Apparatus and process for fabricating an optical effect layer

Abstract

The present invention relates to the field of protecting security documents, such as banknotes and identification cards, from forgery and illegal reproduction. In particular, the present invention provides an apparatus and process for producing optical effect layers (OELs), including magnetically oriented ones, which exhibit not only dynamic movement when tilted but also eye-catching relief and / or 3D (three-dimensional) effects, and can function as an anti-counterfeiting measure for security documents or security articles, or for decorative purposes.

Description

Field of Invention

[0001]

[0001] The present invention relates to an apparatus and process for producing an optical effect layer (OEL), and to the field of use of the OEL as an anti-counterfeiting means for security documents or security articles, and for decorative purposes. Background of the Invention

[0002]

[0002] For example, in the field of security documents, it is known in the art to use inks, compositions, coatings, or layers containing oriented magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, in particular optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, for the creation of security elements. Coatings or layers containing oriented magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patents 2,570,856, 3,676,273, 3,791,864, 5,630,877, and 5,364,689. Coatings or layers containing oriented magnetic color-changing pigment particles, thereby providing particularly striking optical effects useful for protecting security documents, are disclosed in International Publication Nos. 2002 / 090002 and International Publication Nos. 2005 / 002866.

[0003]

[0003] For example, security features for security documents can generally be classified into "confidential" security features on the one hand and "public" security features on the other. The protection provided by confidential security features relies on the principle that such features are difficult to detect and typically require specialized equipment and knowledge for detection, whereas "public" security features rely on the concept that they are easily detectable by human senses without assistance. For example, such features may be visible and / or detectable via touch, but still difficult to manufacture and / or replicate. However, the effectiveness of public security features largely depends on the fact that they are easily recognizable as security features.

[0004]

[0004] Magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in the printing ink or coating allow for the creation of magnetically induced images, designs, and / or patterns by applying a corresponding structured magnetic field to excite the local orientation of the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in the coating that has not yet solidified (i.e., wet), and subsequently solidifying the coating. As a result, a fixed and stable magnetically induced image, design, or pattern (also known in the art as an optical effect layer (OEL)) is obtained. Materials and techniques for oriented magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in coating compositions are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 2,418,479, 2,570,856, 3,791,864, German Patent Publication No. 2006,848, 3,676,273, 5,364,689, 6,103,361, European Patent No. 0406,667, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2002 / 0160194, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004 / 0009309, European Patent Publication No. 0710508, International Publication No. 2002 / 09002, International Publication No. 2003 / 000801, International Publication No. 2005 / 002866, and International Publication No. 2006 / 061301. In this way, magnetically induced patterns with high resistance to counterfeiting can be produced. The security element can only be manufactured by having access to both magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles or the corresponding ink, and specific techniques used to print the ink and orient the pigment within the printed ink.

[0005]

[0005] Methods and devices have been developed for producing magnetically induced dynamic images on a substrate, wherein the images exhibit a dynamic appearance when the substrate is tilted. Typical examples of such images are, for example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005 / 0106367, International Publication No. 2020 / 193009, International Publication No. 2020 / 160993, International Publication No. 2013 / 167425, International Publication No. 2021 / 083809, International Publication No. 2021 / 083808, International Publication No. 2014 / 108404, International Publication No. 2014 / 108303, International Publication No. 2018 / 054819, and International Publication No. 2019 / 2151. This includes, among others, one or more movable high-luminosity reflective bars, or one or more movable loop-shaped objects, and one or more shape-variable loop-shaped objects, as described in International Publication No. 48, International Publication No. 2020 / 025218, International Publication No. 2020 / 025482, International Publication No. 2017 / 064052, International Publication No. 2017 / 080698, International Publication No. 2017 / 148789, and International Publication No. 2020 / 193009.

[0006]

[0006] The methods and devices described above use a magnetic assembly to orient the magnetic pigment particles in a uniaxial direction. As a result of the uniaxial orientation of the magnetic pigment particles, the primary (second longest) axes of adjacent particles become parallel to each other and parallel to the magnetic field, and the minor axes of the pigment particles in the plane are not suppressed at all or very little by the applied magnetic field. Therefore, as a result of the sole uniaxial orientation of the magnetic pigment particles, light is reflected in a wide range of directions, particularly in directions substantially perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, which can result in low reflectance and brightness of the optical effect layer.

[0007]

[0007] International Publication No. 2015 / 086257 discloses an improved method for fabricating an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate, the process comprising two magnetic orientation steps, the steps of i) exposing a coating composition comprising platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles to a dynamic magnetic field, i.e., a direction-changing magnetic field, of a first magnetic field generating device to orient at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in a biaxial direction, and ii) exposing the coating composition to a static magnetic field of a second magnetic field generating device to reorient at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in a uniaxial direction according to a design transmitted by the second magnetic field generating device.

[0008]

[0008] Methods and devices have been developed for creating magnetically induced images on a substrate that exhibit stationary markings. European Patent No. 1641624, European Patent No. 1937415, and European Patent No. 2155498 disclose devices and methods for magnetically transferring markings into an unsolidified (i.e., wet) coating composition containing magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles to form an optical effect layer (OEL). The disclosed methods are advantageous in that they enable the creation of security documents and articles with customer-specific magnetic designs.

[0009]

[0009] Improved methods have been developed for producing an optical effect layer (OEL) that exhibits an eye-catching mark having a 3D (three-dimensional) appearance, and are disclosed in International Publication No. 2018 / 019594 and International Publication No. 2018 / 033512.

[0010]

[0010] However, conventional methods cannot provide an eye-catching magnetically induced image that combines dynamic appearance and markings in a way that is easy to implement and can function at a fast production speed. Furthermore, magnetically induced images that exhibit two or more optical effects simultaneously by conventional methods require not only at least two consecutive magnetic orientation steps, but also the use of special curing devices such as photomasks, lasers, or addressable LEDs, as disclosed in European Patent No. 3170566, European Patent Application Publication No. 3459758, European Patent No. 2542421, and International Publication No. 2020 / 148076.

[0011]

[0011] Therefore, there is a continued need for improved apparatus and processes for producing eye-catching optical effect layers (OELs), the processes of which should be reliable, easy to implement and capable of operating at a fast production rate, while enabling the production of OELs that exhibit not only eye-catching relief and / or 3D (three-dimensional) marking effects but also dynamic motion. [Overview of the project]

[0012]

[0012] Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to overcome the defects of the prior art discussed above. This is achieved by providing an apparatus (x00) for fabricating an optical effect layer (OEL) containing magnetically oriented platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles on a substrate (x50), wherein the optical effect layer (OEL) exhibits dynamic movement and one or more marks when the substrate (x50) is tilted, and the apparatus (x00) is configured to receive the substrate (x50) on a first plane (P) in an orientation substantially parallel to the first plane (P), and is suitable for use in combination with a second magnetic field generating device (x70) to enable at least a portion of the particles to be oriented in a biaxial direction. a) A soft magnetic plate (x10) having an upper plate surface, which holds one or more marks in the form of one or more recesses (x11) and / or one or more voids (x12) and / or one or more protrusions (x13), b) comprising a magnetic field generating device (x20) having an upper device surface, which includes at least one dipole magnet (x20-a), The soft magnetic plate (x10) is placed on the first magnetic field generating device (x20), The top plate surface is smaller than the top device surface.

[0013]

[0013] The use of an apparatus (x00) for magnetically oriented platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles within a coating layer (x40) to produce an optical effect layer (OEL) as described herein on a substrate as described herein is also described herein.

[0014]

[0014] A method for producing an optical effect layer (OEL) as described herein is also described herein, and the method is a) A step of applying a coating composition comprising i) platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and ii) a binder material onto the surface of the substrate (x50) so as to form a coating layer (x40) on the substrate (x50), wherein the coating composition is in a first state, b) The step of forming an assembly (x100) comprising a substrate (x50) that holds a coating layer (x40) and an apparatus (x00) as described herein, c) The step of passing an assembly (x100) comprising a substrate (x50) holding the coating layer (x40) obtained in step b) and the apparatus (x00) described herein through the heterogeneous magnetic field of a stationary second magnetic field generating device (x70) so as to orient at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in a biaxial direction, d) The step of solidifying the coating composition to a second state so that platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are fixed in the positions and orientations in which they are employed.

[0015]

[0015] In one embodiment, the substrate (x50) of the assembly (x100) is placed on a soft magnetic plate (x10), the soft magnetic plate (x10) is opposite the substrate (x50), and the coating layer (x40) is the top layer of the assembly (x100) and is preferably exposed to the environment, i.e., not covered by other layers or materials.

[0016]

[0016] Optical effect layers (OELs) produced by the processes described herein, as well as security documents and decorative elements and ornaments including one or more optical OELs described herein, are also described herein.

[0017]

[0017] The use of the apparatus (x00) described herein with a stationary second magnetic field generating device (x70) described herein for magnetically oriented platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles within the coating layer (x40) described herein and for manufacturing the optical effect layer (OEL) described herein is also described herein.

[0018]

[0018] A method for manufacturing a security document or decorative element or ornament is also described herein, the method comprising the steps of a) providing a security document or decorative element or ornament, and b) providing an optical effect layer, such as one described herein, or in particular one obtained by a process described herein, so as to be composed of the security document or decorative element or ornament.

[0019]

[0019] The present invention provides an apparatus which is advantageous in enabling the manufacture of an eye-catching optical effect layer (OEL), the OEL comprising at least a first area exhibiting a 3D (three-dimensional) effect in the form of one or more marks and at least a second area exhibiting dynamic movement when tilted, wherein at least one of the first area and at least one of the second area are adjacent as described herein.

[0020]

[0020] The present invention also provides a reliable and easily implementable process for magnetically oriented platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigments within a coating layer made from a coating composition in a first state, i.e., a non-solidified (i.e., wet) state, wherein the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are able to move and rotate freely within the layer, and the coating layer is solidified to a second state, after which the orientation and position of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are fixed / condensed, and a combination of dynamic movement and eye-catching relief and / or 3D (three-dimensional) effects is formed to create an optical effect layer (OEL).

[0021]

[0021] Magnetic orientation of platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles is carried out by forming an assembly comprising a substrate (x50) holding a coating layer (x40), a soft magnetic plate holding one or more marks in the form of one or more depressions and / or one or more voids and / or one or more protrusions, and a magnetic field generating device having at least one dipole magnet as described herein, and passing the assembly through the heterogeneous magnetic field of a stationary second magnetic field generating device. The process described herein is advantageous in that, in a single magnetic orientation step without requiring a selective solidification step, it is possible to produce an optical effect layer using a single composition comprising platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, which includes at least a first area exhibiting a 3D (three-dimensional) effect in the form of one or more marks and at least a second area exhibiting dynamic movement when tilted, wherein at least one of the first areas and at least one of the second areas are adjacent as described herein. Therefore, the process provided by the present invention is mechanically robust and can be easily carried out by industrial high-speed printing equipment without relying on the very cumbersome, troublesome, and expensive modifications of said equipment.

[0022]

[0022] Figures 1 to 6 provided herein are schematic representations of the present invention and are not to scale. The optical effect layers (OELs) described herein and their fabrication will be described in more detail below with reference to the drawings and specific embodiments. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0023] [Figure 1A] A schematic example of an assembly (1100) for fabricating an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate (150) according to the present invention is shown, wherein the assembly (1100) moves in conjunction with (see arrow) a non-uniform magnetic field of a stationary second magnetic field generating device (170), and the assembly (1100) comprises a) a substrate (150), b) a coating layer (140) containing platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, and c) an apparatus (100) according to the present invention, comprising a first magnetic field generating device (120), a soft magnetic plate (110) for holding markings in the form of recesses / voids / protrusions (111, 112, 113), and a non-magnetic holder case (160). The magnetic orientation thus obtained of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles is fixed / condensed by at least partial curing by a curing unit (180). [Figure 1B] Figure 1A schematically shows a cross-section of the assembly (1100) moving in the vicinity of the second magnetic field generating device (170) (see arrow). As shown in Figure 1B, the first magnetic field generating device (120) is positioned at a distance da from the soft magnetic plate (110) by a non-magnetic holder case (160). [Figure 1C1] This is a schematic top view of a non-magnetic holder case (160) including a recess (190-a) for receiving a soft magnetic plate and an area (190-b) for receiving a first magnetic field generating device. [Figure 1C2] This is a schematic cross-sectional view of a non-magnetic holder case (160) including a recess (190-a) for receiving a soft magnetic plate and an area (190-b) for receiving a first magnetic field generating device. [Figure 2]This is a schematic top view showing a preferred second magnetic field generating device (270) including a first set (S1) comprising a first bar dipole magnet (271-a) and two second bar dipole magnets (272-a and 272-d), a second set (S2) comprising a first bar dipole magnet (271-b) and two second bar dipole magnets (272-b and 272-e), a third set (S3) comprising a first bar dipole magnet (271-c) and two second bar dipole magnets (272-c and 272-f), a first pair (P1) of third bar dipole magnets (273-a and 273-b), and a second pair (P2) of third bar dipole magnets (273-c and 273-d). [Figure 3A1] This is a schematic top view showing a suitable soft magnetic plate (310) including a recess (311) (see Figure 3A1). [Figure 3A2] This is a schematic top view showing a suitable soft magnetic plate (310) including a void (312) (see Figure 3A2). [Figure 3A3] This is a schematic top view showing a suitable soft magnetic plate (310) including a protrusion (313) (see Figure 3A3). [Figure 3B] A suitable soft magnetic plate (310) is schematically shown, which includes a recess (311) (see Figure 3B, which is a cross-section of Figure 3A1), a void (312) (see Figure 3C, which is a cross-section of Figure 3A2), a void (312) having a magnet (314) (see Figure 3D), a projection (313) (see Figure 3E, which is a cross-section of Figure 3A3), and a combination of one or more recesses (311), one or more voids (312), and one or more projections (313) (see Figure 3F), wherein the one or more recesses (311) have a width W and a depth D, the one or more voids (312) have a width W, and the one or more projections (313) have a width W and a height H. [Figure 3C]A suitable soft magnetic plate (310) is schematically shown, which includes a recess (311) (see Figure 3B, which is a cross-section of Figure 3A1), a void (312) (see Figure 3C, which is a cross-section of Figure 3A2), a void (312) having a magnet (314) (see Figure 3D), a projection (313) (see Figure 3E, which is a cross-section of Figure 3A3), and a combination of one or more recesses (311), one or more voids (312), and one or more projections (313) (see Figure 3F), wherein the one or more recesses (311) have a width W and a depth D, the one or more voids (312) have a width W, and the one or more projections (313) have a width W and a height H. [Figure 3D] A suitable soft magnetic plate (310) is schematically shown, which includes a recess (311) (see Figure 3B, which is a cross-section of Figure 3A1), a void (312) (see Figure 3C, which is a cross-section of Figure 3A2), a void (312) having a magnet (314) (see Figure 3D), a projection (313) (see Figure 3E, which is a cross-section of Figure 3A3), and a combination of one or more recesses (311), one or more voids (312), and one or more projections (313) (see Figure 3F), wherein the one or more recesses (311) have a width W and a depth D, the one or more voids (312) have a width W, and the one or more projections (313) have a width W and a height H. [Figure 3E] A suitable soft magnetic plate (310) is schematically shown, which includes a recess (311) (see Figure 3B, which is a cross-section of Figure 3A1), a void (312) (see Figure 3C, which is a cross-section of Figure 3A2), a void (312) having a magnet (314) (see Figure 3D), a projection (313) (see Figure 3E, which is a cross-section of Figure 3A3), and a combination of one or more recesses (311), one or more voids (312), and one or more projections (313) (see Figure 3F), wherein the one or more recesses (311) have a width W and a depth D, the one or more voids (312) have a width W, and the one or more projections (313) have a width W and a height H. [Figure 3F]A suitable soft magnetic plate (310) is schematically shown, which includes a recess (311) (see Figure 3B, which is a cross-section of Figure 3A1), a void (312) (see Figure 3C, which is a cross-section of Figure 3A2), a void (312) having a magnet (314) (see Figure 3D), a projection (313) (see Figure 3E, which is a cross-section of Figure 3A3), and a combination of one or more recesses (311), one or more voids (312), and one or more projections (313) (see Figure 3F), wherein the one or more recesses (311) have a width W and a depth D, the one or more voids (312) have a width W, and the one or more projections (313) have a width W and a height H. [Figure 4A1] A schematic representation shows a suitable soft magnetic plate (410) disposed on a non-magnetic holder case (460) of an apparatus (not shown) according to the present invention, wherein the soft magnetic plate (410) includes one or more recesses (411) and / or one or more voids (412) and / or one or more protrusions (413), and optionally includes a magnetic plate (430) with engravings (431), and the plate (410) has various shapes and locations on the apparatus. [Figure 4A2] A schematic representation shows a suitable soft magnetic plate (410) disposed on a non-magnetic holder case (460) of an apparatus (not shown) according to the present invention, wherein the soft magnetic plate (410) includes one or more recesses (411) and / or one or more voids (412) and / or one or more protrusions (413), and optionally includes a magnetic plate (430) with engravings (431), and the plate (410) has various shapes and locations on the apparatus. [Figure 4B] A schematic representation shows a suitable soft magnetic plate (410) disposed on a non-magnetic holder case (460) of an apparatus (not shown) according to the present invention, wherein the soft magnetic plate (410) includes one or more recesses (411) and / or one or more voids (412) and / or one or more protrusions (413), and optionally includes a magnetic plate (430) with engravings (431), and the plate (410) has various shapes and locations on the apparatus. [Figure 4C]A schematic representation shows a suitable soft magnetic plate (410) disposed on a non-magnetic holder case (460) of an apparatus (not shown) according to the present invention, wherein the soft magnetic plate (410) includes one or more recesses (411) and / or one or more voids (412) and / or one or more protrusions (413), and optionally includes a magnetic plate (430) with engravings (431), and the plate (410) has various shapes and locations on the apparatus. [Figure 4D] A schematic representation shows a suitable soft magnetic plate (410) disposed on a non-magnetic holder case (460) of an apparatus (not shown) according to the present invention, wherein the soft magnetic plate (410) includes one or more recesses (411) and / or one or more voids (412) and / or one or more protrusions (413), and optionally includes a magnetic plate (430) with engravings (431), and the plate (410) has various shapes and locations on the apparatus. [Figure 4E] A schematic representation shows a suitable soft magnetic plate (410) disposed on a non-magnetic holder case (460) of an apparatus (not shown) according to the present invention, wherein the soft magnetic plate (410) includes one or more recesses (411) and / or one or more voids (412) and / or one or more protrusions (413), and optionally includes a magnetic plate (430) with engravings (431), and the plate (410) has various shapes and locations on the apparatus. [Figure 4F] A schematic representation shows a suitable soft magnetic plate (410) disposed on a non-magnetic holder case (460) of an apparatus (not shown) according to the present invention, wherein the soft magnetic plate (410) includes one or more recesses (411) and / or one or more voids (412) and / or one or more protrusions (413), and optionally includes a magnetic plate (430) with engravings (431), and the plate (410) has various shapes and locations on the apparatus. [Figure 4G]A schematic representation shows a suitable soft magnetic plate (410) disposed on a non-magnetic holder case (460) of an apparatus (not shown) according to the present invention, wherein the soft magnetic plate (410) includes one or more recesses (411) and / or one or more voids (412) and / or one or more protrusions (413), and optionally includes a magnetic plate (430) with engravings (431), and the plate (410) has various shapes and locations on the apparatus. [Figure 4H] A schematic representation shows a suitable soft magnetic plate (410) disposed on a non-magnetic holder case (460) of an apparatus (not shown) according to the present invention, wherein the soft magnetic plate (410) includes one or more recesses (411) and / or one or more voids (412) and / or one or more protrusions (413), and optionally includes a magnetic plate (430) with engravings (431), and the plate (410) has various shapes and locations on the apparatus. [Figure 4I] A schematic representation shows a suitable soft magnetic plate (410) disposed on a non-magnetic holder case (460) of an apparatus (not shown) according to the present invention, wherein the soft magnetic plate (410) includes one or more recesses (411) and / or one or more voids (412) and / or one or more protrusions (413), and optionally includes a magnetic plate (430) with engravings (431), and the plate (410) has various shapes and locations on the apparatus. [Figure 4J] A schematic representation shows a suitable soft magnetic plate (410) disposed on a non-magnetic holder case (460) of an apparatus (not shown) according to the present invention, wherein the soft magnetic plate (410) includes one or more recesses (411) and / or one or more voids (412) and / or one or more protrusions (413), and optionally includes a magnetic plate (430) with engravings (431), and the plate (410) has various shapes and locations on the apparatus. [Figure 4K]A schematic representation shows a suitable soft magnetic plate (410) disposed on a non-magnetic holder case (460) of an apparatus (not shown) according to the present invention, wherein the soft magnetic plate (410) includes one or more recesses (411) and / or one or more voids (412) and / or one or more protrusions (413), and optionally includes a magnetic plate (430) with engravings (431), and the plate (410) has various shapes and locations on the apparatus. [Figure 4L] A schematic representation shows a suitable soft magnetic plate (410) disposed on a non-magnetic holder case (460) of an apparatus (not shown) according to the present invention, wherein the soft magnetic plate (410) includes one or more recesses (411) and / or one or more voids (412) and / or one or more protrusions (413), and optionally includes a magnetic plate (430) with engravings (431), and the plate (410) has various shapes and locations on the apparatus. [Figure 4M] A schematic representation shows a suitable soft magnetic plate (410) disposed on a non-magnetic holder case (460) of an apparatus (not shown) according to the present invention, wherein the soft magnetic plate (410) includes one or more recesses (411) and / or one or more voids (412) and / or one or more protrusions (413), and optionally includes a magnetic plate (430) with engravings (431), and the plate (410) has various shapes and locations on the apparatus. [Figure 4N] A schematic representation shows a suitable soft magnetic plate (410) disposed on a non-magnetic holder case (460) of an apparatus (not shown) according to the present invention, wherein the soft magnetic plate (410) includes one or more recesses (411) and / or one or more voids (412) and / or one or more protrusions (413), and optionally includes a magnetic plate (430) with engravings (431), and the plate (410) has various shapes and locations on the apparatus. [Figure 4O]A schematic representation shows a suitable soft magnetic plate (410) disposed on a non-magnetic holder case (460) of an apparatus (not shown) according to the present invention, wherein the soft magnetic plate (410) includes one or more recesses (411) and / or one or more voids (412) and / or one or more protrusions (413), and optionally includes a magnetic plate (430) with engravings (431), and the plate (410) has various shapes and locations on the apparatus. [Figure 4P] A schematic representation shows a suitable soft magnetic plate (410) disposed on a non-magnetic holder case (460) of an apparatus (not shown) according to the present invention, wherein the soft magnetic plate (410) includes one or more recesses (411) and / or one or more voids (412) and / or one or more protrusions (413), and optionally includes a magnetic plate (430) with engravings (431), and the plate (410) has various shapes and locations on the apparatus. [Figure 5A1] This figure schematically shows different preferred first magnetic field generating devices (520). [Figure 5A2] This figure schematically shows different preferred first magnetic field generating devices (520). [Figure 5B1] This figure schematically shows different preferred first magnetic field generating devices (520). [Figure 5B2] This figure schematically shows different preferred first magnetic field generating devices (520). [Figure 5C] This figure schematically shows different preferred first magnetic field generating devices (520). [Figure 5D] This figure schematically shows different preferred first magnetic field generating devices (520). [Figure 5E] This figure schematically shows different preferred first magnetic field generating devices (520). [Figure 5F] This figure schematically shows different preferred first magnetic field generating devices (520). [Figure 5G-1] This figure schematically shows different preferred first magnetic field generating devices (520). [Figure 5G-2]This figure schematically shows different preferred first magnetic field generating devices (520). [Figure 6A] This figure shows photographic images of the optical effect layer (OEL) obtained by using the method shown in Figure 1 with the apparatus (x00) according to the present invention, viewed from different viewing angles. [Figure 6B] This figure shows photographic images of the optical effect layer (OEL) obtained by using the method shown in Figure 1 with the apparatus (x00) according to the present invention, viewed from different viewing angles. [Figure 6C] This figure shows photographic images of the optical effect layer (OEL) obtained by using the method shown in Figure 1 with the apparatus (x00) according to the present invention, viewed from different viewing angles. [Figure 6D] This figure shows photographic images of the optical effect layer (OEL) obtained by using the method shown in Figure 1 with the apparatus (x00) according to the present invention, viewed from different viewing angles. [Figure 6E] This figure shows photographic images of the optical effect layer (OEL) obtained by using the method shown in Figure 1 with the apparatus (x00) according to the present invention, viewed from different viewing angles. [Figure 6F] This figure shows photographic images of the optical effect layer (OEL) obtained by using the method shown in Figure 1 with the apparatus (x00) according to the present invention, viewed from different viewing angles. [Figure 6G] This figure shows photographic images of the optical effect layer (OEL) obtained by using the method shown in Figure 1 with the apparatus (x00) according to the present invention, viewed from different viewing angles. [Figure 6H] This figure shows photographic images of the optical effect layer (OEL) obtained by using the method shown in Figure 1 with the apparatus (x00) according to the present invention, viewed from different viewing angles. [Figure 6I] This figure shows photographic images of the optical effect layer (OEL) obtained by using the method shown in Figure 1 with the apparatus (x00) according to the present invention, viewed from different viewing angles. [Figure 6J]This figure shows photographic images of the optical effect layer (OEL) obtained by using the method shown in Figure 1 with the apparatus (x00) according to the present invention, viewed from different viewing angles. [Figure 6K] This figure shows photographic images of the optical effect layer (OEL) obtained by using the method shown in Figure 1 with the apparatus (x00) according to the present invention, viewed from different viewing angles. [Figure 6L] This figure shows photographic images of the optical effect layer (OEL) obtained by using the method shown in Figure 1 with the apparatus (x00) according to the present invention, viewed from different viewing angles. [Figure 6M] This figure shows photographic images of the optical effect layer (OEL) obtained by using the method shown in Figure 1 with the apparatus (x00) according to the present invention, viewed from different viewing angles. [Figure 6N] This figure shows photographic images of the optical effect layer (OEL) obtained by using the method shown in Figure 1 with the apparatus (x00) according to the present invention, viewed from different viewing angles. [Figure 6O] This figure shows photographic images of the optical effect layer (OEL) obtained by using the method shown in Figure 1 with the apparatus (x00) according to the present invention, viewed from different viewing angles. [Figure 6P] This figure shows photographic images of the optical effect layer (OEL) obtained by using the method shown in Figure 1 with the apparatus (x00) according to the present invention, viewed from different viewing angles. [Figure 7] This is a diagram showing a device using the apparatus (700). Detailed explanation

[0024] definition

[0023] The following definitions are used to interpret the meaning of terms used in the claims as discussed in the description.

[0025]

[0024] In this specification, the indefinite article "a" can refer to one or more, and does not necessarily limit the noun it refers to to be singular.

[0026]

[0025] In this specification, the term “at least” means defining one or more, for example, one, two or three.

[0027]

[0026] In this specification, the term “about” means that the quantity or value may be a specific value that is specified or any other value in its vicinity. Generally, the term “about” when referring to a particular value is intended to represent a range within ±5% of that value. For example, the phrase “about 100” means a range of 100 ± 5, i.e., 95 to 105. Generally, when the term “about” is used, it can be expected that similar results or effects according to the present invention can be obtained within a range of ±5% of the indicated value.

[0028]

[0027] In this specification, the term "and / or" means that all or only one of the elements of the group may be present. For example, "A and / or B" means "A only, or B only, or both A and B." In the case of "A only," the term also includes the possibility that B is not present, i.e., "A only and not B."

[0029]

[0028] In this specification, the term “comprising” is intended to be non-exclusive and open-ended. For example, a coating composition containing compound A may also contain other compounds other than A. However, the term “comprising” also encompasses, in its particular embodiments, more restrictive meanings of “essentially comprising” and “consisting of,” so for example, “a dampening solution containing A, B, and optionally C” may consist of (essentially) only A and B, or (essentially) only A, B, and C.

[0030]

[0029] In this specification, the term “Optical Effect Layer (OEL)” means a coating or layer comprising oriented platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and an adhesive, wherein the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are oriented by a magnetic field, and the oriented platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are fixed / coated (i.e., solidified / cured) in their orientation and position to form a magnetically induced image.

[0031]

[0030] The term “coating composition” refers to any composition that can form an optical effect layer (EOL) on a solid substrate and can preferably be applied by a printing method, though this is not exclusive. The coating composition comprises platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles as described herein and an adhesive as described herein.

[0032]

[0031] In this specification, the term “wet” refers to a coating layer that has not yet been cured, such as a coating in which platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are still capable of changing their position and orientation due to the influence of external forces acting on those particles.

[0033]

[0032] In this specification, the term “mark” means, but is not limited to, a discontinuous layer such as a pattern including symbols, alphanumeric symbols, motifs, letters, words, numbers, logos, and drawings.

[0034]

[0033] The term "solidification" is used to describe the process of increasing the viscosity of a coating composition that is in a first physical state that is not yet solidified (i.e., wet), thereby converting it to a second physical state, i.e., a solidified state or solid state, in which platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are fixed / condensed in their current position and orientation and become unable to move or rotate.

[0035]

[0034] The term “security document” generally refers to a document that is protected from forgery or fraud by at least one security feature. Examples of security documents include, but are not limited to, documents of value and goods of value.

[0036]

[0035] The term “security feature” is used to describe an image, pattern, or graphic element that can be used for authentication purposes.

[0037]

[0036] When this description refers to “preferred” embodiments / features, combinations of these “preferred” embodiments / features are also considered disclosed insofar as such combinations of “preferred” embodiments / features are technically significant.

[0038]

[0037] The present invention provides an apparatus (x00) for creating an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate (x50) that is suitable as a security function against counterfeiting or fraud and exhibits a 3D (three-dimensional) effect and dynamic movement when tilted in the form of one or more marks, the present invention provides a process for creating the OEL made from a coating composition containing platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles by magnetic orientation of the pigment particles, by passing an assembly (x100) comprising a substrate (x50) holding a coating layer (x40) containing pigment particles and the apparatus (x00) described herein independently through the heterogeneous magnetic field of a stationary second magnetic assembly (x70), such that the magnetic field within the coating layer (x40) changes over time in a direction that aligns at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in a biaxial direction. The optical effect layer (OEL) described herein comprises a motif including at least a first region exhibiting a 3D (three-dimensional) effect in the form of at least one or more marks, and at least a second region exhibiting dynamic movement when tilted, wherein at least one of the first regions and at least one of the second regions are adjacent. "Adjacent" means that the first and second regions are close to each other (i.e., they share at least one area and have a common boundary). The first and second regions of the motif are adjacent, preferably juxtaposed or interwoven. The first and second regions may be continuous or non-continuous.

[0039]

[0038] Apparatus (x00) and process described herein enable the preparation of an optical effect layer (OEL) described herein, which comprises a motif made of at least two regions made from a single layer that is coated and cured, and which comprises magnetically oriented non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles.

[0040]

[0039] The process according to the present invention is a) A step of forming a coating layer (x40) on a substrate surface (x50) by applying a coating composition comprising i) platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles as described herein and ii) a binder material as described herein, wherein the coating composition is in a first state. b) A step of forming an assembly (x100) comprising a substrate (x50) for holding a coating layer (x40) and an apparatus (x00) as described herein, wherein the substrate (x50) for holding the coating layer (x40) is placed on the assembly (x100), the coating layer (x40) is preferably the top layer of the assembly (x100), and is preferably exposed to the environment. c) The step of passing an assembly (x100) comprising a substrate (x50) holding the coating layer (x40) obtained in step b) and the apparatus (x00) described herein through the heterogeneous magnetic field of a stationary second magnetic field generating device (x70) described herein, thereby orienting at least a portion of the platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in a biaxial direction, d) The step of solidifying the coating composition to a second state and fixing platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in the adopted position and orientation.

[0041]

[0040] The substrate (x50) that holds the coating layer (x40) is preferably placed on the soft magnetic plate (x10) of the assembly (x100). By specifying that "the substrate (x50) that holds the coating layer (x40) is placed on the soft magnetic plate (x10)", a preferred case is included in which the soft magnetic plate (x10) and the substrate (x50) are arranged such that the substrate (x50) that holds the coating layer (x40) is placed directly above the soft magnetic plate (x10) in the vertical direction, that is, the arrangement direction of the soft magnetic plate (x10) and the substrate (x50) relative to each other is essentially perpendicular.

[0042]

[0041] The process described herein includes a) applying a coating composition comprising platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein onto the surface of a substrate (x50) described herein to form a coating layer (x40), wherein the coating composition is in a first physical state that allows for application as a layer of the coating composition, the first physical state being a state that is not yet solidified (i.e., wet) in which platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles can move and rotate within the binder material. Since the coating composition described herein is provided on a substrate (x50), at least the binder material described herein and the coating composition comprising platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles must be in a form that allows for processing of the coating composition on a desired printing or coating equipment. Step a) is preferably carried out by a printing process, which is preferably selected from the group consisting of screen printing, web gravure printing, flexographic printing, and intaglio printing (also known in the art as engraved copperplate printing and engraved die steel printing), and more preferably selected from the group consisting of screen printing, web gravure printing, and flexographic printing.

[0043]

[0042] Screen printing (also known in the art as silkscreen printing) is a stencil process in which ink is transferred to a surface by passing through a stencil supported by a fine mesh fabric of silk, single or multi-fiber synthetic fibers such as polyamide or polyester, or metal threads, stretched taut over a frame made of, for example, wood or metal (e.g., aluminum or stainless steel). Alternatively, the screen printing mesh may be a porous metal foil, such as stainless steel foil, that has been chemically etched, laser etched, or galvanically formed. The holes in the mesh are closed in areas other than the image and left open in the image area, and this image carrier is called the screen. Screen printing may be flatbed or rotary. Screen printing is further described, for example, in "The Printing Ink Manual," RHLeach and RJPierce, Springer Edition, 5th Edition, pp. 58-62, and in "Printing Technology," JMAdams and PADolin, Delmar Thomson Learning, 5th Edition, pp. 293-328.

[0044]

[0043] Rotary gravure (also known in the art as gravure) is a printing process in which image elements are engraved onto the surface of a cylinder. Areas other than the image remain at a constant original level. Before printing, the entire printing plate (non-printing elements and printed elements) is immersed in ink. Before printing, the ink is removed from the non-printing areas by a wiper or blade, leaving ink only within the cells. The image is transferred from the cells to the substrate by pressure typically in the range of 2 to 4 bar and by the adhesive force between the substrate and the ink. The term rotary gravure does not encompass, for example, intaglio printing processes that rely on different types of ink (also known in the art as engraving die steel or copperplate printing processes). Further details are provided in "Handbook of print media," Helmut Kipphan, Springer Edition, p. 48, and "The Printing ink manual," RHLeach and RJPierce, Springer Edition, 5th Edition, pp. 42-51.

[0045]

[0044] Flexographic printing preferably uses a unit having a doctor blade, preferably a chamber doctor blade, an anilox roller, and a plate cylinder. The anilox roller is advantageous to have small cells whose volume and / or density determines the ink application speed. The doctor blade contacts the anilox roller and simultaneously scrapes off excess ink. The anilox roller transfers the ink to the plate cylinder, which ultimately transfers the ink to the substrate. A special design can be achieved using a designed photopolymer plate. The plate cylinder can be made from a polymer or elastomer material. The polymer can be used mainly as a photopolymer in the plate and, optionally, as a seamless coating on the sleeve. The photopolymer plate is made from a photosensitive polymer that hardens with ultraviolet (UV) light. The photopolymer plate is cut to the required size and placed in a UV light exposure unit. One side of the plate is fully exposed to UV light to harden or cure the base of the plate. Next, the plate is flipped over, the negative of the workpiece is attached to the uncured side, and the plate is further exposed to UV light. This solidifies the plate in the image area. The plate is then processed to remove the unsolidified photopolymer from the non-image areas and lower the plate surface in these non-image areas. After processing, the plate is dried and given a post-exposure UV light dose to cure the entire plate. Preparation of the plate cylinder for flexographic printing is described in "Printing Technology," JMAdams and PADolin, Delmar Thomson Learning, 5th Edition, pp. 359-360, and in "The Printing Ink Manual," RHLeach and RJPierce, Springer Edition, 5th Edition, pp. 33-42.

[0046]

[0045] The coating compositions and coating layers (x40) described herein contain platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles. The platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein are preferably present in an amount of about 5% to about 40% by weight, more preferably about 10% to about 30% by weight, where the weight percentage is based on the total weight of the coating composition.

[0047]

[0046] In contrast to needle-shaped pigment particles, which can be considered as quasi-one-dimensional particles, platelet-shaped pigment particles are quasi-two-dimensional particles due to the large aspect ratio of their dimensions. Platelet-shaped pigment particles can be considered as having a two-dimensional structure, where dimensions X and Y are substantially larger than dimension Z. Platelet-shaped pigment particles are also called spherical particles or flakes in the art. Such pigment particles can be described as having a principal axis X corresponding to its longest dimension intersecting the pigment particle, and a second axis Y perpendicular to X and corresponding to the second longest dimension intersecting the pigment particle. In other words, the XY plane roughly defines the plane formed by the first and second longest dimensions of the pigment particle, and the Z dimension is ignored.

[0048]

[0047] The platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein, due to their non-spherical shape, have anisotropic reflection to incident electromagnetic radiation that is at least partially transmitted through the solidified / cured binder material. In this specification, the term “anisotropic reflection” means that the proportion of radiation incident from a first angle that is reflected by the particle in a specific (viewpoint) direction (second angle) depends on the orientation of the particle, that is, by changing the orientation of the particle with respect to the first angle, reflections of different magnitudes with respect to the viewpoint direction can be obtained.

[0049]

[0048] In the OEL described herein, platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein are dispersed in a coating composition comprising a solidified binder material, thereby fixing the orientation of the platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles. The binder material, in its solidified or solid state (also referred to herein as the second state), at least partially transmits electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of 200 nm to 2500 nm, i.e., the wavelength range of the electromagnetic spectrum typically called the “optical spectrum,” which includes the infrared, visible, and UV portions. Therefore, reflections dependent on the particles contained within the binder material in its solidified or solid state, and their orientation, can be perceived through the binder material at several wavelengths within this range. The solidified binder material at least partially transmits electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range preferably of 200 nm to 800 nm, more preferably of 400 nm to 700 nm. In this specification, the term “transmission” means that the transmission of electromagnetic radiation through a 20 μm layer of solidified binder material present in an OEL (which does not include platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, but includes all other optional components of the OEL, if such components are present) is at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, and even more preferably at least 70% at the relevant wavelength(s). This can be determined, for example, by measuring the transmittance of a test specimen of solidified binder material (without platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles) according to a well-established test method, e.g., DIN 5036-3 (1979-11). When the OEL functions as a confidential security function, typically, technical means are required to detect the (complete) optical effect produced by the OEL under each irradiation condition including selected non-visible wavelengths, and such detection requires that the wavelength of the incident radiation is selected from outside the visible range, for example, within the near-UV range. In this case, the OEL preferably includes luminescent pigment particles that exhibit luminescence in response to selected wavelengths outside the visible spectrum included in the incident radiation.The infrared, visible, and UV portions of the electromagnetic spectrum roughly correspond to the wavelength ranges of 700-2500 nm, 400-700 nm, and 200-400 nm, respectively.

[0050]

[0049] Preferred examples of platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein include, but are not limited to, magnetic metals selected from the group consisting of cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), and nickel (Ni); magnetic alloys consisting of iron, manganese, cobalt, nickel, or mixtures of two or more thereof; magnetic oxides of chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, nickel, or mixtures of two or more thereof; or pigment particles containing mixtures of two or more thereof. The term “magnetic” in relation to metals, alloys, and oxides refers to ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic metals, alloys, and oxides. Magnetic oxides of chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, nickel, or mixtures of two or more thereof may be pure oxides or mixed oxides. Examples of magnetic oxides include, but are not limited to, hematite (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), chromium dioxide (CrO2), magnetic ferrite (MFe2O4), magnetic spinel (MR2O4), magnetic hexaferrite (MFe 12 O 19 ), contains iron oxides such as magnetic orthoferrite (RFeO3) and magnetic garnet M3R2(AO4)3, where M represents a divalent metal, R represents a trivalent metal, and A represents a tetravalent metal.

[0051]

[0050] Examples of platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein include, but are not limited to, pigment particles comprising a magnetic layer M made from one or more magnetic metals such as cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), or nickel (Ni), and magnetic alloys of iron, cobalt, or nickel, wherein the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles may have a multilayer structure comprising one or more additional layers. One or more additional layers are preferably layer A, independently made from one or more metal fluorides selected from the group consisting of magnesium fluoride (MgF2), silicon oxide (SiO), silicon dioxide (SiO2), titanium oxide (TiO2), and aluminum oxide (Al2O3), more preferably silicon dioxide (SiO2); or layer B, independently made from one or more metals selected from the group consisting of metals and metal alloys, preferably one or more reflective metals and reflective metal alloys, more preferably one or more reflective metals selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni); even more preferably aluminum (Al); or a combination of one or more layers A, such as those described above, and one or more layers B, such as those described above. Typical examples of platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles with the multilayer structure described above include, but are not limited to, A / M multilayer structures, A / M / A multilayer structures, A / M / B multilayer structures, A / B / M / A multilayer structures, A / B / M / B / A multilayer structures, B / M multilayer structures, B / M / B multilayer structures, B / A / M / A multilayer structures, B / A / M / B multilayer structures, and B / A / M / B / A / multilayer structures, where layer A, magnetic layer M, and layer B are selected from those described above.

[0052]

[0051] The coating compositions described herein may include platelet-type optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, and / or platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles that do not have optically variable properties. Preferably, at least a portion of the platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein are composed of platelet-type optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles. In addition to the public security provided by the color-changing properties of the optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, which enable easy detection, recognition, and / or distinction from possible forgery of an article or security document holding an ink, coating composition, or coating layer containing the optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein, using human senses without assistance, the optical properties of the optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles can also be used as a machine-readable tool for recognition of OELs. Thus, the optical properties of the optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles can be simultaneously used as a confidential or semi-confidential security function in an authentication process in which the optical (e.g., spectral) properties of the pigment particles are analyzed.

[0053]

[0052] By using platelet-shaped optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in a coating layer to produce OEL, such materials are reserved for the security document printing industry and are not generally available on the market, thus enhancing the importance of OEL as a security function in the application field of security documents.

[0054]

[0053] As described above, it is preferable that at least a portion of the platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are composed of platelet-type optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles. These are more preferably selected from the group consisting of magnetic thin-film interference pigment particles, magnetic cholesteric liquid crystal pigment particles, interference-coated pigment particles containing magnetic materials, and mixtures of two or more of these.

[0055]

[0054] Magnetic thin-film interference pigment particles are known to those skilled in the art and are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 4,838,648, International Publication No. 2002 / 073250, European Patent No. 0686,675, International Publication No. 2003 / 000801, U.S. Patent No. 6,838,166, International Publication No. 2007 / 131833, European Patent No. 2402,401, International Publication No. 2019 / 103937, International Publication No. 2020 / 006286, and documents referenced herein. Magnetic thin-film interference pigment particles preferably include pigment particles having a 5-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structure, and / or pigment particles having a 6-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structure, and / or pigment particles having a 7-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structure, and / or pigment particles having a multilayer structure combining one or more multilayer Fabry-Perot structures.

[0056]

[0055] A preferred five-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structure consists of an absorber / dielectric / reflector / dielectric / absorber multilayer structure, where the reflector and / or absorber is also a magnetic layer, and preferably the reflector and / or absorber is a magnetic layer containing nickel, iron and / or cobalt, and / or a magnetic alloy containing nickel, iron and / or cobalt, and / or a magnetic oxide containing nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and / or cobalt (Co).

[0057]

[0056] A preferred 6-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structure consists of a multilayer structure of absorber / dielectric / reflector / magnetic / dielectric / absorber.

[0058]

[0057] A preferred seven-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structure consists of a multilayer structure of absorber / dielectric / reflector / magnetic / reflector / dielectric / absorber, such as that disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,838,648.

[0059]

[0058] Preferred pigment particles having a multilayer structure combining one or more Fabry-Perot structures are described in International Publication 2019 / 103937, which consist of a combination of at least two Fabry-Perot structures, the two Fabry-Perot structures independently comprising a reflector layer, a dielectric layer, and an absorber layer, the reflector and / or absorber layer each independently comprising one or more magnetic materials, and / or a magnetic layer sandwiched between these two structures. International Publication 2020 / 006 / 286 and European Patent Application Publication 3587500 disclose even more preferred pigment particles having a multilayer structure.

[0060]

[0059] The reflector layer described herein is preferably made independently from one or more materials selected from the group consisting of metals and metal alloys, preferably from the group consisting of reflective metals and reflective metal alloys, more preferably from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), gold (Au), platinum (Pt), tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), niobium (Nb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and alloys thereof, and even more preferably from aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and alloys thereof. The dielectric layer is preferably independently made from one or more metal fluorides such as magnesium fluoride (MgF2), aluminum fluoride (AlF3), cerium fluoride (CeF3), lanthanum fluoride (LaF3), sodium aluminum fluoride (e.g., Na3AlF6), neodymium fluoride (NdF3), samarium fluoride (SmF3), barium fluoride (BaF2), calcium fluoride (CaF2), and lithium fluoride (LiF), and metal oxides such as silicon oxide (SiO2), silicon dioxide (SiO2), titanium oxide (TiO2), and aluminum oxide (Al2O3), more preferably from one or more metal fluorides selected from the group consisting of magnesium fluoride (MgF2) and silicon dioxide (SiO2), and even more preferably from magnesium fluoride (MgF2). The absorber layer is preferably made independently from one or more of the following: aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), iron (Fe), tin (Sn), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), rhodium (Rh), niobium (Nb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), their metal oxides, their metal sulfides, their metal carbides, and their metal alloys; more preferably from the following: chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), their metal oxides, and their metal alloys; and even more preferably from the following: chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and their metal alloys.The magnetic layer preferably contains nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and / or cobalt (Co), and / or a magnetic alloy containing nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and / or cobalt (Co), and / or a magnetic oxide containing nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and / or cobalt (Co). When magnetic thin-film interference pigment particles containing a 7-layer Fabry-Perot structure are preferred, the magnetic thin-film interference pigment particles particularly preferably contain a 7-layer Fabry-Perot absorber / dielectric / reflector / magnetic / reflector / dielectric / absorber multilayer structure consisting of a Cr / MgF2 / Al / Ni / Al / MgF2 / Cr multilayer structure.

[0061]

[0060] The magnetic thin-film interference pigment particles described herein may be multilayer pigment particles that are considered safe for human health and the environment, for example, based on a 5-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structure, a 6-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structure, or a 7-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structure, as well as pigment particles having a multilayer structure that combines one or more multilayer Fabry-Perot structures, wherein the pigment particles include one or more magnetic layers comprising a magnetic alloy having a substantially nickel-free composition, comprising about 40% to about 90% by weight of iron, about 10% to about 50% by weight of chromium, and about 0% to about 30% by weight of aluminum. A typical example of multilayer pigment particles that are considered safe for human health and the environment can be found in European Patent No. 2402401, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in whole.

[0062]

[0061] Suitable magnetic cholesteric liquid crystal pigment particles exhibiting optically variable properties include, but are not limited to, magnetic single-layer cholesteric liquid crystal pigment particles and magnetic multilayer cholesteric liquid crystal pigment particles. Such pigment particles are disclosed, for example, in International Publication No. 2006 / 063926, U.S. Patent No. 6582781, and U.S. Patent No. 6531221. International Publication No. 2006 / 063926 discloses a single layer and pigment particles obtained therefrom having high-luminance color-changing properties along with additional specific properties such as magnetizability. The disclosed single layers, and pigment particles obtained therefrom by crushing the single layers, include three-dimensionally crosslinked cholesteric liquid crystal mixtures and magnetic nanoparticles. U.S. Patent No. 6582781 and U.S. Patent No. 6410130 are sequence A 1 / B / A 2 The present invention discloses platelet-type cholesteric multilayer pigment particles containing A 1 and A 2 They may be the same or different, each containing at least one cholesteric layer, B being an intermediate layer, and layer A 1 and A 2 The intermediate layer absorbs all or part of the light transmitted by the light, thereby imparting magnetic properties to it. U.S. Patent No. 6,531,221 discloses platelet-type cholesteric multilayer pigment particles comprising sequences A / B and optionally C, where A and C are absorption layers containing pigment particles that impart magnetic properties, and B is a cholesteric layer.

[0063]

[0062] Suitable interference-coated pigment particles comprising one or more magnetic materials include, but are not limited to, a structure comprising a substrate selected from the group comprising a core coated by one or more layers, wherein the core or at least one of the one or more layers has magnetic properties. For example, a suitable interference-coated pigment particle comprises a core made of a magnetic material such as those described above, wherein the core is coated by one or more layers made of one or more metal oxides, or a suitable interference-coated pigment particle has a structure comprising a core made of synthetic or natural mica, layered silicates (e.g., talc, kaolin, and sericite), glass (e.g., borosilicate), silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), titanium oxide (TiO2), graphite, and mixtures of two or more thereof. Furthermore, one or more additional layers, such as a colored layer, may be present.

[0064]

[0063] The platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein may be surface-treated to protect them from degradation that may occur within the coating composition and coating layer, and / or to facilitate their incorporation into the coating composition and coating layer, typically using corrosion inhibitors and / or wetting agents.

[0065]

[0064] Furthermore, after applying the coating composition described herein to the surface of the substrate (x50) described herein to form a coating layer (x40) described herein (step a), an assembly (x100) is formed comprising a substrate (x50) that holds the coating layer (x40) and a device (x00) described herein (step b), the substrate (50) that holds the coating layer (x40) is placed on the device (x00), preferably the device (x00) is facing the substrate (x50), and one or more recesses (x11) and / or one or more voids (x12) and / or one or more protrusions (x13) are facing the substrate (x50) independently, and the coating layer (x40) is the top layer of the assembly (x100) and is exposed to the environment.

[0066]

[0065] After forming the assembly (x100) described herein (step b), the assembly (x100) is passed through the heterogeneous magnetic field of a stationary second magnetic field generating device (x70) described herein to orient at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in a biaxial direction, thereby orienting the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles (step c).

[0067]

[0066] "Heterogeneous magnetic field" means that the magnetic field lines change in a direction within a fixed plane at least within the reference frame of the moving assembly, along the motion path followed by the individual platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles of the coating layer (x40). In this way, at least some of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles of the coating layer tend to align in the said plane, resulting in a biaxial orientation of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable particles, i.e., an orientation in which the two largest main axes of the platelet-shaped pigment particles are suppressed. During this biaxial orientation, the apparatus influences the direction and / or intensity of the magnetic field generated by the stationary second magnetic field generating device, and thus influences the orientation of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles to produce the desired eye-catching effect. After the desired effect is obtained within the still-unsolidified (i.e., wet) coating layer, the coating composition is partially or completely solidified to permanently fix / consolidate the relative position and orientation of the platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles within the OEL.

[0068]

[0067] In one embodiment, the assembly (x100) described herein moves in the vicinity of and on the second magnetic field generating device (x70) described herein, and the substrate (x50) preferably faces the second magnetic field generating device (x70) described herein. In another embodiment, the assembly (x100) described herein moves in the vicinity of and beneath the second magnetic field generating device (x70) described herein, and the coating layer (x40) preferably faces the second magnetic field generating device (x70) described herein. In another embodiment, the assembly (x100) described herein moves in the vicinity of, between, or beside the magnets of the second magnetic field generating device (x70) described herein.

[0069]

[0068] After the step of oriented platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles (step c)) by passing the assembly (x100) through the heterogeneous magnetic field of a stationary second magnetic field generating device (x70) described herein, or partly simultaneously with this step, preferably partly simultaneously with this step, the orientation of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles is fixed or condensed (step d)). It is therefore worth noting that the coating composition must have a first state, i.e., a liquid or paste state, in which the coating composition is not yet solidified, wet or flexible enough that the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles dispersed in the coating composition can move freely, become rotatable and orientable when exposed to a magnetic field, and a second solidified (e.g., solid or solid-like) state in which the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are fixed or condensed in their respective positions and orientations.

[0070]

[0069] Such first and second states are preferably provided by using a particular type of coating composition. For example, components of a coating composition other than platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles can take the form of an ink or coating composition, such as those used in the field of security applications, for example, for printing banknotes. The aforementioned first and second states can be provided by using a material that exhibits increased viscosity in response to stimuli such as temperature changes or exposure to electromagnetic radiation. That is, when the fluid binder material is solidified, the binder material changes to a second state, i.e., a solidified or solid state, and the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are fixed in their current position and orientation and are no longer able to move or rotate within the binder material. As is known to those skilled in the art, the components contained in an ink or coating composition applied to a surface such as a substrate, and the physical properties of the ink or coating composition must satisfy the requirements of the process used to transfer the ink or coating composition to the surface of the substrate (x50). As a result, the binder material contained in the coating compositions described herein is typically selected from those known in the art and depends on the coating or printing process used to apply the ink or coating composition, and the selected solidification process.

[0071]

[0070] The solidification step (step d) described herein can be purely physical in nature, for example, in cases where the coating composition comprises a polymer binder material and a solvent and is applied at a high temperature. Then, platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are oriented at a high temperature by applying a magnetic field, the solvent is evaporated, and subsequently the coating composition is cooled. Thus, the coating composition is solidified and the orientation of the particles is fixed.

[0072]

[0071] Alternatively, the solidification of the coating composition is preferably accompanied by a chemical reaction, such as curing, which is not reversed by a simple temperature increase (e.g., up to 80°C) that may occur during typical use of security documents. The terms “curing” or “curable” refer to a process involving a chemical reaction, crosslinking, or polymerization of at least one component in the coated coating composition to form a polymer material having a larger molecular weight than the starting material. It is preferable that curing forms a stable three-dimensional polymer network. Such curing is generally induced by applying an external stimulus to the coating composition after (i) coating on a substrate (step a)) and (ii) biaxial orientation of at least some of the platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, or partially simultaneously therewith (step c)). It is advantageous that the solidification of the coating composition described herein (step d)) is carried out partially simultaneously with the orientation of at least some of the platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles (step c)). Therefore, the coating composition is preferably selected from the group consisting of radiation-curable compositions, heat-cured compositions, oxidative-cured compositions, and combinations thereof. A coating composition selected from the group consisting of radiation-curable compositions is particularly preferred. Radiation curing, especially UV-Vis curing, is advantageous because it results in an instantaneous increase in the viscosity of the coating composition after exposure to irradiation, thus preventing further movement of pigment particles and consequently preventing loss of information after the magnetic orientation step. The solidification step (step d) is preferably carried out by irradiation with UV-Vis light (i.e., curing by UV-Vis light radiation) or by an electron beam (i.e., curing by electron beam radiation), more preferably by irradiation with UV-Vis light.

[0073]

[0072] Accordingly, suitable coating compositions for the present invention include radiation-curable compositions that can be cured by UV-visible light radiation (hereinafter referred to as UV-Vis curable) or by electron beam radiation (hereinafter referred to as EB). According to one particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the coating composition described herein is a UV-Vis curable coating composition. UV-Vis curing is advantageous because it enables a very fast curing process and thus dramatically reduces the preparation time of the OEL, documents and articles described herein, as well as documents containing the OEL.

[0074]

[0073] The UV-Vis curable coating composition preferably comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of radical curable compounds and cationic curable compounds. The UV-Vis curable coating composition described herein may be a hybrid system and may contain a mixture of one or more cationic curable compounds and one or more radical curable compounds. Cationic curable compounds are cured by a cationic mechanism, which typically involves activating one or more photoinitiators by radiation that release cationic species such as acids, causing the cationic species to initiate curing and solidify the coating composition by reaction with monomers and / or oligomers and / or crosslinking. Radical curable compounds are cured by a free radical mechanism, which typically involves generating radicals by activating one or more photoinitiators by radiation, causing the radicals to initiate polymerization and solidify the coating composition. Different photoinitiators may be used depending on the monomers, oligomers, or prepolymers used to prepare the adhesive contained in the UV-Vis curable coating composition described herein. Suitable examples of free radical photoinitiators, known to those skilled in the art, include, but are not limited to, acetophenone, benzophenone, benzyl methyl ketal, α-aminoketone, α-hydroxyketone, phosphine oxide, and phosphine oxide derivatives, as well as mixtures of two or more of these. Suitable examples of cationic photoinitiators, known to those skilled in the art, include, but are not limited to, onium salts such as organiodonium salts (e.g., diaryliodoinonium salts), oxonium salts (e.g., triaryloxonium salts), and sulfonium salts (e.g., triarylsulfonium salts), as well as mixtures of two or more of these. Other examples of useful photoinitiators can be found in standard textbooks. To achieve efficient curing, it may also be advantageous to include a sensitizer along with one or more photoinitiators.Typical examples of suitable photosensitizers include, but are not limited to, isopropyl thioxanthene (ITX), 1-chloro-2-propoxy thioxanthene (CPTX), 2-chloro thioxanthene (CTX), and 2,4-diethyl thioxanthene (DETX), as well as mixtures of two or more of these. The amount of one or more photoinitiators in the UV-Vis curable coating composition is preferably about 0.1% to about 20% by weight, more preferably about 1% to about 15% by weight, where the weight percentage is based on the total weight of the UV-Vis curable coating composition.

[0075]

[0074] Alternatively, a polymer thermoplastic binder material or a thermosetting resin can be used. Typical examples of thermoplastic resins or polymers include, but are not limited to, polyamides, polyesters, polyacetals, polyolefins, styrene polymers, polycarbonates, polyarylates, polyimides, polyether ether ketones (PEEK), polyether ketheone ketones (PEKK), polyphenylene resins (e.g., polyphenylene ethers, polyphenylene oxides, polyphenylene sulfides), polysulfones, and mixtures of two or more of these.

[0076]

[0075] The coating compositions described herein may further include, but are not limited to, one or more additives, which include compounds and materials used to adjust the physical, fluid, and chemical parameters of the composition, such as viscosity (e.g., solvents and surfactants), viscosity (e.g., anti-settling agents, fillers, and plasticizers), foaming (e.g., anti-foaming agents), lubricity (waxes), UV reactivity and stability (photosensitizers and photostabilizers), and adhesion. The additives described herein may be present in the coating compositions described herein in amounts and forms known in the art, including in the form of so-called nanomaterials in which at least one of the particle dimensions is in the range of 1 to 1000 nm.

[0077]

[0076] The coating compositions described herein may further include one or more marker materials or tagants selected from the group consisting of magnetic materials (different from magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein), luminescent materials, conductive materials, and infrared absorbing materials, and / or one or more machine-readable materials. In this specification, the term “machine-readable material” means a material that exhibits at least one characteristic property detectable by a device or machine, and such material may be included in a coating, and the use of specific equipment for detection and / or authentication may provide a method for authenticating the coating or an article containing the coating.

[0078]

[0077] The coating compositions described herein can be prepared by dispersing or mixing magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and one or more additives described herein, when present in the presence of the binder material described herein, and thus a liquid composition can be formed. When present, one or more photoinitiators can be added to the composition during the dispersion or mixing step of all other components, or at a later stage, i.e., after the formation of the liquid coating composition.

[0079]

[0078] As described herein, the assembly (x100) comprises a substrate (x50) for holding a coating layer (x40) and an apparatus (x00) as described herein, the substrate (x50) for holding the coating layer (x40) being placed on the apparatus (x00), and the coating layer (x40) being preferably the top layer of the assembly and exposed to the environment.

[0080]

[0079] The apparatus (x00) described herein is configured to receive a substrate (x50) on a first plane (P) in an orientation substantially parallel to the first plane (P), and is suitable for use in combination with a stationary second magnetic field generating device (x70) described herein to enable at least a portion of particles to be oriented in a biaxial direction, the apparatus (x00) comprising a) a soft magnetic plate (x10) having an upper plate surface and holding one or more marks in the form of one or more recesses (x11) and / or one or more gaps (x12) and / or one or more protrusions (x13), and b) a first magnetic field generating device (x20) having an upper device surface and including at least one dipole magnet, the soft magnetic plate (x10) being placed on the first magnetic field generating device (x20), the upper plate surface being smaller than the upper device surface. Since the upper plate surface is smaller than the upper device surface, the top surface of the apparatus (x00) described herein includes one or more areas without a soft magnetic plate (x10).

[0081]

[0080] The distance da (shown in Figure 1B) between the bottom surface of the soft magnetic plate (x10) and the top surface of the first magnetic field generating device (x20), and the distance db (shown in Figure 1B) between the top surface of the soft magnetic plate (x10) and the bottom surface of the substrate (x50) are adjusted and selected to obtain the desired optical effect layer (OEL). It is particularly preferable to use a distance db that is close to 0 or 0.

[0082]

[0081] According to one embodiment, the assembly (x100) comprises a substrate (x50) that holds a coating layer (x40) and an apparatus (x00) described herein, the apparatus (x00) comprising a soft magnetic plate (x10) that holds one or more marks in the form of one or more recesses (x11) and / or one or more gaps (x12) and / or one or more protrusions (x13), and a first magnetic field generating device (x20), the substrate (x50) that holds the coating layer (x40) is disposed on the soft magnetic plate (x10) (i.e., the coating layer (x40) is preferably the top layer of the assembly (x100) and is preferably exposed to the environment), one or more marks in the form of one or more recesses (x11) face the substrate (x50), one or more marks in the form of one or more voids (x12) face the substrate (x50) and the first magnetic field generating device (x20), and one or more marks in the form of one or more protrusions (x13) face the side opposite to the substrate (x50), i.e., the first magnetic field generating device (x20).

[0083]

[0082] The soft magnetic plate (x10) described herein retains one or more markings in the form of one or more recesses (x11) and / or one or more voids (x12) and / or one or more protrusions (x13). The term "recess" refers to a negative recess having depth in the surface, the term "void" refers to a hole or channel that penetrates the soft magnetic plate (x10) and connects to both sides thereof (i.e., the void has a depth of 100% of the thickness of the soft magnetic plate (x10)), and the term "protrusion" refers to a positive relief extending from the surface. The recesses (x11) and protrusions (x13) described herein can be made by adding material to the surface or by removing material from the surface of the soft magnetic plate (x10). The voids (x12) described herein can be made by removing material from the entire thickness of the soft magnetic plate (x10) or by adding material to the surface of the non-magnetic holder when a non-magnetic holder is used.

[0084]

[0083] According to one embodiment, the soft magnetic metal plate (x10) described herein includes one or more recesses (x11) having a width (W) and a depth (D). Figures 3A1 and 3B schematically show a top view (Figure 3A1) and a cross-sectional view (Figure 3B) of the soft magnetic plate (310) including one or more markings of the form of one or more recesses (310), the soft magnetic plate (310) having a thickness (T), and the one or more recesses (310) having a depth (D) and a width (W). As shown in Figure 3B, the thickness (T) of the soft magnetic plate (310) including one or more recesses (310) refers to the thickness of the region of the soft magnetic plate (310) that does not have one or more recesses (310) (i.e., the thickness of the region of the soft magnetic plate (310) that is not recessed). In embodiments in which the soft magnetic plate (x10) includes one or more recesses (x11) as described herein, it is preferable that the one or more recesses (x11) have a depth (D) as described herein.

[0085]

[0084] Figures 3A2 and 3C schematically show a top view (Figure 3A2) and a cross-sectional view (Figure 3C) of a soft magnetic plate (310) including one or more markings of the form of one or more voids (312), the soft magnetic plate having a thickness (T), and the one or more voids (312) having a width (W). As shown in Figure 3C, the thickness (T) of the soft magnetic plate (310) including one or more voids (312) refers to the thickness of the region of the soft magnetic plate (310) that does not have one or more voids (312). As shown in Figure 3D, the soft magnetic plate (310) including one or more voids (312) may further include one or more bar dipole magnets (314) within the one or more voids (312).

[0086]

[0085] According to another embodiment, the soft magnetic metal plate (x10) described herein includes one or more protrusions (x13) having a width (W) and a height (H). Figures 3A3 and 3E schematically show a top view (Figure 3A3) and a cross-sectional view (Figure 3E) of a soft magnetic plate (310) including one or more markings of the form of one or more protrusions (313), wherein the soft magnetic plate (310) has a thickness (T) and the one or more protrusions have a height (H) and a width (W). As shown in Figure 3E, the thickness (T) of the soft magnetic plate (310) including one or more protrusions (313) refers to the thickness of the soft magnetic plate (310) from which the one or more protrusions (313) protrude. That is, in this case, the thickness (T) refers to the level from which the one or more protrusions (313) protrude, rather than the overall thickness of the soft magnetic plate (310). In embodiments in which the soft magnetic plate (x10) includes one or more protrusions (x13) as described herein, it is preferable that the one or more protrusions (x13) have a height (H) as described herein.

[0087]

[0086] A soft magnetic plate (x10) containing one or more voids (x12) can be attached to a non-magnetic holder by bonding the plate to the non-magnetic holder, or by using mechanical means.

[0088]

[0087] According to another embodiment, the soft magnetic metal plate (x10) described herein includes one or more recesses (x11) and one or more voids (x12). According to another embodiment, the soft magnetic metal plate (x10) described herein includes one or more recesses (x11) and one or more protrusions (x13). According to another embodiment, the soft magnetic metal plate (x10) described herein includes one or more voids (x12) and one or more protrusions (x13). According to another embodiment, the soft magnetic metal plate (x10) described herein includes one or more recesses (x11), one or more voids (x12), and one or more protrusions (x13). In embodiments in which a combination of recesses (x11), voids (x12), and protrusions (x13) is used, the preferred depth (D) and preferred height (H) are as described herein.

[0089]

[0088] Figure 3F schematically shows a cross-sectional view of a soft magnetic plate (310) including one or more markings in the form of one or more recesses (310), one or more voids (312), and one or more protrusions (313), wherein the soft magnetic plate has a thickness (T), the one or more recesses (310) have a width (W1) and a depth (D), the one or more voids (312) have a width (W2), and the one or more protrusions (313) have a width (W3) and a height (H).

[0090]

[0089] The apparatus (x00) described herein may further include one or more dipole magnets (x14) disposed in one or more recesses (x11) and / or one or more voids (x12) of a soft magnetic plate (x10). The top surfaces of the one or more dipole magnets (x14) provided in one or more recesses (x11) and / or one or more voids (x12) of the soft magnetic plate (x10) are preferably below the top surface of the soft magnetic plate (x10) or coplanar with the top surface of the soft magnetic plate (x10).

[0091]

[0090] According to one embodiment, the soft magnetic plate (x10) described herein holds one or more markings in the form of one or more recesses (x11) and / or one or more voids (x12) and / or one or more protrusions (x13), and the one or more void volumes defined by the one or more recesses (x11), (x12) and protrusions (x13) can optionally be independently filled with a non-magnetic material including a polymer adhesive such as those described above and optionally a filler, for the purpose of providing a smooth top surface to the device (x00).

[0092]

[0091] The soft magnetic plate (x10) described herein has an upper plate surface smaller than the upper device surface of the magnetic field generating device (x20) of the apparatus (x00), the upper plate surface being a surface that is free of any material from the plate and thus allows observation of the structure(s) (such as the magnetic field generating device (x20) including at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) and / or a non-magnetic holder case (x60) as described herein), the observation being carried out from the side of the soft magnetic plate (x10) of the apparatus (x00) or from the side of the coating layer of the assembly (x100). In embodiments where the apparatus (x00) includes the non-magnetic holder case (x60) described herein, the non-magnetic holder case (x60) can be observed by the upper plate surface being smaller than the upper device surface, provided that the recesses (x11), voids (x12), and protrusions (x13) are not, optionally, filled with a non-magnetic, impermeable material (shown in white in Figures 4A to 4P). In embodiments where the apparatus (x00) does not include the non-magnetic holder case (x60) described herein, the magnetic field generating device (x20) can be observed by the upper plate surface being smaller than the upper device surface, provided that the one or more volumes of voids defined by the recesses (x11), voids (x12), and protrusions (x13) are not, optionally, filled with a non-magnetic, impermeable material (not shown in Figures 4A to 4P).

[0093]

[0092] The presence of one or more regions without the soft magnetic plate (x10) described herein results in a direct interaction between the apparatus described herein and the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles of the coating layer (i.e., without adjustment or modification by the intermediate soft magnetic element).

[0094]

[0093] The shape of the soft magnetic plate (x10) is not limited. For example, the soft magnetic plate (x10) can have shapes such as regular polygons (with or without rounded corners), irregular polygons (with or without rounded corners), dish shapes, or elliptical shapes.

[0095]

[0094] The shape of the non-magnetic holder case (x60) is not limited. As an example shown in Figures 1C1 to 1C2, the non-magnetic holder case (x60) has a cross section having an H shape, preferably an asymmetrical H shape, which may be symmetrical or asymmetrical, and includes a recess (x90-a) for receiving a soft magnetic plate (x10) and an area (x90-b) for receiving a magnetic field generating device (x20). According to one embodiment, the soft magnetic plate (x10) is placed on the transverse bar of the H-shaped non-magnetic holder case (x60), and the magnetic field generating device (x20) is placed below the transverse bar of the H-shaped non-magnetic holder case (x60). The top surface of the non-magnetic holder case (x60) can be curved in at least one direction so as to be adaptable in or on the rotating cylinder of the printing assembly.

[0096]

[0095] When two or more soft magnetic plates (x10-1, x10-2, x10-3, etc.) are included in the apparatus (x00) described herein, the total surface area of ​​the two or more soft magnetic plates (x10-1, x10-2, x10-3, etc.) is smaller than the upper device surface of the magnetic field generating device (x20) of the apparatus (x00), as shown in Figure 4B, for example, as the top surface of the soft magnetic plates (410-1 and 410-2) which include one or more depressions (411-1 and 411-2) and / or one or more voids (not shown) and one or more protrusions (not shown), and the structure(s) of the two or more soft magnetic plates (x10-1, x10-2, x10-3, etc.) can be observed from below.

[0097]

[0096] The soft magnetic plate (x10) described herein can also be surface-treated to facilitate contact with an assembly (x100) comprising a substrate (x50) holding a coating layer (x40) and an apparatus (x00) described herein, thereby reducing corrosion and / or friction and / or wear and / or electrostatic charge in the application field of high-speed printing.

[0098] According to one embodiment, the soft magnetic plate (x10) described herein holds one or more marks in the form of one or more protrusions (x13), and one or more regions without one or more protrusions (x13) can be filled with a non-magnetic material including a polymer adhesive and optionally a filler such as those described above.

[0099] According to one embodiment, the soft magnetic plate (x10) described herein is flat or planar. According to another embodiment, the soft magnetic plate (x10) described herein is curved so as to be adaptable in or on a rotating cylinder of a printing assembly.

[0100] The soft magnetic plate (x10) described herein includes one or more soft magnetic materials, i.e., materials having a low coercive force and a high magnetic permeability μ. The coercive force of the soft magnetic material is lower than 1000 A / m when measured according to IEC 60404-1:2000, enabling fast magnetization and demagnetization. Suitable soft magnetic materials have a maximum relative magnetic permeability μ of at least 5, where the relative magnetic permeability μ -1 is the magnetic permeability μ of the material with respect to the magnetic permeability μ0 of free space (μ Rmax R R=μ / μ0) (Magnetic Materials, Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Ed., Nicola A. Spaldin, pp. 16-17, Cambridge University Press, 2011). For soft magnetic materials, see, for example, (1) "Handbook of Condensed Matter and Materials Data," Chapter 4.3.2, Soft Magnetic Materials, pp. 758-793, and Chapter 4.3.4, Magnetic Oxides, pp. 811-813, Springer 2005; (2) "Ferromagnetic Materials," Vol. 1, Iron, Cobalt and Nickel, pp. 1-70, Elsevier 1999; (3) "Ferromagnetic Materials," Vol. 2, Chapter 2, Soft Magnetic Metallic Materials, pp. 55-188, and Chapter 3, Ferrites for non-microwave Applications, pp. 189-241, Elsevier 1999; (4) "Electric and Magnetic Properties of Metals," C. Moosbrugger, Chapter 8, Magnetically Soft Materials, pp. 196-209, ASM This information is found in the following handbooks: (5) "Handbook of modern Ferromagnetic Materials," International, 2000, Chapter 9, High-permeability High-frequency Metal Strip, pp. 155-182, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002, and (6) "Smithells Metals Reference Book," Chapter 20.3, Magnetically Soft Materials, pp. 20-9-20-16, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, 1992.

[0101]

[0100] The soft magnetic plate (x10) described herein may be a plate made from one or more metals, alloys, or compounds with high magnetic permeability (hereinafter referred to as "soft magnetic metal plate"), or a plate made from a composite material containing soft magnetic particles dispersed in a non-magnetic material (hereinafter referred to as "soft magnetic composite plate").

[0102]

[0101] According to one embodiment, the soft magnetic metal sheet (x10) described herein is made from one or more soft magnetic metals or alloys that can easily function as a sheet or thread. The soft magnetic metal sheets described herein are preferably made from one or more materials selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, nickel, nickel-molybdenum alloys, nickel-iron alloys (permalloy or supermalloy type materials), cobalt-iron alloys, cobalt-nickel alloys, iron-nickel-cobalt alloys (Fernico type materials), Heusler type alloys (such as Cu2MnSn or Ni2MnAl), low silicon steel, low carbon steel, silicon iron (electrical steel), iron-aluminum alloys, iron-aluminum-silicon alloys, amorphous metal alloys (e.g., alloys such as Metglas® and iron-boron alloys), nanocrystalline soft magnetic materials (e.g., Vitroperm®), and combinations thereof, more preferably from one or more materials selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, nickel, low carbon steel, silicon iron, nickel-iron alloys, and cobalt-iron alloys, and combinations thereof.

[0103]

[0102] In embodiments where the soft magnetic plate (x10) is a soft magnetic metal plate (x10) including one or more recesses (x11) as described herein, the one or more recesses (x11) preferably have an independent depth (D) of about 20% to about 99% compared to the thickness (T) of the soft magnetic metal plate (x10), more preferably about 30% to about 95% compared to the thickness (T) of the soft magnetic metal plate (x10), and even more preferably about 50% to about 90% compared to the thickness (T) of the soft magnetic metal plate (x10). The soft magnetic metal plate (x10) including one or more recesses (x11) as described herein preferably has a thickness (T) of about 10 μm to about 5000 μm, more preferably about 50 μm to about 2500 μm, and even more preferably about 50 μm to about 1000 μm.

[0104]

[0103] In embodiments where the soft magnetic plate (x10) is a soft magnetic metal plate (x10) containing one or more voids (x12) as described herein, such as those described herein, the soft magnetic metal plate (x10) preferably has a thickness (T) of about 10 μm to about 5000 μm, more preferably about 50 μm to about 2500 μm, and even more preferably about 50 μm to about 1000 μm.

[0105]

[0104] In embodiments where the soft magnetic plate (x10) is a soft magnetic metal plate (x10) including one or more protrusions (x13) as described herein, the sum of the height (H) of one or more protrusions (x13) and the thickness (T) of the soft magnetic metal plate (x10) is preferably about 10 μm to about 5000 μm, more preferably about 50 μm to about 2500 μm, and even more preferably about 50 μm to about 1000 μm, the one or more protrusions (x13) independently have a height (H) which is preferably 20% to about 10000% compared to the thickness (T) of the soft magnetic metal plate (x10), more preferably about 30% to about 2000% compared to the thickness of the soft magnetic metal plate, and even more preferably about 50% to about 1000% compared to the (T) of the soft magnetic metal plate (x10). The fact that the height (H) of the projection (x13) is greater than 100% of the (T) of the soft magnetic metal plate (x10) means that the actual height of the projection is greater than the thickness of the soft magnetic plate (x10) from which the projection (x13) protrudes. For example, a height (H) of 10000% means that the height of the projection (x13) is 100 times the thickness of the soft magnetic metal plate (x10) from which the projection (x13) protrudes.

[0106]

[0105] According to another embodiment, one or more soft magnetic plates (x10) described herein are made from a composite material containing about 25% to about 95% by weight of soft magnetic particles dispersed in a non-magnetic material, the weight percentage being based on the total weight of one or more soft magnetic plates. The composite material of one or more soft magnetic composite plates (x10) preferably contains about 50% to about 90% by weight of soft magnetic particles, the weight percentage being based on the total weight of one or more soft magnetic composite plates. The soft magnetic particles described herein are preferably made from one or more soft magnetic materials selected from the group consisting of iron (especially pentacarbonyl iron, also known as carbonyl iron), nickel (especially tetracarbonyl nickel, also known as nickel carbonyl), cobalt, soft magnetic ferrites (e.g., manganese-zinc ferrite and nickel-zinc ferrite), soft magnetic oxides (e.g., oxides of manganese, iron, cobalt, and nickel), soft silicon iron, and combinations thereof, more preferably from the group consisting of carbonyl iron, nickel carbonyl, cobalt, soft silicon iron, and combinations thereof.

[0107]

[0106] The soft magnetic particles can have a needle-like shape, a platelet-like shape, or a spherical shape. The soft magnetic particles preferably have a spherical shape to maximize the saturation state of the soft magnetic composite board and have the highest possible concentration without losing the cohesiveness of the soft magnetic composite board. The soft magnetic particles preferably have a spherical shape, preferably an average particle size (d) of about 0.1 μm to about 1000 μm, more preferably about 0.5 μm to about 100 μm, and even more preferably about 1 μm to about 20 μm. 50 ) has, d 50 This can be measured, for example, by laser diffraction using a Microtrac X100 laser particle size analyzer.

[0108]

[0107] The soft magnetic composite boards described herein are made from a composite material, the composite material comprising soft magnetic particles described herein dispersed in a non-magnetic material. Suitable non-magnetic materials include, but are not limited to, polymer materials that form a matrix for the dispersed soft magnetic particles. The polymer matrix-forming material may be one or more thermoplastic materials or one or more thermosetting materials, or may include one or more thermoplastic materials or one or more thermosetting materials. Suitable thermoplastic materials include, but are not limited to, polyamides, copolyamides, polyphtalimides, polyolefins, polyesters, polytetrafluoroethylenes, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates (e.g., PMMA), polyimides, polyetherimides, polyetheretherketones, polyaryletherketones, polyphenylene sulfides, liquid crystal polymers, polycarbonates, and mixtures thereof. Suitable thermosetting materials include, but are not limited to, epoxy resins, phenolic resins, polyimide resins, polyester resins, silicon resins, and mixtures thereof. The soft magnetic plates described herein are made from a composite material containing approximately 5% to 75% by weight of the non-magnetic material described herein, the weight percentage being based on the total weight of the soft magnetic plate.

[0109]

[0108] The composite materials described herein may further include one or more additives, such as solidifying agents, dispersants, plasticizers, fillers / bulkers, and defoaming agents.

[0110]

[0109] In embodiments where the soft magnetic plate (x10) is a soft magnetic composite plate (x10) including one or more recesses (x11) as described herein, the one or more recesses (x11) preferably have an independent depth (D) of about 5% to about 99% compared to the thickness (T) of the soft magnetic composite plate (x10), more preferably about 10% to about 95% compared to the thickness (T) of the soft magnetic composite plate (x10), and even more preferably about 50% to about 90% compared to the thickness (T) of the soft magnetic composite plate (x10). The soft magnetic composite plate (x10) including one or more recesses (x11) as described herein preferably has a thickness (T) of at least about 500 μm, more preferably at least about 1000 μm, and even more preferably about 1000 μm to about 5000 μm.

[0111]

[0110] In embodiments where the soft magnetic plate (x10) is a soft magnetic composite plate (x10) containing one or more voids (x12) as described herein, such as the one described herein, the soft magnetic composite plate (x10) preferably has a thickness (T) of at least about 0.5 mm, more preferably at least about 0.7 mm, and even more preferably about 0.7 mm to about 5 mm.

[0112]

[0111] In embodiments where the soft magnetic plate (x10) is a soft magnetic composite plate (x10) including one or more protrusions (x13) as described herein, it is preferable that the sum of the height (H) of one or more protrusions (x13) and the thickness (T) of the soft magnetic composite plate (x10) is preferably at least about 0.5 mm, more preferably at least about 0.7 mm, and even more preferably about 0.7 mm to about 5 mm, the one or more protrusions (x13) preferably have independently heights (H) of about 5% to about 10000% compared to the thickness (T) of the soft magnetic composite plate (x10), more preferably about 10% to about 2000% compared to the thickness (T) of the soft magnetic composite plate (x10), and even more preferably about 50% to about 1000% compared to the thickness (T) of the soft magnetic composite plate (x10). The fact that the height of the protrusion (x13) is greater than 100% of the thickness (T) of the soft magnetic composite plate (x10) means that the actual height (H) of the protrusion (x13) is greater than the thickness (T) of the soft magnetic composite plate (x10) from which the protrusion (x13) protrudes. For example, a height (H) of 10000% means that the height of this protrusion is 100 times the thickness (T) of the soft magnetic plate from which the protrusion protrudes.

[0113]

[0112] The present invention is advantageous in using the soft magnetic composite sheet described herein, because the sheet can be easily manufactured and processed like any other polymer material. Techniques well known in the art, including 3D printing, lamination, compression molding, resin injection molding, or injection molding, can be used. After molding, standard curing procedures such as cooling (when thermoplastic polymers are used) or curing at high or low temperatures (when thermosetting polymers are used) can be applied. Another method for obtaining the soft magnetic composite sheet described herein is to remove some parts of the soft magnetic composite sheet using standard tools for removing plastic portions to obtain the desired depressions, voids, or protrusions. In particular, it is advantageous that mechanical ablation tools can be used.

[0114]

[0113] For example, according to one embodiment shown in Figure 4P, the apparatus (x00) described herein may further comprise an engraved magnetic plate (x30), the engraved magnetic plate (x30) comprising one or more engravings (x31), the engravings (x31) preferably having the shape of a mark, and the mark (x31) of the engraved magnetic plate (x30) may be the same as or different from the mark of the soft magnetic plate (x10). The engraved magnetic plate (x30) described herein is placed on a first magnetic field generating device (x20). As described herein, as a result the top plate surface is smaller than the top device surface, there is no soft magnetic plate (x10) in one or more regions of the top surface of the apparatus (x00) described herein. According to one embodiment, the engraved magnetic plate (x30) is placed in one or more regions where there is no soft magnetic plate (x10). Preferably, the top surface of the engraved magnetic plate (x30) is coplanar with the top surface of the soft magnetic plate (x10) and can partially or completely overlap with one or more areas where the soft magnetic plate (x10) is absent. Figure 4P shows an example in which an engraved magnetic plate (430) including an engraving (431) is placed within one or more areas (one area in Figure 4P) where the soft magnetic plate (410) is absent. The engraved magnetic plate (x30) described herein can be adjacent to the soft magnetic plate (x10) or separated from the soft magnetic plate (x10).

[0115]

[0114] The engraved magnetic plates (x30) described herein are made from permanent magnetic powder materials and polymers. The engraved magnetic plates (x30) described herein can typically be manufactured by an injection molding process or by metal or laser engraving. Preferred permanent magnetic powder materials include cobalt, iron and alloys thereof, chromium dioxide, general-purpose magnetic spinel oxide, general-purpose magnetic garnet, general-purpose magnetic ferrites including hexaferrite such as calcium-, strontium-, and barium-hexaferrite (CaFe12019, SrFe12019, BaFe12019, respectively), general-purpose alnico alloys, general-purpose samarium-cobalt (SmCo) alloys, and general-purpose rare-earth-iron-boron alloys (such as NdFeB), as well as their permanent magnetic chemical derivatives (such as those indicated by the term general-purpose), and mixtures thereof. Plates made from composite materials containing polymers and permanent magnetic powders can be obtained from many different sources such as Bomatec, Hori, CH, Arnold® Magnetic Technologies (Plastiform®), or Materiali Magnetici, Albairate, Milano, IT (Plastoferrite).

[0116]

[0115] The apparatus (x00) described herein comprises a magnetic field generating device (x20) including at least one dipole magnet (x20-a). Alternatively, the apparatus (x00) described herein comprises a magnetic field generating device (x20) including a combination of two or more bar dipole magnets (x20-a1, x20-a2), wherein the magnets have the same magnetic direction. Different magnetic field generating devices (x20) can be used depending on the required dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) when tilted.

[0117]

[0116] In one embodiment, the dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) is such that a high-luminosity reflective horizontal bar moves longitudinally when the substrate (x50) holding the OEL is tilted around its longitudinal axis. In this embodiment, at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) of a first magnetic field generating device (x20) has a magnetic axis oriented substantially parallel to a first plane (P). An example of a preferred first magnetic field generating device (x20) for this embodiment is shown in Figure 5A. This optical effect is the so-called “rotating bar” effect disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005 / 0106367. The “rotating bar” effect is based on the orientation of pigment particles that mimic a curved surface in the coating. The observer sees a specular reflection section moving away from and closer to the observer as the security feature is tilted.

[0118]

[0117] In one embodiment, the dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) is such that the pattern of bright and dark areas moves when the substrate (x50) holding the OEL is tilted. A preferred first magnetic field generating device (x20) is disclosed in International Publication No. 2013 / 167425 and International Publication No. 2021 / 083809. In particular, the first magnetic field generating device (x20) includes a combination of at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) having a magnetic axis oriented substantially parallel to a first plane (P), and at least four additional dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c) having magnetic axes oriented substantially parallel to the first plane (P) and having N poles pointing in the same direction, wherein the first dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c) are spaced apart from each other, and each of the additional dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c) is connected to at least two substantially parallel straight lines α i (i=1,2,...) and at least two substantially parallel lines β j It is placed at the intersections of (j=1,2,...) and along the line α i and β j This forms a lattice, and at least two additional dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c) are on the line α iOne of them is positioned, and at least two other additional dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c) are positioned along the line α i The magnetic axes of the additional dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c), which are positioned in one of the other, are substantially parallel to a straight line α. i Oriented substantially parallel to the line α, at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) is positioned below a combination including at least four first dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c). According to one embodiment, each line α i and the vectors H of the magnetic axes of at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) are substantially parallel or substantially orthogonal to each other, and the OEL exhibits dynamic motion which is a pattern of bright and dark areas that move when the substrate (x50) holding the OEL is tilted, and the pattern of bright and dark areas moves in the same direction as the tilt direction. According to another embodiment, each line α i And the vectors H of the magnetic axes of at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) are substantially nonparallel and substantially non-orthogonal to each other, and each line α i Preferably, the vector sum H of the magnetic axes of at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) forms an angle γ in the range of about 20° to about 70°, or in the range of about 110° to about 160°, or in the range of about 200° to about 250°, or in the range of about 290° to about 340°, and the OEL exhibits dynamic motion, which is a pattern of bright and dark areas that move diagonally not only when the substrate (x50) holding the OEL is tilted around the vertical / longitudinal axis, but also when the substrate holding the OEL is tilted around the horizontal / latitude axis (in other words, the optical effect layer OEL described herein provides an optical impression of multiple dark spots and multiple bright spots that move when the substrate (x50) holding the OEL is tilted around two orthogonal axes, namely the horizontal / latitude axis and the vertical / longitudinal axis). An example of a preferred first magnetic field generating device (x20) for this embodiment is shown in Figure 5B.

[0119]

[0118] According to a similar embodiment in which the dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) is such that the pattern of bright and dark areas moves when the substrate (x50) holding the OEL is tilted, a preferred first magnetic field generating device (x20) is disclosed in International Publication No. 2013 / 167425 and International Publication No. 2021 / 083808. In particular, the first magnetic field generating device (x20) includes a combination of at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) having a magnetic axis oriented substantially parallel to a first plane (P) and at least four additional dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c) having the same N pole pointing in the same direction and having a magnetic axis oriented substantially parallel to the first plane (P), wherein the first dipole magnets (x31) are spaced apart from each other, and each of the additional dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c) has at least two substantially parallel straight lines α i (i=1,2,...) and at least two substantially parallel lines β j It is placed at the intersections of (j=1,2,...) and along the line α i and β j This forms a lattice, and at least two additional dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c) are on the line α i One of them is positioned, and at least two other additional dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c) are positioned along the line α i The magnetic axes of the additional dipole magnet (x20-b, x20-c), positioned in one of the other, are aligned with the first plane (P) and the line α. i Oriented substantially parallel to the line α, at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) is positioned under a combination including at least four first dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c), and each line α i Above and each line β j Above, adjacent additional dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c) have north poles pointing in opposite directions, along each line α i And the vectors H of the magnetic axes of at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) are substantially nonparallel and substantially non-orthogonal to each other, and each line α iPreferably, the vector sum H of the magnetic axes of at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) forms an angle γ in the range of about 20° to about 70°, or in the range of about 110° to about 160°, or in the range of about 200° to about 250°, or in the range of about 290° to about 340°, and the OEL exhibits dynamic motion, which is a pattern of bright and dark areas that move obliquely when the substrate (x50) holding the OEL is tilted around the vertical / longitudinal axis, as well as when the substrate holding the OEL is tilted around the horizontal / latitude axis (in other words, the optical effect layer OEL described herein provides an optical impression of multiple dark spots and multiple bright spots that move when the substrate (x50) holding the OEL is tilted around two orthogonal axes, namely the horizontal / latitude axis and the vertical / longitudinal axis).

[0120]

[0119] In one embodiment, the dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) is such that a loop-shaped object moves when the substrate (x50) holding the optical effect layer (OEL) is in motion. A suitable magnetic field generating device (x20) is disclosed in International Publication No. 2014 / 108404. In particular, the first magnetic field generating device (x20) comprises: a) at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) having a magnetic axis oriented substantially orthogonal to the first plane (P); and one or more pole pieces (x21) (see, for example, Figures 3-5 of International Publication No. 2014 / 108404) positioned below the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) in contact with the dipole magnet (x20-a) and / or separated from the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) and surrounding the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) from the side; and b) at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) being a loop-shaped magnet having radial magnetization (i.e., within the loop-shaped magnet) c) having a north-south magnetic axis extending radially from the center to the periphery (see, for example, Figure 6 of International Publication No. 2014 / 108404), or c) including at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) which is three or more dipole magnets arranged in a loop-shaped configuration having radial magnetization (i.e., each of the three or more dipole magnets has a magnetic axis oriented substantially parallel to the first plane (P), and a magnetic axis aligned substantially radially from the center of symmetry of the loop-shaped configuration, and the north-south directions of the three or more dipole magnets all point toward the center of symmetry or all point toward away from the center of symmetry) (see, for example, Figure 7 of International Publication No. 2014 / 108404).

[0121]

[0120] In one embodiment, the dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) is such that a nested multi-loop object moves when the substrate (x50) holding the optical effect layer (OEL) is also moving. A suitable magnetic field generating device (x20) is disclosed in International Publication No. 2014 / 108303. In particular, the first magnetic field generating device (x20) is a) at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) which is a loop-shaped magnet having a magnetic axis defined in a loop and oriented substantially perpendicular to a first plane (P), and a pole piece (x21) having one or more protrusions positioned under the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) and within the loop of the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) (see, for example, Figures 3-5 of International Publication No. 2014 / 108303), or b) at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) having a magnetic axis oriented substantially perpendicular to a first plane (P), an additional dipole magnet (x20-b) having a magnetic axis oriented substantially perpendicular to a first plane (P), and two or more pole pieces (x21-a, x21-b), wherein the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) and the additional magnet (x20-b) have the same magnetic direction and are provided at different distances from the first plane (P), and the two or more pole pieces (x21-a, x21-b) are magnet (x In the space between x20-a and x20-b, arranged in contact with the magnets (x20-a and x20-b), at least one dipole magnet (x20-a), an additional dipole magnet (x20-b), and two or more pole pieces (x21-a, x21-b) (see, for example, Figures 6a, 6b, and 6d of International Publication No. 2014 / 108303), or c) comprising at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) having a magnetic axis oriented substantially perpendicular to a first plane (P), a plate-shaped pole piece (x21-a) positioned below the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) and in contact with the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a), and one or more loop-shaped pole pieces (x21-b) positioned above the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a), wherein the central pole piece of the one or more loop-shaped pole pieces (x21-b) is in contact with the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a), and the plate-shaped pole piece (x21a) may include one or more projections that laterally separate and surround the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) (see, for example, Figures 7a-7d in International Publication No. 2014 / 108303). An example of a preferred first magnetic field generating device (x20) for this embodiment is shown in Figure 5C.

[0122]

[0121] In one embodiment, the dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) is such that the size of a loop-shaped object changes when the substrate (x50) holding the OEL is tilted. Suitable magnetic field generating devices (x20) are disclosed in International Publication Nos. 2017 / 064052, 2017 / 080698, and 2017 / 148789. In particular, the first magnetic field generating device (x20) is a) At least one dipole magnet (x20-a) which is a single bar dipole magnet (x20-a) having a north-south magnetic axis substantially parallel to a first plane (P), or a combination of two or more bar dipole magnets (x20-a1, x20-a2) having north-south magnetic axes resulting from being substantially parallel to the first plane (P), and b) A loop-type magnetic field generating device (x20-b) which is a single loop-type dipole magnet (x20-b) having a north-south magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), or a combination of two or more dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2) arranged in a loop-type configuration and having north-south magnetic axes resulting from being substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P) (see, for example, Figures 1 to 4 of International Publication No. 2017 / 064052), or a) A single dipole magnet (x20-a) having a magnetic axis substantially parallel to the first plane (P), or at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) which is a combination of two or more bar dipole magnets (x20-a1, x20-a2) each having a magnetic axis substantially parallel to the first plane (P) and having the same magnetic field direction; b) A single loop-shaped dipole magnet (x20-b) having a magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), or arranged in a loop shape, each having a magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), and the same A loop-type magnetic field generating device (x20-b) which is a combination of two or more dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2) having a magnetic field direction, and c) a single dipole magnet (x20-c) having a magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), or two or more dipole magnets (x20-c1, x20-c2) each having a magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P) and having the same magnetic field direction, and / or one or more pole pieces (x21) (see, for example, Figures 1 to 12 of International Publication No. 2017 / 080698), or a) A single bar dipole magnet (x20-a) having a magnetic axis substantially parallel to the first plane (P), or at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) which is a combination of two or more bar dipole magnets (x20-a1, x20-a2) each having a magnetic axis substantially parallel to the first plane (P) and having the same magnetic field direction; b) A single loop-shaped magnet (x20-b), or two or more dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20) arranged in a loop-shaped configuration. -b2) is a combination comprising a loop-type magnetic field generating device (x20-b) having radial magnetization, and c) a single dipole magnet (x20-c) having a magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), or a single dipole magnet (x20-c) having a magnetic axis substantially parallel to the first plane (P), or two or more dipole magnets (x20-c1, x20-c2) each having a magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), and loop When the north pole of a single loop-shaped magnet (x20-b) or two or more dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2) forming a loop-shaped magnetic field generating device points toward the periphery of the loop-shaped magnetic field generating device (x20-b), the north pole of the single dipole magnet (x20-c) or at least one of the two or more dipole magnets (x20-c1, x20-c2) points toward the surface of the substrate (x50), or forms a loop-shaped magnetic field generating device. When the south pole of a single loop-shaped magnet (x20-b) or two or more dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2) points toward the periphery of the loop-shaped magnetic field generating device (x20-b), the south pole of the single dipole magnet (x20-c) or at least one of the south poles of the two or more dipole magnets (x20-c1, x20-c2) points toward the first plane (P) (see, for example, Figures 1 to 14 of International Publication No. 2017 / 148789). An example of a preferred first magnetic field generating device (x20) for this embodiment is shown in Figure 5D.

[0123]

[0122] In one embodiment, the dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) is such that the high-brightness reflective vertical bars move longitudinally when the substrate (x50) holding the OEL is tilted around a horizontal / latitude axis, or move horizontally / latitude when the substrate holding the OEL is tilted around a longitudinal axis, a preferred first magnetic field generating device (x20) is disclosed in International Publication No. 2020 / 160993. In particular, the first magnetic field generating device (x20) includes a) at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) which is a square or rectangular dipole magnet (x20-a) having a magnetic axis oriented substantially parallel to a first plane (P), and b) a combination of n sets of spaced bar dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2), where n is an integer of 1 or more, and each of the bar dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2) has a north-south magnetic axis substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate (x50) and the first plane (P), and for each of the n sets, the bar dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2) have north poles pointing in the same direction and are substantially parallel to each other, and the bar dipole magnets (x20-b1, x The vector sum H1 of the magnetic axes of 20-b2) and the vector sum H2 of at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) form an angle α in the range of about 5° to about 175° or about 185° to about 355°, preferably in the range of about 60° to about 120° or about 240° to about 300°, and the combination of n sets of spaced bar dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2) is positioned below or above the second at least one dipole magnet (x20-a), and the combination of at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) and the n sets of spaced bar dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2) are essentially centered relative to each other (see, for example, Figures 2 to 5 of International Publication No. 2020 / 160993). An example of a preferred first magnetic field generating device (x20) for this embodiment is shown in Figure 5E.

[0124]

[0123] In one embodiment, the dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) is such that a crescent shape moves and rotates when the substrate (x50) holding the optical effect layer (OEL) is tilted. A preferred first magnetic field generating device (x20) is disclosed in International Publication No. 2019 / 215148. In particular, the first magnetic field generating device (x20) includes: a) at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) which is a first dipole magnet (x20-a) having a north-south magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the surface of the substrate (x20) and having a length L1; b) a second dipole magnet (x20-b) having a north-south magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P) and having a length L3; and c) a flat magnetic pole piece (x21) which has no protrusions or projections extending outward from the surface of the magnetic pole piece and has a length L5, wherein the first dipole magnet (x20-a) and the second dipole magnet (x20-b) are in the same magnetic field direction. The first dipole magnet (x20-a) faces the substrate (x50) and is positioned on a flat pole piece (x21), and the second dipole magnet (x20-b) faces the environment and is positioned below the flat pole piece (x21), the length L1 of the first dipole magnet (x20-a) is less than the length L3 of the second dipole magnet (x20-b), the length L1 of the first dipole magnet (x20-a) is less than the length L5 of the flat pole piece (x21), and the length L3 of the second dipole magnet (x20-b) is less than the length L5 of the pole piece (x21) (see, for example, Figures 1 to 12 of International Publication No. 2017 / 148789). An example of a preferred first magnetic field generating device (x20) for this embodiment is shown in Figure 5F.

[0125]

[0124] According to one embodiment in which the dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) is such that a loop-shaped object is surrounded by one or more loop-shaped objects, and the shape and / or brightness of the one or more loop-shaped objects changes when the substrate (x50) holding the OEL is tilted, a preferred first magnetic field generating device (x20) is disclosed in International Publication No. 2020 / 193009. In particular, the first magnetic field generating device (x20) a) has a center C each arranged in a loop in a first plane (P) x20-bi (C x20-b1 , Cx20-b2 , C x20-b3 a) a combination of three or more first dipole magnets x20-bi(x20-b1, x20-b2, x20-b3,...) having magnetic axes oriented substantially parallel to the first plane (P), and b) having magnetic axes oriented substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), with a projection C in the loop x20-a It includes at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) positioned on a first plane (P) located at an angle α, wherein the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) is positioned on a combination of three or more first dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2, and x20-b3), and the angle α i However, the vector of the magnetic axis of each first dipole magnet x20-bi (x20-b1, x20-b2, x20-b3,...)

number

number

number

number

[0126]

[0125] An assembly (x100) comprising a substrate (x50) holding a coating layer (x40) and the apparatus (x00) described herein is passed through a heterogeneous magnetic field of a stationary second magnetic field generating device (x70) as described herein, so that the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are exposed to a magnetic field whose direction changes over time, and so that at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are oriented in a biaxial direction while the coating composition is still wet (i.e., not yet solidified).

[0127]

[0126] The distance dc (shown in Figure 1B) between the coating layer (x40) and the second magnetic field generating device (x70) is adjusted and selected to obtain the desired optical effect layer.

[0128]

[0127] As the assembly (x100) moves within the magnetic field of the stationary second magnetic field generating device (x70), the magnetic field vectors described in the reference coordinate system of the substrate should be able to vary essentially within a single plane at individual locations on the substrate. This can be achieved by rotational vibration, by a complete rotation (360° or more) of the assembly (x100), preferably by forward and backward translational motion along a path, more preferably by translational motion in a single direction along a path. A single translational motion following a linear or cylindrical path is particularly preferred. The soft magnetic plate (x10) described herein, when placed in the magnetic field of the external stationary second magnetic field generating device (x70), acts as a magnetic field guide very close to the coating composition, and thus deflects the magnetic field from its original direction. In areas with depressions (x11), voids (x12), and / or protrusions (x13), the direction and intensity of the magnetic field lines are locally modified so that the orientation of platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles is locally different compared to the orientation of pigment particles further away from the depressions or protrusions. This generates the desired eye-catching relief and 3D (three-dimensional) effect, in addition to the dynamic appearance described herein.

[0129]

[0128] In contrast to uniaxial orientation, in which platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are oriented such that only one of the principal axes (long axes) is suppressed by the magnetic field vector, implementing biaxial orientation means that platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are oriented such that both of the two principal axes are suppressed. According to the present invention, such biaxial orientation is achieved by passing an assembly (x100) comprising a substrate (x50) and apparatus (x00) holding a coating layer (x40) through a heterogeneous magnetic field of a second stationary magnetic field generating device (x70). Therefore, the stationary magnetic field generating device must be configured such that the magnetic field lines change direction at least along the path of motion followed by the individual platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles of the coating layer in a plane fixed within the reference coordinate system of the moving assembly (x100). By oriented in two axes, the planes of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are aligned, and as a result, the planes are oriented so that they are locally substantially parallel to each other.

[0130]

[0129] According to one embodiment, the step of performing biaxial orientation of platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles results in a magnetic orientation in which the two principal axes of the platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate (x50) and the first plane (P), except in areas that hold depressions, voids, or protrusions and areas affected by the magnetic field of the first magnetic field generating device (x20). In such alignment, the platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are planarized within the coating layer on the substrate and oriented so that both axes are parallel to the substrate surface, except in areas that hold one or more depressions or protrusions encompassing a wider range of angles.

[0131]

[0130] According to another embodiment, the step of performing biaxial orientation of at least a portion of platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles results in a magnetic orientation in which the first principal axis of the platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles is substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate (x50) and the first plane (P), except in areas holding recesses, voids, or protrusions encompassing a wider range of angles and within areas affected by the magnetic field of the first magnetic field generating device (x20), and the second principal axis is perpendicular to the first axis at substantially non-zero elevation angles with respect to the surface of the substrate (x50) and the first plane (P). Alternatively, the two principal axes X and Y of the platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles make substantially non-zero elevation angles with respect to the surface of the substrate (x50) and the first plane (P), except in areas holding recesses, voids, or protrusions encompassing a wider range of angles and within areas affected by the magnetic field of the first magnetic field generating device (x20). This is achieved when, viewed along the motion path, the angle between the magnetic field lines of the magnetic field generating device varies in a plane that forms a non-zero angle with respect to the plane tangential to the surface of the assembly (x100) comprising the substrate (x50) holding the coating layer (x40) and the device (x00).

[0132]

[0131] The magnetic field generating device (x70) suitable for orienting the platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein in a biaxial direction is not limited.

[0133]

[0132] The biaxial orientation of platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles can be carried out by passing an assembly (x100) comprising a substrate (x50) and apparatus (x00) holding a coating layer (x40) through the magnetic field of a magnetic field generating device (x70), such as that described in European Patent Application Publication No. 2157141, at a suitable speed. Such a device provides a magnetic field that changes the orientation of the platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles as they pass through the device, causing the platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles to vibrate rapidly until both principal axes, the X axis and the Y axis are parallel to the surface of the substrate (x50) and the first plane (P), i.e., the platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles vibrate until they form a stable sheet-like structure, with the X and Y axes parallel to the surface of the substrate (x50) and the first plane (P), and are flattened to the two dimensions. As shown in Figure 5 of European Patent Application Publication No. 2157141, the magnetic field generating device (x70) described herein includes a linear arrangement of at least three magnets arranged alternately or in a zigzag pattern, wherein the at least three magnets are located on both sides of a supply path, and the magnets on the same side of the supply path have the same polarity, which is opposite to the polarity of the magnet(s) alternately located on opposite sides of the supply path. The arrangement of at least three magnets provides a predetermined change in the direction of the magnetic field when platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in the coating composition pass through the magnets (direction of motion: arrows). According to one embodiment, the magnetic field generating device (x70) includes a) a first magnet and a third magnet located on a first side of a supply path, and b) a second magnet located on the second opposite side of the supply path between the first magnet and the third magnet, wherein the first and third magnets have the same polarity, and the second magnet has a polarity complementary to that of the first and third magnets. According to another embodiment, the magnetic field generating device (x70) further includes a fourth magnet on the same side of the supply path as the second magnet, having the polarity of the second magnet complementary to the polarity of the third magnet. As described in European Patent Application Publication No. 2157141, the magnetic field generating device (x70) may be located below, above, or below a layer containing platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles.

[0134]

[0133] Biaxial orientation of platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles can be carried out by passing an assembly (x100) comprising a substrate (x50) and apparatus (x00) holding a coating layer (x40) through the magnetic field of a magnetic field generating device (x70) described in European Patent No. 1519794 at a suitable speed. A suitable device (x70) includes permanent magnets positioned on each side of the surface of the assembly (x100), above or below it, such that the magnetic field lines are substantially parallel to the surface of the assembly (x100).

[0135]

[0134] Biaxial orientation of platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles can be achieved by passing an assembly (x100) comprising a substrate (x50) and apparatus (x00) holding a coating layer (x40) through a magnetic field generating device (x70) consisting of a Halbach array of linear permanent magnets, i.e., a device including multiple magnets and cylinder devices with different magnetization directions, at a suitable speed. A detailed description of Halbach permanent magnets is given in ZQZhu and D. Howe (Halbach permanent magnet machines and applications: a review, IEE. Proc. Electric Power Appl., 2001, pp. 148, 299-308). The magnetic field produced by such a magnetic field generating device (x70) consisting of a Halbach array has the characteristic of being concentrated on one side and weakening to almost zero on the other side. Linear Halbach arrays are disclosed, for example, in International Publication Nos. 2015 / 086257 and International Publication Nos. 2018 / 019594, and Halbach cylinder devices are disclosed in European Patent No. 3224055.

[0136]

[0135] Biaxial orientation of platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles can be carried out by passing an assembly (x100) comprising a substrate (x50) and apparatus (x00) holding a coating layer (x40) through the magnetic field of a magnetic field generating device (x70) consisting of a spin magnet at a suitable speed, wherein the magnet includes one or more dish-shaped spin magnets or magnetic field generating devices that are essentially magnetized along their diameter. A suitable magnetic field generating device (x70) consisting of a spin magnet or magnetic field generating device is described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007 / 0172261, which generates a radially symmetric and variable magnetic field over time, enabling biaxial orientation of pigment particles of a coating composition that has not yet solidified. These magnets or magnetic field generating devices are driven by a shaft (or spindle) connected to an external motor. CN102529326B discloses an example of a magnetic field generating device (x70) including a spin magnet which may be suitable for orienting pigment particles in a biaxial direction. In a preferred embodiment, the preferred magnetic field generating device (x70) is a shaftless dish-shaped spin magnet or magnetic field generating device confined within a housing made of a nonmagnetic, preferably nonconductive, material, and driven by one or more magnet wire coils wound around the housing. Examples of such shaftless dish-shaped spin magnets or magnetic field generating devices are disclosed in International Publication Nos. 2015 / 082344, International Publication Nos. 2016 / 026896, and International Publication Nos. 2018 / 141547.

[0137]

[0136] Biaxial orientation of platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles can be carried out by passing an assembly (x100) comprising a substrate (x50) and apparatus (x00) holding a coating layer (x40) through a magnetic field (x100) at a suitable speed, comprising a) at least a first set (S1) and a second set (S2) including one first bar dipole magnet, each having a magnetic axis oriented substantially parallel to the substrate during magnetic orientation, and two second bar dipole magnets, each having a magnetic axis oriented substantially perpendicular to the substrate, and b) a pair (P1) of third bar dipole magnets, such as those disclosed in International Publication No. 2021 / 239607, having magnetic axes oriented substantially parallel to the substrate.

[0138]

[0137] The process for producing an OEL as described herein includes a step (step d)) of solidifying the coating composition, either partially simultaneously with or after step c), preferably partially simultaneously. The step of solidifying the coating composition allows the coating composition to be converted to a second state by fixing platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in the adopted positions and orientations of the desired pattern to form an OEL. However, the time from the end of step c) to the start of step d) is preferably relatively short in order to avoid de-orientation and loss of information. Typically, the time between the end of step c) and the start of step d) is less than 1 minute, preferably less than 20 seconds, and more preferably less than 5 seconds. It is particularly preferable that there is essentially no time gap between the end of the orientation step c) and the start of the curing step d), i.e., step d) follows immediately after step c), or step d) has already started while step c) is still in progress (partially simultaneously). "Partially simultaneously" means that both steps are performed partially simultaneously, i.e., the time for performing each step partially overlaps. In the context described herein, when solidification is carried out partially and simultaneously with step c), it should be understood that solidification becomes effective after orientation, so that the platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are oriented before the OEL is fully or partially solidified. As described herein, the solidification step (step d) can be carried out by using different means or processes, depending on the binder material contained in the coating composition, which also includes platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles.

[0139]

[0138] The solidification step can generally be any step that increases the viscosity of the coating composition so that a substantially solid material that adheres to the substrate is formed. The solidification step can involve a physical process based on the evaporation of volatile components such as a solvent and / or the evaporation of water (i.e., physical drying). In this specification, hot air, infrared radiation, or a combination of hot air and infrared radiation may be used. Alternatively, the solidification process may include chemical reactions such as curing, polymerization, or crosslinking of adhesives and optionally initiating compounds and / or optionally crosslinking compounds contained in the coating composition. Such chemical reactions can be initiated by thermal or IR irradiation as outlined above with respect to the physical solidification process, but preferably include, but not limited to, radiation curing with ultraviolet-visible light (hereinafter referred to as UV-Vis curing) and radiation curing with electron beams (electron beam curing), oxypolymerization (oxidative networking, which is typically induced by the combined action of oxygen and one or more catalysts selected from the group consisting preferably of cobalt-containing catalysts, vanadium-containing catalysts, zirconium-containing catalysts, bismuth-containing catalysts, and manganese-containing catalysts), crosslinking reactions, or initiation of chemical reactions by radiation mechanisms including any combination thereof.

[0140]

[0139] Radiation curing is particularly preferred, and radiation curing with UV-Vis light is even more preferred. This is because these techniques result in a very fast curing process, which is advantageous in that they dramatically reduce the preparation time for any article containing OEL as described herein. Furthermore, radiation curing has the advantage of resulting in an almost instantaneous increase in the viscosity of the coating composition after exposure to curing radiation, and thus minimizing further particle movement. As a result, the loss of orientation after the magnetic orientation step can be essentially avoided. Radiation curing by photopolymerization under the influence of chemical light having wavelength components in the UV or blue portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (typically 200 nm to 650 nm, more preferably 200 nm to 420 nm) is particularly preferred. Apparatus for UV-Vis curing may be equipped with a high-power light-emitting diode (LED) lamp or an arc discharge lamp, such as a medium-pressure mercury arc (MPMA) or a metal vapor arc lamp, as the chemical source.

[0141]

[0140] The process for producing an OEL as described herein may further include step e) of releasing or separating the substrate (x50) that holds the OEL thus obtained from the soft magnetic plate (x10).

[0142]

[0141] The present invention provides a process for producing an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate (x50) as described herein. The substrate as described herein is preferably selected from the group consisting of paper or other fibrous materials (including woven and nonwoven fibrous materials), such as cellulose, paper-containing materials, glass, metals, ceramics, plastics, and polymers, metallized plastics or polymers, two or more composite materials and mixtures or combinations thereof. Typical paper, paper-like, or other fibrous materials are made from a variety of fibers, including, but not limited to, abaca, cotton, hemp, wood pulp, and mixtures thereof. As is well known to those skilled in the art, cotton and cotton / hemp mixtures are preferred for banknotes, and wood pulp is commonly used in security documents other than banknotes. Typical examples of plastics and polymers include polyolefins such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), including biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP), polyamides, polyesters such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(1,4-butylene terephthalate) (PBT), poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthoate) (PEN), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Spunbond olefin fibers, such as those commercially available under the trademark Tyvek (registered trademark), can also be used as substrates. Typical examples of metallized plastics or polymers include the aforementioned plastic or polymer materials having metals continuously or discontinuously arranged on their surface. Typical examples of metals include, but are not limited to, aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), gold (Au), silver (Ag), their alloys, and combinations of two or more of the aforementioned metals. Metallization of the aforementioned plastic or polymer materials can be carried out by electrodeposition, high-vacuum coating, or sputtering processes. Typical examples of composite materials include, but are not limited to, paper, and at least one plastic or polymer material such as those described above, as well as multilayer structures or laminates of plastic and / or polymer fibers incorporated into paper-like or fibrous materials such as those described above.Naturally, the substrate may contain further additives known to those skilled in the art, such as fillers, sizing agents, whitening agents, processing aids, strengthening agents, or wet strength enhancers. When the OEL produced according to the present invention is used for decorative or cosmetic purposes, for example, in nail polish, the OEL may be produced on other types of substrates, including nails, artificial nails, or other parts of animals or humans.

[0143]

[0142] When an OEL produced according to the present invention is placed on a security document, the substrate may include, for the purpose of further increasing the security level of the security document and its resistance to forgery and illegal copying, markings, watermarks, security threads, fibers, planchettes, luminescent compounds, windows, foils, decals, and two or more combinations thereof. For the same purpose of further increasing the security level of the security document and its resistance to forgery and illegal copying, the substrate may include one or more marker materials or tagants and / or machine-readable materials (e.g., luminescent materials, UV / visible / IR absorbing materials, magnetic materials, and combinations thereof).

[0144]

[0143] If desired, a primer layer may be applied to the substrate (x50) before step a). This can enhance the quality of the OEL described herein or promote adhesion. An example of such a primer layer can be found in International Publication No. 2010 / 058026.

[0145]

[0144] One or more protective layers may be applied over the OEL for the purpose of increasing the lifespan of articles, security documents, or decorative elements or ornaments containing OEL obtained by the processes described herein, or for the purpose of modifying the aesthetic appearance (e.g., gloss). When present, one or more protective layers are typically made of protective varnish. They may be transparent or slightly colored or tinted, and may have more or less gloss. The protective varnish may be a radiation-curable composition, a heat-curing composition, or any combination thereof. One or more protective layers are preferably a radiation-curable composition, more preferably a UV-Vis-curable composition. The protective layers are typically applied after the formation of the OEL.

[0146]

[0145] The present invention further provides an optical effect layer (OEL) produced by the process according to the present invention.

[0147]

[0146] The optical effect layer (OEL) described herein can be provided directly on a substrate and should remain on the substrate permanently (e.g., for banknote applications). Alternatively, the optical effect layer (OEL) can also be provided on a temporary substrate for the purpose of fabrication, and the OEL is later removed from the substrate. This facilitates the fabrication of the optical effect layer (OEL), for example, when the binder material is still in a fluid state. After the coating composition has solidified for the fabrication of the optical effect layer (OEL), the temporary substrate can be removed from the OEL.

[0148]

[0147] Alternatively, in another embodiment, an adhesive layer may be present on the optical effect layer (OEL) or on a substrate containing the OEL, wherein the adhesive layer is located on the substrate on the side opposite to the side on which the OEL is provided, or on the same side as the OEL. Thus, the adhesive layer can be applied to the optical effect layer (OEL) or the substrate (x50), and the adhesive layer is applied after the curing step is completed. Such articles can be attached to any kind of document or other article or item without using machine and considerably laborious printing or other processes. Alternatively, the substrate containing the optical effect layer (OEL) described herein may be in the form of a transfer foil, which can be applied to a document or article in a separate transfer step. For this purpose, a release agent coating is provided on the substrate, and the optical effect layer (OEL) is prepared on the release agent coating as described herein. One or more adhesive layers can be applied on the optical effect layer (OEL) thus prepared.

[0149]

[0148] Substrates having two or more optical effect layers (OELs), i.e., two, three, four, etc., obtained by the processes described herein are also described herein.

[0150]

[0149] Articles, particularly security documents, decorative elements, or ornaments, that include an optical effect layer (OEL) manufactured according to the present invention are also described herein. Articles, particularly security documents, decorative elements, or ornaments, may include two or more (e.g., two, three, etc.) OELs manufactured according to the present invention.

[0151]

[0150] As described above, the optical effect layer (OEL) produced by the present invention can be used for decorative purposes, as well as for the protection and authentication of security documents.

[0152]

[0151] Typical examples of decorative elements or ornaments include, but are not limited to, luxury goods, cosmetic packaging materials, automotive parts, electronic / electrical equipment, furniture, and nail products.

[0153]

[0152] Security documents include, but are not limited to, documents of value and goods of value. Typical examples of documents of value include, but are not limited to, banknotes, certificates, tickets, checks, vouchers, revenue stamps, and tax indications, such as passports and other identification documents, ID cards, visas, driver's licenses, bank cards, credit cards, transaction cards, access documents or cards, admission tickets, public transport tickets, or deeds of title, preferably banknotes, identification documents, granting documents, driver's licenses, and credit cards. The term “goods of value” refers particularly to packaging materials for articles that should be protected from counterfeiting and / or illegal reproduction in order to guarantee the contents of the packaging, such as cosmetics, nutritional supplements, pharmaceuticals, alcohol, tobacco articles, beverages or food, electrical / electronic articles, textiles or jewelry, i.e., genuine drugs. Examples of these packaging materials include, but are not limited to, labels such as certification brand labels, tamper-evident labels, and seals. The disclosed substrates, valuable documents, and valuable goods are provided exclusively for illustrative purposes and do not limit the scope of the present invention.

[0154]

[0153] Alternatively, the optical effect layer (OEL) can be fabricated on an auxiliary substrate such as a security thread, security stripe, foil, decal, window, or label, and as a result can be transferred to the security document in a separate step.

[0155]

[0154] Several modifications to the specific embodiments described above will be conceivable to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Such modifications are included in the present invention.

[0156]

[0155] Furthermore, all documents referenced throughout this specification are incorporated into this specification by reference, as fully described herein. [Examples]

[0157]

[0156] The present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to non-limiting examples. The following examples provide further details to suitable apparatus and magnetic field generating devices for fabricating optical effect layers (OELs).

[0158]

[0157] UV-curable screen printing compositions containing platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are prepared and are shown in Table 1.

[0159]

[0158] i) an apparatus (x00) comprising a soft magnetic plate (x10) holding one or more marks in the form of one or more indentations (x11) and / or one or more gaps (x12) and / or one or more protrusions (x13) as shown in Figure 4, and a first magnetic field generating device (x20) as shown in Figure 5, and ii) a combination of a second magnetic field generating device (x70) as shown in Figure 3, using a commercially available paper substrate (x50) (Papierfabrik Louisenthal's fiduciary standard paper BNP 100g / m² 2 An optical effect layer (OEL) containing magnetically oriented platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles was fabricated on a 80 × 70 mm (size) surface. The resulting OEL is shown in Figure 6.

[0160] [Table 1]

[0159] The UV-curable screen printing inks listed in Table 1 were independently applied to the substrate (x50) described above (step a of the method described herein), and the application was carried out by hand screen printing using a T90 screen to form a coating layer (x40) (a 25 mm × 25 mm square coating layer with a thickness of approximately 20 μm (Figures 6A, 6J, and 6N), a 30 mm × 30 mm square coating layer (Figures 6B, 6C, 6E, 6H, 6I, 6M, and 6O), a 35 mm × 35 mm square coating layer (Figures 6G and 6K), or a 22 mm × 14 mm V-shaped coating layer (Figures 6D, 6F, 6L, and 6P)). For example, as shown in Figures 1A to 1B, the substrate (x50) holding the coating layer (x40) was placed on an apparatus (x00) comprising a non-magnetic holder case (x60), a first magnetic field generating device (x20), and a soft magnetic plate (x10) holding one or more markers (x11 and / or x12 and / or x13) to form an assembly (x100) (step b of the method described herein). As shown in Figures 1A to 1B, the assembly (x100) thus obtained was moved at a speed of about 1 m / s near and beneath the stationary second magnetic field generating device (x70), with the coating layer (x40) facing the second magnetic field generating device (x70) and the distance dc between the coating layer (x40) and the second magnetic field generating device (x70) being about 5 mm (step c of the method described herein). Immediately after moving the assembly (x100) under the second magnetic field generating device (x70), a UV-LED lamp (Type FireFlex 25×10mm, 395nm, 4W / cm²) from Phoseon was used. 2 Using a ), the coating layer (x40) was at least partially cured at a distance of approximately 35 mm from the edge of the second magnetic field generating device (x70). Photographs of the resulting optical effect layer (OEL) are shown in Figure 6 at different substrate (x50) viewing angles.

[0161] A) Device (x00)

[0160] The apparatus (x00) used to prepare an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate (x50) as described herein comprises a non-magnetic holder case (x60) having an H-shaped cross section (dimensions: 40 mm × 40 mm, height and horizontal bar are adjusted to have a distance da provided in Table 3) and a curved surface in one direction, schematically shown in Figures 1C1 and 1C2, a soft magnetic plate (x10) shown in Table 2 and Figure 4, and a magnetic field generating device (x20) shown in Figure 5, wherein the apparatus (x00) is configured to receive the substrate (x50) on a first plane (P) in an orientation parallel to the first plane (P), and during the preparation process, the first plane (P) is substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate (x50).

[0162] A1. Soft magnetic plate 410 (See Figures 4A1-4A2, 4B, 4D, 4H, 4M, 4O, and 4P)

[0161] The soft magnetic plate (410) (manufactured by Bomatec, Hori, CH) shown in Figures 4A1-4A2, 4B, 4D, 4H, 4M, 4O, and 4P is made of polyoxymethylene (POM) into which FeSi3 granules (BASF's Catamold (registered trademark) FeSi3, coercivity Hc=73Am) are injected at approximately 80% by weight. -1 and permeability μ Rmax Made from a soft magnetic iron-silicon alloy with a value of 5215.

[0163] [Table 2] A2. Magnetic field generating device 520 (Figure 5) The first magnetic field generating device in Figure 5A (top view: Figure 5A1 and cross-sectional view: Figure 5A2)

[0162] The first magnetic field generating device (520) shown in Figure 5A was a bar dipole magnet (520-a) having dimensions of approximately 29.9 mm in length (L1), approximately 29.9 mm in width (L2), and approximately 2 mm in thickness (L3) (E1~E2, E8, E15~E16). The first magnetic field generating device (520-a) had a magnetic axis that was substantially parallel to its length and substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate (550) and the first plane (P). The bar dipole magnet (520-a) was made from NdFeB N52.

[0164] Figure 5B (top view: Figure 5B1 and cross-sectional view: Figure 5B2) shows the first magnetic field generating device.

[0163] The first magnetic field generating device is similar to the first magnetic field generating device disclosed in Figure 6A of International Publication No. 2021 / 083809.

[0165]

[0164] The first magnetic field generating device in Figure 5B includes a bar dipole magnet (520-a) and 121 dipole magnets (520-b and 520-c) embedded in a square non-magnetic support matrix (522).

[0166]

[0165] The bar dipole magnet (520-a) had dimensions of approximately 29.9 mm in length (L1), approximately 29.9 mm in width (L2), and approximately 6.9 mm in thickness (L3). The bar dipole magnet (520-a) had a magnetic axis that was substantially parallel to its length and substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate (x50) (not shown) and the first plane (P). The bar dipole magnet (520-a) was made from compressed plaster NdFeB GMP13 L grade BMNpi-80 / 48 (manufactured by Bomatec, Hori, CH).

[0167]

[0166] Each of the 121 dipole magnets (520-b and 520-c) was a cylinder having a diameter (L4) of approximately 2 mm and a thickness (L5) of approximately 2 mm, with a magnetic axis parallel to the thickness (L5) and perpendicular to the surface of the substrate (x50) and the first plane (P). The 121 dipole magnets (520-b and 520-c) were made from NdFeB N48.

[0168]

[0167] The square support matrix (522) had a length of approximately 29.9 mm, a width of approximately 29.2 mm, and a thickness of approximately 3 mm. The square support matrix (522) was made from POM. The square support matrix (522) contained 121 recesses for receiving 121 dipole magnets (520-b and 520-c).

[0169]

[0168] 121 dipole magnets (520-b and 520-c) are embedded in recesses of the support matrix (522), and 11 sets, each containing 11 of the 121 dipole magnets (520-b and 520-c), are arranged along 11 substantially parallel straight lines α 1-11 An odd-numbered line α is positioned above. i The dipole magnets (520-b and 520-c) positioned above (i.e., lines (α1, α3, α5, α7, α9, and α) 11 Each of the dipole magnets (placed on a surface) is connected by 11 substantially parallel straight lines α 1-11 and 11 parallel lines β 1-11 It was placed at the intersection of the grid containing the line α. 1-11 The lines are parallel to each other, and the line β j The two lines are parallel to each other, and the line α i The line β 1-11 The 11 lines α were orthogonal to it. 1-11 and 11 lines β 1-11 The lines were equally spaced, with adjacent lines separated by a distance of approximately 2.5 mm.

[0170]

[0169] Even-numbered line α i The 121 dipole magnets (520-b and 520-c) arranged on top (i.e., lines (α2, α4, α6, α8, and α) 10 Each of the dipole magnets (placed on the ) is connected to two adjacent lines β, as shown in Figure 5B1. j It was placed in between.

[0171]

[0170] 11 straight lines α i On each of them, and 11 straight lines β i On each of these, the dipole magnets (520-b and 520-c) were separated by a distance of 0.5 mm. 11 straight lines α i On each of them, and 11 straight lines β i On each of these, dipole magnets (520-b) and magnets (520-c) are arranged alternately, that is, with the north pole or south pole alternately facing the substrate (550), and the first and last dipole magnets on each line are arranged so that their north poles face the substrate (550) and they are dipole magnets (520-b).

[0172]

[0171] Each straight line α 1-11 This was substantially orthogonal to the vector H of the first magnetic field generating device (520-a) (not shown in Figure 5B).

[0173]

[0172] The bar dipole magnet (520-a) and the square support matrix (522) holding 121 dipole magnets (520-b and 520-c) were spaced apart by a distance of approximately 0.2 mm.

[0174] Figure 5C (cross-sectional view of the 520 symmetry plane) shows the first magnetic field generating device.

[0173] The first magnetic field generating device in Figure 5C is similar to the first magnetic field generating device disclosed in Figure 6a of International Publication No. 2014 / 108303.

[0175]

[0174] The first magnetic field generating device (520) in Figure 5C includes a dish-shaped dipole magnet (520-a), a ring-shaped dipole magnet (520-b), and three magnetic pole pieces (521-a, 521-b, and 521-c).

[0176]

[0175] The dish-shaped dipole magnet (520-a) has a diameter (L1) of approximately 5 mm and a thickness (L2) of approximately 2 mm, and with its north pole pointing toward the substrate, it has a magnetic axis perpendicular to its diameter and perpendicular to the surface of the substrate (550) and the first plane (P), and is made of NdFeB N48.

[0177]

[0176] The ring-shaped dipole magnet (520-b) has an outer diameter (L3) of approximately 6 mm, an inner diameter (L4) of approximately 2 mm, and a thickness (L5) of approximately 2 mm. With its north pole pointing toward the substrate (520), it has a magnetic axis perpendicular to its diameter, parallel to the magnetic axis of the dish-shaped dipole magnet (520-a), and perpendicular to the surface of the substrate (550) and the first plane (P). It is made of NdFeB N48.

[0178]

[0177] The pole piece (521-a) had an outer diameter (L6) of approximately 10 mm and a thickness (L7) of approximately 3 mm. The pole piece (521-a) included a recess having a diameter of approximately 8 mm and a thickness (depth of the recess) of approximately 2 mm. The pole piece (521-b) was a ring-shaped pole piece with an outer diameter (L8) of approximately 30 mm, an inner diameter (L9) of approximately 17 mm, and a thickness (L10) of approximately 3 mm. The pole piece (521-c) was a dish-shaped pole piece with a diameter (L11) of approximately 30 mm and a thickness (L12) of approximately 2 mm. The three pole pieces (521-a, 521-b, and 521-c) were made from steel S235.

[0179]

[0178] The dish-shaped dipole magnet (520-a) was positioned in the recess of the pole piece (521-a) such that its uppermost surface was coplanar with the uppermost surface of the pole piece (521-a). The pole piece (521-a) was positioned on the ring-shaped dipole magnet (520-b). The ring-shaped dipole magnet (520-b) and the pole piece (521-b) were positioned on the pole piece (521-c) such that the dipole magnet (520-b) was coplanar with the upper surface of the pole piece (521-b). The dipole magnets (520-a and 520-b) and the pole pieces (521-a, 521-b, and 521-c) were centered.

[0180] Figure 5D (perspective view) shows the first magnetic field generating device.

[0179] The first magnetic field generating device in Figure 5D is similar to the first magnetic field generating device disclosed in Figure 11 of International Publication No. 2017 / 080698 (except that the magnet x40 is a single bar dipole).

[0181]

[0180] The first magnetic field generating device (520) in Figure 5D includes three dipole magnets (520-a, 520-b, and 520-c) and a magnetic pole piece (521).

[0182]

[0181] The dipole magnet (520-a) had a length of approximately 30 mm (L2), a width of approximately 30 mm (L1), and a thickness of approximately 5 mm (L3). The magnetic axis of the dipole magnet (520-a) was substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate (550) and the first plane (P). The dipole magnet (520-a) was made from NdFeB N30.

[0183]

[0182] The dipole magnet (520-b) was a ring-shaped dipole magnet having an inner diameter (L6) of approximately 17 mm, an outer diameter (L7) of approximately 25 mm, and a thickness (L5) of approximately 2 mm. The magnetic axis of the dipole magnet (520-b) was substantially perpendicular to the surface of the substrate (550) and the first plane (P) with its south pole pointing towards the substrate (550). The dipole magnet (520-b) was made from NdFeB N45.

[0184]

[0183] The dipole magnet (520-c) was a cylindrical dipole magnet having a diameter (L4) of approximately 4 mm and a thickness (L5) of approximately 2 mm. The magnetic axis of the dipole magnet (520-c) was substantially perpendicular to the surface of the substrate (550) and the first plane (P), with its north pole pointing towards the substrate (550). The dipole magnet (520-c) was made from NdFeB N45.

[0185]

[0184] The magnetic pole piece (521) was a ring-shaped magnetic pole piece having an inner diameter (L8) of approximately 10 mm, an outer diameter (L9) of approximately 14 mm, and a thickness (L5) of approximately 2 mm. The magnetic pole piece (521) was made of iron.

[0186]

[0185] The dipole magnets (520-b and 520-c) and the pole pieces (521) were embedded in a square non-magnetic support matrix (522) made of POM (30 mm × 30 mm × 3 mm), the non-magnetic support matrix (522) included recesses for receiving the dipole magnets (520-b and 520-c) and the pole pieces (521).

[0187]

[0186] The dipole magnet (520-b), the ring-shaped pole piece (521), and the support matrix (522) were centered along the length and width of the non-magnetic support matrix (522). The dipole magnet (520-c) was positioned asymmetrically at a distance of approximately 1 mm from the inner edge of the pole piece (521).

[0188]

[0187] The support matrix (522), the embedded dipole magnets (520-b and 520-c), and the ring-shaped pole piece (521) are spaced apart from the dipole magnet (520-a), i.e., the distance d between the lower surface of the support matrix (522) and the upper surface of the dipole magnet (520-a) is approximately 1 mm.

[0189] Figure 5E (perspective view) shows the first magnetic field generating device.

[0188] The first magnetic field generating device in Figure 5E is similar to the first magnetic field generating device disclosed in Figure 3 of International Publication No. 2020 / 160993.

[0190]

[0189] The first magnetic field generating device (520) in Figure 5E includes five dipole magnets (520-a, 520-b1, 520-b2, 520-c1, and 520-c2) and a magnetic pole piece (521).

[0191]

[0190] The dipole magnet (520-a) had a length of approximately 30 mm (L1), a width of approximately 30 mm (L2), and a thickness of approximately 2 mm (L3). The magnetic axis of the dipole magnet (520-a) was substantially parallel to the length (L1) and substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate (550) and the first plane (P). The dipole magnet (520-a) was made from NdFeB N30.

[0192]

[0191] Each of the dipole magnets (520-b1, 520-b2, 520-c1, and 520-c2) had a length of approximately 30 mm (L1), a width of approximately 3 mm (L4), and a thickness of approximately 6 mm (L5). The magnetic axis of each of the dipole magnets (520-b1, 520-b2, 520-c1, and 520-c2) was substantially parallel to the width (L4) and substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate (550) and the first plane (P). Each of the dipole magnets (520-b1, 520-b2, 520-c1, and 520-c2) was made from NdFeB N45.

[0193]

[0192] The dipole magnets (520-b1, 520-b2, 520-c1, and 520-c2) were arranged as two sets (S1 and S2), each containing two dipole magnets (S1: 520-b1 and 520-b2, S2: 520-c1 and 520-c2) and separated by a distance (d2) of 18 mm (d2) (where d2 is equal to the width (L2) minus four times the width (L4), i.e., d2 = L2 - (4 × L4)), and each of the two sets was formed by the juxtaposition of two dipole magnets ((S1: 520-b1 and 520-b2, S2: 520-c1 and 520-c2) along its length, as shown in Figure 5E.

[0194]

[0193] The pole piece (521) had a length of approximately 30 mm (L1), a width of approximately 30 mm (L2), and a thickness of approximately 1 mm (L6). The pole piece (521) was made of iron.

[0195]

[0194] The dipole magnet (520-a) is positioned above each of the two sets of two dipole magnets (S1 and S2) at a distance of approximately 1 mm (d1), and each of the two sets of two dipole magnets (S1 and S2) is positioned above the pole piece (521) in direct contact with the pole piece (521), that is, each of the two sets of two dipole magnets (S1 and S2) is positioned between the dipole magnet (520-a) and the pole piece (521).

[0196] Figure 5F (cross-sectional view of the 520 symmetry plane) shows the first magnetic field generating device.

[0195] The first magnetic field generating device in Figure 5F is similar to the first magnetic field generating device disclosed in Figure 1 of International Publication No. 2019 / 215148.

[0197]

[0196] The first magnetic field generating device (520-a) in Figure 5F includes two bar dipole magnets (520-a and 520-b) and a pole piece (521), wherein the bar dipole magnet (520-a) is positioned on the pole piece (521) in direct contact with the pole piece (521), and the pole piece (521) is positioned on the bar dipole magnet (520-b) in direct contact with the bar dipole magnet (520-b). Both of the bar dipole magnets (520-a and 520-b) have a north-south magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the surface of the substrate (550) and the first plane (P), with their north poles pointing toward the substrate (550).

[0198]

[0197] The bar dipole magnet (520-a) had a diameter of 5 mm (L1) and a thickness of 3 mm (L2). The bar dipole magnet (520-b) had a diameter of 20 mm (L3) and a thickness of 2 mm (L4). The bar dipole magnets (520-a and 520-b) were made from NdFeB N30.

[0199]

[0198] The magnetic pole piece (521) has a diameter of approximately 30 mm (L5) and a thickness of approximately 6 mm (L6), and is made of iron.

[0200] Figure 5G (perspective view and top view) shows the first magnetic field generating device.

[0199] The first magnetic field generating device in Figure 5G is the first magnetic field generating device disclosed in Example 1 and Figure 2 of International Publication No. 2020 / 193009.

[0201]

[0200] The first magnetic field generating device (520) in Figure 5G includes a cylindrical dipole magnet (520-a) and three cubic dipole magnets (520-b1, 520-b2, and 520-b3), the three cubic dipole magnets (520-b1, 520-b2, and 520-b3) embedded in a support matrix (522).

[0202]

[0201] The three cubic first dipole magnets (520-b1, 520-b2, and 520-b3) had a side length (L4) of approximately 3 mm and were made from NdFeB N45.

[0203]

[0202] As shown in FIG. 5G, the three cubic first dipole magnets (520-b1, 520-b2, and 520-3) were arranged such that their respective centers (C 520-b1 , C 520-b2 , and C 520-b3 ) were disposed on a ring within a plane (P) that was substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate (550) and the first plane (P). The three cubic dipole magnets (520-b1, 520-b2, and 520-3) had a magnetic axis that was substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate (550) and the first plane (P) and substantially orthogonal to the magnetic axis of the cylindrical dipole magnet (520-a). The three cubic dipole magnets (520-b1, 520-b2, and 520-b3) all had N poles pointing in the same circular direction (i.e., counterclockwise circular direction).

[0204]

[0203] The support matrix (522) had a length (L2) of approximately 30 mm, a width (L1) of approximately 30 mm, and a thickness L3 of approximately 5.5 mm, was made from POM, and included three depressions for holding the three cubic first dipole magnets (520-b1, 520-b2, and 520-3), the depressions having the same shape and dimensions as the three cubic first dipole magnets (520-b1, 520-b2, and 520-b3) such that the uppermost surfaces of the three cubic first dipole magnets (520-b1, 520-b2, and 520-b3) were flush with the uppermost surface of the support matrix (522).

[0205]

[0204] The dipole magnet (520-a) had a diameter (L7) of 4 mm and a thickness (L8) of 3 mm. The bar dipole magnet (520-a) was made of NdFeB N44 and had a magnetic axis substantially orthogonal to the surface of the substrate (550) and the first plane (P) in a state where its N pole pointed towards (i.e., faced) the substrate (550). The dipole magnet (520-a) was placed on the support matrix (522) so as to be in direct contact with the support matrix (522). The center of the dipole magnet (520-a) was aligned with the center of the ring formed by the three cubic dipole magnets (520-b1, 520-b2, and 520-b3), and was also aligned with the center of the support matrix (522).

[0206]

[0205] The protruding portion at the center of the dipole magnet (520-a) on the plane (P) was located at the protruding point (C<http: / / www.example.com / 520-a ) and was symmetrically arranged within the ring, i.e., the protruding point (C<http: / / www.example.com / 520-a ) also corresponded to the center of the symmetric ring.

[0207]

[0206] i) The vector

Number

Number

[0208]

[0207] The three cubic dipole magnets (520-b1, 520-b2, 520-b3) have a protruding point (C) of the dipole magnet (520-a). 520-a ) was uniformly dispersed around it.

number

number

number

number

number

number

[0209]

[0208] The center of the dipole magnet (520-a) and the centers of the combination of cubic dipole magnets (520-b1, 520-b2, 520-b3) are substantially centered relative to each other, and the projection of the center of the dipole magnet (520-a) (C 520-a The central projection (C) of the dipole magnet (520-a) was substantially aligned to the center. 520-a) and the distance Y between the centers (C 520-b1 , C 520-b2 , and C 520-b3 ) of each of the three cubic first dipole magnets (520-b1, 520-b2, 520-b3) is equal to each other, and the distance Y was set to about 4.5 mm.

[0210] B) Second stationary second magnetic field generating device 270 (Figure 2)

[0209] The second magnetic field generating device (270) used to orient the pigment particles in two axial directions by the method of the present invention includes: a) a first set (S1) including a first bar dipole magnet (271-a) and two second bar dipole magnets (272-a and 272-d), a second set (S2) including a first bar dipole magnet (271-b) and two second bar dipole magnets (272-b and 272-e), and a third set (S3) including a first bar dipole magnet (271-c) and two second bar dipole magnets (272-c and 272-f); and b) a first pair (P1) of third bar dipole magnets (273-a and 273-b), and a second pair (P2) of third bar dipole magnets (273-c and 273-d).

[0211]

[0210] The uppermost surfaces of the first bar dipole magnets (271-a, 271-b, and 271-c) of the first, second, and third sets (S1, S2, S3), the second bar dipole magnets (272-a to 272-f) of the first, second, and third sets (S1, S2, S3), and the third bar dipole magnets (273-a, 273-b, 273-c, and 273-d) of the first and second pairs (P1 and P2) are in the same plane as each other.

[0212]

[0211] The third bar dipole magnet (273-a) was aligned with the second bar dipole magnet (272-a) of the first set (S1), the second bar dipole magnet (272-b) of the second set (S2), the third bar dipole magnet (273-c), and the second bar dipole magnet (272-c) of the third set (S3) to form a line. The third bar dipole magnet (273-b) was aligned with the second bar dipole magnet (272-d) of the first set (S1), the second bar dipole magnet (272-e) of the second set (S2), the third bar dipole magnet (273-d), and the second bar dipole magnet (272-f) of the third set (S3) to form a line. For each line described herein, the third bar dipole magnets (273a, 273-b, 273-c, and 273-d) and the second bar dipole magnets (272-a to 272-f) were spaced apart by a third distance (d2) of 2 mm. The first bar dipole magnet (271-a) of the first set (S1), the first bar dipole magnet (271-b) of the second set (S2), and the first bar dipole magnet (271-c) of the third set (S3) were spaced apart by a distance (d3) of 24 mm.

[0213]

[0212] The first bar dipole magnets (271-a, 271-b, and 271-c) of the first, second, and third sets (S1, S2, S3) had dimensions of a first length (L1) of 60 mm, a first width (L2) of 40 mm, and a first thickness (L3) of 5 mm. Each of the second bar dipole magnets (272-a to 272-f) of the first, second, and third sets (S1, S2, S3) had dimensions of a second length (L4) of 40 mm, a second width (L5) of 10 mm, and a second thickness (L6) of 10 mm. Each of the third bar dipole magnets (273-a, 273-b, and 273-c) of the first and second pairs (P1, P2) had dimensions of a third length (L7) of 20 mm, a third width (L8) of 10 mm, and a third thickness (L9) of 10 mm.

[0214]

[0213] The first bar dipole magnet (271-a) and the second bar dipole magnets (272-a and 272-d) of the first set (S1) are aligned to form a column, the first bar dipole magnet (271-b) and the second bar dipole magnets (272-b and 272-e) of the second set (S2) are aligned to form a column, and the first bar dipole magnet (271-c) and the second bar dipole magnets (272-c and 272-f) of the third set (S3) are aligned to form a column. For each set (S1, S2, S3) and each column described herein, the first bar dipole magnets (271-a, 271-b, and 271-c) and the two second bar dipole magnets (272-a and 272-d, 27-b and 272-e, and 272-c and 272-f, respectively) were spaced apart by a second distance (d1) of 2 mm.

[0215]

[0214] The first bar dipole magnets (271-a, 271-b, and 271-c) of the first, second, and third sets (S1, S2, S3) have magnetic axes oriented substantially parallel to the first plane and substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate (250) and the first plane (P), the first bar dipole magnet (271-a) of the first set (S1) has a magnetic direction opposite to that of the first bar dipole magnet (271-b) of the second set (S2), and the first bar dipole magnet (271-b) of the second set (S2) has a magnetic direction opposite to that of the first bar dipole magnet (271-c) of the third set (S3). The first bar dipole magnet (271-a) of the first set (S1), the first bar dipole magnet (271-b) of the second set (S2), the first bar dipole magnet (271-b) of the second set (S2), and the first bar dipole magnet (271-c) of the third set (S3) were spaced apart by a first distance (d3) of 24 mm (corresponding to the sum of a third length (L7) and two third distances (d2)).

[0216]

[0215] The two second bar dipole magnets (272-a to 272-f) of the first, second, and third sets (S1, S2, S3) had magnetic axes oriented substantially perpendicular to the surface of the substrate (250) and the first plane (P). The south pole of the second bar dipole magnet (272-a) of the first set (S1), the south pole of the second bar dipole magnet (272-e) of the second set (S2), and the south pole of the second bar dipole magnet (272-c) of the third set (S3) pointed toward the first plane (P) and the substrate (250). The north pole of the second bar dipole magnet (272-d) in the first set (S1), the north pole of the second bar dipole magnet (272-b) in the second set (S2), and the north pole of the second bar dipole magnet (272-f) in the third set (S3) pointed toward the first plane (P) and the substrate (250). The north pole of the first bar dipole magnet (271-a) in the first set (S1) pointed towards the second bar dipole magnet (272-d) in the first set (S1), the north pole of the second bar dipole magnet (271-b) in the second set (S2) pointed towards the first bar dipole magnet (272-b) in the second set (S2), and the north pole of the first bar dipole magnet (271-c) in the third set (S3) pointed towards the second bar dipole magnet (272-f) in the third set (S3). The south pole of the third bar dipole magnet (273-a) of the first pair (P1) points toward the second bar dipole magnet (272-a) of the first set (S1), and the second bar dipole magnet (272-a) has a south pole that points toward the substrate (250) and the first plane (P), and the south pole of the third bar dipole magnet (273-d) of the second pair (P1) points toward the second bar dipole magnet (272-e) of the second set (S2), and the second bar dipole magnet (272-e) has a south pole that points toward the substrate (250) and the first plane (P), The north pole of the third bar dipole magnet (273-b) of the first pair (P1) pointed toward the second bar dipole magnet (272-d) of the first set (S1), and the second bar dipole magnet (272-d) had a north pole that pointed toward the substrate (250) and the first plane (P). The north pole of the third bar dipole magnet (273-c) of the second pair (P2) pointed toward the second bar dipole magnet (272-b) of the second set (S2), and the second bar dipole magnet (272-b) had a north pole that pointed toward the substrate (250) and the first plane (P).

[0217]

[0216] The first bar dipole magnets (271-a, 271-b, and 271-c) of the first, second, and third sets (S1, S2, S3), and the second bar dipole magnets (272-a to 272-f) of the first, second, and third sets (S1, S2, S3) were made from NdFeB N42, and the third bar dipole magnets (273a, 273-b, and 273-c) of the first and second pairs (P1, P2) were made from NdFeB N48. All magnets (271-a to 271-c, 272-a to 272-f, and 273-a to 273-d) were embedded in a non-magnetic support matrix (not shown) made of POM having dimensions of 200 mm × 120 mm × 12 mm.

[0218] C) Examples E1 to E16, and a) a device (x00) independently comprising a soft magnetic plate (x10) and a magnetic field generating device (x20), and b) a combination of a second magnetic field generating device (x70).

[0217] An assembly (x00) comprising a substrate (x50) holding the coating layer (x40) to be provided in Table 3, a soft magnetic plate (x10), and a magnetic field generating device (x20) was moved in the vicinity of and beneath the stationary second magnetic field generating device (x70) shown in Figure 2, as described above. After the assembly (x00) was moved, the coating layer (x40) was cured independently, as described above.

[0219]

[0218] The optical effect layer (OEL) thus obtained exhibited dynamic movement and one or more marks as a 3D effect when the substrate (x50) was tilted. Table 3 provides details of the dynamic movement and its area on the OEL, as well as details of the 3D effect and its area on the OEL. [Table 3] Table 3 shows the dynamic movement of the OEL substrate (x50) when it is tilted. The dynamic movements disclosed in Table 3 are as follows: a) When the substrate (x50) holding the OEL is tilted around its longitudinal axis, the high-brightness reflective horizontal bar moves in the longitudinal direction. b) When the substrate (x50) holding the OEL is tilted, the patterns of the bright and dark areas move. c) When the substrate (x50) holding the OEL is tilted, the nested multi-loop object moves. d) When the substrate (x50) holding the OEL is tilted, the crescent shape moves and rotates. e) The size of the loop-shaped object changes when the substrate (x50) holding the OEL is tilted. f) A loop-shaped object is surrounded by one or more loop-shaped objects, and the shape and / or brightness of the one or more loop-shaped objects changes when the substrate (x50) holding the OEL is tilted. g) When the substrate (x50) holding the OEL is tilted around the horizontal / latitude axis, the high-luminance reflective vertical bar moves longitudinally, or when the substrate holding the OEL is tilted around the longitudinal axis, it moves horizontally / latitude.

[0220]

[0219] Figure 7 shows a device in which an apparatus (700) attached to a cylinder forms an assembly (7100). The cylinder can be rotated so as to move together with the substrate (750) on which the coating layer (740) is placed. The cylinder has a cavity into which the apparatus (700) is inserted. Alternatively, the apparatus (700) can be placed on the cylinder or only partially inserted.

[0221]

[0220] The substrate (750) includes a coating layer (740), and the apparatus (700) together with the substrate (750) and the coating layer (740) forms an assembly (7100).

[0222]

[0221] A second magnetic field generating device (770) is placed on top of the cylinder, so that the substrate (750) and the coating layer (740) can pass between the apparatus (700) and the second magnetic field generating device (770).

[0223]

[0222] The second magnetic field generating device (770) has an arc shape in the plane of Figure 7. However, the shape of the second magnetic field generating device (770) is not limited to such a shape. Any shape is possible as long as the substrate (750) can pass through the space between the second magnetic field generating device (770) and the apparatus (700) positioned inside or on top of the cylinder, and the second magnetic field generating device (770) and the apparatus (700) can orient the particles of the coating (740) in a biaxial direction.

[0224]

[0223] In this configuration, the apparatus (700) is moved together with the substrate (750) and coating (740) with respect to the second magnetic field generating device (770), so that at least some of the particles in the coating layer (740) are oriented in a biaxial direction. After the substrate (750) passes through the space between the cylinder and the second magnetic field generating device (770), the magnetic orientation thus obtained of the particles in the coating (740) is fixed / condensed by at least partial curing by the curing unit (780).

Claims

1. A process for fabricating an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate (x50), wherein the optical effect layer (OEL) exhibits dynamic movement when the substrate (x50) is tilted, and one or more marks, and the process is a) A step of applying a coating composition to the surface of the substrate (x50) such that a coating layer (x40) is formed on the substrate (x50), the coating composition comprising i) platelet-type magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and ii) a binder material, wherein the coating composition is in a first state. b) A step of forming an assembly (x100) comprising a substrate (x50) holding the coating layer (x40) and an apparatus (x00) for fabricating an optical effect layer (OEL) on the substrate (x50) containing magnetically oriented platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, wherein the optical effect layer (OEL) includes at least a first region exhibiting a three-dimensional effect in the form of one or more marks and at least a second region exhibiting dynamic movement when tilted, at least one of the first region and at least one of the second region being adjacent, and the apparatus (x00) is configured to receive the substrate (x50) on the first plane (P) in an orientation substantially parallel to the first plane (P), and is preferably used in combination with a second magnetic field generating device (x70) that enables at least a portion of the particles to be oriented in a biaxial direction. aa) A soft magnetic plate (x10) having an upper plate surface, which holds one or more marks in the form of one or more recesses (x11) and / or one or more voids (x12) and / or one or more protrusions (x13), ab) A magnetic field generating device (x20) having an upper device surface, which includes at least one dipole magnet (x20-a), Includes, The soft magnetic plate (x10) is placed on the magnetic field generating device (x20), The upper plate surface is smaller than the upper device surface, c) The step of passing the assembly (x100), which includes the substrate (x50) holding the coating layer (x40) obtained in step b) and the apparatus (x00), through the heterogeneous magnetic field of a stationary second magnetic field generating device (x70) so as to orient at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in a biaxial direction, d) A step of solidifying the coating composition to a second state so that the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are fixed in the adopted position and orientation, Includes, A process wherein the optical effect layer (OEL) includes at least a first region that exhibits a three-dimensional effect in the form of one or more marks and at least a second region that exhibits dynamic movement when tilted, and at least one of the first region and at least one of the second region are adjacent to each other.

2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the first magnetic field generating device (x20) further comprises one or more dipole magnets (x14) disposed in the one or more recesses (x11) and / or the one or more gaps (x12) of the soft magnetic plate (x10).

3. The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) is such that a high-brightness reflective horizontal bar moves longitudinally when the substrate (x50) holding the optical effect layer (OEL) is tilted around a longitudinal axis, and the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) of the first magnetic field generating device (x20) has a magnetic axis oriented substantially parallel to the first plane (P).

4. The dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) is such that the pattern of bright and dark areas moves when the substrate (x50) holding the optical effect layer (OEL) is tilted. The first magnetic field generating device (x20) includes a combination of at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) having a magnetic axis oriented substantially parallel to the first plane (P), and at least four additional dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c) having north poles pointing in the same direction and having magnetic axes oriented substantially parallel to the first plane (P), wherein the first dipole magnets (x31) are spaced apart from each other. Each of the additional dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c) is connected to at least two substantially parallel straight lines α ｉ (i = 1, 2, ...) and at least two substantially parallel lines β ｊ It is located at the intersection of (j = 1, 2, ...) and the aforementioned line α ｉ and β ｊ These form a lattice, At least two additional dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c) are located along the line α ｉ One of them is positioned, and at least two other additional dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c) are positioned along the line α ｉ It is placed in one of the other locations. The magnetic axes of the additional dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c) are aligned with the substantially parallel straight line α. ｉ Oriented substantially parallel to, The at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) is placed below the combination of the at least four first dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c), Each straight line α ｉ The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the vector H of the magnetic axis of the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) is, i) substantially parallel or substantially orthogonal to each other, or ii) substantially nonparallel and substantially non-orthogonal to each other.

5. The dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) is such that a loop-shaped object moves when the substrate (x50) holding the optical effect layer (OEL) is tilted, and the first magnetic field generating device (x20) a) The at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) and one or more pole pieces (x21) having a magnetic axis oriented substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), wherein the one or more pole pieces (x21) are positioned below the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) and in contact with the dipole magnet (x20-a), and / or are separated from the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) and surround the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) from the side, b) At least one dipole magnet (x20-a) which is a loop-shaped magnet having radial magnetization, or c) At least one dipole magnet (x20-a) which is three or more dipole magnets arranged in a loop shape having radial magnetization. The process according to claim 1 or 2, including the process described in claim 1 or 2.

6. The dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) is such that a nested, multi-loop shaped object moves when the substrate (x50) holding the optical effect layer (OEL) is tilted. The first magnetic field generating device (x20) a) The at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) is a loop-shaped magnet having a magnetic axis that defines a loop and is oriented substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), and a magnetic pole piece (x21) having one or more protrusions positioned below the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) and within the loop of the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a), or b) the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) having a magnetic axis oriented substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), an additional dipole magnet (x20-b) having a magnetic axis oriented substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), and two or more pole pieces (x21-a, x21-b), wherein the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) and the additional magnet (x20-b) have the same magnetic direction and are provided at different distances from the first plane (P), and the two or more pole pieces (x 21-a, x21-b) are arranged in the space between the magnets (x20-a and x20-b) so as to be in contact with the magnets (x20-a and x20-b), and at least one of the two or more pole pieces forms one or more loop-shaped projections surrounding the central area where the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) is located, the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a), the additional dipole magnet (x20-b), and the two or more pole pieces (x21-a, x21-b), or c) The at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) having a magnetic axis oriented substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), a plate-shaped pole piece (x21-a) positioned below the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) and in contact with the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a), and one or more loop-shaped pole pieces (x21-b) positioned above the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a), wherein the central pole piece of the one or more loop-shaped pole pieces (x21-b) is in contact with the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a). The process according to claim 1 or 2, including the process described in claim 1 or 2.

7. The dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) is such that the crescent shape moves and rotates when the substrate (x50) holding the optical effect layer (OEL) is tilted. The first magnetic field generating device (x20) includes: a) at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) which is a first dipole magnet (x20-a) having a north-south magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the surface of the substrate (x20) and having a length L1; b) a second dipole magnet (x20-b) having a north-south magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P) and having a length L3; and c) a flat magnetic pole piece (x21) which has no projections or protrusions extending outward from the surface of the magnetic pole piece and has a length L5, wherein the first dipole magnet (x20-a) and the second dipole magnet (x20-b) have the same magnetic field direction, and the first The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a dipole magnet (x20-a) is positioned facing the substrate (x50) and on the flat pole piece (x21), and a second dipole magnet (x20-b) is positioned facing the environment and below the flat pole piece (x21), and the length L1 of the first dipole magnet (x20-a) is smaller than the length L3 of the second dipole magnet (x20-b), the length L1 of the first dipole magnet (x20-a) is smaller than the length L5 of the flat pole piece (x21), and the length L3 of the second dipole magnet (x20-b) is smaller than the length L5 of the pole piece (x21).

8. The dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) is such that the size of the loop-shaped object changes when the substrate (x50) holding the optical effect layer (OEL) is tilted. The first magnetic field generating device (x20) a) At least one dipole magnet (x20-a) which is a single bar dipole magnet (x20-a) having a north-south magnetic axis substantially parallel to a first plane (P), or a combination of two or more bar dipole magnets (x20-a1, x20-a2) having north-south magnetic axes resulting from being substantially parallel to the first plane (P), and b) A loop-type magnetic field generating device (x20-b) which is a single loop-type dipole magnet (x20-b) having a north-south magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), or a combination of two or more dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2) arranged in a loop shape and having north-south magnetic axes resulting from being substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), or a) A single dipole magnet (x20-a) having a magnetic axis substantially parallel to the first plane (P), or at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) which is a combination of two or more bar dipole magnets (x20-a1, x20-a2) each having a magnetic axis substantially parallel to the first plane (P) and having the same magnetic field direction, b) A single loop-shaped dipole magnet (x20-b) having a magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), or arranged in a loop shape, each having a magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the first plane ( A loop-type magnetic field generating device (x20-b) which is a combination of two or more dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2) having magnetic axes substantially perpendicular to P and having the same magnetic field direction, and c) a single dipole magnet (x20-c) having a magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), or two or more dipole magnets (x20-c1, x20-c2) each having a magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P) and having the same magnetic field direction, and / or one or more magnetic pole pieces (x21), or a) At least one dipole magnet (x20-a) which is a single bar dipole magnet (x20-a) having a magnetic axis substantially parallel to the first plane (P), or a combination of two or more bar dipole magnets (x20-a1, x20-a2) each having a magnetic axis substantially parallel to the first plane (P) and having the same magnetic field direction, b) A single loop-shaped magnet (x20-b), or two or more dipole magnets (x20- A combination of b1, x20-b2) a loop-type magnetic field generating device having radial magnetization (x20-b), and c) a single dipole magnet (x20-c) having a magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), or a single dipole magnet (x20-c) having a magnetic axis substantially parallel to the first plane (P), or two or more dipole magnets (x20-c1, x20-c2) each having a magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P). Including the above, when the north pole of the single loop-shaped magnet (x20-b) or the two or more dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2) forming the loop-shaped magnetic field generating device points toward the peripheral part of the loop-shaped magnetic field generating device (x20-b), the north pole of the single dipole magnet (x20-c) or at least one of the two or more dipole magnets (x20-c1, x20-c2) points toward the surface of the substrate (x50), or the loop The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein when the S pole of the single loop-shaped magnet (x20-b) or the two or more dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2) forming the loop-shaped magnetic field generating device points toward the peripheral portion of the loop-shaped magnetic field generating device (x20-b), the S pole of the single dipole magnet (x20-c) or at least one of the two or more dipole magnets (x20-c1, x20-c2) points toward the first plane (P).

9. The dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) is such that a loop-shaped object is surrounded by one or more loop-shaped objects, and the shape and / or brightness of the one or more loop-shaped objects changes when the substrate (x50) holding the optical effect layer (OEL) is tilted. The first magnetic field generating device (x20) a) centers C each arranged on a loop within the first plane (P) ｘ２０－ｂｉ (C ｘ２０－ｂ１ , C ｘ２０－ｂ２ , C ｘ２０－ｂ３ A combination of three or more first dipole magnets x20-bi (x20-b1, x20-b2, x20-b3, ...) having a magnetic axis oriented substantially parallel to the first plane (P), and b) A projection C in the loop having a magnetic axis oriented substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P). ｘ２０－ａ The at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) is positioned such that it has a projection at the center of the first plane (P) located at, The at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) is placed on the combination of the three or more first dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2, and x20-b3), Angle α ｉ However, the vector of the magnetic axis of each of the first dipole magnets x20-bi (x20-b1, x20-b2, x20-b3, ...) [Math 1] Each of the and the vector [Math 2] Formed between, The aforementioned angle α ｉ When all of these are measured in a counterclockwise direction, they are within the range of approximately 20° to approximately 160° or approximately 200° to approximately 340°. Each of the first dipole magnets x20-bi (x20-b1, x20-b2, x20-b3, ...) is at a first distance (Y ｉ They are arranged with a gap between them, and the first distance (Y ｉ ) on the first plane (P), the protruding point C ｘ２０－ａ and the center C of the first dipole magnet x20-bi (x20-b1, x20-b2, x20-b3, ...) ｘ２０－ｂｉ (C ｘ２０－ｂ１ , C ｘ２０－ｂ２ , C ｘ２０－ｂ３ The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the process is between ,. . . )

10. The dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) is such that the high-brightness reflective vertical bars move longitudinally when the substrate (x50) holding the optical effect layer (OEL) is tilted around the horizontal / latitude axis, or that the substrate holding the optical effect layer (OEL) moves horizontally / latitude when it is tilted around the longitudinal axis. The first magnetic field generating device (x20) a) At least one dipole magnet (x20-a) which is a square or rectangular dipole magnet (x20-a) having a magnetic axis oriented substantially parallel to the first plane (P), and b) A combination of n sets of spaced bar dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c), where n is an integer of 1 or more, and each of the bar dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c) has a north-south magnetic axis substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate (x50), and for each of the n sets, the bar dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2) have north poles pointing in the same direction and are substantially parallel to each other. The vector sum H1 of the magnetic axes of the bar dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2) and the vector sum H2 of the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) form an angle α in the range of approximately 5° to approximately 175° or approximately 185° to approximately 355°. The combination of the n sets of spaced bar dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2) is positioned below or above the second at least one dipole magnet (x20-a), The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the combination of at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) and n sets of spaced bar dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2) is essentially centered relative to one another.

11. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the soft magnetic plate (x10) is a soft magnetic composite plate (x10) containing about 50% to about 90% by weight of soft magnetic particles, the weight percentage being based on the total weight of the one or more soft magnetic composite plates (10), the one or more recesses having a depth (D) of about 5% to about 99%, and / or the one or more protrusions having a height (H) of about 5% to about 10,000%.

12. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 10, further comprising an engraved magnetic plate (x30) having one or more engravings (x31) in the form of markings, wherein the engraved magnetic plate (x30) is placed on the first magnetic field generating device (x20) and preferably has an upper plate engraved magnetic surface coplanar with the upper plate surface of the soft magnetic plate (x10), and the engraved magnetic plate (x30) is preferably made of plastoferrite.

13. Use of the apparatus (x00) according to any one of claims 1 to 12 for manufacturing an optical effect layer (OEL) by magnetically oriented platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles within a coating layer (x40).

14. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the apparatus (x00) is positioned opposite the substrate (x50) and the assembly (x100) holding the coating layer (x40) is positioned on the soft magnetic plate (x10), the soft magnetic plate (x10) is positioned opposite the substrate (x50), and the coating layer (x40) is the uppermost layer of the assembly (x100).

15. A device for fabricating an optical effect layer (OEL) containing magnetically oriented platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles on a substrate (x50), wherein the optical effect layer (OEL) includes at least a first region exhibiting a three-dimensional effect in the form of one or more marks and at least a second region exhibiting dynamic movement when tilted, at least one of the first region and at least one of the second region are adjacent, and the device (x00) is configured to receive the substrate (x50). A first magnetic field generating device (x20) having an upper device surface and including at least one dipole magnet (x20-a), A second magnetic field generating device (x70), A soft magnetic plate (x10) having an upper plate surface, which holds the one or more marks in the form of one or more recesses (x11) and / or one or more voids (x12) and / or one or more protrusions (x13), Includes, The soft magnetic plate (x10) is placed on the first magnetic field generating device (x20), The upper plate surface is smaller than the surface of the upper device. A device in which the first magnetic field generating device (x20) and the soft magnetic plate (x10) are positioned on or inside a cylinder, and so when the cylinder is rotated, the first magnetic field generating device (x20) and the second magnetic field generating device (x70) are moved relative to each other, so that the upper device surface of the first magnetic field generating device (x70) faces the second magnetic field generating device (x70), and so that at least a portion of the particles are oriented in a biaxial direction.

16. The device according to claim 15, wherein the first magnetic field generating device (x20) further includes one or more dipole magnets (x14) disposed in one or more recesses (x11) and / or one or more gaps (x12) of the soft magnetic plate (x10), and / or the second magnetic field generating device (x70) is arc-shaped in a section perpendicular to the height of the cylinder, and / or the position of the rotation axis of the cylinder is fixed with respect to the second magnetic field generating device (x70).

17. The device according to claim 15 or 16, wherein the dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) is such that a high-brightness reflective horizontal bar moves longitudinally when the substrate (x50) holding the optical effect layer (OEL) is tilted about a longitudinal axis, and the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) of the first magnetic field generating device (x20) has a magnetic axis oriented substantially parallel to a first plane (P).

18. The dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) is such that the pattern of bright and dark areas moves when the substrate (x50) holding the optical effect layer (OEL) is tilted. The first magnetic field generating device (x20) includes a combination of at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) having a magnetic axis oriented substantially parallel to the first plane (P), and at least four additional dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c) having north poles pointing in the same direction and having magnetic axes oriented substantially parallel to the first plane (P), wherein the first dipole magnets (x31) are spaced apart from each other. Each of the additional dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c) is connected to at least two substantially parallel straight lines α ｉ (i = 1, 2, ...) and at least two substantially parallel lines β ｊ It is located at the intersection of (j = 1, 2, ...) and the aforementioned line α ｉ and β ｊ These form a lattice, At least two additional dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c) are located along the line α ｉ One of them is positioned, and at least two other additional dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c) are positioned along the line α ｉ It is placed in one of the other locations. The magnetic axes of the additional dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c) are aligned with the substantially parallel straight line α. ｉ Oriented substantially parallel to, The at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) is placed below the combination of the at least four first dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c), Each straight line α ｉ The device according to claim 15 or 16, wherein the vector H of the magnetic axis of the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) is, i) substantially parallel or substantially orthogonal to each other, or ii) substantially nonparallel and substantially non-orthogonal to each other.

19. The dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) is such that a loop-shaped object moves when the substrate (x50) holding the optical effect layer (OEL) is tilted, and the first magnetic field generating device (x20) a) The at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) and one or more pole pieces (x21) having a magnetic axis oriented substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), wherein the one or more pole pieces (x21) are positioned below the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) and in contact with the dipole magnet (x20-a), and / or are separated from the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) and surround the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) from the side, b) At least one dipole magnet (x20-a) which is a loop-shaped magnet having radial magnetization, or c) The device according to claim 15 or 16, comprising at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) which is three or more dipole magnets arranged in a loop-shaped configuration having radial magnetization.

20. The dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) is such that a nested, multi-loop shaped object moves when the substrate (x50) holding the optical effect layer (OEL) is tilted. The first magnetic field generating device (x20) a) The at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) is a loop-shaped magnet having a magnetic axis that defines a loop and is oriented substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), and below the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) is a magnetic pole piece (x21) having one or more protrusions positioned within the loop of the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a), or b) the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) having a magnetic axis oriented substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), an additional dipole magnet (x20-b) having a magnetic axis oriented substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), and two or more pole pieces (x21-a, x21-b), wherein the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) and the additional magnet (x20-b) have the same magnetic direction and are provided at different distances from the first plane (P), and the two or more pole pieces (x 21-a, x21-b) are arranged in the space between the magnets (x20-a and x20-b) so as to be in contact with the magnets (x20-a and x20-b), and at least one of the two or more pole pieces forms one or more loop-shaped projections surrounding the central area where the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) is located, the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a), the additional dipole magnet (x20-b), and the two or more pole pieces (x21-a, x21-b), or c) The device according to claim 15 or 16, comprising the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) having a magnetic axis oriented substantially orthogonal to the first plane (P), a plate-shaped pole piece (x21-a) positioned below the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) and in contact with the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a), and one or more loop-shaped pole pieces (x21-b) positioned above the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a), wherein the central pole piece of the one or more loop-shaped pole pieces (x21-b) is in contact with the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a).

21. The dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) is such that the crescent shape moves and rotates when the substrate (x50) holding the optical effect layer (OEL) is tilted. The first magnetic field generating device (x20) includes: a) at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) which is a first dipole magnet (x20-a) having a north-south magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the surface of the substrate (x20) and having a length L1; b) a second dipole magnet (x20-b) having a north-south magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P) and having a length L3; and c) a flat magnetic pole piece (x21) which has no projections or protrusions extending outward from the surface of the magnetic pole piece and has a length L5, wherein the first dipole magnet (x20-a) and the second dipole magnet (x20-b) have the same magnetic field direction, and the first The device according to claim 15 or 16, wherein a dipole magnet (x20-a) is positioned facing the substrate (x50) and on the flat pole piece (x21), and a second dipole magnet (x20-b) is positioned facing the environment and below the flat pole piece (x21), and the length L1 of the first dipole magnet (x20-a) is smaller than the length L3 of the second dipole magnet (x20-b), the length L1 of the first dipole magnet (x20-a) is smaller than the length L5 of the flat pole piece (x21), and the length L3 of the second dipole magnet (x20-b) is smaller than the length L5 of the pole piece (x21).

22. The dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) is such that the size of the loop-shaped object changes when the substrate (x50) holding the optical effect layer (OEL) is tilted. The first magnetic field generating device (x20) a) At least one dipole magnet (x20-a) which is a single bar dipole magnet (x20-a) having a north-south magnetic axis substantially parallel to a first plane (P), or a combination of two or more bar dipole magnets (x20-a1, x20-a2) having north-south magnetic axes resulting from being substantially parallel to the first plane (P), and b) A loop-type magnetic field generating device (x20-b) which is a single loop-type dipole magnet (x20-b) having a north-south magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), or a combination of two or more dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2) arranged in a loop shape and having north-south magnetic axes resulting from being substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), or a) A single dipole magnet (x20-a) having a magnetic axis substantially parallel to the first plane (P), or at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) which is a combination of two or more bar dipole magnets (x20-a1, x20-a2) each having a magnetic axis substantially parallel to the first plane (P) and having the same magnetic field direction, b) A single loop-shaped dipole magnet (x20-b) having a magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), or arranged in a loop shape, each having a magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the first plane ( A loop-type magnetic field generating device (x20-b) which is a combination of two or more dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2) having magnetic axes substantially perpendicular to P and having the same magnetic field direction, and c) a single dipole magnet (x20-c) having a magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), or two or more dipole magnets (x20-c1, x20-c2) each having a magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P) and having the same magnetic field direction, and / or one or more magnetic pole pieces (x21), or a) At least one dipole magnet (x20-a) which is a single bar dipole magnet (x20-a) having a magnetic axis substantially parallel to the first plane (P), or a combination of two or more bar dipole magnets (x20-a1, x20-a2) each having a magnetic axis substantially parallel to the first plane (P) and having the same magnetic field direction, b) A single loop-shaped magnet (x20-b), or two or more dipole magnets (x20- A combination of b1, x20-b2) a loop-type magnetic field generating device having radial magnetization (x20-b), and c) a single dipole magnet (x20-c) having a magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P), or a single dipole magnet (x20-c) having a magnetic axis substantially parallel to the first plane (P), or two or more dipole magnets (x20-c1, x20-c2) each having a magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P). Including the above, when the north pole of the single loop-shaped magnet (x20-b) or the two or more dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2) forming the loop-shaped magnetic field generating device points toward the peripheral part of the loop-shaped magnetic field generating device (x20-b), the north pole of the single dipole magnet (x20-c) or at least one of the two or more dipole magnets (x20-c1, x20-c2) points toward the surface of the substrate (x50), or the loop The device according to claim 15 or 16, wherein when the S pole of the single loop-shaped magnet (x20-b) or the two or more dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2) forming the loop-shaped magnetic field generating device points toward the peripheral portion of the loop-shaped magnetic field generating device (x20-b), the S pole of the single dipole magnet (x20-c) or at least one of the two or more dipole magnets (x20-c1, x20-c2) points toward the first plane (P).

23. The dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) is such that a loop-shaped object is surrounded by one or more loop-shaped objects, and the shape and / or brightness of the one or more loop-shaped objects changes when the substrate (x50) holding the optical effect layer (OEL) is tilted. The first magnetic field generating device (x20) a) Center C, each of which is arranged in a loop within the first plane (P) ｘ２０－ｂｉ (C ｘ２０－ｂ１ , C ｘ２０－ｂ２ , C ｘ２０－ｂ３ A combination of three or more first dipole magnets x20-bi (x20-b1, x20-b2, x20-b3, ...) having a magnetic axis oriented substantially parallel to the first plane (P), and b) A projection C in the loop having a magnetic axis oriented substantially perpendicular to the first plane (P). ｘ２０－ａ The at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) is positioned such that it has a projection at the center of the first plane (P) located at, The at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) is placed on the combination of the three or more first dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2, and x20-b3), Angle α ｉ However, the vector of the magnetic axis of each of the first dipole magnets x20-bi (x20-b1, x20-b2, x20-b3, ...) [Math 3] Each of the and the vector [Math 4] Formed between, The aforementioned angle α ｉ When all of these are measured in a counterclockwise direction, they are within the range of approximately 20° to approximately 160° or approximately 200° to approximately 340°. Each of the first dipole magnets x20-bi (x20-b1, x20-b2, x20-b3, ...) is at a first distance (Y ｉ They are arranged with a gap between them, and the first distance (Y ｉ ) on the first plane (P), the protruding point C ｘ２０－ａ and the center C of the first dipole magnet x20-bi (x20-b1, x20-b2, x20-b3, ...) ｘ２０－ｂｉ (C ｘ２０－ｂ１ , C ｘ２０－ｂ２ , C ｘ２０－ｂ３ The device according to claim 15 or 16, which is between ,. . . )

24. The dynamic movement of the optical effect layer (OEL) is such that the high-brightness reflective vertical bars move longitudinally when the substrate (x50) holding the optical effect layer (OEL) is tilted around the horizontal / latitude axis, or that the substrate holding the optical effect layer (OEL) moves horizontally / latitude when it is tilted around the longitudinal axis. The first magnetic field generating device (x20) a) At least one dipole magnet (x20-a) which is a square or rectangular dipole magnet (x20-a) having a magnetic axis oriented substantially parallel to the first plane (P), and b) A combination of n sets of spaced bar dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c), where n is an integer of 1 or more, and each of the bar dipole magnets (x20-b, x20-c) has a north-south magnetic axis substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate (x50), and for each of the n sets, the bar dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2) have north poles pointing in the same direction and are substantially parallel to each other. The vector sum H1 of the magnetic axes of the bar dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2) and the vector sum H2 of the at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) form an angle α in the range of approximately 5° to approximately 175° or approximately 185° to approximately 355°. The combination of the n sets of spaced bar dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2) is positioned below or above the second at least one dipole magnet (x20-a), The device according to claim 15 or 16, wherein the combination of at least one dipole magnet (x20-a) and n sets of spaced bar dipole magnets (x20-b1, x20-b2) is essentially centered relative to one another.

25. The device according to any one of claims 15 to 24, wherein the soft magnetic plate (x10) is a soft magnetic composite plate (x10) containing about 50% to about 90% by weight of soft magnetic particles, the weight percentage being based on the total weight of the one or more soft magnetic composite plates (10), the one or more recesses having a depth (D) of about 5% to about 99%, and / or the one or more protrusions having a height (H) of about 5% to about 10,000%.

26. The device according to any one of claims 15 to 24, further comprising an engraved magnetic plate (x30) having one or more engravings (x31) in the form of markings, wherein the engraved magnetic plate (x30) is placed on the first magnetic field generating device (x20) and preferably has an upper plate engraved magnetic surface coplanar with the upper plate surface of the soft magnetic plate (x10), and the engraved magnetic plate (x30) is preferably made of plastoferrite.

27. Use of the device according to any one of claims 15 to 26 for manufacturing an optical effect layer (OEL) by magnetically oriented platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles within a coating layer (x40).

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