System and method for controlling access to digital twins of chemical products

Abstract

This disclosure relates to an apparatus and system for accessing a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product manufactured from one or more chemical input materials and controlling the respective computer program elements; a computer implementation method for accessing a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product manufactured from one or more chemical input materials and controlling the respective computer program elements; a distributed data provision network node to a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product; a computer implementation method for allowing access by each apparatus and each computer program element; a computer implementation method for processing a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product or a portion thereof and each computer program element; and a computer implementation method for allowing a distributed data consumption network node to access a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product or a portion thereof using a digital access element associated with a chemical product and each computer program element.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Technical Field The present disclosure relates to an apparatus and system for accessing a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product manufactured from one or more chemical input materials and controlling respective computer program elements, a computer-implemented method for accessing a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product manufactured from one or more chemical input materials and controlling respective computer program elements, a distributed data providing network node for a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product, a computer-implemented method for permitting access by respective devices and respective computer program elements, a computer-implemented method for processing a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product or a part thereof and respective computer program elements, and a computer-implemented method for permitting access by a distributed data consuming network node to a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product or a part thereof using digital access elements associated with the chemical product and respective computer program elements.

Background Art

[0002] Background Art In the supply of chemical products, it is necessary to meet many different regulatory requirements depending on the chemical products. For example, in the automotive supply chain, chemical companies provide standardized information using the International Material Data System (IMDS). In such a system, it is possible to collect data along the entire automotive supply chain. Participants in the automotive supply chain register for the IMDS service and maintain product entries in a centrally hosted database provided and hosted by a third-party provider.

[0003] Systems like IMDS are static with respect to data, prone to errors, and cumbersome to handle or maintain. Due to the highly specific and centralized setup of such systems, exchanging and sharing chemical data is a difficult task. Therefore, there is a need to simplify and / or customize the sharing or exchange of chemical product data from the chemical industry to participants in the chemical supply chain, while allowing data owners of chemical product data to control access to said data. [Overview of the project] [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] Summary of the Invention In one embodiment, the Disclosure relates to an apparatus for controlling access to a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product manufactured from one or more chemical input materials, wherein access to the digital twin by one or more decentralized data consumption network nodes of a decentralized network is controlled by a decentralized data provision network node associated with the digital twin, and the digital twin includes a decentralized digital twin identifier and at least one measured physical and / or chemical property of the chemical product, and / or at least one physical and / or chemical property identified from collected data associated with the manufacture and / or use of the chemical product, and the apparatus is - At least one decentralized digital twin identifier providing unit configured to provide decentralized digital twin identifiers, -At least one mapping data providing unit configured to provide mapping data including data relating to chemical products manufactured from one or more chemical input materials that are interrelated with each decentralized participant identifier associated with a decentralized participant node, wherein the mapping data is generated from data relating to chemical products manufactured from one or more chemical input materials and data relating to decentralized participant nodes, -At least one access data generation unit configured to generate access data for at least a portion of a digital twin based on mapping data, wherein the access data includes a decentralized digital twin identifier and one or more authorization rules associated with the decentralized digital twin identifier, the one or more authorization rules defining access and / or use of at least a portion of the digital twin for decentralized data consumption network nodes associated with decentralized participant identifiers included in the mapping data, - A decentralized data serving network node associated with a digital twin, configured to control access to at least a portion of the digital twin by one or more decentralized data consumption network nodes according to generated access data.

[0005] In another aspect, the Disclosure relates to a system for controlling access to a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product manufactured from one or more chemical input materials, wherein access to the digital twin by one or more decentralized data consumption network nodes of a decentralized network is controlled by a decentralized data provision network node associated with the digital twin, and the digital twin includes a decentralized digital twin identifier and at least one measured physical and / or chemical property of the chemical product, and / or at least one physical and / or chemical property identified from collected data associated with the manufacture and / or use of the chemical product, and the system -Optionally, a digital twin provider layer configured to provide a digital twin of the physical entity of a chemical product, - Access provider layer, • Provides a decentralized digital twin identifier included in the digital twin. The present invention provides mapping data that includes data relating to chemical products manufactured from one or more chemical input materials, which are interrelated with each decentralized participant identifier associated with a decentralized participant node, wherein the mapping data is generated from data relating to chemical products manufactured from one or more chemical input materials and data relating to decentralized participant nodes. - Generating access data for at least a portion of the digital twin based on mapping data, the access data comprising a decentralized digital twin identifier and one or more authorization rules associated with the decentralized digital twin identifier, the one or more authorization rules defining access to and / or use of the final portion of the digital twin for decentralized data consumption network nodes associated with decentralized participant identifiers contained in the mapping data. The system includes an access provider layer configured to control access by one or more decentralized data consumption network nodes to at least a portion of the digital twin, in accordance with the generated access data, via decentralized data serving network nodes.

[0006] In one embodiment, the Disclosure relates to a computer implementation method for controlling access to a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product manufactured from one or more chemical input materials, wherein access to the digital twin by one or more decentralized data consumption network nodes of a decentralized network is controlled by a decentralized data provision network node associated with the digital twin, and the digital twin includes a decentralized digital twin identifier and at least one measured physical and / or chemical property of the chemical product, and / or at least one physical and / or chemical property identified from collected data associated with the manufacture and / or use of the chemical product, and the method is as follows: - To provide a decentralized digital twin identifier, - To provide mapping data that includes data on chemical products manufactured from one or more chemical input materials, which are interrelated with each decentralized participant identifier associated with a decentralized participant node, wherein the mapping data is generated from data on chemical products manufactured from one or more chemical input materials and data on decentralized participant nodes. -Generating access data for at least a portion of a digital twin based on mapping data, wherein the access data includes a decentralized digital twin identifier and one or more authorization rules associated with the decentralized digital twin identifier, the one or more authorization rules defining access to and / or use of the final portion of the digital twin for decentralized data consumption network nodes associated with decentralized participant identifiers included in the mapping data, - Including providing generated access data to decentralized data-providing network nodes in order to control access to at least a portion of the digital twin by one or more decentralized data-consuming network nodes according to the access data.

[0007] In yet another embodiment, the Disclosure relates to a computer implementation method for authorizing access by a decentralized data delivery network node to a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product, wherein the digital twin includes a decentralized digital twin identifier and at least one measured physical and / or chemical property of the chemical product, and / or at least one physical and / or chemical property identified from collected data associated with the manufacture and / or use of the chemical product, and access data for at least a portion of the digital twin is generated by a device or system for controlling access to the digital twin, or in accordance with a computer implementation method for controlling access to the digital twin, and is provided to a decentralized data delivery network node, the method being, - A decentralized data delivery network node receives a request from a decentralized data consumption network node to access a digital twin or a portion thereof, wherein the request includes a decentralized digital twin identifier and a decentralized participant identifier associated with the decentralized data consumption node. Identifying access data based on received decentralized digital twin identifiers, • Validate the request by applying at least a portion of the identified access data to the received request based on the received decentralized participant identifier. If the request is valid, provide a digital twin or a portion thereof based on the received decentralized digital twin identifier, apply at least a portion of the identified access data to the provided digital twin or a portion thereof, and provide the digital twin or a portion thereof to decentralized data consumption network nodes according to the applied access data, or This includes, if the request is invalid, denying access to the digital twin or a portion thereof in accordance with the applicable access data.

[0008] In yet another aspect, the Disclosure relates to an apparatus for authorizing access by a decentralized data delivery network node to a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product, wherein the digital twin includes a decentralized digital twin identifier, at least one measured physical and / or chemical property of the chemical product, and / or at least one physical and / or chemical property identified from collected data associated with the manufacture and / or use of the chemical product, and access data for at least a portion of the digital twin is generated by an apparatus or system for controlling access to the digital twin, or according to a computer implementation method for controlling access to the digital twin, and is provided to the decentralized data delivery network node, the apparatus is, - A digital twin provider configured to provide a digital twin of the physical entity of a chemical product, - A decentralized data delivery network node, Receiving a request from a decentralized data consumption network node to access a digital twin or a portion thereof, wherein the request includes a decentralized digital twin identifier associated with the digital twin and a decentralized participant identifier associated with the decentralized data consumption node. Based on the received decentralized digital twin identifier, collect the digital twin or a portion thereof from the digital twin provider. Based on the received decentralized digital twin identifier and decentralized participant identifier, access data is identified, and the identified access data is applied to the collected digital twin or a portion thereof. The system comprises: a decentralized data serving network node configured to provide a digital twin or a portion thereof to a decentralized data consuming network node according to applied access data, or to deny access to a digital twin or a portion thereof according to applied access data.

[0009] In yet another embodiment, the Disclosure relates to a computer implementation method for processing a digital twin or a portion thereof of a physical entity of a chemical product, wherein the digital twin includes a decentralized digital twin identifier and at least one measured physical and / or chemical property of the chemical product, and / or at least one physical and / or chemical property identified from collected data associated with the manufacture and / or use of the chemical product, and the method is The steps of providing a digital twin or a portion thereof to a decentralized data consumption network node by a device for authorizing access, or via a computer implementation method for authorizing access disclosed herein, • Steps to process the provided digital twin or a portion thereof, The steps include providing output based on the processing.

[0010] In yet another embodiment, the Disclosure relates to a computer implementation method for authorizing access by a decentralized data consumption network node to a digital twin or portion thereof of a physical entity of a chemical product using a digital access element associated with the chemical product, wherein the digital twin includes a decentralized digital twin identifier and at least one measured physical and / or chemical property of the chemical product, and / or at least one physical and / or chemical property identified from collected data associated with the manufacture and / or use of the chemical product, and the method is The step of providing a digital access element including a decentralized passport identifier and digital twin location data, wherein the decentralized passport identifier is a decentralized digital twin identifier or is associated therewith. The step of providing access to the digital twin as authorized, based on the provided digital access elements, decentralized digital twin identifiers, and decentralized participant identifiers associated with decentralized data consumption network nodes requesting access to the digital twin, by the apparatus disclosed herein or via the computer implementation method disclosed herein.

[0011] In another embodiment, the Disclosure relates to a computer element, such as a computer-readable storage medium, a computer program, or a computer program product, which, when executed by a computing node or computing system, comprises instructions that instruct the computing node or computing system to perform steps of a computer implementation method disclosed herein.

[0012] In another embodiment, the Disclosure relates to a computer element, such as a computer-readable storage medium, a computer program, or a computer program product, which, when executed by an apparatus or system disclosed herein, comprises instructions that instruct the apparatus or system to perform steps configured to be performed by the apparatus or system disclosed herein.

[0013] The disclosures, embodiments, and examples described herein all relate to the methods, systems, apparatus, and computer elements described above and below. Advantageously, any benefits derived from any embodiment or example are equally applicable to all other embodiments and examples.

[0014] Embodiment The methods, apparatus, systems, and computer elements disclosed herein provide an efficient, secure, and robust method for sharing or exchanging data associated with chemical products across different decentralized network nodes associated with different participants in a chemical value chain, under the control of a decentralized data-serving network node associated with the data owner of the digital twin. In particular, access to the digital twin is controlled by the decentralized data-serving network node based on a unique relationship between a decentralized digital twin identifier and one or more authorization rules. The authorization rules define access to and / or use of at least a portion of the digital twin for decentralized data-consuming network nodes associated with each decentralized participant identifier, and may therefore be used to filter decentralized participant nodes requesting access to the digital twin or a portion thereof based on the decentralized participant identifier associated with the decentralized participant node and the decentralized digital twin identifier associated with the digital twin to be accessed. A party controlling decentralized data-serving network nodes, such as the data owner of a digital twin, may therefore control access to the digital twin or a portion thereof via the decentralized data-serving network nodes using access data based on a decentralized participant identifier associated with a decentralized data-consuming network node requesting access to the digital twin or a portion thereof, and a decentralized digital twin identifier associated with the digital twin to be accessed. By filtering decentralized data-consuming network nodes requesting access to the digital twin based on the access data, the digital twin or a portion thereof may be securely exchanged and shared under the control of the digital twin's data owner, and unwanted access to the digital twin by decentralized network participants via the relevant decentralized data-consuming network nodes can be avoided. This enables controlled access to the digital twin or a portion thereof by further upstream participants in the chemical supply chain.Furthermore, access to a digital twin or a portion thereof by multiple decentralized data consumption network nodes associated with different consumers and / or different participants in the chemical supply chain of different chemical products manufactured by chemical manufacturing can be controlled via decentralized data delivery services using access data and decentralized digital twin identifiers. Different access data may be generated for different parts of the digital twin, such as different datasets included in the digital twin, thus enabling finer-grained control over access to the digital twin.

[0015] Embodiments of this disclosure will be described below as examples. It goes without saying that this disclosure is not limited to the embodiments and / or examples described above.

[0016] In one embodiment, a digital twin of a chemical product may be a digital representation of the physical entity of the chemical product having a defined semantic description of the physical entity of the chemical product. A digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product is therefore a digital version of the physical entity. Once created, the digital twin can be used to represent the physical entity of the chemical product in a digital representation of a real-world system. The digital twin may be uniquely linked to the physical chemical product, at least via a decentralized digital twin identifier. The digital twin may be created so that the form and behavior of the corresponding chemical product are identical. In addition, the digital twin may reflect the characteristics of the chemical product for the duration of its life. For example, a sensor may capture real-time (or near real-time) data, such as transport or usage data, from the physical chemical product and relay it back to the remote digital twin. The digital twin may then be updated to maintain its correspondence to the physical entity of the chemical product. Thus, the digital twin may represent the current state of the physical entity of the chemical product at any time. The digital twin may include a decentralized digital twin identifier. The decentralized digital twin identifier may be associated with the physical entity of the chemical product to which the digital twin is associated. A decentralized digital twin identifier may be associated with the physical entity of the chemical product from which the digital twin is generated. A decentralized digital twin identifier may be associated with the decentralized identifier of the chemicals used to manufacture the chemical product. A decentralized identifier may be associated with products, components, component assemblies, and / or final products manufactured using the chemical product. This makes it possible to track chemical products within the value chain. A decentralized digital twin identifier may be a physical identifier attached to or assigned to a chemical product. The physical identifier may be any identifier of the manufactured chemical product, such as a batch number or part number. The physical identifier may include, but is not limited to, passive or active elements, such as barcodes, QR codes (registered trademarks), or RFID tags.Physical identifiers may include markers embedded in materials or similar physical arrangements that enable the digital identification of chemical products. The digital twin may further include a chemical product identifier.

[0017] A digital twin may be generated by a decentralized participant node. A decentralized participant node may communicate with a decentralized data-providing network node. A decentralized participant node may be associated with a decentralized data-providing network node. A digital twin may be generated by collecting data including at least one measured and / or identified physical and / or chemical property, providing a decentralized digital twin identifier associated with the collected data, generating digital twin data by applying at least one embodiment model associated with a chemical product to the collected data, and generating a digital twin including the provided decentralized digital twin identifier and digital twin data. The embodiment model may include a semantic description of each dataset. The semantic description may include the structure of at least a portion of each dataset and / or the properties of each dataset. The properties of each dataset may include data types. The properties of each dataset may include possible or acceptable values ​​and / or value ranges. The properties of each dataset may be physical units of parameters described by the values ​​contained in each dataset. At least one embodiment model may also relate to environmental attributes associated with a chemical product. Environmental attributes may also relate to the recyclable content of a chemical product, the renewable content of a chemical product, the bio-based content of a chemical product, emission data associated with a chemical product, and / or certificates associated with a chemical product. The use of an embodiment model relating to environmental attributes enables the generation of digital twin data reflecting each environmental attribute of a chemical product, and thus enables the sharing of such attributes in a secure and efficient manner through the generated digital twin data. An embodiment model may also relate to exactly one environmental attribute. This enables achieving a higher level of granularity regarding access to environmental attributes associated with a chemical product, and thus enables defining authorization rules separately for each environmental attribute (e.g., via its corresponding dataset). An embodiment model may also relate to at least two different environmental attributes.This may enable reducing the number of datasets that need to be generated.

[0018] Data may be collected based on chemical product identifiers associated with chemical products. Collecting the data may include retrieving or receiving the data. For example, the data may be received or retrieved based on chemical product identifiers. The data may be collected from one or more distributed data sources, and at least one of the distributed data sources includes a data instance regarding the data. The data instance includes at least one measured physical and / or chemical property of a chemical product, and / or at least one physical and / or chemical property identified from collected data associated with the manufacture of the chemical product. The measured physical and / or chemical properties may be measured after manufacture of the chemical product. The identified physical and / or chemical properties may be identified from data collected before, during, and / or after manufacture of the chemical product.

[0019] Digital twin data may be generated by applying each extracted aspect model to the collected data. Digital twin data may include one or more datasets having defined data structures. Each dataset may be generated by applying an aspect model to the collected data. The number of extracted aspect models may therefore be equal to the number of datasets generated by applying the extracted aspect models. Each generated dataset may include the data structure and data defined by each aspect model used for its generation. The use of at least one aspect model ensures reliable data transfer and compliance with the respective decentralized data standards, and therefore ensures efficient processing of the transferred data. Each dataset may be associated with a decentralized digital twin identifier. Each chemical product dataset may be associated with a dataset identifier. The decentralized identifier may include a digital twin identifier and a chemical product dataset identifier. This makes it possible to uniquely identify each of the datasets included in the digital twin by using the digital twin identifier in combination with the dataset identifier associated with the dataset.

[0020] Generating a digital twin may involve assigning decentralized digital twin identifiers to at least a portion of the digital twin data. Decentralized digital twin identifiers may be linked to each of at least a portion of the datasets. For example, decentralized digital twin identifiers may be related to each of the datasets. If decentralized digital twin identifiers include digital twin dataset identifiers, each digital twin dataset identifier may be linked to a dataset. The use of a combination of decentralized digital twin identifiers and digital twin dataset identifiers therefore enables the definition of authorization rules at the dataset level and thus allows for more granular access to the digital twin data.

[0021] Generating a digital twin may include generating digital twin location data and assigning the generated digital twin location data to a decentralized digital twin identifier. The digital twin location data may include a digital representation that points to the digital twin. The digital twin location data may include a digital representation that points to a dataset. The digital representation may directly or indirectly point to the storage location of the digital twin / digital twin data. The digital twin location data may be included in the digital twin. The digital twin location data may be assigned to a decentralized digital twin identifier. The digital twin location data may be used in combination with a decentralized identifier to access the digital twin data. For example, a decentralized digital twin identifier and the corresponding digital twin location data may be used by a decentralized data consumption network node to request the digital twin data, as will be discussed later with respect to the digital access elements. The digital twin location data may be associated with a decentralized digital twin identifier (e.g., DID) and a digital representation that points to the digital twin data, or may correspond to a DID document containing it. The DID document or a portion thereof may be propagated to a distributed ledger. A DID document or part thereof may be used to extract a digital representation using DID, as will be explained later.

[0022] A digital twin may be generated by the data owner of the digital twin data. The data owner of the digital twin data may be a chemical manufacturer that produces chemical products. The data owner of the digital twin data may be a legal entity that operates a chemical manufacturer that produces chemical products. The data owner of the digital twin data may be a natural person that operates a chemical manufacturer that produces chemical products. A digital twin may be generated on behalf of the data owner of the digital twin data. For example, a digital twin may be generated by a third party based on services provided to the data owner by the third party.

[0023] In one embodiment, the chemical product may be a chemical product obtained from at least one chemical reaction using one or more chemical input materials. The chemical reaction may include any chemical reaction well known in the art in which reactants are converted into one or more different chemical products. The chemical reaction may include the use of catalysts, enzymes, bacteria, etc., to achieve the chemical reaction between the reactants. The chemical product may include natural chemical products. Natural chemical products may include any chemical substances produced naturally without human interaction or intervention, i.e., any untreated chemical substances found in nature, such as plants, microorganisms, animals, earth and sea chemicals, or any chemical substances found in nature that are extracted using processes that do not alter their chemical composition. Natural chemical products may include biological products such as enzymes and naturally occurring inorganic or organic chemical products. Natural chemical products may be separated and purified before use, or they may be used in an unseparated and / or unpurified form. The chemical product may be a synthetic chemical product. Synthetic chemical products may include chemical products produced by human interaction or intervention. Synthetic chemical products may be produced by the same or different chemical reactions that exist naturally. The chemical product may include raw materials. A chemical product may contain a chemical substance produced by reacting at least two raw materials. A chemical product may contain one component. A chemical product may contain a component assembly. A chemical product may contain a final product.

[0024] Chemical products may be manufactured by chemical manufacturing from one or more chemical input materials. Chemical input materials may include raw materials, intermediate chemicals, or chemical products received from suppliers. Chemical manufacturing may be a chemical manufacturing network comprising multiple interconnected processing steps. Chemical manufacturing network may be an integrated chemical manufacturing network having manufacturing chains that relate to one another. Chemical manufacturing network may include multiple different manufacturing chains that share at least one intermediate product. Chemical manufacturing network may include multiple stages of a chemical value chain. Chemical manufacturing network may include multiple manufacturing chains that produce chemical products as outputs from one or more inbound materials as inputs. Chemical manufacturing network may include multiple layers of a chemical value chain. Chemical manufacturing network may include a configuration of physically interconnected manufacturing sites. Manufacturing sites may be in the same location or in different locations. In the latter case, manufacturing sites may be interconnected by dedicated transport systems such as pipelines, supply chain vehicles such as trucks, supply chain ships, or other means of freight transport. Chemical manufacturing may be controlled by an operating system. The operating system may be configured to perform methods disclosed herein. The operating system may include the devices and systems disclosed herein. The chemical product may have a physical identifier. The physical identifier may be present on the packaging of the manufactured chemical product. The physical identifier may be a code such as a QR code or embossed code, an NFT tag, etc. The physical identifier may be assigned to a decentralized identifier of a digital twin to uniquely link the digital twin, and therefore the digital twin data, to the physical entity of the chemical product.

[0025] In one embodiment, the physical entity may also be a physical embodiment of a chemical product. The physical entity may be any chemical product in the chemical supply chain and / or chemical value chain. The physical entity of a chemical product may be a raw material or basic substance, a chemical product, a chemical material, a chemical composition, a chemical mixture, a component, a component assembly, a finished product, or a combination thereof.

[0026] In one embodiment, a decentralized data delivery network node may be equipped with computer executable instructions for providing and / or processing data within a decentralized network, such as a digital twin of a chemical product, by a decentralized data consumption network node. The decentralized data delivery network node may be associated with or connected to one or more dedicated data storages that store the digital twin. The decentralized data delivery network node may be directly or indirectly connected to the data storage that stores the digital twin. Thus, the decentralized data delivery network node may be associated with the digital twin. The dedicated data storage may be under the control of the data owner of the digital twin data. The data owner may have access to the dedicated data storage.

[0027] In one embodiment, a decentralized data consumption network node may have computer executable instructions for accessing and / or processing data within the decentralized network, such as digital twin data provided by a decentralized data provision network node. The decentralized data consumption network node may be controlled or owned by, or associated with, a consumer of a chemical product. The consumer may be any entity that processes the chemical product. The consumer may be any entity that operates a manufacture configured to process the chemical product. The process may include using the chemical product to produce further chemical products, components, assemblies, or final products. The consumer may be an upstream participant in the chemical value chain to which the manufactured chemical product is associated, for example, in which the chemical product is used. For example, the consumer may be an individual product processor, such as an individual product manufacturer or a participant in the recycling process of an individual product. An individual product may be a finished product, for example, a distinct item that is easily identifiable by counting. Examples of individual products include automobiles, airplanes, shoes, etc. An individual product may be disassembled at the end of its lifecycle so that its components can be recycled. The consumer may receive the chemical product from an entity that manufactures the chemical product, such as a chemical product manufacturer. Through decentralized data consumption network nodes, consumers of chemical products may access a digital twin or a portion thereof associated with the supplied chemical product, thereby enabling improvements in manufacturing or recycling by using the accessed data. For example, the accessed data may be used to improve the characteristics of the resulting further chemical products, components, or individual products, or to improve overall manufacturing efficiency. In another example, the accessed data associated with the supplied chemical product may be used to control the manufacturing process, including the supplied chemical product. In yet another example, the accessed data may be used to ensure the chemical composition of the recycled component is identified, thereby improving recycling efficiency by identifying the correct recycling process, recycling parameters, recycling plant, etc.

[0028] In one embodiment, the decentralized network may be a decentralized peer-to-peer communication network. The decentralized network may include participant network nodes associated with participants in a chemical supply chain and may be configured to perform data transactions. The decentralized participant nodes may comprise network nodes of the decentralized network. Network nodes associated with participants in a chemical supply chain may be associated with raw material chemical suppliers, intermediate chemical manufacturers, intermediate component manufacturers, component manufacturers, component assembly manufacturers, or final product manufacturers. Data transactions may be based on a transaction protocol including an authentication mechanism and / or authorization mechanism. A peer-to-peer network may be established between decentralized network nodes associated with participants in a chemical supply chain based on the authentication and / or authorization mechanism. One or more authentication mechanisms may be associated with or linked to a decentralized digital twin identifier and / or a decentralized passport identifier. One or more authentication mechanisms associated with a decentralized digital twin identifier and / or a decentralized passport identifier may be accessible by decentralized data providing network nodes and / or decentralized data consuming network nodes. A decentralized configuration enables more efficient use of computing resources and enhances control by data owners.

[0029] In one embodiment, a decentralized data-serving network node and one or more decentralized data-consuming network nodes may be part of a decentralized network. The decentralized data-consuming network nodes and decentralized data-serving network nodes may be considered decentralized participant nodes of the decentralized network.

[0030] In one embodiment, a decentralized digital twin identifier and / or decentralized passport identifier may comprise digital twin data and optionally any unique identifier uniquely associated with the data owner of the digital twin data. The decentralized digital twin identifier and / or decentralized passport identifier may link the physical entity of a chemical product to the digital twin data. The decentralized digital twin identifier and / or decentralized passport identifier may comprise one or more universally unique identifiers (UUIDs) and / or one or more decentralized identifiers (DIDs). One or more DIDs and / or UUIDs may be associated with the digital twin and / or digital twin data. One or more DIDs and / or UUIDs may further be associated with a chemical product. For example, the decentralized digital twin identifier and / or decentralized passport identifier may comprise a digital twin identifier associated with the digital twin and one or more digital twin data identifiers associated with the set of digital twin data contained in the digital twin. The decentralized digital twin identifier and / or decentralized passport identifier may further comprise a chemical product identifier associated with a chemical product. Any combination of UUIDs and DIDs is possible. For example, the decentralized digital twin identifier and / or decentralized passport identifier may be a DID, while the digital twin data identifier may be a UUID. In another embodiment, the decentralized digital twin identifier and / or decentralized passport identifier, as well as the digital twin data identifier, may be UUIDs. The decentralized digital twin identifier and / or decentralized passport identifier may be associated with any participant in the supply chain, including raw material chemical suppliers, intermediate chemical manufacturers, intermediate component manufacturers, component manufacturers, component assembly manufacturers, or final product manufacturers. The decentralized digital twin identifier and / or decentralized passport identifier may be associated with machines, systems, or devices used in the manufacture of raw materials, basic materials, chemical products, intermediate products, components, component assemblies, or final products, or with collections of such machines, devices, and / or systems.Decentralized digital twin identifiers and / or decentralized passport identifiers may be issued by a central or decentralized identity information issuer. Decentralized digital twin identifiers and / or decentralized passport identifiers may be generated by or on behalf of the data owner of the digital twin data. Decentralized digital twin identifiers and / or decentralized passport identifiers may include authentication information. Access to such sets of digital twin data may be controlled by the data owner of the digital twin data through the decentralized digital twin identifiers and / or decentralized passport identifiers, and the digital twin data of the digital twin associated with a chemical product and optionally its unique association with the data owner of the digital twin data. This is in contrast to a centralized authorization scheme, in which identifiers are provided by such central authorization and access to data is controlled by such central authorization. Decentralized in this context refers to the use of decentralized digital twin identifiers and / or decentralized passport identifiers in an implementation that is controlled by the data owner.

[0031] In one embodiment, the decentralized participant identifier may comprise any identifier uniquely associated with a participant in a decentralized network and / or a manufacturing site of a participant in a decentralized network. A participant in a decentralized network may be a consumer of chemical products, for example, consuming chemical products received from or supplied by a chemical product manufacturer. A manufacturing site of a participant in a decentralized network may use the received / supplied chemical products to manufacture further products such as further chemical products, parts, components, component assemblies, and / or final products. The decentralized participant identifier may comprise letters and / or numbers. The decentralized participant identifier may comprise one or more universally unique identifiers (UUIDs) and / or one or more decentralized identifiers (DIDs). The decentralized participant identifier may be associated with or comprise verifiable claims or credentials. The verifiable claims may be issued by a central or decentralized identification information issuer that creates one or more claims relating to a subject such as a consumer entity that is a trusted participant in a decentralized network. For example, an issuer may make a claim relating to a consumer (e.g., a customer entity) to which a DID as a decentralized participant identifier is associated. Verifiable claims may include the claim itself and a proof order to prove that the claim has not been tampered with and was actually issued by the claim issuer. Verifiable claims may also include duration information metadata that defines the period for which the verifiable claim is valid for use, or a specific number of times the verifiable claim is authorized for use. Verifiable claims may also include the DID of the subject, such as the claim issuer and / or the consumer entity. Verifiable claims may be signed by the claim issuer. The claim issuer may provide verifiable claims to claim holders, such as consumer entities, for presentation to any relying party, such as a decentralized data provider, that relies on the truthfulness of those claims. The signature of a verifiable claim may be verified by a public key associated with the claim issuer to identify that the customer entity is a trusted entity within a decentralized network.Verifiable credentials may be presented by decentralized data consumption network nodes and may be used by decentralized data provision network nodes to verify that decentralized participants associated with decentralized data consumption network nodes are trusted entities within the decentralized network before providing access to the digital twin, thus ensuring that the digital twin can be exchanged in a secure and controlled manner within the decentralized network. Decentralized participant identifiers may differ from data relating to chemical products manufactured from one or more chemical input materials. In contrast to data relating to chemical products which may not be unique within the decentralized network, decentralized participant identifiers are unique within the decentralized network. Thus, decentralized participant identifiers enable the unique identification of participants and / or locations of participants in the decentralized network. Decentralized participant identifiers may be generated by central or decentralized nodes in the decentralized network. Decentralized participant identifiers may be provided to all participants in the decentralized network. Decentralized participant identifiers may be associated with the names of participants in the decentralized network. A decentralized participant identifier may be associated with the name of a site, such as a manufacturing site, for a participant in a decentralized network. In this context, decentralized refers to the use of a decentralized participant identifier in an implementation that is controlled by a decentralized data consumption network node associated with the decentralized participant.

[0032] In one embodiment, one or more authorization rules may comprise computer executable instructions for granting data access for decentralized data consumption network nodes. The set of authorization rules may include rules that specify under what conditions a digital twin may be accessed (e.g., access policies) and / or used (e.g., usage policies). The computer executable instructions modify access to a digital twin associated with a decentralized digital twin identifier by enabling access to the digital twin associated with a decentralized digital twin identifier, denying access to the digital twin associated with a decentralized digital twin identifier, or modifying the digital twin associated with a decentralized digital twin identifier.

[0033] In one embodiment, the chemical properties may be properties of the chemical product that become apparent during or after a chemical reaction. Therefore, the chemical properties may be any quality that can only be established by altering the chemical identity of the chemical product. Examples of chemical properties include heat of combustion, enthalpy of formation, toxicity, chemical stability in a given environment, flammability, oxidation state, corrosiveness, acidity and basicity, chemical product composition, recyclable content used to produce or manufacture the chemical product, biobase content used to produce or manufacture the chemical product, renewable content used to produce or manufacture the chemical product, and pH value.

[0034] In one embodiment, the physical properties may be any measurable properties. Thus, the values ​​of the physical properties describe the state of the chemical product. Examples of physical properties include absorption, brittleness, boiling point, capacitance, color, concentration, density, ductility, distribution, effectiveness, elasticity, charge, conductivity, electrical impedance, potential, flow rate, fluidity, hardness, heat capacity, inductance, intrinsic impedance, luminance, luminescence, gloss, mass, melting point, opacity, transmittance, dielectric constant, plasticity, pressure, radiance, resistivity, reflectance, refractive index, solubility, specific heat, strength, stiffness, temperature, tension, thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, viscosity, volume, and wave impedance.

[0035] In one embodiment, the measured at least one physical and / or chemical property is acquired by a sensor configured to measure physical and / or chemical properties. The sensor may be included in a measuring apparatus. The sensor may correspond to a measuring device. For example, the physical and / or chemical property may include properties provided by a sensor of a mobile device such as a camera, or by a measuring device configured to measure at least one physical and / or chemical property.

[0036] In one embodiment, data associated with the manufacture of a chemical product is collected before, during, and / or after the manufacture of the chemical product. The collected chemical product data may be used to identify at least one physical and / or chemical property of the manufactured chemical product. For example, chemical product emission data may be identified based on chemical product data collected during the manufacture of the chemical product. The data associated with the manufacture of a chemical product may include chemical manufacturing data from the manufacture of the chemical product. The data associated with the manufacture of a chemical product may include monitoring and / or control data associated with the manufacture of the chemical product.

[0037] In one embodiment, data associated with the use of a chemical product is collected via at least one identifier associated with the chemical product. The data may be collected before, during, or after use of the chemical product. The collected data may include at least one measured physical and / or chemical property of the chemical product used. The measured physical and / or chemical property may include the chemical and / or physical properties described above. The data may be collected by a suitable sensor configured to measure the chemical and / or physical properties. The sensor data may be correlated with identifiers associated with the chemical product. The chemical and / or physical properties identified from the sensor data may be correlated with identifiers associated with the chemical product. The identifier may be a chemical product identifier. The identifier may be a decentralized digital twin identifier. The decentralized digital twin identifier may be linked to other decentralized product identifiers according to the physical relationship between the chemical product entity and other physical entities, e.g., things manufactured using or from the chemical product. Thus, decentralized participant nodes in a decentralized network may be able to interpret the relationships of decentralized digital twin identifiers corresponding to the physical relationships of physical and chemical entities to other physical entities. By linking decentralized digital twin identifiers with other decentralized product identifiers, it becomes possible to identify decentralized participant nodes that store collected data associated with the use of chemical products or identified physical and / or chemical properties. The collected data and / or identified chemical and / or physical properties may be provided by the decentralized participant nodes or stored within the digital twin. For example, a new dataset may be generated by applying an embodiment model associated with the use of chemical products, and the digital twin may be updated using the new dataset.

[0038] In one embodiment, the digital twin further includes the chemical product name, chemical product declaration data, chemical product safety data, certificates of analytical data associated with the chemical product, certificates associated with the chemical product, or a combination thereof. The digital twin may include different classes of data (hereinafter referred to as digital twin data). At least one class of such data may include data required by regulation or regulatory data for a chemical substance. Such data may include chemical product declaration data, chemical product safety data, and certificates of analytical data. At least one class of such data may include emission data, recyclable content data, bio-based content data, and / or at least one physical and / or chemical property identified from collected data associated with the manufacture of the chemical product. Each class may be associated with authorization rules, as will be described later. The authorization rules for each class may differ from one another. This allows for defining access to the digital twin at a finer level, thus improving security and preventing undesirable access by unauthorized decentralized data consumption services to classes containing more sensitive information, such as the composition of the chemical product.

[0039] In one embodiment, emission data may include any data relating to the environmental footprint. The environmental footprint may refer to an entity and its associated environmental footprint. The environmental footprint may be entity-specific. For example, the environmental footprint may relate to a product, a company, a process such as a manufacturing process, raw materials or basic substances, chemical products or materials, components, component assemblies, finished products, combinations thereof, or additional entity-specific relationships. Emission data may include data relating to the carbon footprint of a chemical product or product carbon footprint (PCF). Emission data may include, for example, data relating to greenhouse gas emissions released in the manufacture of a chemical product. Emission data may include data relating to greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions may include emissions such as carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, methane (CH4) emissions, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions, perfluorocarbon (PFC) emissions, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) emissions, nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) emissions, combinations thereof, and additional emissions. Emissions data may include data on greenhouse gas emissions from the activities of the entity or firm itself (manufacturing, power supply to plants, and waste incineration). Scope 2 may include emissions from the production of externally supplied energy. Scope 3 may include all other emissions along the value chain. Specifically, this may include greenhouse gas emissions from raw materials obtained from suppliers. Product carbon footprint (PCF) may sum up greenhouse gas emissions and removals from a series of interconnected processes relating to a particular product. Cradle-to-gate PCF may sum up greenhouse gas emissions based on selected process steps, for example, from resource extraction to the factory gate where the product leaves the firm. Such PCF may be referred to as partial PCF. To achieve such summation, each firm providing any product may provide Scope 1 and Scope 2 contributions to the PCF of each product.

[0040] In one embodiment, the recyclate content data, biobase content data, and renewable content may include any data relating to the recyclate content, biobase content, or renewable content used to produce or manufacture the physical entity of the chemical product.

[0041] In one embodiment, the digital twin may include at least two different measured and / or identified physical and / or chemical properties present in different datasets (e.g., digital twin data). Data points in different datasets may overlap. The datasets may correspond to data structures obtained when applying an embodiment model to collected data associated with the physical entities of a chemical product, as previously described. The datasets may include values ​​and / or value ranges defined in the embodiment model used to generate the datasets. Thus, each dataset includes data structures and data defined by the embodiment model used to generate it. This ensures that each dataset has a defined structure and includes defined data, thus simplifying data exchange and processing of exchanged data regarding chemical products.

[0042] In one embodiment, a decentralized data delivery network node is associated with the data owner of the digital twin and / or digital twin data. The data owner may include entities that generate the digital twin. The data owner may include any entities that generate the digital twin data or dataset. The data generation node may be coupled to an entity that manufactures or owns the physical entity of the chemical product from which the data is generated or for which it is generated. The digital twin data may be generated by a third-party entity on behalf of the entity that manufactures or owns the physical product of the chemical product from which the data is generated or for which it is generated. The data owner may be a chemical manufacturer. The data owner may therefore directly or indirectly own the digital twin and the digital twin data. The digital twin and the digital twin data may be stored in or associated with the data owner's database. The digital twin and the digital twin data may be stored in or under the control of the data owner's database. The digital twin and the digital twin may be stored in a database accessible by the data owner. The data owner may control access to the digital twin and the digital twin, for example, through a decentralized data delivery network node associated with the data owner. The digital twin and the digital twin may be associated with the data owner. In this sense, a data owner should be broadly interpreted as an entity that has access to a digital twin and a digital twin, and controls access to the digital twin or a portion thereof by data consumption services of a decentralized network via decentralized data delivery network nodes.

[0043] In one embodiment, a decentralized digital twin identifier is provided in response to a request received by a decentralized digital twin providing unit. The request may include a decentralized digital twin identifier. The request may also include a chemical product identifier associated with a chemical product, and the decentralized digital twin identifier providing unit may be configured to provide a decentralized digital twin identifier based on the received chemical product identifier. For example, the decentralized digital twin identifier providing unit may retrieve a decentralized digital twin identifier from a database storing digital twins based on the chemical product identifier.

[0044] In one embodiment, data relating to a chemical product manufactured from one or more chemical input materials includes a consumer identifier associated with the chemical product. The consumer identifier may be associated with a consumer of the chemical product. The consumer identifier may be associated with a participant in a chemical product ecosystem who receives or consumes the chemical product. The consumer identifier may be any identifier uniquely associated with a consumer of a chemical product within a chemical manufacturing company that produces the chemical product. The consumer identifier may be any identifier uniquely associated with a consumer of a chemical product within an entity operating a chemical manufacturing company that produces the chemical product. The consumer identifier may be an identifier used by a chemical product manufacturer. The consumer identifier does not have to be a unique identifier within a decentralized network. Therefore, the consumer identifier may be unique only within a chemical manufacturing company that produces a chemical product from one or more chemical input materials. The consumer identifier may be associated with a chemical product supplied to the consumer to which the consumer identifier is associated. The consumer identifier may be associated with a chemical product identifier associated with a chemical product. Therefore, each consumer identifier may be identified based on a chemical product identifier associated with a chemical product. The consumer identifier may be any string, number, or combination thereof.

[0045] In one embodiment, data relating to a chemical product manufactured from one or more chemical input materials further includes a chemical product identifier associated with the chemical product. This makes it possible to link the data relating to the chemical product to the physical entity of each chemical product.

[0046] In one embodiment, a decentralized participant node associated with a decentralized participant identifier is associated with a participant in a decentralized network. The participant may be a consumer of a chemical product. The decentralized participant node may correspond to a decentralized data consumption network node associated with a participant in a decentralized network. The decentralized participant node is therefore associated with a participant in a decentralized network, at least indirectly.

[0047] In one embodiment, data relating to a decentralized participant node includes a decentralized participant identifier associated with the participant node. The data relating to a decentralized participant node may further include data relating to a participant associated with the decentralized participant node. The data relating to a participant may include the participant's name and / or address.

[0048] In one embodiment, generating mapping data involves relating data relating to chemical products manufactured from one or more chemical input materials to each decentralized participant identifier contained in the data relating to decentralized participant nodes, based on a relational expression in which the data relating to chemical products is associated with data relating to decentralized participant nodes. The data relating to chemical products manufactured from one or more chemical input materials may be identified based on a chemical product identifier associated with the chemical product. The data relating to chemical products manufactured from one or more chemical input materials may be retrieved from one or more data storage media, such as a distributed database, based on the chemical product identifier. The relational expression may specify consumers associated with a chemical product and / or chemical products associated with a consumer. The relational expression may specify consumers based on consumer identifiers, such as consumer identifiers contained in the data relating to chemical products, and related decentralized network identifiers, such as decentralized network identifiers contained in the data relating to decentralized participant nodes. The relational expression may correspond to a data structure that includes relationships between chemical products, consumer identifiers, and decentralized participant identifiers. The data structure may include further information associated with the consumer identifier and / or decentralized participant identifier, such as a name and / or address associated with the identifier. Relational representations may be generated by identifying data relating to decentralized participants associated with data relating to chemical products. For example, relational representations may be generated by matching names and / or addresses contained in data relating to chemical products with names and / or addresses contained in data relating to decentralized participant nodes, and relating the data relating to chemical products with decentralized participant identifiers based on the matching.

[0049] In one embodiment, providing mapping data includes generating mapping data and providing the generated mapping data. The generated mapping data may be stored in a data storage medium such as a database. The database may be a persistent or non-persistent log.

[0050] In one embodiment, generating mapping data includes verifying data relating to decentralized participant nodes. Verification may be performed before generating the mapping data. Verification may be performed after generating the mapping data. Verification ensures that the identification information of decentralized network participants associated with decentralized participant nodes, and therefore decentralized participant identifiers, matches the identification information of consumers of chemical products, for example, matching data relating to chemical products, and thus avoids the generation of inaccurate access data, and therefore inaccurate mapping data that would result in inaccurate access to the digital twin by inaccurate decentralized data consuming network nodes. Verification may be based on verifiable claims associated with each decentralized participant identifier. The verifier may be the data owner of the digital twin. The verifier may be an entity that performs a computer implementation method for controlling access to the digital twin, as disclosed herein. The verifier may be a unit that provides the mapping data. The verifier may verify the claims using a verifiable data registry. Verification ensures that only trusted decentralized participant identifiers are included in the mapping data used to generate access data, and therefore ensures that access to the digital twin or any part thereof may only be authorized to trusted decentralized data-consuming network nodes of the decentralized network.

[0051] In one embodiment, access data further includes a digital representation that points to the digital twin or a portion thereof. Access data may also include a digital representation that points to a dataset included in the digital twin data. Access data may include multiple digital representations, each representation pointing to a different part of the digital twin data, such as a different dataset. The digital representation may directly or indirectly point to the storage location of the digital twin. The digital representation may have at least one interface to decentralized data delivery network node data. The digital representation may further include at least one interface to decentralized data consumption network nodes. The digital representation may include an endpoint for data exchange or sharing (resource endpoint) or an endpoint for service interaction (service endpoint) that is uniquely identified via a communication protocol.

[0052] In one embodiment, generating access data includes providing authorization rules associated with data relating to chemical products and / or chemical product identifiers, and selecting authorization rules based on mapping data.

[0053] In one embodiment, one or more authorization rules may be generated based on decentralized participant identifiers included in the mapping data. For example, authorization rules specific to decentralized participant identifiers may be generated. In another embodiment, authorization rules specific to a particular location may be generated based on decentralized participant identifiers included in the mapping data.

[0054] In one embodiment, one or more authorization rules may be generated based on data relating to chemical products included in the mapping data. For example, the obligations of decentralized data consumption network nodes that access and use a digital twin or a portion thereof may be generated based on data relating to chemical products.

[0055] In one embodiment, one or more authorization rules include one or more rules specific to a decentralized participant identifier. For example, one or more authorization rules may include one or more rules specific to a decentralized participant identifier associated with a decentralized participant node authorized to access the digital twin or a portion thereof. Thus, access to the digital twin or a portion thereof is denied to decentralized participant network nodes associated with decentralized participant identifiers not included in the set of authorization rules. The number of decentralized network participants who have access to the digital twin or a portion thereof, and therefore the number of associated decentralized data consumption network nodes, may be limited using decentralized participant identifiers. This makes it possible to control access to the digital twin or a portion thereof by a unique preference for decentralized digital twin identifiers and authorization rules, through filtering of decentralized data consumption network nodes based on the decentralized participant identifier associated with each decentralized data consumption network node.

[0056] In one embodiment, one or more authorization rules include one or more local rules specific to a particular location, where the location is associated with a jurisdiction, and the local rules for that location are associated with legal requirements relating to the supply of chemical products. The local rules may include instructions configured to provide access to a digital twin or a portion thereof. A location may be the location of a decentralized data consumption network node. A location may be the location of a decentralized network participant associated with a decentralized data consumption network node. A location may be the location of an entity operated by a decentralized network participant. A location may be identified based on a decentralized participant identifier associated with a decentralized data consumption network node requesting access to a digital twin or a portion thereof.

[0057] In one embodiment, one or more authorization rules include one or more rules specific to attribute values ​​associated with a decentralized network participant. The attribute values ​​associated with a participant may be associated with or correspond to the participant's role within the chemical ecosystem. The role may be a raw material supplier, chemical manufacturer, OEM, recycler, etc. For example, one or more authorization rules may include one or more attribute values ​​specific to a participant associated with a decentralized data consumption network node authorized to access the digital twin or a portion thereof. Thus, access to the digital twin or a portion thereof to a decentralized data consumption network node associated with a participant not included in the set of authorization rules is denied.

[0058] In one embodiment, one or more authorization rules include at least one regulatory order configured to provide access to a digital twin or a portion thereof of regulatory requirements for the supply of chemical products.

[0059] In one embodiment, one or more authorization rules include one or more prescribed rules relating to emission data, manufacturing data, recyclable content data, bio-based content data, origin data, working conditions data, or a combination thereof.

[0060] In one embodiment, one or more authorization rules include obligations of decentralized data consumption network nodes associated with each decentralized participant identifier, and / or obligations of decentralized network nodes using a digital twin or part thereof accessed by a data consumption network node associated with each decentralized participant identifier. Such obligations may include data transaction logging, usage policies for processing or using the accessed digital twin or part thereof, mapping to access rules, etc. The usage policy for processing or using the accessed digital twin or part thereof may include conditions for time limits on the use of the accessed digital twin or part thereof. For example, the usage policy may include duration data indicating the duration for which the digital twin or part thereof may be accessed by a decentralized data consumption network node. After the duration has elapsed, the digital twin or part thereof may no longer be accessed by the decentralized data consumption network node. A use policy for processing or use may include one or more prescribed processing rules relating to the processing of emission data, manufacturing data, recyclate content data, bio-based content data, origin data, labor conditions data, or combinations thereof by decentralized data consumption network nodes associated with decentralized participant identifiers. A use policy including one or more prescribed processing rules may be enforced by an application using the accessed digital twin or a portion thereof. A use policy for processing or use may include obligations associated with the purpose for which the accessed digital twin or a portion thereof is permitted to be processed or used. For example, such a use policy may define that the accessed digital twin or a portion thereof is used only in connection with emission data calculations. A use policy associated with a purpose may be enforced by an application using the accessed digital twin or a portion thereof.

[0061] In one embodiment, the authorization rules defining the use of a digital twin or part thereof include one or more aggregation rules relating to the digital twin or part thereof. The aggregation rules may also relate to material list data included in the digital twin or part thereof. The material list may also relate to a manufacturing configuration. The manufacturing configuration may include a list of chemical substances or chemical components, the respective quantities required to manufacture each product, or combinations thereof. The material list may include the time when the product was designed (engineering material list), the time when it was ordered (sales material list), the time when it was built (manufacturing material list), or the time when it was maintained (service material list). In the chemical industry, the material list may include formulations, recipes, or ingredient lists.

[0062] In one embodiment, access data is generated for at least a portion of the digital twin. In another embodiment, access data is generated for each dataset included in the digital twin data. This allows for defining access data at the dataset level, and therefore provides finer-grained access to the digital twin data, as different access data may be generated and applied to different datasets. Access data may be associated with each dataset via a dataset identifier associated with each dataset. The dataset identifier may be included in a decentralized digital twin identifier. For example, access data with less stringent authorization rules may be bound to a dataset containing data accessible by several decentralized data consumption network nodes, such as material safety data, while access data with stringent authorization rules may be bound to a dataset containing data accessible by only a few decentralized data consumption network nodes, such as chemical composition data.

[0063] In one embodiment, access to a digital twin by a decentralized data consumption network node is based on a decentralized digital twin identifier and a decentralized participant identifier associated with the decentralized data consumption network node requesting access to the digital twin or a portion thereof. For example, the decentralized data consumption network node may provide the decentralized digital twin identifier and the decentralized participant identifier associated with the decentralized data consumption network node to a decentralized data providing network node. Based on the provided decentralized digital twin identifier, the decentralized data providing network node may request or retrieve the digital twin or a portion thereof associated with the decentralized digital twin identifier. Based on the provided decentralized digital twin identifier and the decentralized participant identifier, the decentralized data providing network node may apply access data to the received or retrieved digital twin or a portion thereof, as will be described later.

[0064] In one embodiment, access to the digital twin may be controlled by a decentralized data serving network node based on a decentralized participant identifier and access data. This makes it possible to control access to the digital twin by the decentralized data serving network node based on a unique relationship between a decentralized digital twin identifier and one or more authorization rules, by using authorization rules to filter decentralized data consuming network nodes that request access to the digital twin or a portion thereof based on a decentralized participant identifier associated with the decentralized data consuming network node.

[0065] In one embodiment, a decentralized data delivery network node may further be associated with a data owner of a digital twin, such as a dataset, or a portion thereof. The data owner may be a chemical product manufacturer. The data owner may be one of the data owners described above. The decentralized data delivery network node may be directly or indirectly connected to one or more dedicated data storages that store the digital twin. The dedicated data storage may be under the control of the data owner of the digital twin. The data owner may have access to the dedicated data storage. The data owner may therefore control access to the digital twin via the decentralized data delivery network node based on a decentralized digital twin identifier and associated access data. This allows the data owner to maintain complete control of the digital twin, while at the same time enabling the sharing of the digital twin under controlled conditions by using the access data associated with the digital twin.

[0066] In one embodiment, a decentralized data consumption network node may be controlled or owned by a consumer of a chemical product. The consumer may be a recipient of the chemical product. The consumer may be a chemical product processor. Through the decentralized data consumption network node, the consumer may extract and / or receive at least a portion of the digital twin associated with the received chemical product, and thus enable the use of the extracted and / or extracted data to improve the manufacturing of products containing the chemical product or to improve the recycling of the product. The use of data during the manufacturing of individual materials or their components may enable the use of the data to improve the manufacturing process by controlling the manufacturing process based on the data, for example, thereby improving the properties of the resulting component or individual product or the overall manufacturing efficiency. The use of data during the recycling process enables the reliable identification of the chemical composition of the component to be recycled, and thus improves recycling efficiency by identifying the correct recycling process, recycling parameters, recycling plant, etc.

[0067] In one embodiment, access data may be stored in a database of a decentralized data delivery network node, or may be associated with a decentralized data delivery network node. Providing access data to a decentralized data delivery network node allows the digital twin to be stored separately from the decentralized data delivery network node, thus ensuring a higher level of security as appropriate authentication and authorization schemes can be implemented for communication between the downstream database storing the digital twin and the decentralized data delivery network node. Furthermore, only a minimal amount of data is stored in a database associated with the decentralized data delivery network node, thus reducing the risk of undesirable data leakage in the event of unauthorized access to the contents of the decentralized data delivery network node's database.

[0068] In one embodiment of a method or apparatus for authorizing access to a digital twin, a request may be received based on a digital access element including a decentralized passport identifier associated with a chemical product and digital twin location data. The decentralized passport identifier may correspond to or be associated with a decentralized digital twin identifier contained in the digital twin. The digital twin location data may include a digital representation pointing to a decentralized data provision network node associated with the digital twin. The digital access element may correspond to a DID document associated with the decentralized digital twin identifier or decentralized passport identifier, the DID document including a decentralized digital twin identifier or decentralized passport identifier in the form of a decentralized identifier (DID). The digital access element may be retrieved from a centralized or decentralized repository. The digital access element may be retrieved based on a decentralized digital twin identifier associated with a physical identifier of a chemical product. For example, the decentralized identifier may be embedded in the physical identifier. In another example, the chemical product identifier may be embedded in a physical identifier, and the chemical product identifier may be used to retrieve a digital access element based on an associated decentralized digital twin identifier and the decentralized digital twin identifier.

[0069] In one embodiment of a method or apparatus for authorizing access to a digital twin, access data is applied before access to the digital twin or a portion thereof, or during the execution time of access to the digital twin or a portion thereof.

[0070] In one embodiment of a method for authorizing access to a digital twin, the method includes the step of authenticating a decentralized network node for access to a digital twin associated with a chemical product. Authentication may include receiving a request to authenticate the decentralized network node. The request may include a decentralized network node identifier associated with the decentralized network node. The request may include a decentralized participant identifier associated with a decentralized data consumption network node. The request may include a decentralized participant identifier associated with a decentralized data provision network node. Authentication may further include providing one or more authentication mechanisms associated with the decentralized network node identifier. The authentication mechanisms may be provided from at least one authentication data registry. The authentication data registry may be a centralized registry node such as a centralized file system, a centrally managed distributed database, and / or a centrally managed peer-to-peer network. The centralized configuration allows for greater control and standardization via a central node. The authentication data registry may be a decentralized registry such as a distributed ledger, a decentralized file system, a distributed database, and / or a peer-to-peer network. A decentralized configuration enables more efficient use of computing resources and enhances control by data owners. In addition, a decentralized configuration is independent of a central management node, increasing the reliability and flexibility of the system. An authentication mechanism may be provided in response to requests from decentralized network nodes to an authentication registry. Based on the authentication mechanism, requests to generate authentication data may be provided. The authentication data received in response to the request may be verified, and if the authentication is verified, access to the chemical product dataset may be authorized; otherwise, access may be denied. Access may be authorized by a device or computer implementation for authorizing access.

[0071] A decentralized network node may also be a decentralized data-serving network node associated with a decentralized participant identifier, and authentication of a decentralized data-serving network node includes providing a decentralized participant identifier and providing one or more authentication mechanisms for the decentralized participant identifier from at least one authentication data registry. A decentralized network node may also be a decentralized data-consuming network node associated with a decentralized participant identifier, and authentication of a decentralized data-consuming network node includes providing a decentralized participant identifier and providing one or more authentication mechanisms for the decentralized participant identifier from at least one authentication data registry.

[0072] A decentralized network node being authenticated may provide a dynamic token from at least one authentication data registry and / or an identity token presented in the authentication request to a decentralized network node performing verification. For example, a decentralized data consumption network node may provide a dynamic token from at least one authentication data registry and / or an identity token presented in the authentication request to a decentralized data provision network node. In another example, a decentralized data provision network node provides a dynamic token from at least one authentication data registry and / or an identity token presented in the authentication request to a decentralized data consumption network node.

[0073] A verifying decentralized network node may grant access to another authenticated decentralized network node based on the verification of dynamic tokens and / or identification tokens by the verifying decentralized network node. An authenticated decentralized network node may grant access to the verifying decentralized network node based on the verification of dynamic tokens and / or identification tokens by the authenticated decentralized network node. For example, a decentralized data consumption network node is granted access to a decentralized data provision network node based on the verification of dynamic tokens and / or identification tokens by a decentralized data provision network node. In another example, a decentralized data provision network node may grant access to a decentralized data consumption network node based on the verification of dynamic tokens and / or identification tokens by a decentralized data provision network node.

[0074] The authentication process may be implemented as part of a decentralized data-serving network node or a decentralized data-consuming network node. The authentication process may be provided by a separate authentication service accessible to the decentralized data-serving network node and / or the decentralized data-consuming network node. In the authentication process, one decentralized network node may function as the verification service, and the other decentralized network node may function as the service being authenticated.

[0075] At least one authentication mechanism may be based on a private / public key infrastructure, a digital certificate issued by a certificate issuer, a biometric service, or a combination thereof. The public key may be included in a digital access element. The digital access element may include a decentralized passport identifier, access data, and a public key. The digital access element may be recorded on at least one authentication registry. In response to an authentication request from a decentralized data service, authentication data may be provided, including a cryptographic signature encrypted with the private key of the requested decentralized data service. The provided authentication data may be verified based on at least one authentication mechanism. Verification may include retrieving the public key from the authentication data registry, decrypting the cryptographic signature using the retrieved public key, and determining whether the authentication request is valid in response to a valid decryption result. If the authentication request is valid, access to the digital twin data may be permitted; if the authentication request is not valid, access to the digital twin data may be denied.

[0076] The authorization process may be performed on a decentralized data consumption network node. Authorization may be performed by a decentralized data provision network node. The authorization process may be performed before authentication of a decentralized data consumption network node. The authorization process may be performed in parallel with authentication of a decentralized data consumption network node. The authorization process may be performed after authentication of a decentralized data consumption network node. The authorization process may be performed only if the authentication process is successful. Upon successful authorization, the decentralized data provision network node may provide access to the digital twin based on the access data. Upon successful authorization, the decentralized data provision network node may provide modified access to the digital twin or access to the modified digital twin based on the access data.

[0077] A brief explanation of some of the figures in the drawing. The present disclosure will be further described below with reference to the attached drawings. The drawings and the same reference numerals in this disclosure are intended to refer to the same or similar elements, components, and / or parts. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0078] [Figure 1A] An exemplary embodiment of a central computing environment (Figure 1A) is shown. [Figure 1B] An exemplary embodiment of a decentralized computing environment (Figure 1B) is shown. [Figure 1C] An exemplary embodiment of a distributed computing environment (Figure 1C) is shown. [Figure 2] This document illustrates an example of chemical manufacturing controlled by an operating system that includes a digital twin management system. [Figure 3] This document illustrates one embodiment of a manufacturing system for producing chemical products associated with one or more digital twins. [Figure 4A] This example illustrates an apparatus for controlling access to a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product manufactured from one or more chemical input materials. [Figure 4B] This document presents one embodiment of a system for controlling access to a digital twin of the physical entities of chemical products manufactured from one or more chemical input materials. [Figure 5A] This document presents a first embodiment of linkage between a digital twin of a chemical product and a digital access element via a decentralized digital twin identifier. [Figure 5B] This presents a second embodiment of linkage between a digital twin of a chemical product and a digital access element via a decentralized digital twin identifier. [Figure 6A] This example shows access data including a decentralized digital twin identifier and one or more authorization rules. [Figure 6B] Further examples of access data including decentralized digital twin identifiers and one or more authorization rules are shown. [Figure 7A]This document presents an embodiment of an apparatus and related method for controlling access to a digital twin of a chemical product manufactured from one or more chemical input materials through chemical manufacturing. [Figure 7B] This document presents an embodiment of an apparatus and related method for controlling and authorizing access to a digital twin of a chemical product manufactured from one or more chemical input materials through chemical manufacturing. [Figure 7B] This document presents an embodiment of an apparatus and related method for accessing a digital twin of a chemical product manufactured from one or more chemical input materials by chemical manufacturing, using a digital access element. [Figure 8] A flowchart of a computer implementation method for generating a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product, according to exemplary embodiments of this disclosure, is shown. [Figure 9] A flowchart of a computer implementation method for controlling access to a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product, according to exemplary embodiments of this disclosure, is shown. [Figure 10A] This shows one example of a relational representation that may be used to generate mapping data. [Figure 10B] This shows one example of a relational representation that may be used to generate mapping data. [Figure 11] A flowchart of a computer implementation method for authorizing access by a decentralized data delivery network node to a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, is shown. [Figure 12] A schematic diagram is shown illustrating how a decentralized data delivery network node can use a digital access element to allow access to a digital twin or a portion thereof associated with a chemical product. [Figure 13] A flowchart of a computer implementation method for processing a digital twin or a portion thereof of a physical entity of a chemical product, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, is shown. [Figure 14]One exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure describes a computer implementation for authorizing a decentralized data consumption network node to access a digital twin or a portion thereof of a physical entity of a chemical product using a digital access element associated with the chemical product. [Figure 15] This document illustrates one embodiment of a digital access element that includes DID owner data, DID document data, and a decentralized identification infrastructure. [Figure 16] This document illustrates one embodiment of a digital access element, including certificate-based data, ID-based digital access element data, and a decentralized identity infrastructure. [Figure 17A] This document presents one example of an authentication protocol between a decentralized data consumption network node and a decentralized data provision network node. [Figure 17B] This document presents one example of an authentication protocol between a decentralized data consumption network node and a decentralized data provision network node. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0079] Detailed explanation The following embodiments are merely examples of, and should not be considered as limiting, implementations of the computer implementation methods, apparatus, systems, and computer elements disclosed herein.

[0080] Figures 1A to 1C illustrate different computing environments: centralized, decentralized, and distributed. The methods, apparatus, systems, digital twins, digital access elements, uses, and computer elements of this disclosure may be implemented in a decentralized or at least partially decentralized computing environment. In particular, different challenges exist in data sharing or exchange within a multi-party ecosystem. Data sovereignty may be considered a core issue. Data sovereignty can be defined as the ability of a natural or legal person to identify itself holistically with respect to its own data. To enable this, certain capability-related aspects, including requirements for secure and reliable data exchange within a business ecosystem, may be implemented across the chemical value chain. In particular, the chemical industry requires adapted solutions to deliver chemical products in a more sustainable manner by utilizing digital ecosystems.

[0081] Figure 1A shows an exemplary embodiment of a centralized computing system 100a comprising a central computing node (a solid circle in the center) and several peripheral computing nodes 101.1 to 101.N (shown as solid circles on the periphery). The computing system may include one or more computing nodes, systems of nodes, or combinations thereof.

[0082] In this embodiment, peripheral computing nodes 101.1 to 101.N may be connected to a single central computing system (or server). In another embodiment, peripheral computing nodes 101.1 to 101.N may be connected to the central computing node via, for example, a terminal server (not shown). Most of the functions may be performed by or obtained from the central computing node (also referred to as a remote centralized location). One peripheral computing node 101.N is enlarged to provide an overview of the components present in the peripheral computing node. The central computing node may contain the same components as those described with respect to the peripheral computing node 101.N. Each computing node 101, 101.1 to 101.N may include at least one hardware processor 102 and memory 104.

[0083] Computing nodes 101, 101.1...101.N may contain program code that can be schematically represented as a plurality of structures 106. The plurality of structures 106 may be called executable components, executable instructions, computer executable instructions, or instructions. An executable component or any equivalent thereof may be the name of a structure that can be software, hardware, or a combination thereof, or a structure that can be implemented in software, hardware, or a combination thereof, as is well understood by those skilled in the art in the computing field. For example, when implemented in software, those skilled in the art will understand that the structure of an executable component includes software objects, routines, methods, etc., that are executed on computing nodes 101, 101.1,...101.N, whether such executable components reside on many computing nodes 101, 101.1,...101.N or on a computer-readable storage medium. In such a case, a person skilled in the art will recognize that the structure of the executable component exists in a computer-readable medium so that, when interpreted by one or more processors of computing nodes 101, 101.1, ..., 101.N (for example, by a processor thread), computing nodes 101, 101.1, ..., 101.N can perform functions. Such a structure may be directly computer-readable by the processor (as if the executable component were a binary). Alternatively, the structure may be structured to be interpretable and / or compiled (whether in one or more steps) to produce a binary that can be directly translated by the processor. Such an understanding of exemplary structures of executable components is well within the scope of understanding of a person skilled in the art of computing. Examples of executable components implemented in hardware include hardcoded or hardwired logic gates that are implemented exclusively or nearly exclusively in hardware, such as in field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or any other dedicated circuitry.In this explanation, terms such as component, agent, manager, service, engine, module, and virtual machine are used synonymously with executable components.

[0084] The processor 102 of each computing node 101, 101.1, ..., 101.N may instruct the operation of each computing node 101, 101.1, ..., 101.N in response to executing computer executable instructions that constitute an executable component. For example, such computer executable instructions may be embodied in one or more computer-readable media that form a computer program product. Computer executable instructions may be stored in the memory 104 of each computing node 101, 101.1, ..., 101.N. When executed by processor 101, for example, the computer executable instructions include instructions and data that cause a general-purpose computing node 101, 101.1, ..., 101.N, a dedicated computing node 101, 101.1, ..., 101.N, or a dedicated processing device to perform a specific function or set of functions. Alternatively, or in addition, computer executable instructions may be configured on computing nodes 101, 101.1, ..., 101.N to perform a specific function or set of functions. Computer executable instructions may be binaries or instructions that undergo some translation (such as compilation) before being directly executed by the processor, such as assembly language or even intermediate format instructions such as source code.

[0085] Each computing node 101, 101.1...101.N may include a communication channel 108 that enables each computing node 101.1...101.N to communicate with the central computing node 101, for example, a network that enables the transmission of electronic data between computing nodes 101, 101.1...101.N and / or modules and / or other electronic devices. When information is transferred to or provided to computing nodes 101, 101.1, ..., 101.N via the network or another communication connection (either hardwired, wireless, or a combination of hardwired and wireless), computing nodes 101, 101.1, ..., 101.N may consider the connection as a transmission medium. The transmission medium can be used to carry desired program code means in the form of computer executable instructions or data structures and may include networks and / or data links that can be accessed by general-purpose or dedicated computing nodes 101, 101.1, ..., 101.N. The above combination may also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0086] Computing nodes 101, 101.1 to 101.N may further include a user interface system 110 for use in interfacing with a user. The user interface system 110 may include an output mechanism 110A and an input mechanism 110B. The principles described herein are not limited to precise output mechanisms 110A or input mechanisms 110B, for this would depend on the nature of the device. However, the output mechanism 110A may include, for example, a display, speaker, haptic output, hologram, etc. Examples of input mechanisms 110B include, for example, a microphone, touchscreen, hologram, camera, keyboard, mouse or other pointer input, any type of sensor, etc.

[0087] Figure 1B shows an exemplary embodiment of a decentralized computing environment 100b having several computing nodes 101.1' to 101.N', shown as solid circles. In contrast to the centralized computing environment 100a shown in Figure 1A, the computing nodes 101.1' to 101.N' of the decentralized computing environment are not connected to a central computing node and are therefore not under the control of a central computing node. Instead, both hardware and software resources may be allocated to each individual computing node 101.1', ..., 101.N' (local or remote computing system), and data may be distributed among the various computing nodes 101.1', ..., 101.N' for task execution. Thus, in a decentralized system environment, program modules may reside in both local and remote memory storage devices. A magnified view of one computing node 101' provides an overview of the components present in computing node 101'. In this embodiment, computing node 101.N' has the same components as described with respect to Figure 1A.

[0088] Figure 1C shows an exemplary embodiment of a distributed computing environment 100c. In this embodiment, the distributed cloud computing environment 100c may include the following computing resources: a mobile device 114, an application 116, a database 118, data storage 120, and a server 122. The cloud computing environment 100c may be deployed as a public cloud 124, a private cloud 126, or a hybrid cloud 128. The private cloud 126 may be owned by an organization, and only members of the organization with appropriate access may use the private cloud 126, keeping at least some of the data within the private cloud confidential. In contrast, data stored in the public cloud 124 may be open to anyone via the internet. The hybrid cloud 128 may be a combination of the private cloud 124 and the public cloud 126, where some of the data may be kept confidential while other data may be made public.

[0089] Figure 2 shows one embodiment of a chemical manufacturing process 204 that produces one or more chemical products from one or more inbound materials 202, in relation to an operating system 208 including a digital twin management system. The operating system 208 may be used to operate the chemical manufacturing process 204, for example, by managing different manufacturing chains present within the chemical manufacturing process. Different chemical materials 202 (hereinafter also referred to as inbound materials 202) may be provided as physical inputs from material providers or suppliers in order to produce one or more chemical products 206. The physical inputs to the chemical manufacturing process 204 may include chemical materials such as raw materials, intermediate materials, or combinations thereof. Raw materials may be raw materials in their raw state or recycled raw materials. The inbound materials 202 may be supplied to the chemical manufacturing process 204 at any entry point. The inbound materials 202 may be supplied to the chemical manufacturing process 204 at the start of the chemical manufacturing process 204. The inbound materials may be considered as inputs to the chemical manufacturing process 204.

[0090] Chemical manufacturing 204 may be a chemical manufacturing network comprising multiple interconnected processing steps. The chemical manufacturing network may be an integrated chemical manufacturing network having manufacturing chains that relate to one another. The chemical manufacturing network may comprise multiple different manufacturing chains that share at least one intermediate product. The chemical manufacturing network may comprise multiple stages of a chemical value chain. The chemical manufacturing network may comprise multiple manufacturing chains that produce a chemical product as an output from one or more inbound materials as inputs. The chemical manufacturing network may comprise multiple layers of a chemical value chain. The chemical manufacturing network may comprise a configuration of physically interconnected manufacturing sites. The manufacturing sites may be in the same location or in different locations. In the latter case, the manufacturing sites may be interconnected by dedicated transport systems such as pipelines, supply chain vehicles such as trucks, supply chain ships or other means of freight transport.

[0091] Chemical manufacturing 204 may include multiple manufacturing steps. The manufacturing steps included in chemical manufacturing 204 may be defined by the system boundary of chemical manufacturing 204. The system boundary may be defined by locations or controls across the manufacturing process. The system boundary may be defined by the locations of chemical manufacturing 204. The system boundary may be defined by a manufacturing process jointly controlled by one or more entities. The system boundary may also be defined by a value chain with time-staggered manufacturing processes to the final product, and these processes may be independently controlled by multiple entities.

[0092] Chemical manufacturing 204 may convert inbound material 202 into one or more chemical products 206 exiting chemical manufacturing 204. The conversion may be carried out via intermediate chemical products. The conversion may be a chemical reaction or any other processing step such as physical treatment. Since the yield of a chemical reaction may be less than 100%, the chemical reaction may result in a mixture of different chemical products. Thus, a chemical reaction of one or more starting materials such as inbound material 202 may result in a mixture of different chemical products. The chemical reaction may therefore be characterized by a one-to-many or many-to-many relationship between the starting materials and the resulting reaction products. This is in contrast to individual manufacturing, for example, where a many-to-one relationship exists between parts / components and assemblies, and the result of individual manufacturing steps is a specific and predictable assembly. Since the yield of a chemical reaction is not 100%, the amount of the desired chemical product 206 (e.g., a chemical product supplied to an upstream participant in the chemical ecosystem) is less than the theoretical amount of the chemical product calculated from the amount of the starting materials. Such a mixture usually requires the separation of the different chemical products contained in the mixture. This makes it possible to avoid the adverse effects of impurities and unreacted inbound materials 202 on further processing of the chemical product 206. Separation may include distillation, washing, extraction, crystallization, and recrystallization. The resulting mixture may contain unreacted starting materials, such as unreacted inbound materials 202. Unreacted starting materials may be reintroduced into the chemical reaction to reduce the amount of starting materials required. The resulting mixture may contain the desired chemical product 206, which is supplied to upstream participants in the chemical ecosystem, such as chemical product consumers or chemical product processors. The resulting mixture may contain intermediate chemical products that are used as input materials in further chemical reactions carried out within the chemical product manufacturing 204. This makes it possible to reduce the amount of waste associated with the disposal of the intermediate chemical products and / or the amount of energy associated with transporting these intermediate products to another chemical product manufacturing. The resulting mixture may contain waste chemical products, for example, chemical products that can no longer be used and need to be disposed of, for example, by incineration. Waste chemical products may be generated from undesirable chemical by-reactions.

[0093] The chemical manufacturing plant 204 may include a plurality of sensors 210a, 210b. Sensors 210a, 210b may measure at least one chemical and / or physical property of the chemical product 206 manufactured by the chemical manufacturing plant 204. Sensors 210a, 210b may measure at least one chemical and / or physical property of the inbound material 202 supplied to the chemical manufacturing plant 204. Sensors 210a, 210b may include a sensor 2010b configured to identify the amount of the inbound material 202 and / or the manufactured chemical product. Embodiments of such sensors may include a scale or a flow meter. Sensors 210a, 210b may include a sensor 210a configured to measure at least one chemical and / or physical property of the inbound material 202. Measuring the chemical and / or physical properties of the inbound material 202 allows for control of the manufacturing process based on the measured data. Sensors 210a and 210b may include sensor 210a configured to identify the chemical and / or physical properties of the manufactured chemical product 206. Sensor 210a configured to measure chemical properties may measure data related to or corresponding to heat of combustion, enthalpy of formation, toxicity, chemical stability in a given environment, flammability, oxidation state, corrosiveness, combustibility, acidity and basicity, and pH value. Sensor 210a configured to measure physical properties may measure data related to or corresponding to absorption, brittleness, boiling point, capacitance, color, concentration, density, ductility, distribution, effectiveness, elasticity, charge, conductivity, electrical impedance, potential, flow rate, fluidity, hardness, heat capacity, inductance, intrinsic impedance, luminance, luminescence, gloss, mass, melting point, opacity, transmittance, dielectric constant, plasticity, pressure, radiance, resistivity, reflectance, refractive index, solubility, specific heat, strength, stiffness, temperature, tension, thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, viscosity, volume, and wave impedance. The data measured by sensors 210a and 210b may be stored in one or more databases, for example, a database included in the data source layer 420 in Figure 4B. One or more databases may be distributed databases. The stored data may be correlated with input material identifiers and / or chemical product identifiers.

[0094] The chemical manufacturing operating system 208 may monitor and / or control the chemical manufacturing 204 based on operational parameters associated with different processes performed by the chemical manufacturing 204. One process step to be monitored and / or controlled may be the supply of inbound materials 202 or the shipment of the manufactured chemical product 206. Another process step to be monitored and / or controlled may be the separation of chemical products contained in mixtures resulting from chemical reactions carried out within the chemical manufacturing 204. Another process step to be monitored and / or controlled may be the identification of the chemical and / or physical properties of the manufactured chemical product 206 from data collected in connection with the manufacture of the chemical product, such as data measured by sensors 210a, 210b before, during, and / or after the manufacture of the chemical product 206. Another process step to be monitored and / or controlled may be the generation of a digital twin, for example, using computer implementation methods and apparatus for generating a digital twin, such as the apparatus described in relation to Figures 7A, 7B, and 8. Further process steps that are monitored and / or controlled may include, for example, the control of access to the generated digital twin by one or more decentralized data consumption network nodes, as described in relation to Figures 4A, 4B, 7A, 7B, and 9. Further process steps that are monitored and / or controlled may include the generation of digital access elements associated with the digital twin of the manufactured chemical product, as described in relation to Figure 7B. Further process steps that are monitored and / or controlled may include the authorization of access to the generated digital twin, as described in relation to Figures 11, 12, and 14.

[0095] The operating system 208 may be configured to identify the physical and / or chemical properties of a chemical product from collected data associated with the manufacture of the chemical product. The operating system 208 may be configured to generate a digital twin of the chemical product, as described, for example, in relation to Figures 3 and 8. The operating system 208 may be configured to generate digital access elements, as described, for example, in relation to Figure 14. The operating system may be configured to control access to the digital twin, as described, for example, in relation to Figure 9. The operating system may be configured to authorize access to the digital twin, as described, for example, in relation to Figures 11 and 14.

[0096] Figure 3 shows one embodiment for generating digital twins for different chemical products within a chemical ecosystem. Specifically, Figure 3 shows one embodiment for generating digital twins for precursor materials (e.g., intermediate chemical products) and for generating digital twins for chemical products at least partially produced from the precursor materials. Chemical products such as chemical product 206 may be produced by a chemical production 204 equipped with an operating system 208, for example, as described in relation to Figure 2.

[0097] The production of a chemical product may comprise a two-step process, namely, 1) the production of an intermediate chemical product from one or more inbound materials, and 2) the production of a chemical product from at least part of the intermediate chemical product. Inbound materials may be used as physical inputs to produce the intermediate chemical product. Inbound materials may be provided by a raw material provider. Inbound materials may include raw or recycled materials. Inbound materials may be provided for the production of the intermediate chemical product as inbound material 202. The production of the intermediate chemical product may be a chemical product production 204 as described in relation to Figure 2. Inbound materials may have physical identifiers. The physical identifiers may be or be associated with decentralized inbound material identifiers. Decentralized inbound material identifiers may be associated with a digital twin of the inbound material. An operating system for the production of the intermediate chemical product, such as the operating system 208 described in relation to Figure 2, may include or communicate with an ID reader configured to read physical identifiers and identify decentralized inbound material identifiers associated with the physical identifiers. A decentralized inbound material identifier may be associated with a digital twin of each inbound material or a portion thereof. The digital twin of an inbound material may be generated as described in relation to Figure 7 below. The digital twin may include measured physical and / or chemical properties, and / or physical and / or chemical properties identified from collected data associated with the manufacture and / or use of the inbound material. The physical and / or chemical properties may be measured by sensors as described in relation to Figure 2. The physical and / or chemical properties may be identified from collected data as described in relation to Figure 2. The digital twin may further include the inbound material name, the inbound material producer, inbound material declaration data, inbound material safety data, emission data such as CO2 footprint and / or PCF data, recyclate content data, biobase content data, certificates of analytical data associated with the inbound material, certificates associated with the inbound material, or a combination thereof.

[0098] The operating system may be configured to access a digital twin or portion thereof of inbound materials provided for intermediate chemical production from, for example, a decentralized data provision network node associated with the inbound material provider (see, for example, Figure 12), based on an identified decentralized inbound material identifier. Such data may be used to operate a chemical production process that manufactures the intermediate chemical product. For example, if the inbound material is recycled material, a production step to purify the recycled material may be performed. For example, if the inbound material is raw material, the purification step may be omitted. The intermediate chemical product may be formed by chemically reacting the inbound material and / or by physically processing the inbound material. Chemical reactions may include polymerization, precipitation, and other generally known chemical reactions. Physical processing may include mixing, grinding, extrusion, etc. The intermediate chemical production process may include sensors such as sensors 210a, 210b, which measure the physical and / or chemical properties of the intermediate chemical product produced by the intermediate chemical production process, as described in relation to Figure 2. The operating system may be configured to identify physical and / or chemical properties from collected data associated with the manufacture of intermediate chemical products, for example, as described in relation to Figure 2.

[0099] The operating system may be configured to generate digital twins for the manufactured intermediate chemical products, as described in relation to Figure 7 below. Each digital twin may include a decentralized intermediate chemical product identifier and at least one chemical and / or physical property of each intermediate chemical product measured by sensors 210a, 210b, and / or at least one physical and / or chemical property of each intermediate chemical product identified from the collected data. The digital twin may further include a decentralized inbound material identifier for the inbound material used to manufacture each intermediate chemical product. This allows tracking of the inbound material used to manufacture each intermediate chemical product. The digital twin may further include the data previously described with respect to the digital twin of the inbound material. The intermediate chemical product digital access element may be generated, for example, as described in relation to Figure 14. The manufactured intermediate products may be packaged, and the packaging may include physical identifiers such as a QR code, an embossed code, or an optical holographic code such as a zero-order diffraction microstructure. Physical identifiers may be assigned to each decentralized intermediate chemical product identifier in the digital twin and / or to each decentralized passport identifier of the intermediate chemical product digital access element. The assignment of physical identifiers and decentralized intermediate chemical product identifiers may be performed in a decentralized system and / or distributed system through a locally operating ID assigner. For example, a packaging line may have a labeling device that detects the packaging of the manufactured intermediate chemical product. Based on such recognition, a requester may generate a request to generate a digital twin, and the decentralized intermediate chemical product identifiers included in the generated digital twin may be assigned to their respective physical identifiers by, for example, an ID assigner (see also Figures 7A and 7B below). Assignment may include encoding each decentralized intermediate chemical product identifier into a physical identifier and providing the physical identifier, such as a code, to a labeling device configured to attach the physical identifier to each intermediate chemical product, such as the packaging of each intermediate chemical product.The ID assigner may be part of the labeling device or it may be a separate device.

[0100] In the second step, the intermediate chemical product manufactured in step 1) may be provided to a chemical manufacturer as inbound material 202 to produce chemical product 206. The chemical manufacturer may be a chemical manufacturer 204 as described in relation to Figure 2. The chemical manufacturer may be a chemical manufacturer that produces intermediate chemical products. The chemical manufacturer may be different from the chemical manufacturer that produces intermediate chemical products. In addition to the intermediate chemical product manufactured in step 1), further inbound material may be provided to the chemical manufacturer and used to produce chemical product 206. The intermediate chemical product may comprise a recycled intermediate chemical product and / or an intermediate chemical manufacturer different from the intermediate chemical manufacturer described in relation to step 1). Such intermediate chemical products may be associated with a physical identifier. The physical identifier may be associated with a decentralized intermediate chemical product identifier, to which a digital twin or part thereof of each intermediate chemical product may be accessible. An ID reader may be used to read the physical identifier associated with each decentralized intermediate chemical product identifier as described above. The digital twin, or a portion thereof, may be retrieved via a decentralized data consumption network node using a decentralized intermediate chemical product identifier, as described above.

[0101] Manufacturing data from the production of intermediate chemical products may be used by an operating system, such as the operating system 208 described in relation to Figure 2 of the chemical production process, to produce chemical product 206, as described above. The chemical product may include sensors, such as sensors 210a, 210b, to measure the physical and / or chemical properties of the chemical product produced by the chemical production process, as described in relation to Figure 2. The operating system may be configured to identify the physical and / or chemical properties from the collected data associated with the production of the chemical product, for example, as described in relation to Figure 2.

[0102] The operating system may be configured to generate a digital twin of a manufactured or packaged chemical product, as described above. The digital twin may include a decentralized chemical product identifier and at least one measured and / or identified physical and / or chemical property, as outlined above. The digital twin may also include a decentralized intermediate chemical product identifier, which allows tracking of intermediate chemicals used to manufacture the chemical product, and also allows indirect tracking of inbound materials used to manufacture the intermediate chemical product. The digital twin may include further data such as manufacturer name, manufacturer brand, manufacturer identifier, chemical product name, chemical product brand, and chemical product identifier, as outlined above.

[0103] Digital access elements associated with chemical products may be generated, for example, as described in relation to Figure 14. Decentralized chemical product identifiers and / or digital access elements may be associated with chemical products via physical identifiers, as described above. Digital access elements may include decentralized passport identifiers and access data. Access data may include digital representations pointing to a digital twin or a portion thereof. Decentralized passport identifiers may correspond to or be associated with decentralized chemical product identifiers.

[0104] Figure 4A shows an embodiment of apparatus 402 for controlling access to a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product manufactured from one or more chemical input materials. Access to the digital twin by one or more decentralized data consumption network nodes (not shown, see, e.g., Figures 7A, 7B) may be controlled by a decentralized data providing network node 416 associated with the digital twin. The decentralized data providing network node may be associated with or connected to data storage (not shown, see, e.g., Figures 7A, 7B) that stores the digital twin. The device 402 may be included in the operating system 208 of a chemical manufacturing system 204 that produces a chemical product from one or more inbound materials (see, for example, Figure 2). The chemical product may be an intermediate chemical product. The chemical manufacturing system may be a final chemical product. The device 402 may be communicatively coupled to the operating system 208 of the chemical manufacturing system 204 that produces the chemical product. The device 402 may be configured to control access to a digital twin of the chemical product, for example, using the method described in relation to Figure 9.

[0105] The apparatus 402 may be coupled to a digital twin (DT) storage 414. The DT storage 414 may store digital twins of chemical products. Each digital twin stored in the DT storage 414 may include a decentralized digital twin identifier and at least one measured and / or identified chemical and / or physical property, as previously described. Each digital twin may include further data, as described above in relation to Figure 3. The digital twins stored in the DT storage 414 may be generated by an apparatus for generating digital twins (not shown, see, for example, Figures 7A and 7B) using the method described in Figure 8 below.

[0106] The apparatus 402 may include a decentralized digital twin identifier (ID) providing unit 404 configured to provide decentralized digital twin identifiers for each digital twin of a chemical product. In this embodiment, the decentralized ID providing unit 404 is shown as a separate unit. In another embodiment, the decentralized ID providing unit 404 may be part of the access data generator 410. The decentralized ID providing unit 404 may provide decentralized digital twin identifiers in response to requests received in the unit 404. Requests may include decentralized digital twin identifiers. Requests may also include chemical product identifiers associated with a chemical product, and the decentralized digital twin identifier providing unit may be configured to provide decentralized digital twin identifiers based on the received chemical product identifiers. For example, the decentralized digital twin identifier providing unit may retrieve decentralized digital twin identifiers from the DT storage 414 that stores the digital twins based on the chemical product identifiers. Requests may be generated by the apparatus for generating the digital twins after each digital twin has been generated. Requests may be received from input / output devices (not shown) connected to the decentralized ID providing unit 404. For example, a user may trigger the generation of access data via the input / output device by providing, for example, a decentralized digital twin identifier or a chemical product identifier associated with each chemical product.

[0107] Device 402 may further include a mapping data provider 406 configured to provide mapping data. The mapping data may include data about chemical products manufactured from one or more chemical input materials, which are related to each decentralized participant identifier associated with a decentralized participant node. Decentralized participant nodes may be decentralized data consumption network nodes. Decentralized data consumption network nodes may be associated with participants in a chemical product ecosystem that receive or consume chemical products (e.g., consumers of chemical products). The mapping data may be generated from data about chemical products manufactured from one or more input materials and data about decentralized participant nodes. The data about chemical products and data about decentralized participant nodes may be stored in an identifier DB 408. The data about chemical products may include consumer identifiers associated with the chemical products. Consumer identifiers may be associated with consumers of chemical products. Consumer identifiers may be associated with participants in a chemical product ecosystem that receive or consume chemical products. Consumer identifiers may be associated with chemical products supplied to the consumers to whom the consumer identifier is associated. Consumer identifiers may be associated with chemical product identifiers associated with chemical products. Consumer identifiers may be related to chemical product identifiers associated with chemical products. This makes it possible to identify consumer identifiers associated with chemical products using chemical product identifiers associated with said chemical products. Data relating to participant nodes may include decentralized participant identifiers associated with said participant nodes.

[0108] The mapping data provider 406 may further be configured to generate mapping data. The mapping data provider may be configured to relate data about chemical products manufactured from one or more chemical input materials to each decentralized participant identifier contained in the data about decentralized participant nodes, based on relational expressions in which data about chemical products is associated with data about decentralized participant nodes. The relational expression may specify consumers associated with chemical products and / or chemical products associated with consumers. The relational expression may specify consumers based on consumer identifiers, such as consumer identifiers contained in the data about chemical products, and related decentralized network identifiers, such as decentralized network identifiers contained in the data about decentralized participant nodes. The relational expression may correspond to a data structure that includes relationships between chemical products, consumer identifiers, and decentralized participant identifiers. Examples of such relational expressions are shown in Figures 10A and 10B. The relational expressions may be stored in the identifier DB 408.

[0109] The mapping data provider 406 may be configured to validate data relating to decentralized participant nodes. Validation may be performed before or after the generation of the mapping data. Validation may be based on verifiable claims associated with each decentralized participant identifier, as described earlier. Validation ensures that only trusted decentralized participant identifiers are included in the mapping data used to generate access data, and therefore ensures that access to the digital twin or any part thereof may only be authorized to trusted decentralized data-consuming network nodes of the decentralized network.

[0110] The device 402 may further include an access data generator 410. The access data generator may be connected to a mapping data provider 406, a decentralized identity provider 404, and a rules DB 412. The rules DB 412 may store data about chemical products and / or authorization rules associated with chemical product identifiers. The access data generator 410 may include a mapping data provider 406 (not shown). The access data generator 410 may be configured to generate access data for at least a portion of the digital twin based on mapping data provided by the mapping data provider 406. The access data generator 410 may be configured to generate access data for each dataset included in the digital twin data. This allows access data to be defined at the dataset level, and therefore provides finer-grained access to the digital twin data, as different access data may be generated and applied to different datasets. The access data generator 410 may be configured to generate access data by selecting authorization rules to be stored in the rules DB 412 based on the provided mapping data. For example, the rules DB 412 may store authorization rules associated with customer identifiers and / or chemical product identifiers. The access data generator 410 may be configured to generate one or more authorization rules based on decentralized participant identifiers included in the mapping data provided by the mapping data provider 406. The access data generator 401 may be configured to generate one or more authorization rules based on data about chemical products included in the mapping data provided by the mapping data provider 406.

[0111] The access data may include a decentralized digital twin identifier provided by the decentralized identity provider 404 and one or more authorization rules associated with the decentralized digital twin identifier. The access data may further include a digital representation that points to the digital twin or a portion thereof. The digital representation may point to a DT storage 414 that stores the respective digital twins of the chemical products. The access data generator 410 may be configured to generate the digital representation. One or more authorization rules may define access to and / or use of at least a portion of the digital twin of a decentralized data consumption network node associated with a decentralized participant identifier included in the provided mapping data. One or more authorization rules may include one or more rules specific to the decentralized participant identifier. This makes it possible to control access to the digital twin or a portion thereof by a unique preference for decentralized digital twin identifiers and authorization rules, through filtering of decentralized data consumption network nodes based on the decentralized participant identifier associated with each decentralized data consumption network node. One or more authorization rules may include one or more local rules specific to a particular location, where the location is associated with a jurisdiction, and the local rules for that location are associated with legal requirements relating to the supply of chemical products. One or more authorization rules may include one or more rules specific to attribute values ​​associated with participants in a chemical product ecosystem. The attribute values ​​associated with participants may be associated with or correspond to the roles of the participants in the chemical product ecosystem. One or more authorization rules may include at least one regulatory order configured to provide access to a digital twin or part thereof of regulatory requirements for the supply of chemical products, and one or more authorization rules may include one or more of the prescribed rules relating to emission data, manufacturing data, recyclable content data, bio-based content data, origin data, labor conditions data, or a combination thereof.One or more authorization rules may include obligations of decentralized data consumption network nodes associated with each decentralized participant identifier, and / or obligations of decentralized network nodes using a digital twin or a portion thereof accessed by the data consumption network node associated with each decentralized participant identifier.

[0112] The access data generator 410 may be configured to provide the generated access data to a decentralized data delivery network node 416. The decentralized data delivery network node 416 may be part of the device 402. The decentralized data delivery network node 416 may communicate with the device 402 (not shown). The decentralized data delivery network node may be part of a decentralized network. The decentralized data delivery network node 416 may include a database 418. The decentralized data delivery network node 416 may be configured to store the access data provided by the access data generator 410 in the database 418. The decentralized data delivery network node may be configured to control access to the digital twin data by decentralized data consumption network nodes based on a decentralized digital twin identifier associated with the digital twin of a chemical product and the respective access data stored in the database 418. This makes it possible to control access to the digital twin by the decentralized data-serving network nodes based on a unique relationship between the decentralized digital twin identifier and one or more authorization rules, by using authorization rules to filter decentralized data-serving network nodes that request access to the digital twin or a portion thereof based on the decentralized participant identifier associated with the decentralized data-serving network node. The decentralized data-serving network node 416 may be associated with the data owner of the digital twin or a portion thereof. The data owner may be a chemical product manufacturer.

[0113] Figure 4B shows an embodiment of a system for controlling access to a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product manufactured from one or more chemical input materials. Access to the digital twin by one or more decentralized data consumption network nodes (not shown, see, e.g., Figures 7A and 7B) may be controlled by a decentralized data providing network node 416 associated with the digital twin. The decentralized data providing network node may be associated with or connected to data storage (not shown, see, e.g., Figures 7A and 7B) that stores the digital twin. System 400b may be included in the operating system 208 of a chemical manufacturing system 204 that produces chemical products from one or more inbound materials (see, for example, Figure 2). The chemical products may be intermediate chemical products. The chemical manufacturing system may be a final chemical product. System 400b may be communicatively coupled to the operating system 208 of the chemical manufacturing system 204 that produces the chemical products. System 400b may be configured to control access to a digital twin of the chemical products, for example, using the method described in relation to Figure 9.

[0114] System 400b may include a data source layer 420. The data source layer 420 may include one or more distributed data sources. One or more distributed data sources may be distributed databases. A distributed data source may be a data lake containing data associated with chemical products from multiple distributed data sources. One or more distributed data sources may include at least one measured and / or identified chemical and / or physical property of a chemical product, such as a chemical product 206 produced by a chemical product manufacturing 204 from one or more inbound materials 202, as described in relation to Figures 2 and 3. At least one physical and / or chemical property may be measured using sensors such as sensors 210a, 210b, and the measured chemical and / or physical property may be stored in the distributed data source. At least one physical and / or chemical property may be identified from data obtained from sensors such as sensors 210a, 210b before, during, and / or after manufacturing, and the identified chemical and / or physical property may be stored in the distributed data source. One or more distributed data sources may further include chemical product names, chemical product manufacturers, chemical product declaration data, chemical product safety data, emission data, recyclable content data, bio-based content data, certificates of analytical data associated with chemical products, certificates associated with chemical products, or a combination thereof.

[0115] The data source layer 420 may be owned or controlled by the data owner of the data associated with the chemical product data. The data source layer 404 may be associated with the data owner of the data associated with the chemical product data. The data source layer 420 may be connected to the digital twin provider layer 428 via a communication interface such as a network or API. The data source layer 420 may be connected to the service layer 422 that exists between the data source layer and the data collection unit 412. Therefore, the service layer 422 may be optional in some implementations of the system shown in Figure 4B.

[0116] The service layer 422 may be configured to collect data according to predetermined selection criteria. The service layer 422 may be configured to apply one or more semantic models to the collected data to produce uniform data collection. The service layer 422 may be configured to provide uniform data collection to a data streaming platform included in the service layer 422. The streaming platform may include a platform deployed across a collection of numerous hosts, clusters, data centers, and / or other computing resources. The streaming platform may include one or more client processes that generate activity records and publish the records to one or more event streams. For example, when a certain type of activity occurs in the data source layer 420, such as providing new uniform data collection, manufacturing a new batch of chemical products, or measuring or identifying the chemical and / or physical properties of manufactured chemical products, one or more client processes may generate activity records and publish the records to one or more event streams. The data streaming platform may then propagate the records to one or more components that are subscribed to the same event stream. Data propagated to one or more components may be stored in a database located within the service layer 422 or the digital twin provider layer 428. The data streaming platform thus enables activity occurring in multiple distributed data sources in the data source layer 420 to be ingested and transmitted in an integrated and scalable manner.

[0117] The digital twin provider layer 428 may be configured to provide a digital twin of a chemical product. Each digital twin may include a decentralized digital twin identifier and at least one measured and / or identified physical and / or chemical property. The digital twin may be linked to the chemical product via the decentralized digital twin identifier. The digital twin provider layer 428 may include digital twin storage for storing the digital twins, such as DT storage 414. The digital twin storage may be included in the device 424 for generating the digital twins. The digital twin provider layer 428 may be configured to generate a digital twin of a chemical product based on data collected from the data source layer 420, such as measured and / or identified physical and / or chemical properties stored in the data source layer 420. The digital twin may be generated by the device 424 for generating the digital twins (see also Figures 7A and 7B). The digital twin may be generated by the device 424 using the method described in relation to Figure 8.

[0118] The digital twin provider layer 428 may further include a device 426 for generating digital access elements, which is generally optional. The device 428 may generate digital access elements associated with the digital twins generated by the device 424. Each digital access element may include a decentralized passport identifier and digital twin location data. The decentralized passport identifier may correspond to or be associated with the decentralized digital twin identifier of each digital twin to which the digital access element is associated. The digital access elements generated by the device 426 may be provided to the access provider layer 430 (see also Figure 7B). The digital access elements may be used by decentralized data consumption network nodes to access the digital twins associated with the digital access elements via the decentralized passport identifier.

[0119] System 400b may further include an access provider layer 430 configured to control access to digital twins of chemical products manufactured from one or more inbound materials. The access provider layer 430 may include devices for controlling access to the digital twins, such as the device 402 described in relation to Figure 4A. Access to the digital twins may be controlled by decentralized data provider network nodes of the access provider layer 430 based on access data generated by the device 402 and each decentralized digital twin identifier associated with the digital twin being accessed. The access provider layer 430 may also be configured to authorize access to digital twins of physical entities of chemical products. Access may be authorized by decentralized data provider network nodes based on a decentralized digital twin identifier associated with the digital twin, access data associated with the decentralized digital twin identifier, and a decentralized participant identifier associated with a decentralized data consumption network node requesting access to the digital twin or a portion thereof.

[0120] System 400b enables the achievement of availability, integrity, and confidentiality of the digital twin or a portion thereof. The access provider layer enables the configuration and technical assurance that only defined decentralized network participants can access and retrieve the digital twin or a portion thereof. For example, the separation of digital twin generation and digital twin consumption enables the achievement of high and stable availability of the digital twin within a decentralized network.

[0121] Figure 6A shows a first embodiment of the linkage between a digital twin dataset and a digital access element via a decentralized digital twin identifier. The digital twin 502 may be generated as described in relation to Figures 7A and 78. The digital twin 502 may be stored in DT storage 414. The digital access element 510 associated with the physical entity of the chemical product may be generated as described in Figure 7B. The datasets 504 and 506 associated with the digital twin 502 are each assigned to a decentralized digital twin identifier 508. The use of the decentralized digital twin identifier 508 therefore makes it possible to identify all existing datasets contained in the digital twin 502. The decentralized digital twin identifier 508 may include further identifiers, such as dataset identifiers for datasets 504 and 506. This makes it possible to uniquely identify the datasets contained in the digital twin using the decentralized digital twin identifier 508 and their respective dataset identifiers.

[0122] The digital access element 510 includes a decentralized passport identifier 512. The decentralized passport identifier 512 may be a decentralized identifier linked to a decentralized digital twin identifier 508 included in the digital twin. The decentralized passport identifier 512 may correspond to a decentralized digital twin identifier 508 included in the digital twin 502. The latter avoids the generation of a new decentralized identifier and the linking of the newly generated decentralized identifier to a decentralized digital twin identifier included in the digital twin.

[0123] The digital access element further includes digital twin location data 514. The digital twin location data 514 may include a digital representation that directly or indirectly points to a storage structure that stores the digital twin or a portion thereof (e.g., datasets 504, 506), such as DT storage 414 (not shown). The digital twin location data 514 may also include a digital representation that points to a decentralized data delivery network node associated with DT storage 414 (not shown).

[0124] The digital access element 510 is linked to the digital twin 502 via the decentralized passport identifier 512, and therefore to the datasets contained in the digital twin, and thus, as described in relation to Figure 12, it is possible to retrieve the digital twin or a portion thereof (e.g., datasets 504, 506) using the decentralized passport identifier 512 and digital twin location data 514 contained in the digital access element 510.

[0125] Figure 5B shows a second embodiment of the linkage between a digital twin 502, associated datasets 504, 506, and digital access elements 516, 522 via a decentralized digital twin identifier 508 and decentralized passport identifiers 520, 526. The digital twin 502 may be generated as described in relation to Figures 7A and 78. The digital access elements 516, 522 associated with the physical entities of the chemical product may be generated as described in Figure 7B. The datasets 504, 506 associated with the digital twin 502 are assigned to the decentralized digital twin identifier 508. The use of the decentralized digital twin identifier 508 thus makes it possible to identify all existing datasets contained in the digital twin 502.

[0126] In this embodiment, digital access element 516 is generated for dataset 504, and digital access element 522 is generated for dataset 506. Digital access elements may be generated for each dataset or at least a portion of the datasets included in the digital twin. Each digital access element is linked to its respective dataset via decentralized digital twin identifier 508 by decentralized passport identifiers 520, 526. Each digital access element 516, 522 includes digital twin location data 518, 524. The digital twin location data 518, 524 may include a digital representation pointing to a product dataset, as described in relation to Figure 5A.

[0127] Figures 5A and 5B show only two exemplary embodiments, and any number of digital access elements and any number of datasets may be possible within the digital twin. For example, the first digital access element may be generated for a first number of datasets, and the second digital access element may be generated for a second number of datasets. Some datasets may include one or more datasets.

[0128] Figure 6A shows one embodiment of access data 602 including a decentralized digital twin identifier and one or more authorization rules 606, 610. The decentralized digital twin (DT) identifier may be used to link the access data to the digital twin, thus enabling control over access to the particular digital twin based on the linked access data. This linking also enables decentralized data serving network nodes to identify the correct access data associated with the decentralized digital twin identifier provided by decentralized data consuming network nodes requesting access to the digital twin. The access data 602 may include a decentralized digital twin identifier. The access data 602 may include one or more authorizations 606, 610 associated with the decentralized digital twin identifier. One or more authorization rules 606, 610 may be associated with the decentralized digital twin identifier via the decentralized digital twin identifier and rule identifiers associated with each authorization rule. As shown in Figure 6A, the decentralized digital twin (DT) identifier is associated with two rule identifiers (Rule 1 ID and Rule 2 ID). Each rule identifier is associated with an authorization rule, for example, authorization rule 1 606 and authorization rule 2 610. Each authorization rule 606, 610 may include the respective rule identifier and authorization data that defines access to and / or use of the last part of the digital twin for decentralized data consumption network nodes associated with the decentralized participant identifier. Thus, at least one authorization rule may include a decentralized participant identifier associated with decentralized data consumption network nodes that are permitted to access the digital twin or a portion thereof. The authorization rules may also function as a whitelist and may be used by decentralized data serving network nodes associated with the digital twin to filter decentralized data consumption network nodes that request access to the digital twin.Only decentralized data consumption network nodes associated with decentralized participant identifiers included in the authorization rules may be able to negotiate electronic contracts with decentralized data provision network nodes for access to the digital twin or a portion thereof. After the electronic contract is negotiated, access to the digital twin or a portion thereof may be authorized by the decentralized data provision network node, for example, as described in relation to Figure 11. The authorization rules may include local rules specific to a particular location, rules specific to attribute values ​​associated with participants in a chemical product ecosystem, regulatory orders and prescribed rules relating to emission data, manufacturing data, recyclate content data, bio-based content data, origin data, labor conditions data, or combinations thereof, as described in relation to Figure 4A. The authorization rules may include obligations of decentralized data consumption network nodes associated with each decentralized participant identifier, and / or obligations of decentralized network nodes using the digital twin or a portion thereof accessed by the data consumption network nodes associated with each decentralized participant identifier.

[0129] Figure 6B shows a further embodiment of access data 612 including a decentralized digital twin identifier and one or more authorization rules. The decentralized digital twin (DT) identifier may be used to link the access data to a digital twin, thus enabling control over access to the particular digital twin based on the linked access data. This linking also enables a decentralized data serving network node to identify the correct access data associated with a decentralized digital twin identifier provided by a decentralized data consuming network node requesting access to the digital twin. In this embodiment, the access data includes a decentralized digital twin identifier and two authorization rules 614, 616. Each authorization rule 614, 616 may include a decentralized digital twin identifier and thus be associated with a decentralized digital twin identifier contained in the access data 612. Each authorization rule 614, 616 may include authorization data, such as the authorization data mentioned in relation to Figure 6A. At least one authorization rule may include a decentralized participant identifier associated with a decentralized data consuming network node that is authorized to access the digital twin or a portion thereof. The aforementioned authorization rules may function as a whitelist, as explained in relation to Figure 6A.

[0130] Figure 7A shows an embodiment of a digital twin management system and related methods for controlling access to digital twins of chemical products manufactured from one or more chemical input materials by chemical manufacturing. The digital twin management system 702 may include a device for generating the digital twin, e.g., device 424 described below. The digital twin management system 702 may also include a device for controlling access to the digital twin, e.g., device 402 described in relation to Figure 4A or system 400b (not shown) described in relation to Figure 4B. The digital twin management system 702 may be included in the operating system of the chemical manufacturing (see, for example, Figure 2). The digital twin system may be communicatively coupled to the operating system of the chemical manufacturing (not shown).

[0131] The chemical product may be a chemical manufacturing facility 204 as described in relation to Figure 2. The chemical manufacturing facility 204 may produce at least one chemical product 206 from one or more inbound materials 202. The inbound materials may be supplied to the chemical manufacturing facility 204, for example, as described in relation to Figure 2. The inbound materials may enter the system boundary 704 of the chemical manufacturing facility 204 at an inlet point such as a manufacturing plant or material storage unit associated with the chemical manufacturing facility 204. The amount of inbound materials entering the system boundary 704 of the chemical manufacturing facility 204 may be measured, for example, using a sensor 210b as described in relation to Figure 2. The chemical and / or physical properties of the inbound materials may be measured as they pass through the system boundary 704 of the chemical manufacturing facility 204, for example, using a sensor 210a as described in relation to Figure 2. The measured data may be used to identify at least one chemical and / or physical property of the inbound materials.

[0132] Inbound materials may be used in the chemical production 204 to produce one or more chemical products from the inbound materials, for example, as described in relation to Figure 2. The operating system 208 of the chemical production 204 may monitor and / or control the chemical production 204 based on the operating parameters of different processes. The operating system 208 may receive production demand data associated with the production plan of the chemical production 204. The production demand data may be generated from the target production capacity of one or more chemical products to be produced by the chemical production 204. The production demand data may be generated from a predefined production capacity, or from a data-driven model relating to market demand data or the amount consumed at the point of consumption. The production demand data may include the target production capacity of the chemical products to be produced by the chemical production 204. The operating system 208 may further receive a materials table associated with the chemical products to be produced. The materials list may include materials data associated with the materials used to manufacture the chemical product, process data associated with the manufacturing chain for the chemical product, and / or chemical product data associated with the chemical product, such as product specification data or data on the quantity of chemical product manufactured.

[0133] Based on the received manufacturing demand data and material lists, material demand data may be identified. The material demand data may include data on the amount of material required to produce a target volume of chemical products. The material demand data may include material identifiers associated with the materials required to produce the chemical products, and data on the amount of material for each material. The material demand data may include one or more material specifiers for each material identifier indicating material specifications. The material demand data may include data on the amount of material for each material identifier indicating the amount of material supplied. The material demand data may specify the manufacturing chain of chemical production 204. The material demand data may include material lists for one or more manufacturing chains of chemical production 204. The material demand data may include one or more recipes specifying one or more materials for the manufacturing process of chemical production 204. The identified material demand data may be provided for access by a supplier system associated with suppliers outside the physical system boundary of chemical production 204. Material supply may be triggered by the supplier system accessing the material demand data.

[0134] The amount of chemical products produced from processes carried out within the chemical manufacturing 204, such as chemical reactions and / or physical processes, may be measured using sensors such as sensor 210b, as described in relation to Figure 2. Since chemical reactions can produce two or more reaction products, and for example, chemical reactions are associated with a many-to-many relationship between starting materials and the resulting reaction products (see also Figure 2), measuring the amount of chemical products produced from each chemical reaction carried out within the chemical manufacturing 204 allows for tracking the flow of materials within the chemical manufacturing 204. The measured data may be stored in one or more databases associated with the operating system 208. Furthermore, chemical reactions and / or physical processes may be monitored using sensors such as sensor 210b, and the generated monitoring data may be stored in one or more databases associated with the operating system 208. The measured and monitored data of the produced chemical products may be used to generate a digital twin of each manufacturing process carried out within the chemical manufacturing 204. The measured and monitored data of the produced chemical products may also be used to generate a digital twin of the chemical manufacturing 204. This digital twin enables reliable tracking and consideration of the flow of inbound materials, intermediate chemicals, and chemical products, despite the many-to-many relationship between starting materials and reaction products associated with the chemical reaction. The physical and / or chemical properties of the manufactured chemical product may be measured by sensors such as sensor 210a and / or identified as described in relation to Figure 2. The measured and / or identified chemical and / or physical properties of the manufactured chemical product 206 may be stored in one or more databases associated with the operating system 208.

[0135] The manufactured chemical product 206 may be provided at one or more exit points for the chemical product. The chemical product 206 may leave the system boundary 704 of the chemical production 204. A digital twin may be generated when the chemical product 206 is manufactured or when the chemical product 206 leaves the chemical production 204. The digital twin may be generated by the apparatus 424. The apparatus 424 may be configured to generate the digital twin, as described in relation to Figure 8. A requester 706 may be configured to generate a request to generate a digital twin of the manufactured chemical product 206. The requester 706 may be included in a labeling device, for example, as described in relation to Figure 3. The request may include data relating to the chemical product, such as batch number and / or lot number. The request may further include data associated with an embodiment model relating to the chemical product, such as an embodiment model identifier. A request to generate a digital twin may be provided to the apparatus 424. In response to the request, the digital twin generator 708 of the apparatus 424 may be configured to generate the digital twin, for example, using the method described in Figure 8.

[0136] The digital twin generator 708 may be configured to collect data associated with the chemical product from data layers, such as a data source layer 420 (not shown, see, for example, Figure 4B), based on the data contained in the received request. The digital twin generator 708 may include a data acquisition unit that collects data. The collected data may include at least one measured and / or identified physical and / or chemical property of the chemical product. The digital twin generator 708 may be configured to determine whether a digital twin associated with the manufactured chemical product 206 already exists, for example, whether it is already stored in the data storage of a device 424, such as a DT storage 414 (see Figure 4A). This avoids the generation of an existing digital twin and therefore results in more efficient generation of the digital twin.

[0137] The digital twin generator 708 may be configured to request from the decentralized ID generator 710 the collected data and, optionally, a decentralized identifier associated with the data owner. The request may include selecting at least one of a plurality of authentication mechanisms. The request may include the owner identifier and / or the chemical product identifier and / or the digital twin location data.

[0138] The decentralized ID generator 710 may be configured to generate and provide decentralized identifiers associated with the collected data and, optionally, with data owners such as data owners of data associated with chemical products. The decentralized ID generator 710 may be configured to generate decentralized identifiers that include or are associated with further identifiers such as dataset identifiers. For example, the decentralized ID generator 710 may be configured to generate digital twin identifiers such as DIDs or UUIDs. The decentralized ID generator 710 may be configured to generate digital twin data identifiers such as DIDs and / or UUIDs. The decentralized ID generator 710 may include a component configured to generate decentralized identifiers (DIDs). The decentralized ID generator 710 may include a component configured to generate universally unique identifiers (UUIDs). The decentralized ID generator 710 may be part of the device 424. The decentralized ID generator 710 may be communicatively coupled to the device 424, for example, the device 424 may not include the decentralized ID generator 710 (not shown). The decentralized identifiers generated by the decentralized ID generator may be one or more DIDs and / or UUIDs. One or more DIDs and / or UUIDs may be associated with digital twins and / or digital twin data. One or more DIDs and / or UUIDs may further be associated with chemical products. For example, the decentralized identifier may include a digital twin identifier associated with a digital twin and one or more digital twin data identifiers associated with digital twin data. The decentralized identifier may further include a chemical product identifier associated with a chemical product. The decentralized ID generator 710 may be a central or decentralized node configured to generate decentralized IDs such as DIDs or UUIDv4, as described with reference to Figures 15 and 16. The decentralized ID generator 710 may also be a computing node that functions as a management module for the DID owner, a user agent, an ID hub, and / or a certificate issuer.The decentralized ID generator 710 may be configured to receive requests that provide decentralized identifiers associated with data associated with the digital twin generator 708 and optionally with data collected by the data owner. The requests may include selecting at least one of a plurality of authentication mechanisms. The requests may include owner identifiers and / or chemical product identifiers and / or access data, as described above. The decentralized ID generator 710 may be configured to generate data relating to decentralized identifiers and authentication mechanisms.

[0139] The decentralized ID provider 712 may be configured to provide a received decentralized identifier to a requester 706 configured to associate the received decentralized identifier with a chemical product. For this purpose, the requester 706 may include an ID assigner (see, for example, Figure 3). The decentralized ID provider 712 may be configured to provide a received decentralized identifier to an ID assigner configured to associate the received decentralized identifier with a chemical product (not shown). Such association may include encoding the decentralized identifier into a code such as a barcode, QR code, embossed code, or optical holographic identifier, and providing a code generated for labeling the chemical product. In this way, a physical identifier may be provided that relates the physical entity of the chemical product to the decentralized identifier of the digital twin, and thus relates the digital twin to the physical entity of the chemical product. The decentralized ID provider 712 may be configured to provide the received decentralized identifier to a digital twin generator 708. The decentralized ID generator 710 and the decentralized ID provider 712 may be separate devices, as shown in Figure 7A. The decentralized ID generator 710 and the decentralized ID provider 712 may be contained within a single device (not shown) configured to generate decentralized identifiers and provide the generated decentralized identifiers.

[0140] In response to receiving a decentralized identifier from a decentralized ID provider 712, the digital twin generator 708 may be configured to generate digital twin data by retrieving at least one morphology model from a morphology model DB 416 (not shown) and applying each retrieved morphology model to the collected data. For example, the digital twin generator 708 may map the collected data to the structure and / or characteristics of each morphology model. Each morphology model may include the structure of at least a portion of the digital twin data and / or the characteristics of the digital twin data. The morphology model database may include morphology models relating to environmental attributes associated with chemical products. Environmental attributes may also relate to emission data such as CO2 footprint data, recyclable content, bio-based content, renewable content, certificates, or a combination thereof. The use of different morphology models allows for a more granular structuring of the digital twin data contained in the digital twin, and thus allows for control over access and a more granular definition of access data for the digital twin data. For example, digital twin data containing access-restricted data such as environmental characteristics or chemical product composition may be associated with access data that strictly restricts access to the digital twin data, while digital twin data containing data required from a regulatory standpoint may not be associated with access data, or may be associated with access data that does not strictly permit access to such data. At least a portion of the generated digital twin data may be stored on a data storage medium such as DT storage 414 (see Figure 4A). At least a portion of the digital twin data may include chemical product identifiers that enable links to each chemical product in the generated digital twin data. Digital twin data generated by applying an embodiment model to collected data and associated with a decentralized identifier of the digital twin may be considered an asset or embodiment of the digital twin. Each asset or embodiment may be uniquely identified by a digital twin data identifier.Therefore, a combination of a decentralized identifier and a digital twin data identifier may enable the unique identification of digital twin data associated with a chemical product. Furthermore, the combination also enables the specific retrieval of such digital twin data via a decentralized data consumption network node using the decentralized identifier and digital twin location data, as illustrated, for example, in relation to Figure 12.

[0141] The digital twin generator 708 may be configured to generate a digital twin, for example, in relation to Figure 8. Generating a digital twin may include assigning decentralized identifiers received from the decentralized ID provider 712 to at least a portion of the generated digital twin data. For example, the digital twin generator 708 may assign chemical product identifiers included in at least a portion of the digital twin data to the received decentralized identifiers, such that at least a portion of the digital twin data is associated with decentralized identifiers. Assigning may include relating decentralized identifiers to at least a portion of the digital twin data associated with chemical products and stored in the DT storage 414. The digital twin may include decentralized identifiers and at least a portion of the generated digital twin data. Decentralized identifiers may include one or more DIDs and / or UUIDs, for example, as described above. Decentralized identifiers may include one or more DIDs and / or one or more UUIDs. One or more DIDs and / or UUIDs may be associated with the digital twin and / or at least a portion of the digital twin data. One or more DIDs and / or UUIDs may be further associated with chemical products. The digital twin may further include chemical product identifiers.

[0142] The digital twin generator 710 may be configured to generate digital twin location data. The digital twin location data may include a digital representation that points to the digital twin data. The digital twin generator 710 generates a DID document containing a decentralized identifier received from a decentralized ID provider 712 and the generated digital twin location data. The DID document may be propagated to a distributed ledger such as a blockchain or a decentralized file storage system.

[0143] The digital twin generator 710 may be configured to store the generated digital twin in the DT storage 414.

[0144] Device 402 for controlling access to the generated digital twin may be configured to generate access data, for example, as described in relation to Figures 4A, 4B, and 9. The access data may include a decentralized digital twin identifier for each digital twin and one or more authorization rules associated with the decentralized digital twin identifier. The one or more authorization rules may define access to and / or use of the last portion of the digital twin for decentralized data consumption network nodes associated with the decentralized participant identifier. Device 402 may generate access data as described in Figures 10A and 10B. The access data may be provided to a decentralized data provision network node 416, for example, as described in relation to Figure 4A. The decentralized data provision network node 416 may be associated with a chemical manufacturer 204 that produces chemical product 206. The decentralized data provision network node 416 may be associated with a data owner of the digital twin, such as a chemical manufacturer. The decentralized data provision network node 416 may be configured to control access to a digital twin, such as a digital twin, or a portion thereof, stored in the DT storage 414, based on access data provided by the device 402, as described, for example, in relation to Figure 11. The use of access data enables filtering of decentralized data consumption network nodes based on decentralized participant identifiers associated with the decentralized data consumption network node, thereby ensuring that only decentralized data consumption network nodes associated with decentralized participants receiving and consuming chemical products can access the digital twin or a portion thereof.

[0145] Figure 7B shows an embodiment of a device and related methods for controlling and granting access to a digital twin of a chemical product manufactured from one or more chemical input materials by chemical manufacturing. The digital twin management system 702 may include a device for generating the digital twin, for example, the device 424 described in relation to Figure 7A. The digital twin management system 702 may include a device for controlling access to the digital twin, for example, the device 402 described in relation to Figures 4A and 7A or the system 400b (not shown) described in relation to Figure 4B. The digital twin management 702 may include a device for generating digital access elements, such as the device 426. The digital twin management system 702 may be included in the operating system of the chemical manufacturing (see, for example, Figure 2). The digital twin system may be communicatively coupled to the operating system of the chemical manufacturing (not shown).

[0146] The chemical product may be a chemical manufacturing facility 204 as described in relation to Figures 2 and 7A. The chemical manufacturing facility 204 may produce at least one chemical product 206 from one or more inbound materials 202, for example, as described in relation to Figure 7A. The produced chemical product 206 may be provided at one or more exit points for the chemical product. The chemical product 206 may leave the system boundary 704 of the chemical manufacturing facility 204. When the chemical product 206 is produced or leaves the chemical manufacturing facility 204, a digital twin may be generated, for example, as described in Figures 7A and 78. The requester 706 may be configured to generate a request to generate a digital twin of the produced chemical product 206, for example, as described in relation to Figure 7A. The generated digital twin may be stored in DT storage 414. The digital twin may include a decentralized identifier and digital twin data. The decentralized identifier may be assigned to the chemical product 206 by the ID assigner 706, for example, as described in relation to Figures 3 and 7A.

[0147] The device 402 for controlling access to the generated digital twin may be configured to generate access data, for example, as described in relation to Figures 4A, 4B, 7A, and 9. The access data may be provided to a decentralized data delivery network node 416, for example, as described in relation to Figures 4A and 7A.

[0148] The apparatus 426 for generating digital access elements may be configured to generate digital access elements associated with a chemical product. The digital access element enables indirect access to the digital twin or a portion thereof, i.e., access to the digital twin or a portion thereof via the digital access element. Access to the digital access element itself may remain unrestricted while still allowing controlled access to the digital twin or a portion thereof. The digital access element may include a decentralized passport identifier and digital twin location data. The decentralized passport identifier is or is associated with the decentralized digital twin identifier of the digital twin associated with the chemical product. The decentralized identifier may further be associated with a data owner. The data owner may be the data owner of the digital twin data contained in the digital twin, as described in relation to Figure 7A. The data owner may be the chemical product manufacturer, as described in relation to Figure 7A. The decentralized identifier may include one or more UUIDs and / or one or more DIDs, for example, as described in relation to Figure 7A. One or more DIDs and / or UUIDs may be associated with the digital twin and / or the digital twin data contained in the digital twin. One or more DIDs and / or UUIDs may be further associated with chemical products.

[0149] The digital access element may correspond to a DID document that includes a decentralized digital twin identifier as a DID. Such a DID document may further include a digital twin data identifier associated with the digital twin data and digital twin location data contained in the digital twin. The digital twin location data may include a digital representation that points to the digital twin or a part thereof, as described, for example, in relation to Figure 7A. The digital access element may correspond to a DID document that includes a decentralized passport identifier associated with the digital twin identifier. Such a DID document may further include a digital twin data identifier associated with the digital twin data and digital twin location data contained in the digital twin. The digital access element may correspond to a data structure comprising a decentralized passport identifier and digital twin location data.

[0150] Digital access elements may be generated in response to the generation of a digital twin. Therefore, the generation of digital access elements by device 426 may be triggered by device 424, for example, when device 424 generates each digital twin. The request to generate digital access elements may include an owner identifier and / or a chemical product identifier, as described in relation to Figure 7A.

[0151] Digital access elements may be generated by providing decentralized passport identifiers and digital twin location data. Providing decentralized passport identifiers may include retrieving decentralized digital twin identifiers contained in each digital twin and providing the retrieved decentralized digital twin identifiers. For example, decentralized identifiers contained in the generated digital twins may be retrieved from the digital twin storage 414. Each digital twin may be identified using a chemical product identifier contained in the received request. For example, a chemical product identifier may be used to retrieve a decentralized digital twin identifier contained in the digital twin associated with the chemical product identifier. The use of decentralized identifiers contained in the digital twins makes it possible to avoid the generation of further decentralized identifiers and thus enables more efficient generation of digital access elements.

[0152] Providing a decentralized passport identifier may include generating further decentralized identifiers and providing the generated further decentralized identifiers. These further identifiers may include one or more DIDs and / or one or more UUIDs, as previously mentioned. The further decentralized identifiers may be assigned to decentralized identifiers included in the digital twin. This enables linking the digital twin with generated digital access elements, and thus enables access to the digital twin or a portion thereof using the digital access elements. The use of further decentralized identifiers allows for the use of different identifier schemes, such as UUIDs and DIDs. This may enable the decentralized storage of access data necessary to access the digital twin or a portion thereof, such as a chemical product dataset included in the digital twin, using DID documents.

[0153] Providing digital twin location data may include generating digital twin location data and providing the generated digital twin location data. Providing digital twin location data may also include retrieving digital twin location data stored in DT storage 414. Digital twin location data may directly or indirectly point to the DT storage 414 that stores each digital twin. Digital twin location data may point to any data for accessing a digital twin or a part thereof, for example, as described in relation to Figure 7A. For example, digital twin location data may include endpoints for data exchange or sharing (resource endpoints) or endpoints for service interaction (service endpoints) that are uniquely identified via a communication protocol. Endpoints may be represented by decentralized data provision network nodes 416. Digital twin location data may include multiple digital representations, each digital representation pointing to different digital twin data contained in the digital twin. Decentralized passport identifiers and digital twin location data may be associated with each other. For example, a decentralized passport identifier on which a digital access element is generated may be associated with authentication information used as digital twin location data on which a digital access element is generated.

[0154] A physical identifier associated with a chemical product may be assigned to a decentralized passport identifier included in a generated digital access element. The device 426 may be configured to provide a decentralized passport identifier to a requester 706 configured to associate the received decentralized passport identifier with a chemical product. For this purpose, the requester 706 may include an ID assigner as described in relation to Figures 3 and 7. This makes it possible to link the decentralized passport identifier, and therefore the digital twin associated with the decentralized passport identifier, to the physical entity of the chemical product. The physical identifier may correspond to a code such as a barcode, QR code, embossed code, optical holographic code such as zero-order diffraction microstructure, or a tag such as an RFID tag. The physical identifier may be generated, for example, by a labeling machine as described in relation to Figure 7A.

[0155] Device 426 may be configured to provide the generated digital access elements to an access element registry accessible by the decentralized data consumption network node 716. The decentralized data consumption network node may use the data contained in the digital access elements, such as the decentralized passport identifier and digital twin location data, to access the digital twin associated with the decentralized passport identifier from the decentralized data provision network node 416, for example, as described in relation to Figure 12. The decentralized data provision network node 416 may authorize access to the digital twin based on the decentralized digital twin identifier associated with the digital access element, the decentralized participant identifier associated with the decentralized data consumption network node requesting access to the digital twin, and the access data provided by Device 402.

[0156] Figure 8 shows a flowchart of a computer implementation method for generating a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The digital twin may be generated for a chemical product 206 manufactured by a chemical manufacturer 204 from one or more inbound materials 202. The chemical product may be a chemical manufacturer 204 as described in relation to Figures 2 and 3. The digital twin may be generated by an operating system 208 of the chemical manufacturer 204. The operating system may include a device 424 for generating the digital twin, as described in relation to Figure 7A. The request to generate the digital twin may be manually triggered by a user via a user interface. The request to generate the digital twin may be automatically triggered, for example, when the packaging of the manufactured chemical product is detected, as described in relation to Figures 3 and 7A.

[0157] In block 802, a request may be received to generate a digital twin of a chemical product. The request may include data relating to the chemical product. The request may further include data relating to at least one embodiment model associated with the chemical product. The request may be generated manually or automatically, as described above. The data relating to the chemical product may include chemical product identifiers such as batch number, lot number, chemical product name, and / or chemical product ID. The data relating to at least one embodiment model may include an embodiment model identifier.

[0158] In block 804, it is determined whether a digital twin of the chemical product already exists. Thus, it may be determined whether a digital twin has already been generated and stored, for example, in DT storage 414. This determination may be based on data relating to the chemical product included in the received request, such as a chemical product identifier. For example, a chemical product identifier may be used to determine whether a digital twin associated with the chemical product identifier already exists, for example, whether it is already stored in DT storage 414. If a digital twin of the chemical product already exists, the method proceeds to block 806. Otherwise, the method proceeds to block 810, as will be described later.

[0159] In block 806, it is determined whether the existing digital twin should be updated. This determination may be based on data contained in the received request. For example, the request may contain data indicating that the digital twin should be updated. If the digital twin should be updated, the method proceeds to block 808. Otherwise, the method terminates or proceeds to block 802.

[0160] In block 808, the digital twin is updated. Updating may include performing blocks 810, 814, and 816, which will be described later, for example, generating additional digital twin data. Updating may also include modifying the digital twin data contained in the existing digital twin.

[0161] In block 810, data including at least one measured and / or identified physical and / or chemical property of a chemical product may be collected based on data relating to the chemical product included in a request received in block 802. The data may be collected from one or more data sources, for example, distributed data sources of data source layer 420 (see Figure 4B), as described in relation to Figure 7A. The data may also be collected directly from one or more distributed data sources of data source layer 420. The data may also be consumed from service layer 422, for example, as described in relation to Figure 4B. The device 424 may determine whether the request includes a chemical product identifier. In this case, the data may be collected from the distributed data sources using the chemical product identifier. Otherwise, the device 424 may identify the chemical product identifier from the data included in the received request. For example, the chemical product identifier may be retrieved from a database based on the data included in the received request.

[0162] In block 812, the collected data and optionally a decentralized digital twin identifier associated with the data owner may be provided. The decentralized digital twin identifier may be provided, for example, in response to a request generated by the digital twin generator 708 of device 424 (see Figure 7A). The request may include a data owner identifier and / or a chemical product identifier. The data owner may be the data owner of the collected data and / or the data contained in the distributed data source. The data owner may be a chemical product manufacturer. The data owner may be any of the data owners described above. The decentralized digital twin identifier may be requested from a central node or a decentralized node, for example, as described in relation to Figure 7A. The decentralized identifier may be one or more DIDs and / or UUIDs, for example, as described in relation to Figure 7A. Block 812 may also be executed after any one of blocks 814 and 816.

[0163] In block 814, the embodiment model associated with the chemical product may be retrieved, for example, as described in relation to Figure 7A. At least a portion of the embodiment model may be associated with environmental attributes associated with the chemical product. The embodiment model may be retrieved based on an embodiment model identifier included in the received request, or based on data included in the received request. The embodiment model may be retrieved from data storage.

[0164] In block 816, digital twin data may be generated for each aspect model extracted in block 808. Digital twin data may also be generated, for example, by applying each aspect model extracted in block 814 to the data collected in block 810, as described in relation to Figure 7A.

[0165] A digital twin may be generated in block 818. The digital twin may include a decentralized digital twin identifier received in block 812 and at least a portion of the digital twin data generated in block 810. The decentralized digital twin identifier may be assigned to at least a portion of the digital twin data generated in block 810. The digital twin may further include a chemical product identifier. The chemical product identifier may be a chemical product identifier included in the received request.

[0166] In block 820, the generated digital twin may be stored in DT storage 414 as described in relation to Figure 7A, and this block is generally optional. The storage of the digital twin in DT storage 414 may improve security regarding access to the digital twin, as appropriate authentication and authorization schemes may be implemented between DT storage 414 and decentralized data-providing network nodes that provide the digital twin or a portion thereof to authorized decentralized data-consuming network nodes.

[0167] In block 822, a physical identifier may be assigned to a decentralized digital twin identifier included in the digital twin, and this block is generally optional. This block may be performed, for example, when a decentralized identifier included in the digital twin is used to generate a digital access element (see, for example, Figure 9). This makes it possible to link the decentralized identifier, and therefore the digital twin, to the physical entity of the chemical product. Assigning a decentralized identifier to a physical identifier may include generating a physical identifier with an embedded decentralized identifier. The physical identifier may be generated by an ID assigner, for example, as described in relation to Figure 5, or it may be attached to the chemical product, for example, using a labeling device.

[0168] Figure 9 shows a flowchart of a computer implementation method for controlling access to a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The digital twin may be generated for a chemical product 206 produced by a chemical manufacturer 204 from one or more inbound materials 202. The chemical product may be a chemical manufacturer 204 as described in relation to Figures 2 and 3. The digital twin may be generated by the operating system 208 of the chemical manufacturer 204. Access data for controlling access to the digital twin may be generated by the apparatus 402 described in relation to Figure 4A or the system 400b described in relation to Figure 4B. The operating system may include an apparatus 424 for generating the digital twin, as described in relation to Figure 7A. The operating system may include an apparatus or system for controlling access to the digital twin, as described in relation to Figures 4A and 4B. The digital twin may be generated according to the method described in Figure 8.

[0169] In block 902, a decentralized digital twin identifier is provided for the digital twin. The decentralized digital twin identifier may be provided by a decentralized digital twin identifier providing unit, such as the decentralized ID provider 404 in Figure 4A. The decentralized digital twin identifier may be provided as described in relation to Figure 4A.

[0170] In block 904, mapping data is provided. The mapping data may include data on chemical products produced from one or more chemical input materials that are correlated with each decentralized participant identifier associated with a decentralized participant node. The mapping data may be generated from data on chemical products produced from one or more input materials and data on decentralized participant nodes, for example, as described in relation to Figure 4A. Generating the mapping data may include validation of data on decentralized participant nodes, as described in relation to Figure 4A.

[0171] In block 906, access data may be generated for at least a portion of the digital twin based on the provided mapping data. The access data may be generated as described in relation to Figure 4A. The access data may include a decentralized digital twin identifier provided by the decentralized identity provider 404 and one or more authorization rules associated with the decentralized digital twin identifier. The access data may further include a digital representation that points to the digital twin or a portion thereof. The digital representation may point to the DT storage 414 that stores the respective digital twins of the chemical products. The one or more authorization rules may define, for example, access to and / or use of at least a portion of the digital twin of a decentralized data consumption network node associated with a decentralized participant identifier contained in the provided mapping data, as described in relation to Figure 4A.

[0172] In block 908, the generated access data may be provided to a decentralized data delivery network node, for example, as described in relation to Figure 4A. The decentralized data delivery network node may be associated with the unit that generates the access data (see, for example, Figures 4A and 4B). The decentralized data delivery network node may be configured to control access to the digital twin data by decentralized data consumption network nodes based on a decentralized digital twin identifier associated with the digital twin of a chemical product and the respective access data stored in database 418. This makes it possible to control access to the digital twin by the decentralized data delivery network node based on a unique relationship between the decentralized digital twin identifier and one or more authorization rules, by using authorization rules to filter decentralized data consumption network nodes that request access to the digital twin or a portion thereof based on a decentralized participant identifier associated with the decentralized data consumption network node. The decentralized data delivery network node 416 may be associated with the data owner of the digital twin or a portion thereof. The data owner may be a chemical product manufacturer.

[0173] Figure 10A shows an example of a relational expression that may be used to generate mapping data. The relational expression may be used by the mapping data provider 406 of the apparatus 402 to generate mapping data, for example, as described in relation to Figures 4A, 4B, and 9. The relational expression may relate a chemical product 1002 to one or more consumers 1004, 1008, 1012 of the chemical product.

[0174] Chemical product 1002 may be a chemical product manufactured by a chemical manufacturing process such as chemical manufacturing 204 described in relation to Figures 2, 7A, and 7B. Chemical product 1002 may be a chemical product that can be manufactured by a chemical manufacturing process such as chemical manufacturing 204 described in relation to Figures 2, 7A, and 7B. Chemical product 1002 may be associated with data relating to the chemical product. Such data may include a chemical product identifier, a chemical product name, or a combination thereof. Chemical product 1002 may be associated with each batch of manufactured chemical product. Chemical product 1002 may represent a manufactured batch of chemical product.

[0175] One or more consumers may be chemical product processors, for example, receiving chemical products and processing them to manufacture further chemical products or individual products. One or more consumers of chemical products 1004, 1008, 1012 may be associated with decentralized participant network nodes 1006, 1010, 1014. Each decentralized participant network node may be operated by each consumer. Decentralized network participant nodes may correspond to decentralized data consumption network nodes. The decentralized data consumption network nodes may be configured to request access to the digital twin of chemical products at decentralized data provision network nodes associated with the digital twin. Thus, the relational representation shown in Figure 10A makes it possible to identify consumers of chemical products and associated decentralized participant network nodes.

[0176] The relational representation may be a data structure that defines the relationship between a chemical product 1002, a customer of the chemical product, and a decentralized network node associated with the customer.

[0177] Figure 10B shows a further embodiment of a relational representation that may be used to generate mapping data. The relational representation may be used by the mapping data provider 406 of the apparatus 402 to generate mapping data, for example, as described in relation to Figures 4A, 4B, and 9. The relational representation may relate chemical product 1002 to data about chemical products manufactured from one or more chemical input materials and data about decentralized participant nodes.

[0178] Chemical product 1002 may be a chemical product manufactured by a chemical manufacturing process such as chemical manufacturing 204 described in relation to Figures 2, 7A, and 7B. Chemical product 1002 may be a chemical product that can be manufactured by a chemical manufacturing process such as chemical manufacturing 204 described in relation to Figures 2, 7A, and 7B. Chemical product 1002 may be associated with data relating to the chemical product. Such data may include a chemical product identifier, a chemical product name, or a combination thereof. Chemical product 1002 may be associated with each batch of manufactured chemical product. Chemical product 1002 may represent a manufactured batch of chemical product.

[0179] Data relating to chemical products may include consumer identifiers associated with consumers of chemical products, such as consumer identifier 1 1018, consumer identifier 2 1020, and consumer identifier 3 1026. Consumer identifiers may also be unique identifiers used within a chemical manufacturing plant that produces chemical products, such as chemical manufacturing plant 204 in Figures 2, 7A, and 7B. Consumer identifiers may not be unique within a decentralized network associated with the chemical manufacturing plant, for example, via decentralized data provision network nodes associated with the chemical manufacturing plant (see Figures 2, 4A, 7A, and 7B). Consumer identifiers may not be known to other decentralized network participants. Data relating to chemical products may also include chemical product identifiers. This makes it possible to relate data relating to chemical products to chemical product 1002 and provide a relationship with chemical product 1002.

[0180] Data relating to decentralized participant nodes may include decentralized participant identifiers associated with the decentralized participant node, such as decentralized participant identifier 1 1016, decentralized participant identifier 2 1022, and decentralized participant identifier 3 1024. Each decentralized participant identifier may have an arbitrary identifier that uniquely associates with a participant in the decentralized network and / or a manufacturing site of a participant in the decentralized network. Decentralized participant identifiers may contain letters and / or numbers. Decentralized participant identifiers may contain one or more universally unique identifiers (UUIDs) and / or one or more decentralized identifiers (DIDs). Decentralized participant identifiers may be associated with, or include, verifiable claims or credentials. Decentralized participant nodes may be associated with consumers of chemical products to which consumer identifiers are associated. This makes it possible to associate consumer identifiers used within chemical manufacturing with each decentralized participant identifier associated with the participant network node of the consumer of the chemical product.

[0181] The relational representation may be a data structure that defines the relationship between a chemical product 1002, a customer of the chemical product, and a decentralized network node associated with the customer. The data structure may include a chemical product identifier that is related to a customer identifier and an associated decentralized participant identifier.

[0182] Figure 11 shows a flowchart of a computer implementation method for authorizing access by a decentralized data delivery network node to a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The digital twin of the chemical product may be generated by an apparatus for generating digital twins, for example, apparatus 424 described in relation to Figures 4B, 7A, and 7B, using the method described in Figure 8. The digital twin may include a decentralized digital twin identifier, and at least one measured physical and / or chemical property of the chemical product, and / or at least one physical and / or chemical property identified from collected data associated with the manufacture and / or use of the chemical product.

[0183] The chemical product may be manufactured by chemical production from one or more input materials, for example, as described in relation to Figures 2, 7A, and 7B. Access may be authorized by a device for authorizing access, such as the digital twin management system 702 described in relation to Figures 7A and 7B. The digital twin management may be part of the operating system of the chemical product, such as the operating system 208 of the chemical production system 204 (see, for example, Figures 2, 7A, and 7B). The digital twin management system may be communicatively coupled to the operating system.

[0184] Requests to access a digital twin of a chemical product, in order to access the digital twin or a portion thereof, may be received in block 1102 by a decentralized data delivery network node. The decentralized data delivery network node may be associated with the digital twin. The decentralized data delivery network node may be identified using a digital access element associated with the digital twin, for example, as described in relation to Figure 12. The digital access element may be generated as described in relation to Figure 7B. Requests may be generated by a decentralized data consumption network node and provided to the decentralized data delivery network node. The decentralized data consumption network node may be associated with a consumer of the chemical product (see, for example, Figure 12). The request may include a decentralized digital twin identifier contained in the digital twin and a decentralized participant identifier associated with the decentralized data consumption network node. Requests may be transmitted via a peer-to-peer communication channel between the decentralized data delivery network and the decentralized data consumption network node. The decentralized digital twin identifier may be encoded in the physical identifier of the chemical product (see, for example, Figure 12), or it may be retrieved from a database based on the physical identifier associated with the chemical product (see, for example, Figure 12).

[0185] Authentication may be performed in block 1104, which is generally optional. In particular, decentralized data consumption network nodes requesting access to the digital twin and / or decentralized data provision network nodes providing access to the digital twin may authenticate, for example, perform authentication. Such authentication may be based on data relating to a decentralized participant identifier and an authentication mechanism. The authentication mechanism may be associated with a decentralized participant identifier as described above. The authentication mechanism may be associated with a certificate associated with each decentralized participant node. Decentralized participant nodes may validate the received certificate through a central or decentralized verifier. Authentication may be performed through different communication patterns, for example, as described in relation to Figures 17A and 17B.

[0186] In block 1106, the decentralized data serving network node and / or decentralized data consuming network node may determine whether authentication is valid, and this block is generally optional. If authentication is not valid, for example, fails, the decentralized data serving network node may deny access to the digital twin, and the method terminates.

[0187] If authentication is valid, access data may be identified in block 1108 based on the received decentralized digital twin identifier. The access data may include the decentralized digital twin identifier and one or more authorization rules. The access data may further include digital twin location data. The access data may be retrieved from a database of a decentralized data serving network node, such as database 418 (see Figure 4A). Authorization rules may be associated with the decentralized digital twin identifier as described in relation to Figures 6A and 6B. Authorization rules may define access to and / or use of at least a portion of the digital twin for a decentralized data consuming network node. Access to and / or use of at least a portion of the digital twin may be associated with a decentralized participant identifier of the decentralized data consuming network node. For example, authorization rules may define a decentralized participant identifier that allows access to the digital twin data. This allows filtering of decentralized data consuming network nodes requesting access based on the associated decentralized participant identifier, and one or more authorization rules may include rules and obligations as described in relation to Figure 4A.

[0188] In block 1112, a decentralized data serving network node validates a request by applying at least a portion of the access data identified in block 1110 to the received request. This may include applying the access data retrieved in block 1110 to the received request based on the received decentralized participant identifier. Applying the access data to the received request may include determining whether the decentralized participant identifier received with the request is associated with one or more identified authorization rules. For example, one or more authorization rules associated with a decentralized digital twin identifier may include decentralized participant identifiers associated with decentralized data consuming network nodes that are permitted to access the digital twin or a portion thereof. Applying the access data to the received request may also include determining whether the decentralized participant identifier received with the request is not associated with one or more identified authorization rules. For example, one or more authorization rules associated with a decentralized digital twin identifier may include decentralized participant identifiers associated with decentralized data consuming network nodes that are not permitted to access the digital twin or a portion thereof. By validating the request, it becomes possible to filter decentralized data consumption network nodes based on the associated decentralized participant identifier, thus ensuring that only authorized decentralized data consumption network nodes, such as those associated with consumers of chemical products, are granted access to the digital twin or a portion thereof. This enables control over access to the digital twin or a portion thereof, thus ensuring that the digital twin or a portion thereof can be shared within the decentralized network under the control of the digital twin's data owner. If the request is invalid, for example, if the decentralized data consumption network node is not authorized, the method proceeds to block 1114 and denies access to the digital twin or a portion thereof. If the request is valid, the method proceeds to block 1116.

[0189] In block 1116, the digital twin or a portion thereof may be provided based on a decentralized digital twin identifier included in the received request. The digital twin may further be provided based on digital twin location data included in the identified access data. Providing the digital twin may also include retrieving the digital twin from data storage such as DT storage 414 (see Figures 4A, 7A, and 7B). The data storage may be connected to the decentralized data delivery service via further authentication network nodes. This enhances security by ensuring that only properly authenticated decentralized data delivery services can access the database storing the digital twin, thus preventing unauthorized access to the database. Providing the digital twin may also include requesting the digital twin from a component or unit storing the digital twin, such as device 424. The component or unit may provide the digital twin in response to a request from the decentralized data delivery network node. Block 1116 may further include signing an electronic contract before providing the digital twin, as described in relation to Figure 12. The use of an electronic contract ensures that the decentralized data consumption network node and further systems handling the digital twin comply with one or more authorization rules associated with the digital twin. When signing an electronic contract, the decentralized data delivery network node 416 In block 1118, at least a portion of the identified access data may be applied to the provided digital twin or a portion thereof. Applying at least a portion of the access data may include applying one or more authorization rules contained in the identified access data to the digital twin data or a portion thereof. Applying at least a portion of the access data may also include adapting access to the digital twin or a portion thereof to match one or more authorization rules. The access data applied in block 1118 may differ from the access data applied in block 1112, which is used to validate incoming requests. The access data applied in block 1118 may include the access data applied in block 1112. This makes it possible to ensure that requests are properly validated and prevents unauthorized access to the digital twin or a portion thereof. The access data may be applied before access to the digital twin or a portion thereof, or during the execution time of access to the digital twin or a portion thereof. In block 1120, the digital twin or a portion thereof may be provided to decentralized data consumption network nodes in accordance with the applied access data. Providing the digital twin or a portion thereof may include pushing the data resulting from applying the access data to the provided digital twin or a portion thereof to the decentralized data consumption network nodes. Providing the digital twin or a portion thereof may include providing the data resulting from applying the access data to the provided digital twin or a portion thereof to the decentralized data consumption network nodes.

[0190] Figure 12 shows a schematic diagram of using a digital access element to allow a decentralized data delivery network node to access a digital twin or a portion thereof associated with a chemical product. Access to the digital twin or a portion thereof may be requested by a decentralized data consumption service. The chemical product 206 may be produced by a chemical production, such as a chemical production 204 described in relation to Figures 2, 7A, and 7B. The digital twin may include a decentralized digital twin identifier, and at least one measured physical and / or chemical property of the chemical product, and / or at least one physical and / or chemical property identified from collected data associated with the production and / or use of the chemical product.

[0191] The digital access element may be generated during or after the manufacture of a chemical product, for example, as described in relation to Figure 7B. The digital access element may be associated with a digital twin or a portion thereof. The digital access element may include a decentralized passport identifier and digital twin location data. The decentralized passport identifier may correspond to or be associated with a decentralized digital twin identifier of the digital twin. The digital twin location data may include a digital representation pointing to a digital twin or a portion thereof. The digital twin location data may include a digital twin data identifier associated with the digital twin data contained in the digital twin (see, for example, Figures 15 and 16). Embodiments of the digital access element are shown in Figures 15 and 16. The digital asset may further include, or relate to, authentication and / or authorization information linked to the decentralized passport identifier. The authentication and / or authorization information may be provided for authentication and / or authorization of decentralized data provision network node 416 and / or decentralized data provision network node 716. The digital access element may be provided to a decentralized registry 718, for example, as described in relation to Figure 7B. The decentralized registry 718 may store decentralized passport identifiers and associated digital twin location data.

[0192] Chemical products 202, such as those manufactured by the chemical manufacturing network 204, may be provided to consumers in connection with a digital access element. Consumers may process the chemical products to manufacture further chemical products and / or individual products. Chemical products 206 may be connected to a code such as a barcode or QR code encoding a decentralized passport identifier. Consumers of chemical products 206 may read the code through a code reader 1202. The code reader 1202 may be a smartphone running a code reading application such as a QR code reader app. Data obtained by the code reading application may be used to identify the decentralized passport identifier. Data obtained by the code reading application may be used to identify the decentralized digital twin identifier. Data obtained by the code reading application may be used to identify the chemical product identifier. Data obtained by the code reading application may be used to identify the digital twin location data. The decentralized passport identifier, decentralized digital twin identifier, chemical product identifier, and digital twin location data may be identified by the code reader 1202. For example, the decentralized passport identifier identified by the code reader 1202 may be a DID, and the code reader 1202 may be configured to retrieve the associated DID document containing the decentralized digital twin identifier and digital twin location data, for example, using a DID resolver (see also Figure 15). In another example, a chemical product identifier is identified by the code reader 1202 and used to retrieve the decentralized passport identifier and associated digital twin location data from a database, for example, a decentralized registry 718. Thus, the code reader 1202 may be configured to retrieve a digital access element containing the decentralized passport identifier and digital twin location data from the decentralized registry 718. The code reader 1202 may be configured to provide the decentralized passport identifier and / or decentralized digital twin identifier to a database 1206 associated with consumers of chemical products.The code reader 1202 may be configured to provide the identified decentralized passport identifier, decentralized digital twin identifier, and digital twin location data to the decentralized data consumption network node 716.

[0193] The code reader 1202 may be configured to display identified / retrieved data on a user interface, as indicated by reference numeral 1204. The user interface may display identified decentralized passport identifiers (PP identifiers), identified decentralized digital twin identifiers (DT identifiers), and identified digital twin location data (DT location). In this embodiment, the decentralized passport identifiers and decentralized digital twin identifiers are different from each other. In another embodiment, the decentralized passport identifier is equal to the decentralized digital twin identifier. The user interface may further display identified chemical product identifiers (CP identifiers). The user interface may also enable the retrieval of the digital twin or a portion thereof based on the decentralized passport identifiers and digital twin location data, as described below. This process may be initiated by a button labeled "Access DT". When the button is pressed, the code reader 1202 may send a request to access the digital twin or a portion thereof to the decentralized data consumption network node 716.

[0194] A decentralized data consumption network node may generate requests to access a digital twin or a portion thereof. A decentralized data consumption network node may generate requests based on data received from the code reader 1202. For example, a decentralized data consumption network node may generate requests based on a decentralized digital twin identifier received from the code reader 1202. A data consumption network node may generate requests based on a decentralized passport identifier and / or decentralized digital twin identifier provided to the database 1206. For example, a decentralized data consumption network node may be configured to retrieve a decentralized digital twin identifier and digital twin location data from the decentralized registry 718 based on a decentralized passport identifier stored in the database 1206. Requests generated by a decentralized data consumption network node may include a decentralized digital twin identifier and a decentralized participant identifier associated with the decentralized data consumption network node 716. The decentralized data consumption network node 716 may be configured to identify the decentralized data provision network node 416 associated with the digital twin based on digital twin location data provided by the code reader 1202 or retrieved from the decentralized registry 718.

[0195] A decentralized data consumption network node 716 may send a request to access the digital twin or a portion thereof to an identified decentralized data provision network node 416, as indicated by arrow 1208. The decentralized data provision network node 416 may be associated with a chemical product manufacturer. The decentralized data provision network node 416 may be associated with a chemical manufacturing company that produces chemical products. The decentralized data provision network node 416 may be associated with the data owner of the digital twin. In addition to the request, authentication and / or authorization information may be provided by the decentralized data consumption network node 716, as described, for example, in relation to Figures 17A and 17B.

[0196] The request may be authenticated (see Figures 17A and 17B). The request may be validated by a decentralized data serving network node 416, for example, as described in relation to Figure 11. For example, the decentralized data serving network node may retrieve access data from DB 418 based on the decentralized digital twin identifier contained in the received request. At least a portion of the retrieved access data may be applied to the received request, as described in relation to Figure 11. This allows for filtering decentralized data consuming network nodes requesting access based on the decentralized participant identifier associated with the network node. If the request is invalid, for example, if the decentralized data consuming network node is not authorized to access the digital twin data, the peer-to-peer communication channel is terminated by the decentralized data serving network node and the digital twin is not provided.

[0197] If the request is valid, the decentralized data delivery network node 416 may initiate contract negotiations with the decentralized data consumption network node. The decentralized data delivery network node 416 may provide the decentralized data consumption network node with an electronic contract. The electronic contract may include one or more authorization rules associated with the decentralized digital twin identifier. This allows the data consumer to identify the access and usage conditions associated with the desired data. The decentralized data delivery network node 416 and the decentralized data consumption network node 716 may be configured to negotiate and sign the electronic contract. The use of the electronic contract ensures that the decentralized data consumption network node and any further systems handling the digital twin comply with one or more authorization rules associated with the digital twin. Once the electronic contract is signed, the decentralized data delivery network node 416 may retrieve or request the digital twin stored in the DT storage 414 based on the decentralized digital twin identifier included in the received request, as indicated by arrows 1210 and 1212 (see also Figure 11). The decentralized data serving network node 416 may apply the identified access data to the retrieved or received digital twin, for example, as described in relation to Figure 11. The decentralized data serving network node may then provide the digital twin or a portion thereof to the decentralized data consumption network node 716 according to the applied access data, as indicated by arrow 1214 (see also Figure 11).

[0198] The digital twin provided by the decentralized data provision network node 416 may be stored in a database 1206 associated with the decentralized data consumption network node, according to the access data, as indicated by arrow 1216.

[0199] Through decentralized digital twin identifiers, digital twin data can be uniquely associated with chemical products. Through a decentralized network, the digital twin, or a portion thereof, may be transferred between chemical product manufacturers and consumers in a standardized and secure manner, allowing chemical product manufacturers to control access to the digital twin, or a portion thereof, by multiple decentralized data consumption network nodes residing within the decentralized network. Thus, the digital twin, or a portion thereof, may be shared directly among participants in the chemical product ecosystem without central mediation, due to its unique association with chemical products. This enables transparency of digital twins within the chemical product ecosystem.

[0200] Figure 13 shows a flowchart of a computer implementation method for processing a digital twin or a portion thereof of a physical entity of a chemical product, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The chemical product may be produced by a chemical production such as chemical production 204 described in relation to Figures 2, 7A, and 7B. The digital twin may include a decentralized digital twin identifier, and at least one measured physical and / or chemical property of the chemical product, and / or at least one physical and / or chemical property identified from collected data associated with the production and / or use of the chemical product.

[0201] In block 1302, access to the digital twin or a portion thereof is requested. Access may be requested by a decentralized data consumption network node, such as a node associated with a consumer of a chemical product (see also Figure 12). Access may also be requested by a decentralized data provision network node associated with the digital twin (see, for example, Figure 12). The request may include a decentralized digital twin identifier associated with the digital twin and a decentralized participant identifier associated with the decentralized data consumption network node.

[0202] In response to a request, access to the digital twin or a portion thereof may be authorized by a decentralized data serving network node, for example, as described in relation to Figures 11 and 12. If access to the digital twin is authorized, the digital twin or a portion thereof may be provided to the decentralized data serving network node in block 1304 (see also Figures 11 and 12). The provision may include pushing the digital twin to a database associated with the decentralized data serving network node. The provision may also include receiving the digital twin from the decentralized data serving network node.

[0203] The digital twin or a portion thereof may be processed in block 1306. The processing may include identifying further data using the provided digital twin or a portion thereof. The processing may include aggregating the provided data. The processing may include using the provided data to generate control data that controls the manufacture of further chemical products and / or separate products from the received chemical product.

[0204] The output resulting from the processing may be provided in block 1308. Figure 14 shows a flowchart of a computer implementation method for authorizing access by a decentralized data consumption network node to a digital twin or a portion thereof of a physical entity of a chemical product, using a digital access element associated with the chemical product. The chemical product may be manufactured by a chemical manufacturing process such as chemical manufacturing 204 described in relation to Figures 2, 7A, and 7B. The digital twin may include a decentralized digital twin identifier, and at least one measured physical and / or chemical property of the chemical product, and / or at least one physical and / or chemical property identified from collected data associated with the manufacture and / or use of the chemical product.

[0205] In block 1402, a digital access element may be generated. The digital access element may be generated as described in relation to Figure 7B. The digital access element may include a decentralized passport identifier and digital twin location data. The decentralized passport identifier may correspond to or be associated with a decentralized digital twin identifier, for example, as described in relation to Figures 7A and 72. The digital access element may correspond to a DID document associated with a decentralized passport identifier which is a DID.

[0206] The generated digital access elements may be provided in block 1404. This may include providing the digital access elements to a decentralized registry, such as a decentralized registry 718 (see, for example, Figures 7B and 12). This may also include encoding the digital access elements in a physical identifier attached to a chemical product.

[0207] Access to the digital twin or a portion thereof may be authorized in block 1406 based on the provided digital access element, the decentralized digital twin identifier, and the decentralized participant identifier associated with the decentralized data consumption network node requesting access to the digital twin. Access authorization may be performed as described in relation to Figures 11 and 12.

[0208] Figure 15 shows one embodiment of decentralized identifier-based owner data 1502, decentralized identifier-based digital access elements 1504, and decentralized identity information manager 1506.

[0209] A decentralized identifier may be a decentralized identifier (DID). In this case, a decentralized identifier-based digital access element may be a DID document 1504 associated with the DID. In addition to the DID document 1504 that functions as a digital access element, Figure 15 shows a DID owner data element 1502 that includes decentralized identifier-based owner data. Generally, decentralized identifier-based owner data may include a decentralized identifier associated with an object such as a chemical product dataset, and may include one or more authentication mechanisms. Decentralized identifier-based owner data 1502 may include owner data that is electronically owned and controlled by the DID owner. In this context, electronically owned may refer to data stored in an owner repository or wallet. Such data may be securely stored and / or managed on an organized server or client device. Decentralized identifier-based owner data 1502 may include a DID, a private key, and a public key. The DID owner may own and control a DID representing the identification information associated with the DID subject, and a private key and public key pair associated with the DID. DID may be understood as an identifier and authentication information associated with or uniquely linked to that identifier.

[0210] A DID subject may be a raw material, a basic substance, a chemical product, or a finished product. A DID subject may also be a machine, system, or device used in the production of a raw material, a basic substance, a chemical product, an intermediate product, or a finished product, or a collection of such machines, devices, and / or systems. A DID owner may be a supply chain participant or a manufacturer, such as a chemical manufacturer that produces a chemical. A DID owner may be an upstream participant in a chemical manufacturer's supply chain, such as a supplier of raw chemicals or precursors used to manufacture a chemical product. A DID owner may be a downstream participant in a chemical manufacturer's supply chain, such as a customer that consumes a chemical to manufacture an intermediate product, a component, a component assembly, or a finished product. A DID owner may be any participant in the supply chain, including raw chemical suppliers, intermediate chemical manufacturers, intermediate component manufacturers, component manufacturers, component assembly manufacturers, or finished product manufacturers.

[0211] DID may be any identifier associated with the DID subject and / or DID owner. Preferably, the identifier is unique to the DID subject and / or DID owner. The identifier may be unique at least to the extent that the DID is expected to be in use. The identifier may be a locally or globally unique identifier of any participant in the supply chain, including raw materials, precursors, basic substances, chemical products, intermediate products, components, component assemblies, finished products, or collections thereof; machines, systems, or devices used in the production of raw materials, basic substances, chemical products, intermediate products, components, component assemblies, or finished products, or collections thereof; chemical manufacturers producing chemicals; upstream participants in the supply chain of chemical manufacturers; downstream participants in the supply chain of chemical manufacturers, or collections thereof; or raw material chemical suppliers, intermediate chemical manufacturers, intermediate parts manufacturers, component manufacturers, component assembly manufacturers, or finished product manufacturers, or collections thereof.

[0212] The DID may be any identifier associated with the DID subject and / or DID owner. Preferably, the DID is unique to the DID subject and / or DID owner. The DID may be unique at least to the extent that the DID is expected to be used. The DID may be a locally or globally unique identifier for any of the possible DID subjects described above. The DID may also be a Unified Resource Identifier (URI), such as a Unified Resource Location Specifier (URL). Furthermore, the DID may be an Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI). The DID may be a Unified Resource Identifier (URI), such as a Unified Resource Location Specifier (URL). The DID may be an Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI). For enhanced security, the DID may be a random string of numbers and letters. In one embodiment, the DID may be a string of 128 characters and numbers in the format "scheme did:method name:method-specific did", such as "did:example:ebfeb1f712ebc6f1c276e12ec21". DID may be a decentralized ID that is independent of a centralized third-party management system and under the control of the DID owner.

[0213] A digital access element as a DID document 1504 may be associated with a DID, i.e., a DID contained in decentralized identifier-based owner data 1502. Thus, a digital access element may include a reference to a DID associated with a DID subject described by the DID document 1504. The DID document 1504 may also include authentication information, such as a public key. The public key may be used by a third-party entity authorized by the DID owner / subject to access information and data owned by the DID owner / subject. The public key may also be used to verify that the DID owner actually owns or controls the DID. The DID document may include authentication and authorization information, for example, to authorize a third-party entity to read the DID document or a portion of the DID document without, for example, granting the third party the right to prove ownership of the DID.

[0214] The digital access element 1504 may include, for example, one or more representations that digitally link to the digital twin data contained in the digital twin to which the digital access element is associated, via a service endpoint. The service endpoint may include a network address on which the service operates on behalf of the DID owner. In particular, the service endpoint may refer to a service such as a data provision service of the DID owner that grants access to the digital twin data. Such a service may include a service that reads or analyzes the data contained in the digital twin data. The data contained in the digital twin may include chemical product declaration data, chemical product safety data, certificates of analytical data, emission data, product carbon footprint data, product environmental footprint data, chemical product specification data, product information, technology application data, manufacturing data, chemical composition data, or a combination thereof.

[0215] The digital access element 1504 may include further identifiers such as a digital twin data identifier and a chemical product identifier.

[0216] The digital access element 1504 may include various other information, such as metadata specifying when the digital access element was created, when the last modification was made, and / or when it expires.

[0217] The DID and digital access element 1504 may be associated with a data registry node such as a decentralized data service system or decentralized data service system 1506, for example, a distributed ledger or blockchain or a decentralized file system. The distributed ledger or blockchain may be used to store a representation of the DID that points to the digital access element 1504. The representation of the DID may be stored in a distributed computing node of the distributed ledger or blockchain 1506. For example, a DID hash may be stored in multiple computing nodes of the distributed ledger and point to the location of the digital access element 1504. In some embodiments, the digital access element 1504 may be stored on the distributed ledger 1506. Each computing node may store a copy of the distributed ledger 1506. In this way, each DID hash can be stored redundantly, thereby increasing data security. The distributed ledger 1006 may contain DIDs associated with multiple different digital access elements 1504.

[0218] In some embodiments, the digital access element 1504 may be stored in the distributed ledger 1506, i.e., in addition to or alternative to the associated DID representation stored in the distributed ledger 1506. In other embodiments, the digital access element 1504 may be stored in data storage (not shown) associated with a distributed ledger or blockchain or a decentralized file system.

[0219] The distributed ledger or blockchain 1506 may be any decentralized distributed network including various computing nodes that communicate with each other. For example, the distributed ledger 1506 may include a first distributed computing node, a second distributed computing node, a third distributed computing node, and any number of additional distributed computing nodes (not shown). A distributed ledger or blockchain 1506 may include a known technology stack such as Bitcoin (see, for example, the Bitcoin documentation published on November 11, 2022 at https: / / en.bitcoin.it / wiki / Protocol_documentation), Ethereum (see, for example, the Ethereum documentation published on August 15, 2022 at https: / / ethereum.org / en / developers / docs / ), Solana (see, for example, the Solana documentation published on November 11, 2022 at https: / / spl.solana.com / ), Polygon (see, for example, the Polygon documentation published on November 11, 2022 at https: / / wiki.polygon.technology / ), or other embodiments with a different degree of data transactions performed on a distributed ledger. The description of exemplary frameworks is for illustrative purposes only and should not be considered limiting.

[0220] Figure 16 shows one embodiment of certificate data 1602, digital access element data 1604, and international data space (IDS) infrastructure 1608.

[0221] In contrast to the embodiment in Figure 15, the embodiment in Figure 16 is certificate-based. The certificate data 1602 may include subject and certificate issuer authentication data. The subject may be the data owner, or an IDS connector 1606 operated by or under the control of the data owner. The certificate data 1602 may further include the subject name for which the certificate is issued, such as the data owner name, data owner ID, IDS connector name, IDS connector ID, or a combination thereof. The certificate may be an X.509 certificate, such as X509v3. The certificate data 1602 may be associated with an IDS infrastructure 1608, for example, a Certificate Issuing Service (CA) 1610, and / or a Dynamic Provisioning Service (DAPS) 1612 that provides dynamic attribute tokens (e.g., OAuth access tokens). The certificate data 1602 may further include various other information, such as metadata specifying when the certificate was created, when the last modification was made, and / or when it expires. The information required to validate certificate data 1102 may be provided through an authentication registry associated with the certificate issuing service and / or dynamic provisioning service. For example, in the IDSA Reference Architecture Model, version 3.0 April 2019, prior to the execution of data exchange (see, e.g., Figures 11, 12, 17A and 17B), an IDS connector 1606 associated with or under the control of the data owner, a Certificate Authority (CA) 1610, a Dynamic Attribute Provisioning Service (DAPS) 1612, and an IDS connector (not shown) associated with the data consumption service are used to validate the identification information.

[0222] Certificate data 1602 and digital access element data 1604 may be stored within the IDS connector 1606 (also referred to as the data delivery service). The IDS connector 1606 may be associated with or under the control of the data owner of the chemical product data.

[0223] The digital access element data 1604 may include a decentralized identifier, authentication data, and an endpoint associated with the chemical product data. The decentralized identifier may be a universally unique identifier (UUID), such as UUIDv4. The UUIDv4 may follow the following format, i.e., [0-9a-fA-F]{8}-[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-[0-9a-fA-F]{12}. The authorization information may be used to control access to the chemical product data or a portion thereof, as described, for example, in relation to Figures 17A and 17B. The endpoint may include any digital representation pointing to the digital twin data or a portion thereof (see, for example, Figure 12). The digital twin data may include the data described in relation to Figure 15.

[0224] The digital access element data 1604 may include various other information, such as metadata specifying when the digital access element was created, when the last modification was made, and / or when it expires.

[0225] Figures 17A and 17B illustrate, respectively, an embodiment of a method for authentication to access a digital twin or a portion thereof associated with a chemical product.

[0226] In the authentication process, various communication patterns may be implemented to verify the identity information. Figure 17A shows one embodiment of a communication pattern that may be implemented between a decentralized data serving network node 416 and a decentralized data consuming network node 716. In this case, the decentralized data serving network node 416 may function as a verification entity, and no separate service is used for authentication. The decentralized data consuming network node 716 may request a service from the decentralized data serving network node 416 (see step [1] in Figure 17A). The request may include a decentralized participant identifier such as a DID, a certificate for the decentralized data consuming network node 716, an access token associated with the certificate for the decentralized data consuming network node 716, or verifiable credentials associated with the owner of the decentralized data consuming network node 716.

[0227] In response to a request, the decentralized data provision network node 416 may access a registry, such as a centralized or decentralized authentication registry, to retrieve data relating to an authentication mechanism associated with a decentralized identifier. For example, a centralized authentication registry may provide data relating to an authentication mechanism through an authentication service that issues access tokens. Alternatively, a decentralized authentication registry may provide data relating to an authentication mechanism by generating a request token. The data relating to the authentication mechanism may include the public key of the decentralized data consumption network node 716.

[0228] Based on the retrieved data relating to the authentication mechanism, the decentralized data serving network node 416 may generate an authentication request (e.g., corresponding to an authentication request token or a dynamic attribute token) (see step [2] in Figure 17A). The authentication request may be generated based on the public key of the decentralized data consumption network node 716 and / or the private key of the decentralized data serving network node 416. The generated authentication request may be sent to the decentralized data serving network node 416 (see step [3] in Figure 17A).

[0229] Based on the received authentication request, the decentralized data consumption network node 716 may generate authentication data to respond to the authentication request (see step [4] in Figure 17A). The generated authentication data may be sent back to the decentralized data consumption network node 716 (see step [5] in Figure 17A).

[0230] Upon receiving a response containing authentication data from the decentralized data consumption network node 716, the decentralized data providing network node 416 may then verify the legitimacy of the authentication data (see step [6] in Figure 17A). In response to the legitimacy verification, the decentralized data providing network node 416 may permit or deny the service request from the decentralized data consumption network node 716 (see step [7] in Figure 17A). If access is authenticated, the decentralized data consumption network node 716 may provide the decentralized digital twin identifier of the digital twin and the decentralized participant identifier associated with the decentralized data consumption network node 716, and the decentralized data providing network node 416 may authenticate the received request, and at the time of authentication, may provide the digital twin or a portion thereof, for example, as described in Figures 11 and 12.

[0231] Figure 17B shows another embodiment of a communication pattern that may occur between a decentralized data delivery network node 416, a decentralized data consumption network node 716, and an authentication service 1704.

[0232] Firstly, the decentralized data consumption network node 716 may request services from or initiate communication with the decentralized data provision network node 416 (see step [1] in Figure 17B). The request may include a decentralized participant identifier, such as the DID of the decentralized data consumption network node 716, as described in relation to Figure 17A.

[0233] Upon receiving a request, the decentralized data delivery network node 416 may access the distributed ledger and retrieve one or more authentication mechanisms associated with the decentralized identifier. Based on the retrieved authentication mechanisms, the decentralized data delivery network node 416 may generate an authentication request (see step [2] in Figure 17B).

[0234] Here, at least one of the extracted authentication mechanisms may be provided via the authentication service 1704. For this reason, in some embodiments, the generated authentication request may be sent directly to the authentication service 1704 (see step [3] in Figure 17B). Upon receiving an authentication request from the decentralized data delivery network node 416, the authentication service 1704 may generate authentication data (see step [4] in Figure 17B).

[0235] The authentication data generated by the authentication service 1704 may be sent to the decentralized data consumption network node 716 (see step [5] in Figure 17B).

[0236] The decentralized data consumption network node 716 may then pass authentication data to the decentralized data provision network node 416 (see step [6] in Figure 17B). Upon receiving the authentication data, the decentralized data provision network node 416 may then verify the legitimacy of the authentication data (see step [7] in Figure 17B). In response to the legitimacy verification, the decentralized data provision network node 416 may permit or deny the service request from the decentralized data consumption network node 716 (see step [8] in Figure 17B). If access is authenticated, the decentralized data consumption network node 716 may provide a decentralized digital twin identifier of the digital twin and a decentralized participant identifier associated with the decentralized data consumption network node 716, and the decentralized data provision network node 416 may authenticate the received request, and at the time of authentication, may provide the digital twin or a portion thereof, for example, as described in Figures 11 and 12.

[0237] Alternatively, in some embodiments, after a decentralized data serving network node 416 may generate an authentication request, the decentralized data serving network node 416 may send the authentication request to a decentralized data consumption network node 716. The decentralized data consumption network node 716 may pass the authentication request to the authentication service 1704.

[0238] Furthermore, after the authentication service 1704 has the potential to generate authentication data, in some embodiments, the authentication service 1704 simply communicates with the decentralized data consumption network node 716 to notify it of the receipt of the authentication request and obtain consent. Upon receiving the notification, the decentralized data consumption network node 716 may consent and send the consent to the authentication service 1704. Upon receiving consent, the authentication service 1704 may then directly send the authentication data to the decentralized data provision network node 416.

[0239] Finally, in many transactions, authentication may be performed mutually by both parties. In such a mutual authentication situation, each party involved is both the target entity and the verifying entity. The decentralized data consumption network node 716 and the decentralized data provision network node 416 have control over their decentralized identities. Initially, the services exchange their decentralized identities. Next, each service accesses the distributed ledger to obtain each other's authentication mechanism. Each service then generates its own authentication request based on the other's identity authentication method. The generated authentication data is then sent to the other service. Upon receiving each other's authentication data, each service verifies the validity of the received authentication data. Based on the result of the validity verification, the services may then perform additional communication, for example, one service may permit or deny the other service's service request, as described earlier.

[0240] Figures 17A and 17B simply illustrate an embodiment of the authentication protocol. Furthermore, while communication arrows are considered in a specific order or shown in a series of communications, unless otherwise noted, a specific order is not required, or a specific order is required because communications depend on the completion of other communications before they are transmitted.

[0241] This disclosure has been described in conjunction with embodiments and examples. However, a person skilled in the art who practices the claimed invention can understand and implement other variations by examining the drawings, this disclosure, and the claims.

[0242] Any steps presented herein can be performed in any order. The methods disclosed herein are not limited to any particular order of these steps. It is not required that different steps be performed in a specific location or on a specific computing node of a distributed system; that is, each step may be performed on a different computing node using different equipment / data processing.

[0243] As used herein, “identifying” also includes “initiating or causing identification,” “generating” also includes “initiating and / or causing generation,” and “providing” also includes “initiating identification, generation, selection, transmission, and / or reception, or causing identification, generation, selection, transmission, and / or reception.” “Initiating or causing the execution of an action” includes any processing signal that triggers a computing node or device to perform the respective action.

[0244] In the claims and herein, the term “equipped with” does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude plural. A single element or other unit may perform the function of several entities or items described in the claims. The mere fact that certain means are described in different dependent claims does not imply that a combination of these means cannot be used in a favorable implementation.

Claims

1. An apparatus for controlling access to a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product manufactured from one or more chemical input materials, wherein access to the digital twin by one or more decentralized data consumption network nodes of a decentralized network is controlled by a decentralized data provision network node associated with the digital twin, and the digital twin includes a decentralized digital twin identifier and at least one measured physical and / or chemical property of the chemical product, and / or at least one physical and / or chemical property identified from collected data associated with the manufacture and / or use of the chemical product, and the apparatus, - At least one decentralized digital twin identifier providing unit configured to provide the decentralized digital twin identifier, - At least one mapping data providing unit configured to provide mapping data including data relating to the chemical products manufactured from the one or more chemical input materials, which are related to each decentralized participant identifier associated with a decentralized participant node, wherein the mapping data is generated from the data relating to the chemical products manufactured from the one or more chemical input materials and the data relating to the decentralized participant node, - At least one access data generation unit configured to generate access data for at least a portion of the digital twin based on the mapping data, wherein the access data includes the decentralized digital twin identifier and one or more authorization rules associated with the decentralized digital twin identifier, the one or more authorization rules defining access and / or use of at least a portion of the digital twin for decentralized data consumption network nodes associated with the decentralized participant identifier included in the mapping data, - A decentralized data serving network node associated with the digital twin, configured to control access to at least a portion of the digital twin by one or more decentralized data consumption network nodes according to the generated access data, Device.

2. A system for controlling access to a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product manufactured from one or more chemical input materials, wherein access to the digital twin by one or more decentralized data consumption network nodes of a decentralized network is controlled by a decentralized data provision network node associated with the digital twin, and the digital twin includes a decentralized digital twin identifier and at least one measured physical and / or chemical property of the chemical product, and / or at least one physical and / or chemical property identified from collected data associated with the manufacture and / or use of the chemical product, and the system, -Optionally, a digital twin provider layer configured to provide the digital twin of the physical entity of the chemical product, - Access provider layer, - Provide the decentralized digital twin identifier included in the digital twin, - To provide mapping data which includes data relating to the chemical products manufactured from the one or more chemical input materials, and which is related to each decentralized participant identifier associated with a decentralized participant node, wherein the mapping data is generated from the data relating to the chemical products manufactured from the one or more chemical input materials and the data relating to the decentralized participant node. - To generate access data for at least a portion of the digital twin based on the mapping data, wherein the access data includes the decentralized digital twin identifier and one or more authorization rules associated with the decentralized digital twin identifier, the one or more authorization rules defining access to and / or use of the last portion of the digital twin for decentralized data consumption network nodes associated with the decentralized participant identifier included in the mapping data. - An access provider layer configured to control access by one or more decentralized data consumption network nodes to at least a portion of the digital twin, in accordance with the generated access data, system.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1 or the system according to claim 2, wherein the data relating to the chemical product manufactured from the one or more chemical input materials includes a consumer identifier associated with the chemical product.

4. The apparatus or system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein generating the mapping data includes relating data relating to the chemical products manufactured from one or more chemical input materials to each decentralized participant identifier included in the data relating to the decentralized participant nodes, based on a relational expression in which the data relating to the chemical products is associated with the data relating to the decentralized participant nodes.

5. The apparatus or system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more authorization rules include a computer executable instruction that enables access to the digital twin associated with the decentralized digital twin identifier, denies access to the digital twin associated with the decentralized digital twin identifier, modifies access to the digital twin associated with the decentralized digital twin identifier, or modifies the digital twin associated with the decentralized digital twin identifier.

6. The apparatus or system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein one or more authorization rules include one or more rules specific to the decentralized participant identifier.

7. The apparatus or system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more authorization rules include one or more local rules specific to a particular location, the location being associated with a jurisdiction, and the local rules of the location being associated with legal requirements relating to the supply of the chemical product.

8. The apparatus or system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more authorization rules include one or more rules specific to attribute values ​​associated with a decentralized network participant.

9. The apparatus or system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein one or more authorization rules include at least one regulatory order configured to provide access to a digital twin or a portion thereof of regulatory requirements for the supply of the chemical product.

10. The apparatus or system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein one or more authorization rules include one or more prescribed rules relating to emission data, manufacturing data, recyclable content data, bio-based content data, origin data, working conditions data, or a combination thereof.

11. The apparatus or system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein one or more authorization rules include obligations of decentralized data consumption network nodes associated with each decentralized participant identifier, and / or obligations of decentralized network nodes using the digital twin or a portion thereof accessed by the data consumption network nodes associated with each decentralized participant identifier.

12. A computer implementation method for controlling access to a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product manufactured from one or more chemical input materials, wherein the access to the digital twin by one or more decentralized data consumption network nodes of a decentralized network is controlled by a decentralized data provision network node associated with the digital twin, and the digital twin includes a decentralized digital twin identifier and at least one measured physical and / or chemical property of the chemical product, and / or at least one physical and / or chemical property identified from collected data associated with the manufacture and / or use of the chemical product, and the method is: - To provide the aforementioned decentralized digital twin identifier, - To provide mapping data including data relating to the chemical products manufactured from the one or more chemical input materials, which are interrelated with each decentralized participant identifier associated with a decentralized participant node, wherein the mapping data is generated from the data relating to the chemical products manufactured from the one or more chemical input materials and the data relating to the decentralized participant node. - To generate access data for at least a portion of the digital twin based on the mapping data, wherein the access data includes the decentralized digital twin identifier and one or more authorization rules associated with the decentralized digital twin identifier, the one or more authorization rules defining access to and / or use of the last portion of the digital twin for decentralized data consumption network nodes associated with the decentralized participant identifier included in the mapping data, - Including providing the generated access data to the decentralized data serving network nodes in order to control access to at least a portion of the digital twin by one or more decentralized data consumption network nodes in accordance with the access data, Computer implementation method.

13. An apparatus for authorizing access by a decentralized data provision network node to a digital twin of a physical entity of a chemical product, wherein the digital twin includes a decentralized digital twin identifier, at least one measured physical and / or chemical property of the chemical product, and / or at least one physical and / or chemical property identified from collected data associated with the manufacture and / or use of the chemical product, and access data for at least a portion of the digital twin is generated by the apparatus or system described in any one of claims 1 to 11 and provided to the decentralized data provision network node, the apparatus, - A digital twin provider configured to provide the digital twin of the physical entity of the chemical product, - The aforementioned decentralized data provision network node, - Receiving a request from a decentralized data consumption network node to access the digital twin or a portion thereof, wherein the request includes a decentralized digital twin identifier associated with the digital twin and a decentralized participant identifier associated with the decentralized data consumption node. Based on the received decentralized digital twin identifier, collect the digital twin or a portion thereof from the digital twin provider. Based on the received decentralized digital twin identifier and decentralized participant identifier, access data is identified, and the identified access data is applied to the collected digital twin or a portion thereof. - A decentralized data serving network node configured to provide the digital twin or a portion thereof to the decentralized data consumption network node in accordance with the applied access data, or to deny access to the digital twin or a portion thereof in accordance with the applied access data, Device.

14. A computer implementation method for authorizing access by a decentralized data consumption network node to a digital twin or a portion thereof of a physical entity of a chemical product, using a digital access element associated with the chemical product, wherein the digital twin includes a decentralized digital twin identifier and at least one measured physical and / or chemical property of the chemical product, and / or at least one physical and / or chemical property identified from collected data associated with the manufacture and / or use of the chemical product, and the method is: - A step of providing a digital access element including a decentralized passport identifier and digital twin location data, wherein the decentralized passport identifier is the decentralized digital twin identifier or is associated therewith. - The step of providing access to the digital twin as authorized by the apparatus described in claim 13, based on the provided digital access element, the decentralized digital twin identifier, and the decentralized participant identifier associated with the decentralized data consumption network node requesting access to the digital twin, Computer implementation method.

15. A computer element having instructions configured to perform a step of the method described in claim 12 or 14 when executed on one or more computing nodes, or to be executed by the apparatus or system described in any one of claims 1 to 11 and 13.

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