each other. Joints 310 that allow rotation about axis 316 are positioned at both ends of each section 396, 398, and rotary joints using joints 310 are shown in FIGS. 35 and 35A. Pipe elements 312 and 314 are joined to first ring 318 and second ring 362, respectively, with coupling 310 using mechanical couplings 360 that prevent relative rotation between pipe element 312 and first ring 318, and pipe element 314 and second ring 362. The connection between pipe elements 312, 314 and rings 318, 362 is effected as shown in FIG. 34 when keys 420 of coupling 360 engage external grooves 358 (shown) and external grooves 392 of rings 318 (shown) and rings 362 (see also FIG. 31 ) and similar grooves 422 of pipe elements 312 (shown) and 314. Non-rotating couplings 360 are also used to connect pipe elements of sections 396 and 398 to one another between coupling 310, as shown in FIGS. 33 and 36 for pipe elements 312 and 402. An exemplary first type non-rotating joint 361 is shown in Figures 35 and 36. An exemplary second type non-rotating joint 363 is shown in Figures 35A and 36A. If desired, non-rotating joint 361 may be joint 10 or joint 210 shown in Figures 1-30. Note that pipe elements 312 and 314 cannot rotate relative to first ring 318 and second ring 362, but the rings can rotate relative to housing 328. Thus, all five pipe elements comprising each section 396, 398 are fixed in rotation relative to each other, but each section 396, 398 can rotate as a single pipe between joints 310.Thus, coupling 310 allows an entire section of pipe line comprising multiple pipe elements to be rotated or "clocked" as one to ensure uniform wear on the inner surfaces of the pipe elements as the abrasive media is transported.

[0120] Figure 37 shows another fitting embodiment 424 in accordance with the present invention. Fitting 424 differs from fitting 310 in that first ring 318 also includes a locking surface 426 positioned outside bore 330 of housing 328 in spaced relation to retention surface 324 (see Figure 32). Locking surface 426 faces away from bore axis 332. In a further difference, housing 328 includes a locking tab 428 projecting from first end 334 of the housing. Locking tab 428 is in spaced relation to locking surface 426 and defines a jamming surface 430 facing the locking surface. The locking body 432 is insertable between the locking surface 426 and the jamming surface 430 such that when the locking body 432 is positioned therebetween, the locking body 432 engages with both the locking surface 426 and the jamming surface 430 to prevent relative rotation between the first ring 318 and the housing 328.

[0121] In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, locking surface 426 comprises a flat surface that extends through the chord of first ring 318, and jamming surface 430 also comprises a flat surface on locking tab 428. In one practical exemplary embodiment, the lock may comprise a bar having a flat surface that engages with jamming surface 430 and the flat surfaces of locking surface 426.

[0122] FIG. 38 illustrates another fitting embodiment 434 in which the first ring 318 includes a first locking surface 436 positioned in spaced-apart relation outside the bore 330 relative to the retention surface 324 (see FIG. 32 ). The first locking surface 436 faces away from the bore axis 332. The second locking surface 438 is positioned in spaced-apart relation outside the bore 330 relative to the retention surface 324, with the second locking surface also facing away from the bore axis 332. Similarly, the housing 328 includes a first locking tab 440 projecting from its first end 334. The first locking tab 440 is in spaced-apart relation to the first locking surface 436 and defines a first jamming surface 442 facing the first locking surface. A second locking tab 444 projects from the first end 334 of the housing 328, the second locking tab being in a spaced relationship relative to the second locking surface 438 and defining a second jamming surface 446 facing the second locking surface. A locking body 448 is insertable between the first locking surface 436 and the first jamming surface 442 and between the second locking surface 438 and the second jamming surface 446 such that when the locking body 448 is positioned therebetween, the locking body 448 engages the first locking surface 436 and the second locking surface 438 and the first jamming surface 442 and the second jamming surface 446 to prevent relative rotation between the first ring 318 and the housing 328.

[0123] In the exemplary fitting embodiment 434, the locking surfaces 436, 438 comprise respective flat surfaces extending through respective chords of the first ring 318, and the jamming surfaces 442, 446 comprise respective flat surfaces on the first locking tab 440 and the second locking tab 444. In this example, the locking tab 440 and the locking tab 444 are positioned opposite each other on the housing 328. This configuration allows the locking body 448 to comprise a fork 450 having a first claw 452 positionable between the first locking surface 436 and the first jamming surface 442, and a second claw 454 positionable between the second locking surface 438 and the second jamming surface 446.

[0124] Figure 38A shows another fitting embodiment 464 in accordance with the present invention. Fitting 464 differs from fitting 310 in that first ring 318 also includes at least one notch 466 positioned outside of bore 330 of housing 328 in spaced-apart relation to retention surface 324 (see Figure 32). Notch 466 faces away from bore axis 332. A locking body 468 is insertable into slot 470 in housing 328 and engages notch 466 such that locking body 468 engages both housing 328 and notch 466 to prevent relative rotation between first ring 318 and housing 328.

[0125] For all fitting embodiments 424, 434, 464, the housing and ring are substantially similar to the housing and ring of embodiment 310, with the exceptions noted above. While the description is drawn with respect to a first end of the housing of exemplary embodiments 424, 434, 464, it is understood that the opposite end of the housing may also have the locking features described herein (shown in FIGS. 37, 38, and 38A). Additionally, fitting embodiments 424, 434, 464 may have multiple locking surfaces to allow the ring 318 to be repeatedly clocked about axis 332, more evenly distributing wear around the inner surface of the ring and the pipe elements connected to the ring.

[0126] How to rotate a pipe section Further disclosed herein are methods for rotating sections of a pipe. FIG. 39 illustrates a portion of an exemplary pipe 510 having multiple sections, with exemplary section 512 shown in detail. The methods disclosed herein allow for rotation of each section, such as section 512, without disconnecting the ends of each section from adjacent sections. Section 512 has a longitudinal axis 514 aligned coaxially with the bore of the section. Each section 512 includes multiple pipe elements joined end-to-end to one another—three pipe elements 516, 518, and 520 in this example. The three elements comprising section 512 are shown merely as an example, as there may be more or fewer pipe elements comprising a section. In a practical example, each pipe element may be as long as 50 feet; such elements are known as "double random" lengths of pipe.

[0127] Section 512 has a first end 522 connected to conduit 510 by a first joint 524. First joint 524 allows rotation of section 512 about longitudinal axis 514 relative to conduit 510. Section 512 has a second end 526 connected to conduit 510 by a second joint 528, which also allows rotation of section 512 about longitudinal axis 514 relative to conduit 510. In this exemplary embodiment, the first and second joints are known as "joints allowing rotation" (hereinafter "rotational joints"). Rotational joint 524 and rotational joint 528 are identical to one another in this example and define the extent of section 512. Optionally, rotational joint 524 and rotational joint 528 may be connected to conduit 510 by a second joint 528 that also allows rotation of section 512 about longitudinal axis 514 relative to conduit 510. 528 may be the rotational joint 310, joint 424, joint 434, or joint 464 disclosed herein and shown in Figures 31-38A.

[0128] In exemplary section 512, pipe elements 516, 518, and 520 are connected to one another using "torsion-resistant joints," two of which are shown in FIG. 39 and labeled 530 and 532. If desired, torsion-resistant joint 530 and torsion-resistant joint 532 may be torsion-resistant joint 10 or torsion-resistant joint 210 disclosed herein and shown in FIGS. 1-30. Torsion-resistant joints 530 and torsion-resistant joints 532 (described further herein) prevent relative rotation about longitudinal axis 514 between the pipe elements they connect. In this example, relative rotation about axis 514 is prevented between pipe elements 516, 518, and 520. It may be advantageous to prevent relative rotation between the pipe elements that make up the section when a mechanical coupling with a key is used to connect pipe elements that have circumferential grooves that engage with the key. Grooved pipe elements connected by a mechanical coupling rely heavily on friction between the coupling and the pipe elements to prevent relative rotation, and such mechanical joints may not generate sufficient friction to prevent relative rotation of one pipe element with respect to another in all circumstances. Thus, if a torque is applied to one pipe element to rotate section 512, it is impossible to ensure that all pipe elements will rotate, or will rotate by the same amount as the pipe element to which the torque is applied, unless torsion-resistant couplings are used to connect all pipe elements 516, 518, and 520 that make up section 512.

[0129] 39-42A illustrate an exemplary method for rotating section 512 of conduit 510, the exemplary method including: Supporting the section 512 at a plurality of points 534, 536, 538 (FIGS. 39 and 40); applying a first torque to the section 512 about the longitudinal axis 514 (FIGS. 39 and 41) at least one point 540 between the first end 522 and the second end 526 of the section 512, thereby rotating the section 512 through a first angular displacement 542 about the longitudinal axis 514 aligned coaxially with the bore 544 of the section 512; Includes.

[0130] In practice, the method may be performed while the first end 522 and / or the second end 526 of the section 512 are connected to the adjacent conduit 510 via a rotary joint.

[0131] In practice, the number and location of support points for section 512 will, of course, depend on the length of the section, along with other factors such as pipe diameter and topography, and may require more than those shown in the figure. Nevertheless, support points may be located between ends 522 and 526 (e.g., point 536), and adjacent to the first and second ends of the section (e.g., points 540 and 542). 534 and 538 ), may be located either between ends 522 and 526, or outside the ends of conduit 510 itself as shown in Figure 39. If desired, support points proximate the first and second ends of the section may be positioned between the ends on conduit 510 and within 30 feet of the ends on conduit 510.

[0132] As shown in FIG. 40 , the supporting step may include, for example, lifting the section 512 from a plurality of support bases 546. Lifting is an optional operation in the supporting step and may or may not be required depending on the size of the pipe elements comprising the section, the terrain on which the section rests, and the manner in which the section is supported on-site. Dedicated tracked vehicles known as “side booms” 548 are commonly used to support, lift (if necessary), and torque the section 512, although it is feasible to use a crane or other lifting equipment known in the art. As shown in FIGS. 39 and 40 , lifting and supporting the section 512 includes using the plurality of side booms 548 to pull a plurality of lifting slings 550. Each lifting sling 550 is positioned at a respective one of a plurality of lifting / support points 534, 536, 538. To lift and support section 512, each lifting sling 550 has a line of action 552 (see FIG. 40) aligned or substantially aligned (e.g., aligned within 10 degrees) with longitudinal axis 514. To minimize friction between section 512 and lifting sling 550, lifting sling may have rollers 554 aligned to support section 512 while allowing rotation about longitudinal axis 514.

[0133] As shown in Figures 39 and 41, torque is applied to section 512 at point 540 using a side boom 548 that pulls on a clamping sling 556 that surrounds section 512. The clamping sling 556 is designed to contract around and grip a pipe element (in this example, pipe element 518). The clamping sling 556 also has a line of action 558 that is offset from the longitudinal axis 514 in a direction transverse to the longitudinal axis. Thus, when tension is applied to the clamping sling 556, the clamping sling grips pipe element 518 and, via the offset line of action 558, applies a torque about the longitudinal axis 514, causing pipe element 518 and its attachments (pipe elements 516 and 520) to rotate through an angular displacement 542. Rotation of section 512 relative to pipe line 510 is permitted by the use of rotary joints 524 and 528 at either end of the section, and rotation of all pipe elements comprising section 512 is ensured by the use of torsion-resistant joints 530 and 532 connecting pipe element 518 with pipe element 516 and pipe element 520. Rollers 554 (see FIG. 40) on support sling 550 allow section 512 to rotate with minimal friction while supported by side boom 548 at support points 534, 536, 538 (see FIG. 39).

[0134] One purpose of rotating section 512 is to extend the useful life of the section by ensuring that all inner surfaces of the pipe elements that make up the section experience approximately the same degree of wear. For example, pipe elements carrying an abrasive slurry wear unevenly, with the majority of wear occurring over the lowest sector of the inner surface where the abrasive particles of the slurry are concentrated and in contact with the inner surface of the pipe element, causing the greatest wear over the lowest sector. Rotating (or "clocking") the section moves new, unworn sectors inside the pipe element to the lowest position where they will be subjected to abrasion and wear. Various factors, such as the nature of the slurry and the pipe diameter, determine the degree of angular displacement required to move a worn sector from the lowest position and replace it with an unworn sector. However, it may be impossible for the clamping sling 556 to rotate section 512 through the entire required angular displacement in a single pull. Thus, an exemplary method according to the present invention provides for applying a second torque at at least one point 540 between the first end 522 and the second end 526 of the section 512, thereby rotating the section through a second angular displacement 560 about the longitudinal axis 514. This step may be repeated until the desired angular displacement is achieved. The first angular displacement, second angular displacement, and subsequent angular displacements may be equal to or different from one another as needed to achieve the desired displacement.

[0135] 39, for a long, heavy section 512, it may be necessary to use multiple side booms 548 that apply torque at multiple points (540, 562) between the first and second ends of the section 512 to effect rotation of the section through various angular displacements 542, 560 about the longitudinal axis 514. Multiple applications of torque may be required to achieve the desired angular displacement, and thus this step may be repeated in the method.

[0136] As shown in FIG. 42 , the method according to the present invention also contemplates connecting a sling 557 to section 512 at at least one point 540 instead of offset tightening sling 556. Alternatively, section 512 may be connected to sling 557 at at least one point 540, and offset tightening sling 556 may be connected to section 512 at another point. As shown in FIG. 42 , sling 557 may be connected to torsion-resistant joints 530, 532 (torsion-resistant joint 530 is shown). Sling 557 may be connected to torsion-resistant joint 530 via a shackle 559 connected to rotation opening 594b of torsion-resistant joint 530, which may include the components and embodiments described herein for joint 10. Sling 557 connected to rotation opening 594b has a line of action 561 that is offset transversely from longitudinal axis 514. When tension is applied to the sling 557, the offset line of action 561 causes the sling 557 to rotate along the longitudinal axis 514 , causing the torsion-resistant coupling 530 and, therefore, the connected pipe elements 516, 518, 520 to rotate.

[0137] 42A , instead of an offset tightening sling, a method according to the present invention contemplates engaging a wrench 564 on the section 512 at at least one point 540. The wrench 564 has a jaw 566 that receives the section 512 and an arm 568 that extends from the jaw 566 in a direction transverse to the longitudinal axis 514 of the section 512. Thus, applying a force to the arm 568 at a point distal to the section 512 applies a torque to the section about the axis 514 (e.g., spaced outward from the outer periphery of the conduit of the section 512). If desired, the force may be applied to the arm 568 at a location spaced outward from the outer periphery of the conduit. To enable a secure mechanical engagement between the jaw 566 of the wrench 564 and the section 512 and to ensure rotation of the section when a force is applied to the arm 568 by the side boom 548, it may be advantageous to provide the section 512 with a flat surface 569, for example, a flat surface that may be associated with the torsion-resistant joints 530, 532. Alternatively, the section 512 may be provided with a notch, for example, a notch associated with the torsion-resistant joints 530, 532, and a pin may be provided in the jaw 566 of the wrench 564 extending parallel to the axis 514 to allow for the wrench to rotate. 564 It may be advantageous to allow for a positive mechanical engagement between the jaws 566 of the wrench 564 and the section 512 via engagement between a pin and a notch on the section 512 to ensure rotation of the section when a force is applied to the arm 568 by the side boom 548.

[0138] It is expected that rotating a section of pipeline using an exemplary method according to the present invention can provide an efficient and safe method for extending the life of the pipeline without requiring the pipeline to be stopped and the section to be disconnected to effect the rotation.

[0139] All embodiments of the claimed invention described herein are expressly provided by way of example only. Countless variations and modifications may be made to the exemplary embodiments described herein without departing from the concepts of the present disclosure. Moreover, the scope of the present disclosure is intended to encompass any and all modifications and combinations of all elements, features, and aspects described in the specification and claims and shown in the drawings. Any and all such modifications and combinations are intended to be within the scope of the present disclosure.

Claims

1. 1. A joint for joining a first pipe element and a second pipe element, said joint comprising: a first ring attachable to an end of the first pipe element, the first ring defining a first groove extending circumferentially therearound and a plurality of bearing surfaces adjacent the first groove; a second ring attachable to an end of the second pipe element, the second ring defining a second groove extending circumferentially therearound and a plurality of bearing surfaces adjacent the second groove; a first segment and a second segment attachable end-to-end to surround a central space; Equipped with the first segment includes a first key and a second key extending longitudinally along the first segment and projecting toward the central space, the first key and the second key being in a spaced apart relationship; and at least one working surface engageable with a receiving surface of the plurality of receiving surfaces of the first ring and at least one working surface engageable with a receiving surface of the plurality of receiving surfaces of the second ring, wherein engagement between the working surface and the receiving surface prevents rotation of the first pipe element and the second pipe element relative to one another; the second segment includes a first key and a second key extending longitudinally along the second segment and projecting toward the central space, the first key and the second key on the second segment being in a spaced apart relationship; when the first ring and the second ring are positioned within the central space, the first key and the second key of the first segment and the second segment are engageable with the first groove and the second groove, respectively; The first segment has a first mounting member and a second mounting member positioned at opposite ends thereof, the second segment has a first mounting member and a second mounting member positioned at opposite ends thereof, the first mounting member on the first segment is engageable with the first mounting member on the second segment, and the second mounting member on the first segment is engageable with the second mounting member on the second segment to attach the first and second segments to one another.

2. 2. The joint of claim 1, wherein each bearing surface of the plurality of bearing surfaces of the first ring extends along a chord of the first ring and each bearing surface of the plurality of bearing surfaces of the second ring extends along a chord of the second ring.

3. The second segment comprises: at least one working surface engageable with a receiving surface of the plurality of receiving surfaces of the first ring; at least one working surface engageable with a receiving surface of the plurality of receiving surfaces of the second ring; Furthermore, 2. The fitting of claim 1, wherein engagement between the working surface and the receiving surface prevents rotation of the first pipe element and the second pipe element relative to one another.

4. the first ring defines a first notch and a second notch adjacent to the first groove, each of the first notch and the second notch comprising a receiving surface among the plurality of receiving surfaces of the first ring; the second ring defines a first notch and a second notch adjacent to the second groove, each of the first notch and the second notch comprising a receiving surface among the plurality of receiving surfaces of the second ring; the first segment includes a first protrusion and a second protrusion extending transversely to the first key and the second key, each of the first protrusion and the second protrusion including an active surface of the at least one active surface of the first segment, the first protrusion being engageable with the first notch of the first ring, and the second protrusion being engageable with the first notch of the second ring; 4. The fitting of claim 3, wherein the second segment comprises a first protrusion and a second protrusion extending transversely to the first key and the second key, the first protrusion and the second protrusion each comprising an active surface of the at least one active surface of the second segment, the first protrusion engageable with the second notch of the first ring, and the second protrusion engageable with the second notch of the second ring.

5. the first ring defines a second notch adjacent the first groove, the second notch comprising a receiving surface of the plurality of receiving surfaces of the first ring; 5. The fitting of claim 4, wherein the second ring defines a second notch adjacent the second groove, the second notch comprising a bearing surface of the plurality of bearing surfaces of the second ring.

6. 6. The fitting of claim 5, wherein the first and second notches of the first and second rings include first and second bearing surfaces extending inwardly toward the central space and third bearing surfaces extending transversely between the first and second bearing surfaces.

7. 7. The fitting of claim 6, wherein the first notch and the second notch of the first ring are on opposite sides of the first ring and the first notch and the second notch of the second ring are on opposite sides of the second ring.

8. 7. The fitting of claim 6, wherein the first and second protrusions of the first and second segments include first and second action surfaces extending outwardly away from the respective first and second keys, and third action surfaces extending transversely between the first and second action surfaces.

9. 9. The fitting of claim 8, wherein the first and second working surfaces are configured to engage the first and second receiving surfaces, respectively, and the third working surface is configured to engage the third receiving surface.

10. 2. The fitting of claim 1, wherein each said attachment member includes a ledge defining a first aperture and a second aperture in spaced apart relation, each said aperture adapted to receive an adjustable fastener for attaching the first attachment member on the first segment to the first attachment member on the second segment and attaching the second attachment member on the first segment to the second attachment member on the second segment.

11. the first segment defines a first channel positioned between the first key and the second key on the first segment and extending longitudinally along the first segment; the second segment defines a second channel positioned between the first key and the second key on the second segment and extending longitudinally along the second segment; 2. The fitting of claim 1, further comprising a seal received in the first channel and the second channel, the seal engageable with the first ring and the second ring to provide a fluid-tight interface.

12. 6. The fitting of claim 5, wherein the first ring defines a third notch and a fourth notch, and the second ring defines a third notch and a fourth notch.

13. 13. The fitting of claim 12, wherein the third and fourth notches of the first and second rings comprise first and second bearing surfaces extending inwardly toward the central space and third bearing surfaces extending transversely between the first and second bearing surfaces.

14. 13. The fitting of claim 12, wherein the third notch and the fourth notch of the first ring are on opposite sides of the first ring and the third notch and the fourth notch of the second ring are on opposite sides of the second ring.

15. 2. The fitting of claim 1, wherein the first attachment member on the first segment defines a first working surface of the at least one working surface of the first segment engageable with a first receiving surface of the plurality of receiving surfaces of the first ring when the first ring and the second ring are in the central space, and a second working surface of the at least one working surface of the first segment in a spaced relationship relative to the first working surface and engageable with a second receiving surface of the plurality of receiving surfaces of the second ring.

16. 16. The fitting of claim 15, wherein the first attachment member on the second segment comprises a third working surface of the at least one working surface of the second segment engageable with the first receiving surface on the first ring, and a fourth working surface of the at least one working surface of the second segment in a spaced apart relationship relative to the third working surface and engageable with the second receiving surface on the second ring.

17. a third receiving surface extending over a portion of the first ring adjacent the first groove; a fourth receiving surface extending over a portion of the second ring adjacent the second groove; and Furthermore, the second mounting member on the first segment includes a fifth working surface engageable with the third receiving surface on the first ring, and a sixth working surface in spaced relation to the fifth working surface and engageable with the fourth receiving surface on the second ring; 17. The fitting of claim 16, wherein the second attachment member on the second segment comprises a seventh action surface engageable with the third receiving surface on the first ring, and an eighth action surface in spaced relation to the seventh action surface and engageable with the fourth receiving surface on the second ring.

18. 18. The fitting of claim 17, wherein the first bearing surface, the second bearing surface, the third bearing surface, and the fourth bearing surface comprise planar surfaces, each of the planar surfaces extending through a chord of the ring.

19. 20. The fitting of claim 18, wherein the first and third bearing surfaces are on opposite sides of the first ring and the second and fourth bearing surfaces are on opposite sides of the second ring.

20. the first working surface and the second working surface each include a flat surface that can be matingly engaged with the first receiving surface and the second receiving surface, respectively; the third working surface and the fourth working surface comprise flat surfaces that can be matingly engaged with the first receiving surface and the second receiving surface, respectively; the fifth working surface and the sixth working surface comprise flat surfaces that can be matingly engaged with the third receiving surface and the fourth receiving surface, respectively; 20. The fitting of claim 18, wherein the seventh and eighth application surfaces comprise flat surfaces capable of mating engagement with the third and fourth receiving surfaces, respectively.

21. 21. The joint of claim 20, wherein for each of the working surfaces, a first portion of the working surface is oriented at an angle relative to a second portion of the working surface.

22. 2. The fitting of claim 1, wherein each of the first attachment members and each of the second attachment members on each of the segments each subtends an angular portion of a respective one of the segments, the angular portions defining a formed angle in the range of 15° to 35° as measured from a center of curvature of one of the keys on each of the segments.

23. 2. The fitting of claim 1, wherein each of the first attachment members and each of the second attachment members on each of the segments respectively subtends an angular portion of a respective one of the segments, the angular portions defining a formed angle of 25° as measured from a center of curvature of one of the keys on each of the segments.

24. a fifth receiving surface extending over a portion of the first ring adjacent the first groove; a sixth receiving surface extending over a portion of the second ring adjacent the second groove; a seventh receiving surface extending over a portion of the first ring adjacent the first groove; and an eighth receiving surface extending over a portion of the second ring adjacent the second groove; and 20. The fitting of claim 17, further comprising:

25. 25. The fitting of claim 24, wherein the fifth bearing surface, the sixth bearing surface, the seventh bearing surface, and the eighth bearing surface comprise planar surfaces, each of the planar surfaces extending through a chord of the ring.

26. 25. The fitting of claim 24, wherein the fifth bearing surface and the seventh bearing surface are on opposite sides of the first ring, and the sixth bearing surface and the eighth bearing surface are on opposite sides of the second ring.

27. 1. A method of assembling a fitting for joining a first pipe element and a second pipe element, the fitting comprising: a first ring attachable to an end of the first pipe element, the first ring defining a first groove extending circumferentially therearound and a first notch adjacent the first groove; a second ring attachable to the end of the second pipe element, the second ring defining a second groove extending circumferentially therearound and a first notch adjacent the second groove; a first segment and a second segment attachable end-to-end to surround a central space; Equipped with the first segment includes a first key and a second key extending longitudinally along the first segment and projecting toward the central space, the first key and the second key being in a spaced apart relationship, and a first protrusion and a second protrusion extending transversely to the first key and the second key; the second segment includes a first key and a second key extending longitudinally along the second segment and projecting toward the central space, the first key and the second key on the second segment being in a spaced apart relationship; The method comprises: positioning the first ring and the second ring end-to-end; lifting the first segment and the second segment positioned end-to-end surrounding the central space adjacent the first mounting member of the first segment and the first mounting member of the second segment; Pulling the first segment and the second segment away from each other; lowering the first segment and the second segment over the first ring and the second ring until the first ring and the second ring are positioned within the central space; attaching the second attachment member of the first segment and the second attachment member of the second segment via a first fastener; attaching the first attachment member of the first segment and the first attachment member of the second segment via a second fastener; rotating the attached first segment and the attached second segment about the first ring and the second ring until the first protrusion and the second protrusion are aligned with the first notch of the first ring and the first notch of the second ring, respectively; tightening the first fastener and the second fastener until the first protrusion and the second protrusion engage the first notch of the first ring and the first notch of the second ring, respectively; A method comprising:

28. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the first ring defines a second notch and the second ring defines a second notch.

29. 30. The method of claim 28, wherein the second segment further comprises first and second protrusions extending transversely to the first and second keys.

30. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the first segment and the second segment are rotated around the first ring and the second ring until the first protrusion and the second protrusion are aligned with the second notch of the first ring and the second notch of the second ring, respectively, and wherein upon tightening of the first fastener and the second fastener, the first protrusion and the second protrusion engage with the second notch of the first ring and the second ring, respectively.

31. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the first and second notches of the first and second rings comprise first and second bearing surfaces extending inwardly toward the central space and third bearing surfaces extending transversely between the first and second bearing surfaces.

32. The first protrusion and the second protrusion of the first segment and the second segment are first and second working surfaces extending outwardly away from the respective first and second keys; a third working surface extending transversely between the first working surface and the second working surface; 32. The method of claim 31 , comprising:

33. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein when the first protrusion and the second protrusion of the first segment engage with the first notch of the first ring and the second ring, and the first protrusion and the second protrusion of the second segment engage with the second notch of the first ring and the second ring, the first working surface and the second working surface engage with the first receiving surface and the second receiving surface, respectively, and the third working surface engages with the third receiving surface.

34. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the third working surface slides on outer surfaces extending between notches of the first and second rings when the first and second segments are rotated around the first and second rings.

35. 35. The method of claim 34, further comprising disposing a seal around the first ring and the second ring such that the seal covers a seam formed between the first ring and the second ring facing end-to-end.

36. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the first segment defines a first channel positioned between the first key and the second key on the first segment and extending longitudinally along the first segment, and the second segment defines a second channel positioned between the first key and the second key on the second segment and extending longitudinally along the second segment.

37. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein a gap is formed between the seal and the first channel and a gap is formed between the seal and the second channel when the first segment and the second segment are rotated around the first ring and the second ring.

38. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the first channel and the second channel receive the seal upon tightening of the first fastener and the second fastener.

39. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the first segment and the second segment are elevated at a point between the first mounting member of the first segment and the first mounting member of the second segment.

40. 1. A joint for joining a first pipe element and a second pipe element, said joint comprising: a first ring attachable to an end of the first pipe element, the first ring defining a first groove extending circumferentially therearound and first and second bearing surfaces adjacent the first groove; a second ring attachable to an end of the second pipe element, the second ring defining a second groove extending circumferentially therearound and first and second bearing surfaces adjacent the second groove; a first segment and a second segment attachable end-to-end to surround a central space; Equipped with The first segment comprises: a first key and a second key extending longitudinally along the first segment and projecting toward the central space, the first key and the second key being in a spaced apart relationship; a first working surface and a second working surface; Equipped with The second segment comprises: a first key and a second key extending longitudinally along the second segment and projecting toward the central space, the first key and the second key on the second segment being in a spaced apart relationship; a first working surface and a second working surface; Equipped with When the first ring and the second ring are positioned in the central space, the first key and the second key of the first segment and the second segment are engageable with the first groove and the second groove, the first working surface and the second working surface of the first segment are engageable with the first receiving surface of the first ring and the second ring, and the first working surface and the second working surface of the second segment are engageable with the second receiving surface of the first ring and the second ring, The first segment has a first mounting member and a second mounting member positioned at opposite ends thereof, the second segment has a first mounting member and a second mounting member positioned at opposite ends thereof, the first mounting member on the first segment is engageable with the first mounting member on the second segment, and the second mounting member on the first segment is engageable with the second mounting member on the second segment to attach the first and second segments to one another.

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