Battery module and battery pack including same

Abstract

A battery module according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a battery cell stack in which a plurality of battery cells are stacked, a module frame surrounding the battery cell stack, a bus bar connected to an electrode lead protruding from the battery cell, and a first heat transfer member formed between the bus bar and the battery cell stack, the first heat transfer member being in contact with the module frame.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] Cross-reference to related applications This application claims the benefit of priority based on Korean Patent Application No. 10-2021-0109847 filed on August 20, 2021, and all contents disclosed in the documents of that Korean patent application are incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] The present invention relates to a battery module and a battery pack including the same, and more particularly to a battery module and a battery pack having a novel cooling structure. [Background technology]

[0003] As technological development and demand for mobile devices increases, the demand for secondary batteries as an energy source is rapidly increasing. In particular, secondary batteries are attracting much attention not only for mobile devices such as mobile phones, digital cameras, laptops, and wearable devices, but also as an energy source for power devices such as electric bicycles, electric cars, and hybrid electric cars.

[0004] While small mobile devices use one, two, three, or four battery cells per device, medium- to large-sized devices such as automobiles require high output and large capacity, and therefore use medium- to large-sized battery modules that electrically connect multiple battery cells.

[0005] Since it is preferable that medium- to large-sized battery modules are manufactured with small size and weight, prismatic batteries and pouch-shaped batteries that can be stacked with high integration and have a small weight relative to their capacity are mainly used as battery cells for medium- to large-sized battery modules. Such battery modules have a structure in which a number of cell assemblies, each including a plurality of unit battery cells, are connected in series to obtain high output. The battery cells include positive and negative electrode current collectors, separators, active materials, electrolytes, etc., and can be repeatedly charged and discharged through electrochemical reactions between the components.

[0006] Meanwhile, as the need for large capacity structures, including use as an energy storage source, has increased recently, the demand for battery packs with a multi-module structure in which a number of battery modules are assembled, in which a number of secondary batteries are connected in series and / or parallel, has been increasing.

[0007] Meanwhile, when constructing a battery pack by connecting a plurality of battery cells in series / parallel, a common method is to first construct a battery module consisting of at least one battery cell, and then use this at least one battery module to add other components to construct the battery pack.

[0008] Fig. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a conventional battery module, and Fig. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of the battery module of Fig. 1.

[0009] 1 and 2, a conventional battery module 10 includes a battery cell stack 12 in which a plurality of battery cells 11 are stacked, and a module frame 20 that houses the battery cell stack 12. In this case, the module frame 20 may include a U-shaped module frame 30 that covers the sides and bottom of the battery cell stack 12, and an upper plate 40 that covers the upper side of the battery cell stack. In addition, the battery module 10 includes end plates 15 that cover the front and rear sides of the battery cell stack 12, and a bus bar assembly that electrically connects electrode leads 14 of the plurality of battery cells 11 may be formed between the battery cell stack 12 and the end plates 15.

[0010] Here, the busbar assembly includes a busbar frame 13 through which electrode leads 14 of each battery cell 11 pass, and a busbar 16 that is attached to the busbar frame 13 and connected to the electrode leads 14 that pass through the busbar frame 13 by welding or the like.

[0011] At this time, since there is no direct cooling path for the heat generated from the bus bar 16, it is transferred through the electrode lead 14, and then through the battery cell 11, the thermally conductive resin layer 31 formed on the bottom of the module frame 20, and the bottom of the module frame 20.

[0012] However, recently, the demand for high capacity, high energy, and rapid charging has been continuously increasing, and the amount of current flowing through the busbar has been increasing. Therefore, the high current flowing through the busbar generates heat in the busbar, and it is difficult to effectively cool the heat using only the conventional cooling structure. Therefore, there is a need for a new structure that can cool the busbar by directly contacting the busbar to cool the heat. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0013] An object of the present invention is to provide a battery module capable of solving the problem of heat generation in bus bars, and a battery pack including the same.

[0014] However, the problems that the present invention is intended to solve are not limited to those mentioned above, and problems not mentioned will be clearly understood by those having ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains from this specification and the attached drawings. [Means for solving the problem]

[0015] A battery module according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a battery cell stack in which a plurality of battery cells are stacked, a module frame surrounding the battery cell stack, a bus bar connected to an electrode lead protruding from the battery cell, and a first heat transfer member formed between the bus bar and the battery cell stack, the first heat transfer member being in contact with the module frame.

[0016] The battery module may include a first heat transfer pad formed between the bus bar and the first heat transfer member so as to be in contact with the bus bar.

[0017] The first heat transfer member may include a first fold.

[0018] The module frame may include a frame member covering a lower portion and both sides of the battery cell stack, and a top plate covering an upper portion of the battery cell stack, and the first bent portion may be bent adjacent to the top plate.

[0019] One end of the first heat transfer member may be in contact with an inner surface of the top plate.

[0020] The bus bar and the first heat transfer pad may be in surface contact, and the first heat transfer pad and the first heat transfer member may be in surface contact.

[0021] In another embodiment of the battery module according to the present invention, the first bent portion may be bent to be adjacent to a bottom portion of the frame member.

[0022] One end of the first heat transfer member may be in contact with an inner lower end of the frame member.

[0023] A battery module according to still another embodiment of the present invention may include end plates covering front and rear surfaces of the battery cell stack that are open at the module frame, and second heat transfer pads formed between inner surfaces of the end plates and the bus bars.

[0024] The battery module may include a third heat transfer pad formed to be in contact with an outer surface of the end plate, and a second heat transfer member formed to be in contact with the third heat transfer pad.

[0025] The second heat transfer member may include a second bent portion bent toward the upper plate.

[0026] One end of the second heat transfer member is in contact with an outer surface of the upper plate, and heat transferred from the bus bar can be sequentially transferred and released through the second heat transfer pad, the end plate, the third heat transfer pad, the second heat transfer member, and the upper plate.

[0027] A battery pack according to another embodiment of the present invention may include the battery module. Effect of the Invention

[0028] The battery module according to an embodiment of the present invention can solve the busbar heat problem in a high current and fast charging environment by using a novel busbar cooling structure, and can improve the stability of the battery module by solving the heat problem.

[0029] The effects of the present invention are not limited to the effects described above, and effects not mentioned will be clearly understood by those having ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains from this specification and the accompanying drawings. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0030] [Figure 1] FIG. 13 is an exploded perspective view of a conventional battery module. [Diagram 2] 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of a battery module assembled from the components of FIG. 1. [Diagram 3] 1 is a perspective view of a battery module according to an embodiment of the present invention; [Figure 4] FIG. 3 is an enlarged view showing a state cut along the yz plane with the cutting line AA' as a reference and cut along the P1 plane. [Diagram 5] FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing a first heat transfer member of the present invention. [Figure 6] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the connection relationship of some components of the present invention. [Figure 7] FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing some components of a battery module according to another embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 8]FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing some components of a battery module according to another embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 9] 9 is a cross-sectional view showing a cross section cut along the P2 plane in FIG. 8. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0031] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0032] In order to clearly explain the present invention, parts that are not necessary for the explanation will be omitted, and the same reference numerals will be used throughout the specification to refer to the same or similar components.

[0033] In addition, the size and thickness of each component shown in the drawings are arbitrarily shown for convenience of explanation, and the present invention is not necessarily limited to those shown in the drawings. In the drawings, thicknesses are enlarged to clearly express various layers and regions. In the drawings, thicknesses of some layers and regions are exaggerated for convenience of explanation.

[0034] In addition, when a part such as a layer, film, region, or plate is said to be "on" or "above" another part, this includes not only the case where it is "directly on" another part, but also the case where there is another part in between. Conversely, when a part is said to be "directly on" another part, it means that there is no other part in between. In addition, being "on" or "above" a reference part means being located above or below the reference part, and does not necessarily mean being located "on" or "above" the direction against gravity.

[0035] Additionally, throughout the specification, when a part is said to "comprise" a certain element, this means that it may further include other elements, but not excluding other elements, unless specifically stated to the contrary.

[0036] Also, throughout the specification, the term "in a plane" means when the subject part is viewed from above, and the term "in cross section" means when the subject part is cut vertically and viewed from the side.

[0037] The terms first and second used in this application may be used to describe various components, but the components should not be limited by the terms. The terms are used only to distinguish one component from another component.

[0038] Hereinafter, a battery module according to one embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.

[0039] Fig. 3 is a perspective view of a battery module according to an embodiment of the present invention. Fig. 4 is an enlarged view of a state cut along a yz plane and a P1 plane based on a cutting line A-A' in Fig. 3. Fig. 5 is a perspective view of a first heat transfer member of the present invention. Fig. 6 is a view showing a coupling relationship of some components of a battery module of the present invention.

[0040] 3 and 4, the battery module 100 according to the present embodiment includes a battery cell stack 120 in which a plurality of battery cells 110 are stacked, a module frame 200 surrounding the battery cell stack 120, and a bus bar 160 connected to electrode leads 140 protruding from the battery cells 110.

[0041] The battery cell 110 is a secondary battery and may be a pouch-type secondary battery. A plurality of such battery cells 110 may be configured, and the plurality of battery cells 110 may be stacked together to be electrically connected to each other to form a battery cell stack 120, thereby forming a cell assembly including the battery cell stack 120. Each of the plurality of battery cells 110 may include an electrode assembly, a battery case, and an electrode lead 140 protruding from the electrode assembly.

[0042] The module frame 200 includes a frame member 300 that is open at the top, front, and rear and covers the bottom and both sides of the battery cell stack 120, and an upper plate 400 that covers the top of the battery cell stack 120. However, the module frame 200 is not limited thereto and may be replaced with a frame of other shape such as an L-shaped frame or a monoframe that surrounds the battery cell stack 120 except for the front and rear sides. The battery cell stack 120 accommodated inside the module frame 200 can be physically protected through the module frame 200. In this case, the frame member 300 includes a bottom part 300a that supports the bottom of the battery cell stack 120, and side parts 300b that extend upward from both ends of the bottom part 300a.

[0043] The upper plate 400 may cover the opened upper side of the module frame 200. The end plate 150 may cover the front and rear sides of the battery cell stack 120 that are opened in the module frame 200. The end plate 150 may be coupled to the front and rear end corners of the upper plate 400 and the front and rear end corners of the module frame 200 by welding.

[0044] A bus bar frame 130 may be formed between the end plates 150 and the front and rear surfaces of the battery cell stack 120. A plurality of bus bars 160 attached to the bus bar frame 130 may protrude from the battery cells 110 and contact the electrode leads 140 attached to the bus bar frame 130. The bus bars 160 may include a terminal bus bar 160a and a sensing bus bar 160b.

[0045] In conventional battery modules, there is no direct cooling path for the busbar, and heat generated in the busbar is only released through paths connecting the busbar, electrode lead, battery cell, thermally conductive resin layer, and the bottom of the module frame. However, in situations where the busbar generates high heat for a short period of time due to the flow of high current, such as during fast charging, a cooling structure that can minimize the temperature rise of the busbar is required.

[0046] 4 and 6, the battery module 100 according to the present embodiment includes a first heat transfer member 500 formed between the bus bar 160 and the battery cell stack 120. In addition, the first heat transfer member 500 contacts the module frame 200. In addition, the battery module 100 according to the present embodiment includes a first heat transfer pad 710 formed between the bus bar 160 and the first heat transfer member 500 so as to contact the bus bar 160. In this case, instead of the first heat transfer pad 710, a component such as a double-sided tape may be included.

[0047] 6, the battery module according to the present embodiment may be formed such that the bus bar 160, the first heat transfer pad 710, and the first heat transfer member 500 are in contact with each other in this order. Therefore, heat generated from the bus bar 160 may be transferred to the first heat transfer member 500 through the first heat transfer pad 710. In addition, as described above, since the first heat transfer member 500 is in contact with the module frame 200, heat generated from the bus bar 160 may be effectively dissipated through the module frame 200.

[0048] In addition, the first heat transfer pad 710 can enable close contact between the first heat transfer member 500 and the bus bar 160 as well as the heat transfer components. As described below, it is difficult to closely fix the first heat transfer member 500 and the bus bar 160, which are generally made of a thermal conductor, by themselves, but when the first heat transfer pad 710 is introduced between the first heat transfer member 500 and the bus bar 160, all of the above components can be bonded and fixed, and a stable cooling path can be secured. Therefore, the heat transfer pad 700 can play a role in forming a stable cooling path by enabling stable bonding of each component as well as heat transfer.

[0049] In this case, the bus bar 160 and the first heat transfer pad 710 may be in surface contact, and the first heat transfer pad 710 and the first heat transfer member 500 may be in surface contact. Thus, by forming such a heat transfer path and a bus bar cooling path, it is possible to effectively cool the bus bar. In particular, by increasing the contact area through surface contact, it is possible to increase the cooling efficiency.

[0050] In comparison with conventional cooling structures, the cooling structure has simplified paths and reduced types of battery module components involved in the paths, enabling quick and effective busbar cooling.

[0051] 5, the first heat transfer member 500 may include a first bent portion 500a. At this time, the first bent portion 500a is illustrated as having a gently curved shape, but is not limited thereto and may have a right-angled shape. At this time, each end of the first heat transfer member 500 may be formed to form a right angle with the first bent portion 500a as a center, but is not limited thereto and may be formed to correspond to the angle formed by the bus bar 160 and the upper plate 400 according to the role of the first heat transfer member 500 to form a cooling path between the bus bar 160 and the upper plate 400 as described below.

[0052] 4, the first bent portion 500a may be bent in the module frame 200 so as to be adjacent to the upper plate 400. That is, the first bent portion 500a may be formed on the first heat transfer member 500 so as to be adjacent to the upper plate 400. In this case, the dotted line portion shown on the upper plate 400 in FIG. 4 indicates the area where the first heat transfer member 500 contacts the module frame 200, i.e., the upper plate 400.

[0053] Furthermore, by forming the first bent portion 500a as described above, one end of the first heat transfer member 500 may come into contact with the inner surface of the upper plate 400. Therefore, the area of ​​the upper plate 400 that comes into contact with the one end of the first heat transfer member 500 corresponds to the size of the one end of the first heat transfer member 500.

[0054] As the one end of the first heat transfer member 500 comes into contact with the upper plate 400, the heat transfer path connecting the bus bar 160, the first heat transfer pad 710, and the first heat transfer member 500 is connected to the upper plate 400, and the heat generated from the bus bar 160 can be transferred to the outside of the battery module through the upper plate 400. Through the above-mentioned sequential transfer and release structure, the heat generated in the bus bar in a high current situation such as fast charging can be effectively released, and the stability of the battery module can be ensured.

[0055] The first heat transfer member 500 according to the present embodiment may be made of a material having thermal conductivity, more specifically, a thermal conductor. Also, the first heat transfer pad 710 according to the present embodiment may be made of a material having electrical insulation but thermal conductivity. Therefore, the first heat transfer pad 710 may enable heat conduction while maintaining the insulation of the bus bar 160, and may enable heat conduction through the first heat transfer member 500. In particular, the first heat transfer member 500 may also be made of a material having insulation, if necessary.

[0056] At this time, the first heat transfer pads 710 and the first heat transfer members 500 may be formed in consideration of the number of bus bars 160 in contact with the first heat transfer pads 710 and the first heat transfer members 500, but are not limited thereto and may be formed in the number that can maximize the cooling of the bus bars 160. Therefore, the first heat transfer pads 710 and the first heat transfer members 500 may be formed in a single or multiple pieces within the battery module.

[0057] Hereinafter, a battery module according to another embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to Fig. 7. Since some of the content overlaps with the above-mentioned content, the following description will focus on the content that is different from the above-mentioned content.

[0058] FIG. 7 is a diagram showing some components of a battery module according to another embodiment of the present invention.

[0059] 7, the first heat transfer member 500 according to the present embodiment includes a first bent portion 500 a , and the first bent portion 500 a may be bent to be adjacent to the bottom portion 300 a of the frame member 300 .

[0060] That is, the first bent portion 500a may be formed on the first heat transfer member 500 so as to be adjacent to the bottom portion 300a of the frame member 300. Therefore, the first heat transfer member 500 according to the present embodiment may contact the frame member 300 even within the module frame 200, more specifically, may contact the bottom portion 300a of the frame member 300.

[0061] Furthermore, by forming the first bent portion 500a as described above, one end of the first heat transfer member 500 may come into contact with the inner lower end of the frame member 300. That is, one end of the first heat transfer member 500 may come into contact with the inner surface of the bottom portion 300a of the frame member 300. Therefore, the area of ​​the bottom portion 300a of the frame member 300 that comes into contact with the one end of the first heat transfer member 500 corresponds to the size of the one end of the first heat transfer member 500.

[0062] At this time, the heat transfer path connecting the bus bar 160, the first heat transfer pad 710, and the first heat transfer member 500 is connected to the bottom 300a of the frame member 300, so that heat can be transferred to the outside of the battery module through the frame member 300.

[0063] In addition, through the above-described sequentially transferred and released structure, heat generated in the busbars during high current conditions such as fast charging can be effectively released, thereby ensuring the stability of the battery module.

[0064] Hereinafter, a battery module according to still another embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.

[0065] Fig. 8 is a perspective view showing some components of a battery module according to another embodiment of the present invention, and Fig. 9 is a cross-sectional view taken along the P2 plane of Fig. 8.

[0066] 8 and 9, the battery module according to the present embodiment may include a second heat transfer pad 720 formed between an inner surface of the end plate 150 and the bus bar 160. In addition, an electrode lead 140 may be formed between the bus bar 160 and the second heat transfer pad 720. The bus bar 160 and the electrode lead 140 are components that generate the most heat during fast charging, and the heat generated from the bus bar 160 and the electrode lead 140 can be effectively transferred through the second heat transfer pad 720.

[0067] In particular, the battery module according to the present embodiment may include a third heat transfer pad 730 formed to contact an outer surface of the end plate 150, and may include a second heat transfer member 600 formed to contact the third heat transfer pad 730. More specifically, the battery module according to the present embodiment may include a third heat transfer pad 730 in contact with an outer surface of the end plate 150, and a second heat transfer member 600 formed to contact an opposite surface of the third heat transfer pad 730 in contact with the outer surface of the end plate 150.

[0068] The heat transferred from the second heat transfer pad 720 can be transferred sequentially by the end plate 150 , the third heat transfer pad 730 , and the second heat transfer member 600 .

[0069] In this case, the second heat transfer member 720 according to the present embodiment may include a second bent portion 600a that is bent toward the upper plate 400. Therefore, one end of the second heat transfer member 720 contacts the outer surface of the upper plate 400, and the upper plate 400 is included as a component of the present cooling path.

[0070] That is, by forming an additional heat transfer path through the second heat transfer member 600 in contact with the outer surface of the upper plate 400, heat transferred from the bus bar 160 can be transferred and released sequentially through the second heat transfer pad 720, the end plate 150, the third heat transfer pad 730, the second heat transfer member 600, and the upper plate 400. This path can transfer and cool a large amount of heat to the outside of the module during fast charging, thereby improving the stability of the battery module itself.

[0071] Meanwhile, the second heat transfer member 600 may be formed to have a width greater than that of the first heat transfer member 500, and the width may be formed to a desired size within a range that maximizes the cooling of the bus bar.

[0072] Hereinafter, a battery pack according to still another embodiment of the present invention will be described.

[0073] The battery pack according to the present embodiment includes the battery module described above, and may further include a thermally conductive resin layer and a cooling plate located under the thermally conductive resin layer.

[0074] Therefore, as described above, heat transferred from the busbar 160 to other components can be additionally transferred to the thermally conductive resin layer and the cooling plate. In this case, the thermally conductive resin layer and the cooling plate can be formed on both the upper and lower parts of the battery module. Therefore, the heat generated from the busbar 160 is transferred and cooled through the thermally conductive resin layer and the cooling plate formed outside the battery module, thereby making it possible to effectively cool a large amount of heat generated during fast charging.

[0075] Furthermore, the battery pack of the present invention may be constructed by packing one or more battery modules according to the present embodiment together with a battery management system (BMS) for managing the temperature and voltage of the battery and a cooling device, etc.

[0076] The battery pack can be applied to various devices, including vehicles such as electric bicycles, electric cars, and hybrid cars, but the present invention is not limited thereto and can be applied to various devices that can use a battery module, which also fall within the scope of the present invention.

[0077] Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described above, the present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned specific embodiments, and various modifications may be made by a person having ordinary knowledge in the technical field to which the invention pertains without departing from the gist of the present invention as claimed in the claims, and such modifications should not be understood individually from the technical ideas and perspectives of the present invention. [Explanation of symbols]

[0078] 100: Battery module 110: Battery cell 120: Battery cell stack 130: Busbar frame 140: Electrode lead 150: End plate 160: Busbar 200:Module frame 300: Frame member 400: Top plate 500: First heat transfer member 600: second heat transfer member 700: Heat transfer pad 710: 1st heat transfer pad 720: 2nd heat transfer pad 730: 3rd heat transfer pad

Claims

1. a battery cell stack in which a plurality of battery cells are stacked; a module frame surrounding the battery cell stack; a bus bar connected to an electrode lead protruding from the battery cell; a first heat transfer member formed between the bus bar and the battery cell stack; and a first heat transfer pad formed between the bus bar and the first heat transfer member so as to contact the bus bar; The first heat transfer member contacts the module frame.

2. The battery module of claim 1 , wherein the first heat transfer member includes a first bent portion.

3. A battery cell stack in which a plurality of battery cells are stacked, a module frame surrounding the battery cell stack; a bus bar connected to an electrode lead protruding from the battery cell; and a first heat transfer member formed between the bus bar and the battery cell stack; Including, the first heat transfer member contacts the module frame; the first heat transfer member includes a first bent portion; the module frame includes a frame member that covers a lower portion and both sides of the battery cell stack, and an upper plate that covers an upper portion of the battery cell stack, the first bent portion is bent adjacent to the top plate; One end of the first heat transfer member contacts the inner surface of the upper plate.

4. the bus bar and the first heat transfer pad are in surface contact with each other, The battery module according to claim 1 , wherein the first heat transfer pad and the first heat transfer member are in surface contact with each other.

5. A battery cell stack in which a plurality of battery cells are stacked. a module frame surrounding the battery cell stack; a bus bar connected to an electrode lead protruding from the battery cell; and A first heat transfer member formed between the bus bar and the battery cell stack. Including, the first heat transfer member contacts the module frame; the first heat transfer member includes a first bent portion; the module frame includes a frame member that covers a lower portion and both side surfaces of the battery cell stack, and an upper plate that covers an upper portion of the battery cell stack, the first bent portion is bent adjacent to a bottom portion of the frame member; One end of the first heat transfer member contacts an inner lower end of the frame member.

6. A battery cell stack in which a plurality of battery cells are stacked. a module frame surrounding the battery cell stack; a bus bar connected to an electrode lead protruding from the battery cell; a first heat transfer member formed between the bus bar and the battery cell stack; end plates for covering the front and rear surfaces of the battery cell stack that are exposed by the module frame; and a second heat transfer pad formed between the inner surface of the end plate and the bus bar; the first heat transfer member contacts the module frame; the first heat transfer member includes a first bent portion; the module frame includes a frame member that covers a lower portion and both sides of the battery cell stack, and an upper plate that covers an upper portion of the battery cell stack, The first bent portion is bent adjacent to the top plate.

7. a third heat transfer pad configured to contact an outer surface of the end plate; and a second heat transfer member configured to contact the third heat transfer pad; The battery module according to claim 6 .

8. The battery module of claim 7 , wherein the second heat transfer member includes a second bent portion bent toward the upper plate.

9. one end of the second heat transfer member contacts an outer surface of the upper plate; 9. The battery module of claim 8, wherein the heat transferred from the bus bar is transferred and released sequentially through the second heat transfer pad, the end plate, the third heat transfer pad, the second heat transfer member, and the upper plate.

10. A battery pack comprising the battery module according to any one of claims 1, 3, 5 and 6.

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