Compositions and methods for ameliorating subcutaneous bleeding and rejuvenating the skin

Abstract

Compositions and methods are provided herein for improving bruising, stimulating elastin and / or collagen production, stimulating endogenous hyaluronic acid production, stimulating adipogenesis, reducing inflammation, or combinations thereof.The compositions and methods described herein can be used after cosmetic treatments.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] cross reference This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 967,383, filed January 29, 2020; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 881,783, filed August 1, 2019; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 845,063, filed May 8, 2019, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. [Background technology]

[0002] Bruising may appear hours after injury to tissues below the surface of the skin, or in some cases, bruising appears as soon as blood vessels are disrupted, such as during an injection process. Red blood cells extravasate into the surrounding tissue, and as these cells are destroyed by macrophages, they lose oxygen, giving the red blood cells a bluish hue. The by-products of hemoglobin breakdown (heme, biliverdin, bilirubin, and hemosiderin) slowly break down, imparting a different color to the skin after these pigments are absorbed and digested by macrophages. The skin discoloration that can occur for multiple days is counter to aesthetic, creating a need to resolve the subcutaneous bleeding process more rapidly. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0003] Described herein are compositions and methods for improving bruising.In some cases, bruising is caused by injection.The compositions and methods described herein can improve bruising by improving macrophage function.The compositions and methods described herein can further stimulate elastin and / or collagen production, endogenous hyaluronic acid production, adipogenesis, or reduce inflammation.

[0004] The effectiveness of an active ingredient depends on several factors, including its bioavailability. For topical compositions, the ability of skin to penetrate is important for the bioavailability of active ingredients. Some methods for improving skin penetration and bioavailability can be too aggressive, such as using skin barrier disrupters such as alcohol. Delivery systems using liposomes can improve the delivery and skin penetration of topical compositions in a safe and effective manner. Described herein are liposomal compositions for improving distribution, efficacy, bioavailability, and / or activity. The liposomal compositions can improve distribution, efficacy, bioavailability, and / or activity by improving delivery and skin penetration. [Means for solving the problem]

[0005] An embodiment described herein is a topical composition for improving subcutaneous bleeding after injection of a filler, comprising one or more components encapsulated in liposomes, tripeptide-1, and hexapeptide-12, wherein the topical composition improves the healing or appearance of bruising after injection of the filler. In one feature, tripeptide-1 is present at 1-10 ppm. In one feature, tripeptide-1 comprises palmitoyl tripeptide-1, myristoyl tripeptide-1, or a combination thereof. In one feature, hexapeptide-12 comprises palmitoyl hexapeptide-12, myristoyl hexapeptide-12, or a combination thereof. In one feature, hexapeptide-12 is present at 1-10 ppm. In one feature, a first component of the one or more components encapsulated in liposomes is hexapeptide-11. In one feature, hexapeptide-11 is present at 50-150 ppm. In one feature, a second component of the one or more components encapsulated in the liposome is hexapeptide-38. In one feature, the hexapeptide-38 is acetyl hexapeptide-38. In one feature, the topical composition further comprises a tetrapeptide. In one feature, the tetrapeptide is tetrapeptide-2. In one feature, the tetrapeptide-2 is acetyl tetrapeptide-2. In one feature, the topical composition further comprises phosphatidylserine. In one feature, the phosphatidylserine is present at 0.050 weight percent (wt.%) or less. In one feature, the phosphatidylserine is present in the range of about 0.005 wt.% to about 0.1 wt.%. In one feature, the phosphatidylserine is present at 5.0 wt.% or less. In one feature, the phosphatidylserine is present at 0.1 wt%. In one feature, a third component of the one or more components encapsulated in the liposome is lactoferrin. In one feature, the lactoferrin is present at 0.050 wt% or less. In one feature, the lactoferrin is present in the range of about 0.005 wt% to about 0.1 wt%. In one feature, the lactoferrin is present at 5.0 wt% or less.In one feature, the topical composition further comprises a Ledum palustre extract. In one feature, the Ledum palustre extract is present in a range of about 0.1 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. In one feature, the topical composition further comprises a dill extract. In one feature, the dill extract is present in a range of about 0.01 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. In one feature, the topical composition further comprises hydroxymethoxyphenyldecanone. In one feature, the hydroxymethoxyphenyldecanone is present in a range of about 0.001 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. In one feature, the topical composition further comprises a Tremella fuciformis extract. In one feature, the Tremella fuciformis extract is present in a range of about 0.001 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. In one feature, the topical composition further comprises sodium hyaluronic acid crosspolymer. In one feature, the sodium hyaluronic acid crosspolymer is present in the range of about 0.0001 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. In one feature, the topical composition further comprises xylityl glucoside, anhydrous xylitol, xylitol, or a combination thereof. In one feature, the xylityl glucoside, anhydrous xylitol, xylitol, or a combination thereof is present in the range of about 0.25 wt.% to about 5 wt.%. In one aspect, the topical composition further comprises butylene glycol, glycerin, squalane, Dunaliella salina extract, phospholipids, tocopherol, ascorbyl palmitate, xanthan gum, betaine, propanediol, lecithin, caprylic / capric triglyceride, caprylyl glycol, caprylyl methicone, phenoxyethanol, ethylhexylglycerin, polyacrylate-13, polyisobutene, polysorbate 20, caprylhydroxamic acid, disodium EDTA, Arnica Montana extract, sorbitan isostearate, pentylene glycol, glucose, sunflower seed oil, radish root ferment filtrate, potassium sorbate, or combinations thereof. In one aspect, the topical composition is aqueous.In one feature, the viscosity of the topical composition ranges from about 8,000 centipoise (cps) to about 30,000 cps. In one feature, the filler is a soft tissue filler. In one feature, the filler is a dermal filler.

[0006] Embodiments described herein include a topical composition for improving subcutaneous bleeding comprising one or more components encapsulated in liposomes, tripeptide-1, and hexapeptide-12, wherein a first component of the one or more components encapsulated in liposomes is hexapeptide-11, and the topical composition improves the healing or appearance of bruises. In one feature, tripeptide-1 is present at 1-10 ppm. In one feature, tripeptide-1 comprises palmitoyl tripeptide-1, myristoyl tripeptide-1, or a combination thereof. In one feature, hexapeptide-12 comprises palmitoyl hexapeptide-12, myristoyl hexapeptide-12, or a combination thereof. In one feature, hexapeptide-12 is present at 1-10 ppm. In one feature, hexapeptide-11 is present at 50-150 ppm. In one feature, a second component of the one or more components encapsulated in the liposome is hexapeptide-38. In one feature, the hexapeptide-38 is acetyl hexapeptide-38. In one feature, the topical composition further comprises a tetrapeptide. In one feature, the tetrapeptide is tetrapeptide-2. In one feature, the tetrapeptide-2 is acetyl tetrapeptide-2. In one feature, the topical composition further comprises phosphatidylserine. In one feature, the phosphatidylserine is present at 0.050 weight percent (wt.%) or less. In one feature, the phosphatidylserine is present in the range of about 0.005 wt.% to about 0.1 wt.%. In one feature, the phosphatidylserine is present at 5.0 wt.% or less. In one feature, the phosphatidylserine is present at 0.1 wt.%. In one feature, a third component of the one or more components encapsulated in the liposome is lactoferrin. In one feature, the lactoferrin is present at 0.050 wt.% or less. In one feature, the lactoferrin is present in the range of about 0.005 wt.% to about 0.1 wt.%. In one feature, the lactoferrin is present at 5.0 wt.% or less. In one feature, the topical composition further comprises a Ledum palustre extract.In one feature, the Ledum palustre extract is present in the range of about 0.1 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. In one feature, the topical composition further comprises a dill extract. In one feature, the dill extract is present in the range of about 0.01 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. In one feature, the topical composition further comprises hydroxymethoxyphenyldecanone. In one feature, the hydroxymethoxyphenyldecanone is present in the range of about 0.001 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. In one feature, the topical composition further comprises a Tremella fuciformis extract. In one feature, the Tremella fuciformis extract is present in the range of about 0.001 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. In one feature, the topical composition further comprises sodium hyaluronate crosspolymer. In one aspect, the sodium hyaluronic acid crosspolymer is present in the range of about 0.0001 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. In one aspect, the topical composition further comprises xylitylglucoside, anhydrous xylitol, xylitol, or a combination thereof. In one aspect, the xylitylglucoside, anhydrous xylitol, xylitol, or a combination thereof is present in the range of about 0.25 wt.% to about 5 wt.%. In one aspect, the topical composition further comprises butylene glycol, glycerin, squalane, Dunaliella salina extract, phospholipids, tocopherol, ascorbyl palmitate, xanthan gum, betaine, propanediol, lecithin, caprylic / capric triglyceride, caprylyl glycol, caprylyl methicone, phenoxyethanol, ethylhexylglycerin, polyacrylate-13, polyisobutene, polysorbate 20, caprylhydroxamic acid, disodium EDTA, Arnica montana extract, sorbitan isostearate, pentylene glycol, glucose, sunflower seed oil, radish root ferment filtrate, potassium sorbate, or combinations thereof. In one aspect, the topical composition is aqueous. In one aspect, the viscosity of the topical composition is in the range of about 8,000 centipoise (cps) to about 30,000 cps. In one aspect, the bruises appear after a cosmetic procedure.In one aspect, the cosmetic procedure is an injection of a filler. In one aspect, the cosmetic procedure is an injection of a neurotoxin. In one aspect, the cosmetic procedure is invasive surgery. In one aspect, the bruising occurs following a medical procedure. In one aspect, the medical procedure is a therapeutic injection. In one aspect, the medical procedure is an intravenous injection. In one aspect, the medical procedure is invasive surgery. In one aspect, the bruising occurs following trauma.

[0007] An embodiment described herein is a topical composition for rejuvenating skin comprising liposomes encapsulating one or more peptides and lactoferrin, the topical composition rejuvenating skin. In one feature, the topical composition further comprises tripeptide-1. In one feature, the tripeptide is tripeptide-1. In one feature, the tripeptide-1 is present at 1-10 ppm. In one feature, the tripeptide-1 comprises palmitoyl tripeptide-1, myristoyl tripeptide-1, or a combination thereof. In one feature, the topical composition further comprises hexapeptide-12. In one feature, the hexapeptide-12 comprises palmitoyl hexapeptide-12, myristoyl hexapeptide-12, or a combination thereof. In one feature, the hexapeptide-12 is present at 1-10 ppm. In one feature, a first peptide of the one or more peptides comprises hexapeptide-11. In one feature, the hexapeptide-11 is present at 50-150 ppm. In one feature, a second peptide of the one or more peptides comprises hexapeptide-38. In one feature, the hexapeptide-38 is acetyl hexapeptide-38. In one feature, the topical composition further comprises a tetrapeptide. In one feature, the tetrapeptide is tetrapeptide-2. In one feature, the tetrapeptide-2 is acetyl tetrapeptide-2. In one feature, the topical composition further comprises phosphatidylserine. In one feature, the phosphatidylserine is present at 0.050 weight percent (wt.%) or less. In one feature, the phosphatidylserine is present in the range of about 0.005 wt.% to about 0.1 wt.%. In one feature, the phosphatidylserine is present at 5.0 wt% or less. In one feature, the phosphatidylserine is present at 0.1 wt%. In one feature, the lactoferrin is present at 0.050 wt% or less. In one feature, the lactoferrin is present in the range of about 0.005 wt% to about 0.1 wt%. In one feature, the lactoferrin is present at 5.0 wt% or less.In one feature, the topical composition further comprises a Ledum palustre extract. In one feature, the Ledum palustre extract is present in the range of about 0.1 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. In one feature, the topical composition further comprises a Dill extract. In one feature, the Dill extract is present in the range of about 0.01 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. In one feature, the topical composition further comprises a Hydroxymethoxyphenyldecanone. In one feature, the Hydroxymethoxyphenyldecanone is present in the range of about 0.001 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. In one feature, the topical composition further comprises a Tremella fuciformis extract. In one feature, the Tremella fuciformis extract is present in the range of about 0.001 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. In one feature, the topical composition further comprises a Sodium Hyaluronate Crosspolymer. In one aspect, the sodium hyaluronic acid crosspolymer is present in the range of about 0.0001 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. In one aspect, the topical composition further comprises xylitylglucoside, anhydrous xylitol, xylitol, or a combination thereof. In one aspect, the xylitylglucoside, anhydrous xylitol, xylitol, or a combination thereof is present in the range of about 0.25 wt.% to about 5 wt.%. In one aspect, the topical composition further comprises butylene glycol, glycerin, squalane, Dunaliella salina extract, phospholipids, tocopherol, ascorbyl palmitate, xanthan gum, betaine, propanediol, lecithin, caprylic / capric triglyceride, caprylyl glycol, caprylyl methicone, phenoxyethanol, ethylhexylglycerin, polyacrylate-13, polyisobutene, polysorbate 20, caprylhydroxamic acid, disodium EDTA, Arnica montana extract, sorbitan isostearate, pentylene glycol, glucose, sunflower seed oil, radish root ferment filtrate, potassium sorbate, or combinations thereof. In one aspect, the topical composition is aqueous. In one aspect, the viscosity of the topical composition is in the range of about 8,000 centipoise (cps) to about 30,000 cps.

[0008] An embodiment described herein is a method for improving bruising in an individual, comprising administering a topical composition described herein. In one feature, the bruising is improved by at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or more than 90%. In one feature, the bruising is improved by at least 0.5X, 1.0X, 1.5X, 2.0X, 2.5X, 3.0X, 3.5X, 4.0X, 5.0X, 6.0X, 7.0X, 8.0X, 9.0X, 10X, or more than 10X. In one feature, the bruising is improved at least 1 day after administering the topical composition. In one feature, the bruising is improved at least 2 days after administering the topical composition. In one aspect, amelioration of bruising includes accelerating healing of a bruise, reducing the size of a bruise, reducing skin discoloration, reducing swelling, or a combination thereof.

[0009] An embodiment described herein is a method for improving macrophage function in an individual, comprising administering a topical composition described herein. In one feature, the improved macrophage function comprises improved phagocytosis. In one feature, the improved macrophage function comprises improved hemosiderin clearance. In one feature, the macrophage function is improved by at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or more than 90%. In one feature, the macrophage function is improved by at least 0.5X, 1.0X, 1.5X, 2.0X, 2.5X, 3.0X, 3.5X, 4.0X, 5.0X, 6.0X, 7.0X, 8.0X, 9.0X, 10X, or more than 10X.

[0010] An embodiment described herein is a method for stimulating the production of elastin, collagen, or a combination thereof in an individual, comprising administering a topical composition described herein. In one aspect, the production of elastin, collagen, or a combination thereof is stimulated by at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or more than 90%. In one aspect, the production of elastin, collagen, or a combination thereof is stimulated by at least 0.5X, 1.0X, 1.5X, 2.0X, 2.5X, 3.0X, 3.5X, 4.0X, 5.0X, 6.0X, 7.0X, 8.0X, 9.0X, 10X, or more than 10X.

[0011] An embodiment described herein is a method for stimulating endogenous hyaluronic acid production in an individual, comprising administering a topical composition described herein.In one aspect, endogenous hyaluronic acid production is stimulated by at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or more than 90%.In one aspect, endogenous hyaluronic acid production is stimulated by at least 0.5X, 1.0X, 1.5X, 2.0X, 2.5X, 3.0X, 3.5X, 4.0X, 5.0X, 6.0X, 7.0X, 8.0X, 9.0X, 10X, or more than 10X.

[0012] The embodiment described herein is a method for increasing adipogenesis in an individual, comprising administering a topical composition described herein.In one feature, adipogenesis is increased by at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or more than 90%.In one feature, adipogenesis is increased by at least 0.5X, 1.0X, 1.5X, 2.0X, 2.5X, 3.0X, 3.5X, 4.0X, 5.0X, 6.0X, 7.0X, 8.0X, 9.0X, 10X, or more than 10X.

[0013] The embodiment described herein is a method for reducing inflammation in an individual, comprising administering the topical composition described herein.In one feature, inflammation is reduced by at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or more than 90%.In one feature, inflammation is reduced by at least 0.5X, 1.0X, 1.5X, 2.0X, 2.5X, 3.0X, 3.5X, 4.0X, 5.0X, 6.0X, 7.0X, 8.0X, 9.0X, 10X, or more than 10X.

[0014] An embodiment described herein is a method for administering a topical composition. In one feature, the topical composition is administered after a cosmetic treatment. In one feature, the topical composition is administered before a cosmetic treatment. In one feature, the cosmetic treatment includes an injection of a filler. In one feature, the filler is a soft tissue filler. In one feature, the filler is a dermal filler. In one feature, the cosmetic treatment is a microneedle treatment. In one feature, the microneedle treatment is a radiofrequency microneedle treatment. In one feature, the topical composition is administered at least one day prior to the microneedle treatment. In one feature, the topical composition is administered at least one week prior to the microneedle treatment. In one feature, the topical composition is administered at least two weeks prior to the microneedle treatment. In one feature, the topical composition is administered at least one day after the microneedle treatment. In one feature, the topical composition is administered at least one week after the microneedle treatment. In one feature, the topical composition is administered at least two weeks after the microneedle treatment. In one feature, the topical composition is administered immediately before the injection of the filler. In one feature, the topical composition is administered at least one day before the injection of the filler. In one feature, the topical composition is administered at least one week before the injection of the filler. In one feature, the topical composition is administered at least two weeks before the injection of the filler. In one feature, the topical composition is administered immediately after the injection of the filler. In one feature, the topical composition is administered at least one day after the injection of the filler. In one feature, the topical composition is administered at least one week after the injection of the filler. In one feature, the topical composition is administered at least two weeks after the injection of the filler. In one feature, the cosmetic treatment is an injection of a neurotoxin. In one feature, the cosmetic procedure is invasive surgery. In one feature, the topical composition is administered after the medical procedure. In one feature, the topical composition is administered before the medical procedure. In one feature, the medical procedure is a therapeutic injection.In one feature, the medical procedure is an intravenous injection. In one feature, the medical procedure is an invasive surgery. In one feature, the topical composition is administered after trauma. In one feature, the topical composition is administered before trauma. In one feature, the topical composition is administered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 times per day. In one feature, the topical composition is administered 4 times per day. In one feature, the individual is a human.

[0015] Incorporation by Reference All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

[0016] The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0017] [Figure 1A] FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of the macrophage phagocytosis assay. [Figure 1B] Macrophage phagocytosis before red blood cell washout is shown. [Figure 1C] Macrophage phagocytosis after red blood cell washout is shown. [Diagram 2] Graphs of phagocytosis of human red blood cells (RBCs) are shown for the following groups: untreated positive control, untreated negative control, hexapeptide-11 (Hex11-peptide), hexapeptide-12 (Hex12-peptide), tripeptide-1 (Tri-peptide), Oct-peptide, and blood only. [Figure 3A] 1 shows a graph of a red blood cell (RBC) standard curve with absorbance on the y-axis and number of RBCs on the x-axis. [Figure 3B]A graph of the red blood cell (RBC) standard curve (log2) is shown with absorbance (log2) on the y-axis and number of RBCs (log2) on the x-axis. [Figure 4] A graph of absorbance of the untreated control sample is shown with absorbance on the y-axis and time (24 hours, 48 ​​hours, and 72 hours) on the x-axis. [Diagram 5] A graph of the time course of phagocytosis after various treatments is shown, which included: no treatment (NT), tripeptide-1 (Tri), hexapeptide-11 (Hex11), hexapeptide-12 (Hex12), tripeptide-1 and hexapeptide-11 (Tri+Hex11), and tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, and hexapeptide-12 (Tri+Hex11+Hex12). [Figure 6] Graphs of phagocytosis after various treatments are shown, including untreated (NT), tripeptide-1 (Tri), hexapeptide-11 (Hex11), hexapeptide-12 (Hex12), tripeptide-1 and hexapeptide-11 (Tri+Hex11), and tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, and hexapeptide-12 (Tri+Hex11+Hex12). [Figure 7]The following treatments were performed: untreated (NT), tripeptide-1 (Tri), hexapeptide-11 (Hex11), hexapeptide-12 (Hex12), tripeptide-1 and hexapeptide-11 (Tri+Hex11), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, and hexapeptide-12 (Tri+Hex11+Hex12), phosphatidylserine at 10ug / mL (PS_10ug / mL), phosphatidylserine at 50ug / mL (PS_50ug / mL), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and phosphatidylserine at 10ug / mL. Graphs of phagocytosis after various treatments are shown, including tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and phosphatidylserine at 50 ug / mL (Pep_PS_50 ug / mL), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and phosphatidylserine at 100 ug / mL (Pep_PS_100 ug / mL), and tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and phosphatidylserine at 500 ug / mL (Pep_PS_500 ug / mL). [Figure 8]Untreated (NT), tripeptide-1 (Tri), hexapeptide-11 (Hex11), hexapeptide-12 (Hex12), tripeptide-1 and hexapeptide-11 (Tri+Hex11), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, and hexapeptide-12 (Tri+Hex11+Hex12), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and 10ug / mL lactoferrin (Pep_Lac_10ug / mL), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and 50ug / mL lactoferrin (Pep_Lac_50ug / mL), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and 100ug / mL lactoferrin (Pep+Lac Graphs of phagocytosis after various treatments are shown, including Pep+PS+Lac50ug / mL, tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and lactoferrin at 500ug / mL (Pep_Lac_500ug / mL), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, phosphatidylserine and lactoferrin at 50ug / mL (Pep+PS+Lac50ug / mL), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, phosphatidylserine and lactoferrin at 100ug / mL (Pep+PS+Lac100ug / mL), and tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, phosphatidylserine and lactoferrin at 500ug / mL (Pep+PS+Lac500ug / mL). [Figure 9]Graphs of phagocytosis after various treatments are shown, including untreated (NT), tripeptide-1 (Tri), hexapeptide-11 (Hex11), hexapeptide-12 (Hex12), tripeptide-1 and hexapeptide-11 (Tri+Hex11), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, and hexapeptide-12 (Tri+Hex11+Hex12), hydroxysuccinimide at 1 mg / mL (HS_1 mg / mL), hydroxysuccinimide at 2 mg / mL (HS_2 mg / mL), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and hydroxysuccinimide at 1 mg / mL (Pep_HS_1 mg / mL), and tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and hydroxysuccinimide at 2 mg / mL (Pep_HS_2 mg / mL). [Figure 10] Graphs of phagocytosis after various treatments are shown, including untreated (NT), tripeptide-1 (Tri), hexapeptide-11 (Hex11), hexapeptide-12 (Hex12), tripeptide-1 and hexapeptide-11 (Tri+Hex11), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, and hexapeptide-12 (Tri+Hex11+Hex12), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12 and 500ug / mL phosphatidylserine (Pep_PS_500ug / mL), and tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, 500ug / mL phosphatidylserine, and 500ug / mL lactoferrin (Pep+PS+Lac500ug / mL). [Figure 11A] FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of the preparation of liposomes. [Figure 11B] FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of the preparation of liposomes. [Figure 12] An image of the liposomes is shown. [Figure 13A] 1 shows a graph of the diffusion of molecule A through human skin. [Figure 13B] 1 shows a graph of the skin distribution of molecule A. [Figure 13C] 1 shows a graph of the skin distribution of molecule B after 24 hours. [Figure 14A] 1 shows a graph of the size distribution of acetyl hexapeptide-38 in a first experiment. [Figure 14B] 1 shows a graph of the size distribution of acetyl hexapeptide-38 in a first experiment. [Figure 14C] 13 shows a graph of the size distribution of acetyl hexapeptide-38 in a second experiment. [Figure 14D] 13 shows a graph of the size distribution of acetyl hexapeptide-38 in a second experiment. [Figure 15A] 1 shows a graph of bruise color intensity over time following application of a topical product and a mild moisturizer. [Figure 15B] 13 shows images of bruising healing for a first subject who received a topical product on the right arm and a mild moisturizer on the left arm. [Figure 15C] 13 shows images of bruising recovery for a second subject who received a topical product on the left arm and a mild moisturizer on the right arm. [Figure 15D] 13 shows images of bruising recovery for a third subject who received a topical product on the left arm and a mild moisturizer on the right arm. [Figure 15E] 13 shows images of bruising resolution for a fourth subject who received a topical product on the right arm and a mild moisturizer on the left arm. [Figure 15F] 13 shows images of bruising recovery for a fifth subject who received a topical product on the left arm and a mild moisturizer on the right arm. [Figure 15G] 13 shows images of healing of subcutaneous bleeding following application of a topical product or a mild moisturizer. [Figure 16A] 1 shows images of swelling in a first subject administered a topical product compared to a mild moisturizer on days 1, 2, 3, and 4. [Figure 16B] 13 shows images of swelling in a second subject receiving a topical product compared to a mild moisturizer on days 1, 2, 3, and 4. [Figure 16C] 1 shows images of healing of subcutaneous bleeding in a subject treated with radiofrequency (RF) needling and administered a topical product. [Figure 16D] 1 shows images of healing of subcutaneous bleeding following administration of topical products. [Figure 16E] Shown are images of Herovici staining (40x magnification) showing new mucopolysaccharide formation (indicated by blue areas in the papillary dermis), the left panel is before treatment and the right panel is after 2 weeks of topical product use. [Figure 16F] Images are shown of brown fibrillin staining (10x magnification) showing regeneration of elastin fibers, the left panel is before treatment and the right panel is after 2 weeks of topical product use. [Figure 17] 1 shows the results of an Antimicrobial Effectiveness Test of topical products. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0018] definition Throughout this disclosure, various embodiments are presented in the form of a range. It should be understood that the description in the form of a range is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be interpreted as an inflexible limitation on the scope of any embodiment. Thus, the description of a range should be considered to specifically disclose all possible subranges and individual numerical values ​​within that range to one decimal place of the unit of the lower limit, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, a description of a range such as 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges, such as 1 to 3, 1 to 4, 1 to 5, 2 to 4, 2 to 6, 3 to 6, etc., as well as individual values ​​within that range, such as 1.1, 2, 2.3, 5, and 5.9. This applies without limitation to the breadth of the range. The upper and lower limits of these intervening ranges can be independently included in the smaller ranges, which are also encompassed within the disclosure and are subject to any specifically excluded limitations in the specified range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the disclosure, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0019] The terms used herein are for the purpose of describing specific embodiments only and are not intended to limit any embodiment. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It is further understood that the terms "comprises" and / or "comprising", as used herein, specify the presence of a stated feature, integer, step, operation, element, and / or component, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof. As used herein, the term "and / or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the items in the associated list.

[0020] As used herein, unless otherwise indicated or apparent from the context, the term "about" in reference to a number or range of numbers is understood to mean + / - 10% of the number or numbers indicated, or 10% below the stated lower limit and 10% above the stated upper limit of the values ​​stated for a range.

[0021] composition Bruises are caused by bleeding under the skin due to trauma to capillaries under the skin. As a result of trauma, blood may extravasate into surrounding tissue. Generally, bleeding under the skin causes visible discoloration on the skin. The discoloration caused by bleeding under the skin may take days to disappear and is decomposed by macrophage function. Therefore, a composition is needed to improve the bleeding process.

[0022] Described herein is a composition and method for improving subcutaneous bleeding.The composition and method described herein can improve subcutaneous bleeding by improving macrophage function.The composition and method described herein can further stimulate elastin and / or collagen production, endogenous hyaluronic acid production, adipogenesis, or reduce inflammation.

[0023] Liposomes Described herein is a liposomal composition for improving distribution, efficacy, bioavailability, and / or activity. The liposomal composition can improve the distribution, efficacy, bioavailability, and / or activity of active ingredients by improving delivery and tissue (e.g., skin) penetration. In some cases, the improved delivery and skin penetration results from the active ingredient being incorporated (e.g., encapsulated) in the liposome. In some cases, the active ingredient is a peptide that is encapsulated in the liposome.

[0024] The liposome compositions described herein can include a peptide encapsulated in the liposome. In some embodiments, the peptide is tripeptide-1. In some embodiments, the peptide is hexapeptide-12. In some embodiments, the peptide is hexapeptide-11. In some embodiments, the peptide is hexapeptide-38. In some embodiments, the peptide is tetrapeptide-2. In some embodiments, the peptide is functionalized with a palmitoyl group. In some embodiments, the peptide is functionalized with an acetyl group. For example, the peptide is acetyl hexapeptide-38.

[0025] The liposome compositions described herein can include various components encapsulated in the liposomes. In some embodiments, the component is lactoferrin. In some embodiments, the component is phosphatidylserine. In some embodiments, the component is Ledum palustre extract. In some embodiments, the component is Arnica montana extract. In some embodiments, the component is sodium hyaluronate. In some embodiments, the component is greater than 50 kDa.

[0026] Lecithin and other phospholipids can be used to prepare liposomes containing the peptide compositions described herein. In some embodiments, liposomes are used to prepare one or more peptides. In some embodiments, the peptides are functionalized with acetyl groups. When phospholipids such as lecithin are placed in water, resulting in the formation of a bilayer or a series of bilayers, each separated by water molecules, and sufficient energy is provided, the formation of lipid vesicles occurs. Liposomes can be created by sonicating phospholipids in water. Low shear rates create multi-layered liposomes. Successive high shear sonication tends to form smaller unilamellar liposomes. Hydrophobic chemicals can dissolve in the phospholipid bilayer membrane. The lipid bilayer of the liposome delivers the peptide compositions described herein.

[0027] The phospholipids used to prepare the liposomal compositions described herein can include a transition phase temperature of about 10° C. to about 25° C. In some cases, the phospholipids include a transition phase temperature of about 10° C., 12° C., 14° C., 16° C., 18° C., 20° C., 22° C., 24° C., 26° C., 28° C., 30° C., 32° C., 34° C., 36° C., 38° C., 40° C., or greater than 40° C. In some cases, the phospholipids include a transition phase temperature in the range of about 10° C. to about 40° C., about 12° C. to about 36° C., about 14° C. to about 32° C., about 16° C. to about 20° C., or about 21° C. to about 25° C.

[0028] The topical composition may contain micelles, or aggregates of surfactant molecules dispersed in an aqueous solution. Micelles can be prepared by dispersing an oil-based solvent in an aqueous solution containing a surfactant, where the surfactant concentration exceeds the critical micelle concentration. The resulting composition contains micelles, i.e., spherical oil droplets.

[0029] The liposome composition may contain micelles, or aggregates of surfactant molecules dispersed in an aqueous solution. Micelles can be prepared by dispersing an oil-based solvent in an aqueous solution containing a surfactant, where the surfactant concentration exceeds the critical micelle concentration. The resulting formulation contains micelles, i.e., spherical oil droplets surrounded by a membrane of polar surfactant molecules dispersed in an aqueous solvent.

[0030] In some embodiments, described herein are methods for preparing a composition comprising a peptide encapsulated in a liposome, comprising combining a peptide and a solvent to form a mixture and contacting the mixture with an aqueous solution comprising liposomes. In some cases, the contacting occurs at a temperature between about 10° C. and about 25° C. In some cases, the contacting occurs at a temperature of about 10° C., 12° C., 14° C., 16° C., 18° C., 20° C., 22° C., 24° C., 26° C., 28° C., 30° C., 32° C., 34° C., 36° C., 38° C., 40° C., or greater than 40° C. In some cases, the contacting occurs at a temperature ranging from about 10° C. to about 40° C., from about 12° C. to about 36° C., from about 14° C. to about 32° C., from about 16° C. to about 20° C., or from about 21° C. to about 25° C.

[0031] The method for preparing a composition comprising a peptide encapsulated in a liposome can include the use of a solvent. In some cases, the solvent is water. In some cases, the solvent is an organic solvent. Exemplary organic solvents include, but are not limited to, petroleum ether, cyclohexane, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, dichloromethane, chloroform, diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, ethyl acetate, butanol, n-propanol, ethanol, methanol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and pyridine. In some cases, the solvent is glycol. In some cases, the solvent is butylene glycol. In some cases, the solvent is caprylyl glycol. In some cases, the solvent is propanediol (propylene glycol).

[0032] The solvent can be used in various percentages. In some cases, the solvent is provided at least or about 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or more than 10%. The solvent can be propanediol, butylene glycol, or caprylyl glycol.

[0033] In some embodiments, the methods described herein include combining a peptide and a solvent to form a mixture and contacting the mixture with an aqueous solution containing liposomes, the aqueous solution comprising a percentage of water and a percentage of liposomes. In some cases, the aqueous solution comprises at least or about 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or more than 90% water. In some cases, the aqueous solution comprises water in a range of about 10% to about 95%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 85%, about 40% to about 80%, or about 50% to about 60%. In some cases, the aqueous solution comprises at least or about 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or more than 60% liposomes. In some cases, the aqueous solution contains liposomes in a range of about 10% to about 80%, about 20% to about 70%, or about 30% to about 60%. The ratio of liposomes to water can be in a range of about 1:9 to about 3:7. In some cases, the ratio of liposomes to water can be at least or about 1:10, 1:9, 1:8, 1:7, 1:6, 1:5, 1:4, 1:3, or 1:2.

[0034] The methods for producing liposomal compositions described herein may result in entrapment efficacy of less than 100%. In some cases, the entrapment efficacy is less than 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 99.5%.

[0035] Described herein are liposome compositions, in which a peptide comprises a percentage of the composition. In some embodiments, the peptide is provided at least or about 0.0001%, 0.0005%, 0.00055%, 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or more than 10% of the composition. In some embodiments, the peptide is provided at least about 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28%, 30% or more than 30% of the composition. In some embodiments, the peptide is provided in the range of about 0.001% to about 6%, about 0.002% to about 4%, about 0.01% to about 5%, or about 0.02% to about 2% by weight. In some embodiments, the peptide is provided at about 0.03% of the composition.

[0036] Described herein are liposome compositions, in which the liposomes comprise a percentage of the composition. In some embodiments, the liposomes are provided at least or about 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28%, 30%, or more than 30% of the composition. In some embodiments, the liposomes are provided in the range of about 5% to about 90%, about 10% to about 80%, about 20% to about 70%, about 30% to about 60%, about 10% to about 30%, or about 20% to about 40%. In some embodiments, the liposomes are provided at about 30%. In some embodiments, the liposomes are provided at 27%.

[0037] The liposome compositions described herein, in some embodiments, comprise an average particle size of at most 220 nanometers (nm).In some cases, the average particle size is at most 100nm, 105nm, 110nm, 115nm, 120nm, 125nm, 130nm, 135nm, 140nm, 145nm, 150nm, 155nm, 160nm, 165nm, 170nm, 175nm, 180nm, 185nm, 190nm, 195nm, 200nm, 205nm, 210nm, 215nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 320nm, 340nm, 360nm, 380nm, or 400nm. In some cases, the average particle size is about 100 nm, 105 nm, 110 nm, 115 nm, 120 nm, 125 nm, 130 nm, 135 nm, 140 nm, 145 nm, 150 nm, 155 nm, 160 nm, 165 nm, 170 nm, 175 nm, 180 nm, 185 nm, 190 nm, 195 nm, 200 nm, 205 nm, 210 nm, 215 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 320 nm, 340 nm, 360 nm, 380 nm, or 400 nm. In some cases, the average particle size ranges from about 50 nm to about 500 nm, from about 100 nm to about 400 nm, from about 150 nm to about 220 nm, from about 180 nm to about 220 nm, or from about 190 nm to about 210 nm.

[0038] In some cases, the liposome composition includes an effective agent having a molecular weight of about 600 Daltons (Da) or less. In some cases, the effective agent has a molecular weight of at least or greater than about 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, 500, 525, 550, 575, 600, 625, 650, 675, 700, 725, 750, 775, 800, 825, 850, 875, 900, 925, 950, 975, 1000, or 1000 Daltons (Da). In some cases, the effective agent has a molecular weight of at least or greater than about 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2800, 2900, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, or 6000 Daltons (Da). In some cases, the effective agent has a molecular weight in the range of about 50 to about 1000, about 100 to about 900, about 200 to about 800, about 300 to about 700, or about 400 to about 600 Daltons (Da). In some cases, the effective agent is a peptide. In some cases, the effective agent is a peptide encapsulated in a liposome.

[0039] The polydispersity index (PdI) of the liposome compositions described herein, in some embodiments, ranges from 0 to about 0.2. In some cases, the polydispersity index is about 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.65, 0.7, 0.75, or 0.8. In some cases, the polydispersity index is in the range of about 0.01 to about 0.8, about 0.025 to about 0.75, about 0.05 to about 0.6, or about 0.1 to about 0.3.

[0040] In some cases, the intercept of the liposome compositions described herein ranges from about 0.85 to about 0.95. In some cases, the intercept is an amplitude. In some cases, the intercept is at least or about 0.65, 0.70, 0.75, 0.80, 0.85, 0.90, or 0.95.

[0041] In some embodiments, the liposome comprises propanediol, lecithin, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, propanediol is provided at least or about 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or more than 10% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, propanediol is provided in a range of about 0.001% to about 6% by weight, about 0.002% to about 4% by weight, about 0.01% to about 3% by weight, or about 0.02% to about 2% by weight. In some embodiments, lecithin is provided at least or about 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or more than 10% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, lecithin is provided in the range of about 0.001% to about 6%, about 0.002% to about 4%, about 0.01% to about 3%, or about 0.02% to about 2% by weight. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises propanediol and lecithin. In some embodiments, propanediol and lecithin are provided at least or about 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or more than 10% by weight (wt.%).In some embodiments, the propanediol and lecithin are provided in the range of about 0.001% to about 6%, about 0.002% to about 4%, about 0.01% to about 3%, or about 0.02% to about 2% by weight. In some embodiments, the propanediol and lecithin are provided at about 0.90% by weight.

[0042] Described herein is a liposome composition that includes improved distribution, efficacy, bioavailability, and / or activity. The liposome composition can include improved distribution, efficacy, bioavailability, and / or activity compared to a composition that does not contain liposomes. In some cases, the distribution is improved by at least or about 0.5X, 1.0X, 1.5X, 2.0X, 2.5X, 3.0X, 4.0X, 4.5X, 5X, or more than 5X compared to a composition that does not contain liposomes. In some cases, the efficacy is improved by at least or about 0.5X, 1.0X, 1.5X, 2.0X, 2.5X, 3.0X, 4.0X, 4.5X, 5X, or more than 5X compared to a composition that does not contain liposomes. In some cases, bioavailability is improved by at least or about 0.5X, 1.0X, 1.5X, 2.0X, 2.5X, 3.0X, 4.0X, 4.5X, 5X, or more than 5X compared to compositions that do not contain liposomes. In some cases, activity is improved by at least or about 0.5X, 1.0X, 1.5X, 2.0X, 2.5X, 3.0X, 4.0X, 4.5X, 5X, or more than 5X compared to compositions that do not contain liposomes. Distribution, efficacy, bioavailability, and / or activity can be improved by at least or about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or more than 90% compared to compositions that do not contain liposomes.

[0043] The liposome compositions and methods described herein are, in some embodiments, topical compositions. In some cases, the liposome compositions are oil-free. In some cases, the liposome compositions are preservative-free. In some embodiments, the liposome formulations are aqueous formulations. In some embodiments, the liposome formulations are anhydrous formulations. In some cases, the liposome compositions include a pH in the range of about 5 to about 8. In some cases, the liposome compositions include a pH of at least or about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

[0044] The methods and compositions described herein may result in improved follicular penetration. In some cases, follicular penetration is improved by at least or about 0.5X, 1.0X, 1.5X, 2.0X, 2.5X, 3.0X, 4.0X, 4.5X, 5X, or more than 5X. Follicular penetration can be improved by at least or about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or more than 90%. In some cases, the compositions result in follicular penetration of at least or about 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10 millimeters in depth.

[0045] peptide In some embodiments, the peptides described herein improve subcutaneous bleeding, elastin and / or collagen simulation, hyaluronic acid stimulation, adipocyte stimulation, reduce inflammation, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the peptides described herein improve macrophage function. In some embodiments, tripeptide-1 provides elastin and / or collagen stimulation, extracellular matrix (ECM) recycling, anti-inflammatory effects, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, hexapeptide-12 attracts newly produced elastin. In some embodiments, acetyl tetrapeptide-2 stimulates fibroblasts to produce elastin.

[0046] In some embodiments, the peptides described herein can be combined to improve hemorrhage, elastin and / or collagen stimulation, hyaluronic acid stimulation, adipocyte stimulation, reduce inflammation, or combinations thereof. For example, tripeptide-1 and hexapeptide-12 improve macrophage function. In some embodiments, tripeptide-1 and hexapeptide-11 improve macrophage function. In some embodiments, tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, and hexapeptide-12 improve macrophage function. For example, hexapeptide-11 combined with one or more different peptides, such as tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-12, or a combination thereof, is a powerful stimulator of autophagy and macrophage cluster formation, and can improve hemorrhage and hemorrhage-related hemosiderin pigment removal.

[0047] The compositions described herein include various concentrations of peptide.In some cases, peptide is present at about 50ppm or less to 1000, 5000, 10000, 50000, 100000, 500000ppm or more, for example, peptide is present at 100ppm.In some cases, peptide is present at about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, or more than 1000ppm. In some cases, the peptide is present in the range of about 1 to about 100, about 1 to about 50, about 1 to about 40, about 1 to about 30, about 1 to about 20, about 1 to about 10, about 5 to about 90, about 10 to about 80, about 20 to about 60, or about 30 to about 50 ppm. In some cases, the peptide is present at about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, or greater than 1000 micrograms per milliliter (ug / mL). In some cases, the peptide is present in the range of about 1 to about 100, about 1 to about 50, about 1 to about 40, about 1 to about 30, about 1 to about 20, about 1 to about 10, about 5 to about 90, about 10 to about 80, about 20 to about 60, or about 30 to about 50 micrograms per milliliter. In some cases, the peptide is present in about 0.01% to about 10% by weight, about 0.01% to about 0.02% by weight, about 0.01% to about 0.03% by weight, about 0.01% to about 0.04% by weight, about 0.01% to about 0.05% by weight, about 0.01% to about 0.1% by weight, about 1% to about 5% by weight, or about 1% to about 10% by weight (wt.%).

[0048] In some embodiments, the composition described herein comprises a plurality of peptides.In some cases, a peptide of the plurality of peptides is present at about 50ppm or less to 1000, 5000, 10000, 50000, 100000, 500000ppm or more, for example, 100ppm, or any suitable amount.In some cases, a peptide of the plurality of peptides is present at about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, or more than 1000ppm. In some cases, a peptide of the plurality of peptides is present in a range of about 1 to about 100, about 1 to about 50, about 1 to about 40, about 1 to about 30, about 1 to about 20, about 1 to about 10, about 5 to about 90, about 10 to about 80, about 20 to about 60, or about 30 to about 50 ppm. In some cases, a peptide of the plurality of peptides is present at about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, or greater than 1000 micrograms per milliliter (ug / mL). In some cases, a peptide of the plurality of peptides is present in a range of about 1 to about 100, about 1 to about 50, about 1 to about 40, about 1 to about 30, about 1 to about 20, about 1 to about 10, about 5 to about 90, about 10 to about 80, about 20 to about 60, or about 30 to about 50 micrograms per milliliter. In some cases, a peptide of the plurality of peptides is present in about 0.01% to about 10% by weight, about 0.01% to about 0.02% by weight, about 0.01% to about 0.03% by weight, about 0.01% to about 0.04% by weight, about 0.01% to about 0.05% by weight, about 0.01% to about 0.1% by weight, about 1% to about 5% by weight, or up to about 1% to about 10% by weight (wt.%).In some embodiments, a peptide of the plurality of peptides is provided at least or about 0.00001%, 0.0003%, 0.0005%, 0.001%, 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.0055%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or more than 10% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, a peptide of the plurality of peptides is provided in a range of about 0.25% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.75% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, each peptide of the plurality of peptides is provided in a range of about 0.001% to about 6%, about 0.002% to about 4%, about 0.01% to about 3%, or about 0.02% to about 2% by weight.

[0049] In some embodiments, the peptide is tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-12, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-38, tetrapeptide-2, or a combination thereof.

[0050] In some embodiments, tripeptide-1 is provided at least or about 0.00001%, 0.0003%, 0.0005%, 0.001%, 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.0055%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or more than 10% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, tripeptide-1 is provided in the range of about 0.25% to about 10% by weight, about 0.5% to about 8% by weight, about 0.75% to about 6% by weight, or about 1% to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, tripeptide-1 is provided at least or about 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, or more than 25 ppm. In some embodiments, tripeptide-1 is provided in the range of about 0.25 to about 10, about 0.5 to about 8, about 1 to about 6, or about 2 to about 4 ppm. In some embodiments, tripeptide-1 is provided in the range of about 1 to about 10 ppm. In some embodiments, tripeptide-1 is provided at least or about 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, or more than 25 micrograms per milliliter (ug / mL). In some embodiments, tripeptide-1 is provided in the range of about 0.25 to about 10, about 0.5 to about 8, about 1 to about 6, or about 2 to about 4 micrograms per milliliter.

[0051] In some embodiments, hexapeptide-12 is provided at least or about 0.00001%, 0.0003%, 0.0005%, 0.001%, 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.0055%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or more than 10% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, hexapeptide-12 is provided in the range of about 0.25% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.75% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, hexapeptide-12 is provided at least or about 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, or more than 25 ppm. In some embodiments, hexapeptide-12 is provided in the range of about 1 to about 10 ppm. In some embodiments, hexapeptide-12 is provided in the range of about 0.25 to about 10, about 0.5 to about 8, about 1 to about 6, or about 2 to about 4 ppm. In some embodiments, hexapeptide-12 is provided at least about 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, or more than 25 micrograms per milliliter (ug / mL). In some embodiments, hexapeptide-12 is provided in the range of about 0.25 to about 10, about 0.5 to about 8, about 1 to about 6, or about 2 to about 4 micrograms per milliliter.

[0052] In some embodiments, hexapeptide-11 is at least or about 0.00001%, 0.0003%, 0.0005%, 0.001%, 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.0055%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.0%, 5.0%, 6.0%, 7.0%, 8.0%, 9.0%, 10.0%, 11.0%, 12.0%, 13.0%, 14.0%, 15.0%, 16.0%, 17.0%, 18.0%, 19.0%, 20.0%, 21.0%, 22.0%, 23.0%, 24.0%, 25.0%, 26.0%, 27.0%, 28.0%, 29.0%, 30.0%, 31.0%, 32.0%, 33.0%, 34.0%, 35.0%, 36.0%, 37.0%, 38.0%, 39.0%, 40.0%, 41.0%, 42.0%, 43.0%, 44.0%, 45.0%, 46.0%, 47.0%, 48.0%, 49.0%, 50.0%, 51.0%, 52.0%, 53.0%, 54.0%, 55.0%, 56.0%, 57.0%, 58.0%, 59.0%, 59.0%, 59.0%, 59.0%, 59.0%, 59.0%, 59 %, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more than 90% by weight (wt.%) is provided. In some embodiments, hexapeptide-11 is provided in the range of about 0.25% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.75% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, hexapeptide-11 is provided in the range of about 0.001% to about 6%, about 0.002% to about 4%, about 0.01% to about 3%, or about 0.02% to about 2%. In some embodiments, hexapeptide-11 is provided in the range of about 0.005% to about 0.02% by weight. In some embodiments, hexapeptide-11 is provided at least or about 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, or more than 250 ppm. In some embodiments, hexapeptide-11 is provided in the range of about 25 to about 250, about 50 to about 200, or about 75 to about 150 ppm. In some embodiments, hexapeptide-11 is provided in the range of about 10 to about 100 ppm. In some embodiments, hexapeptide-11 is provided at least about 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, or greater than 250 micrograms per milliliter (ug / mL). In some embodiments, hexapeptide-11 is provided in the range of about 25 to about 250, about 50 to about 200, or about 75 to about 150 micrograms per milliliter.

[0053] In some embodiments, hexapeptide-38 is at least or about 0.00001%, 0.0003%, 0.0005%, 0.001%, 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.0055%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 4.0%, 5.0%, 6.0%, 7.0%, 8.0%, 9.0%, 10.0%, 11.0%, 12.0%, 13.0%, 14.0%, 15.0%, 16.0%, 17.0%, 18.0%, 19.0%, 20.0%, 21.0%, 22.0%, 23.0%, 24.0%, 25.0%, 26.0%, 27.0%, 28.0%, 29.0%, 30.0%, 31.0%, 32.0%, 33.0%, 34.0%, 35.0%, 36.0%, 37.0%, 38.0%, 39.0%, 40.0%, 41.0%, 42.0%, 43.0%, 44.0%, 45.0%, 46.0%, 47.0%, 48.0%, 49.0%, 50.0%, 51.0%, 52.0%, 53.0%, 54.0%, 55.0%, 55.0%, 56.0%, 57.0%, 58.0%, 59.0%, 59.0%, 59.0%, 59.0%, 59.0%, 59.0%, 59.0%, %, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more by weight (wt.%) is provided. In some embodiments, hexapeptide-38 is provided in the range of about 0.25% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.75% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, hexapeptide-38 is provided in the range of about 0.001% to about 6%, about 0.002% to about 4%, about 0.01% to about 3%, or about 0.02% to about 2%. In some embodiments, hexapeptide-38 is provided in the range of about 0.005% to about 0.02% by weight. In some embodiments, hexapeptide-38 is provided at least or about 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, or more than 250 ppm. In some embodiments, hexapeptide-38 is provided in the range of about 25 to about 250, about 50 to about 200, or about 75 to about 150 ppm. In some embodiments, hexapeptide-38 is provided at at least about 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, or greater than 250 micrograms per milliliter (ug / mL). In some embodiments, hexapeptide-38 is provided in the range of about 25 to about 250, about 50 to about 200, or about 75 to about 150 micrograms per milliliter. In some embodiments, hexapeptide-38 is acetyl hexapeptide-38.

[0054] In some embodiments, tetrapeptide-2 is provided at least or about 0.00001%, 0.0003%, 0.0005%, 0.001%, 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.0055%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or more than 10% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, tetrapeptide-2 is provided in the range of about 0.25% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.75% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, tetrapeptide-2 is provided at least or about 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, or more than 25 ppm. In some embodiments, tetrapeptide-2 is provided in the range of about 0.25 to about 10, about 0.5 to about 8, about 1 to about 6, or about 2 to about 4 ppm. In some embodiments, tetrapeptide-2 is provided at least or about 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, or more than 25 micrograms per milliliter (ug / mL). In some embodiments, tetrapeptide-2 is provided in the range of about 0.25 to about 10, about 0.5 to about 8, about 1 to about 6, or about 2 to about 4 micrograms per milliliter.

[0055] In example embodiments, the weight ratio of the first peptide to the second peptide in the topical composition is 1 part first peptide to 0.2-10 parts second peptide, 1-10 parts second peptide, 1-8 parts second peptide, or 1-5.5 parts second peptide. The following nomenclature is used herein to refer to the various amino acids: Alanine (also referred to herein as "Ala" or "A"), arginine (also referred to herein as "Arg" or "R"), asparagine (also referred to herein as "Asn" or "N"), aspartic acid (also referred to herein as "Asp" or "D"), cysteine ​​(also referred to herein as "Cys" or "C"), glutamic acid (also referred to herein as "Glu" or "E"), glutamine (also referred to herein as "Gln" or "Q"), glycine (also referred to herein as "Gly" or "G"), histidine (also referred to herein as "His" or "H"), isoleucine (also referred to herein as "Ile" or "I"), riboflavin (also referred to herein as "Role" or "Role ..."). "Tyr" or "Y"), valine (also referred to herein as "Val" or "V").

[0056] In some embodiments, the first peptide is a dipeptide. Suitable dipeptides include, but are not limited to, those having the following sequence of amino acids: KK, KP, CK, KC, KT, DF, NF, VW, YR, or TT. In some embodiments, the dipeptide has the following amino acid sequence: KV. In other embodiments, the first peptide is a tripeptide. Suitable tripeptides include, but are not limited to, those having the following sequence of amino acids: HGG, RKR, GHK, GKH, GGH, GHG, KFK, or KPK. In some embodiments, the tripeptide has the following amino acid sequence: KVK. In some embodiments, the first peptide is a tetrapeptide. Suitable tetrapeptides include, but are not limited to, those having the following sequence of amino acids: GQPR, KTFK, AQTR, or RSRK. In some embodiments, the tetrapeptide has the following sequence of amino acids: KDVY. In some embodiments, the second peptide is a pentapeptide. Suitable pentapeptides include, but are not limited to, those having the following sequence of amino acids: KTTKS, YGGFX, or KLAAK. In some embodiments, the second peptide is a hexapeptide. Suitable hexapeptides include, but are not limited to, those having the following sequence of amino acids: VGVAPG or GKTTKS. In some embodiments, the hexapeptide has the following sequence of amino acids: FVAPFP. In some embodiments, the second peptide is a heptapeptide. Suitable heptapeptides include, but are not limited to, those having the amino acid sequence RGYYLLE, or heptapeptide-6 (pro-sirtuin peptide). The composition can include more than one peptide, such as, for example, two dipeptides and one pentapeptide; one tripeptide and one hexapeptide; one dipeptide, one tripeptide, and one heptapeptide, etc., provided that the composition contains at least one dipeptide, tripeptide, or tetrapeptide and at least one pentapeptide, hexapeptide, or heptapeptide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a tripeptide and one or more hexapeptides.In some embodiments, the composition comprises a tripeptide, one or more hexapeptides, and a tetrapeptide. In some embodiments, the tripeptide is tripeptide-1. In some embodiments, the one or more hexapeptides is hexapeptide-12. In some embodiments, the one or more hexapeptides is hexapeptide-11. In some embodiments, the one or more hexapeptides is hexapeptide-38. In some embodiments, the composition comprises tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-12, hexapeptide-11, and hexapeptide-38. In some embodiments, the tetrapeptide is tetrapeptide-2.

[0057] The peptides can be functionalized. For example, the peptides can be functionalized with fatty acids, such as myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, sapienic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, linoelaidic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, erucic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid, cerotic acid, and the like. Examples include palmitoyl hexapeptide-12 (Pal-VGVAPG), palmitoyl tripeptide-1 (Pal-GHK), myristoyl hexapeptide-12 (Myr-VGVAPG), and myristoyl tripeptide-1 (Myr-GHK). Palmitoyl or myristoyl functionalization may be desirable in certain embodiments, as they exhibit enhanced penetration when compared to other fatty acids. In some embodiments, the peptide is functionalized with a chemical group. For example, the peptide is functionalized with acetyl. Examples include acetyl hexapeptide-38 and acetyl tetrapeptide-2. In some cases, the peptide is functionalized with a functional group that contains 14 carbons or less. In some cases, the peptide is functionalized with a functional group that contains 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or less or more than 20 carbons. In some cases, the peptide is not palmitoylated. Without wishing to be limited to a particular theory, the incorporation of the peptide in liposomes increases the lipophilicity of the peptide, functionalized or not functionalized, in some embodiments.

[0058] Some embodiments of the methods and compositions described herein include as the first peptide glycine-histidine-lysine (GHK). GHK is a peptide sequence that is rarely found in general protein classes, but is frequently found in extracellular matrix proteins. The small size of GHK allows it to access membrane receptors much more easily than larger peptides. In addition, its unique copper-binding structure enhances the transport of copper into and out of cells, promoting wound healing through several different but related pathways. Due to its strong copper-binding structure, GHK can be provided in the form of GHK-Cu (copper-binding GHK form).

[0059] The tripeptide is generally present in the composition in an amount from about 50 ppm or less to about 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 ppm or more, for example, from 50 ppm to 150 ppm.

[0060] The hexapeptide is generally present in the composition in an amount from about 50 ppm or less to about 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 ppm or more, for example, from 50 ppm to 150 ppm.

[0061] The tetrapeptide is generally present in the composition in an amount from about 50 ppm or less to about 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 ppm or more, for example, from 50 ppm to 150 ppm.

[0062] The peptides can be advantageously provided in a base suitable for combining with other components of the liposomal composition, which can include, for example, one or more components such as thickeners / binders (e.g., pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate), emollients / dispersing agents (e.g., caprylic / capric triglyceride), solvents (e.g., propylene carbonate), and / or rheology modifiers / anti-settling agents (e.g., disteardimonium hectorite).

[0063] Phosphatidylserine The compositions described herein, in some embodiments, comprise phosphatidylserine. Phosphatidylserine obtained from the inner cell membrane of red blood cells can be exposed to induce phagocytosis of red blood cells. See Chang CF, Goods BA, Askenase MH et al., Erythrocyte efferocytosis modulates macrophages towards recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2018;128(2):607-624.

[0064] In some embodiments, phosphatidylserine is provided at least about 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, or more than 4% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, phosphatidylserine is provided in the range of about 0.25% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.75% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, phosphatidylserine is provided in the range of about 0.001% to about 6% by weight, about 0.002% to about 4% by weight, about 0.005% to about 0.1% by weight, about 0.01% to about 3% by weight, or about 0.02% to about 2% by weight. In some embodiments, phosphatidylserine is provided in the range of about 0.005% to about 0.02% by weight. In some embodiments, phosphatidylserine is provided at about 0.05% by weight. In some embodiments, phosphatidylserine is provided at about 0.25% by weight. In some embodiments, phosphatidylserine is provided at about 1% by weight. In some embodiments, phosphatidylserine is provided at least or greater than about 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, or 1000 micrograms per milliliter (ug / mL). In some embodiments, phosphatidylserine is provided in the range of about 5 to about 1000, about 10 to about 900, about 30 to about 800, about 50 to about 700, about 60 to about 600, or about 100 to about 500 micrograms per milliliter (ug / mL).

[0065] Arnica Montana Extract The compositions described herein, in some embodiments, include an anti-inflammatory agent. Exemplary anti-inflammatory agents include, but are not limited to, Arnica montana extract. Arnica montana extract includes components such as essential oils, fatty acids, thymol, pseudoguaianolide sesquiterpene lactones, flavanone glycosides, flavonoids, and coumarins. It can exhibit anti-inflammatory effects. In some cases, Arnica montana extract accelerates healing, reduces the likelihood of subcutaneous bleeding, regulates inflammation, stimulates granulation tissue, accelerates healing, or combinations thereof. See Rajasingh J, Marzotto M, Bonafini C, et al., Arnica montana Stimulates Extracellular Matrix Gene Expression in a Macrophage Cell Line Differentiated to Wound-Healing Phenotype. PloS one. 2016;11(11). In some cases, Arnica montana improves subcutaneous bleeding by reducing inflammation associated with blood products. In some cases, Arnica montana stimulates M2 macrophage function and improves wound healing. See Rajasingh J, Marzotto M, Bonafini C, et al., Arnica montana Stimulates Extracellular Matrix Gene Expression in a Macrophage Cell Line Differentiated to Wound-Healing Phenotype. PloS one. 2016;11(11).

[0066] In some embodiments, the Arnica montana extract is provided at least about 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or more than 10% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, the Arnica montana extract is provided in a range of about 0.25% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.75% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, the Arnica montana extract is provided in a range of about 0.001% to about 6%, about 0.002% to about 4%, about 0.01% to about 3%, about 0.02% to about 2%, or about 0.1% to about 2.5% by weight.

[0067] Redam Palstrae The compositions described herein, in some embodiments, include Ledum palustre extract. Ledum palustre is also known as marsh tea, wild rosemary, or labrador tea. Ledum palustre is used for insect bites, puncture wounds, and cold swelling or bruising. See Kang JY, Tran KD, Seiff SR, Mack WP, Lee WW.Assessing the Effectiveness of Arnica montana and Rhododendron tomentosum (Ledum palustre) in the Reduction of Ecchymosis and Edema After Oculofacial Surgery:Preliminary Results.Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;33(1):47-52.

[0068] In some embodiments, the Ledum palustre extract is provided at least about 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, or more than 4% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, the Ledum palustre extract is provided in a range of about 0.25% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.75% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, the Ledum palustre extract is provided in the range of about 0.001% to about 6% by weight, about 0.002% to about 4% by weight, about 0.01% to about 3% by weight, about 0.02% to about 2% by weight, or about 0.1% to about 2.5% by weight. In some embodiments, the Ledum palustre extract is provided at about 0.25%. In some embodiments, the Ledum palustre extract is provided at about 0.5%. In some embodiments, the Ledum palustre extract is provided at about 1.0%.

[0069] Leuconostoc / Radish root fermentation liquid The compositions described herein, in some embodiments, include Leuconostoc / radish root fermentation broth. In some embodiments, the Leuconostoc / radish root fermentation broth is provided at least about 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, or more than 4% (wt.%). In some embodiments, the Leuconostoc / radish root fermentation broth is provided in a range of about 0.25% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.75% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, the Leuconostoc / radish root fermentation broth is provided in the range of about 0.001% to about 6% by weight, about 0.002% to about 4% by weight, about 0.01% to about 3% by weight, about 0.02% to about 2% by weight, or about 0.1% to about 2.5% by weight. In some embodiments, the Leuconostoc / radish root fermentation broth is provided at about 0.25%. In some embodiments, the Leuconostoc / radish root fermentation broth is provided at about 0.5%. In some embodiments, the Leuconostoc / radish root fermentation broth is provided at about 1.0%.

[0070] Lactoferrin The compositions described herein, in some embodiments, include transferrin. In some embodiments, the transferrin is lactoferrin. In some embodiments, the lactoferrin is encapsulated in liposomes. Lactoferrin has wound healing properties, promotes fibroblast proliferation, and increases HA secretion. See Saito S, Takayama Y, Mizumachi K, Suzuki C. Lactoferrin promotes hyaluronan synthesis in human dermal fibroblasts. Biotechnology letters. 2011;33(1):33-39; Takayama Y. Effects of Lactoferrin on Skin Wound Healing. In:Lactoferrin and its Role in Wound Healing. 2012:87-100.

[0071] In some cases, lactoferrin has antibacterial activity. In some cases, lactoferrin has antibacterial activity against bacteria, fungi, yeast, viruses, parasites, or combinations thereof. In some cases, lactoferrin includes antibiofilm activity. In some cases, lactoferrin interacts with bacterial surfaces and destabilizes microbial membranes. In some cases, lactoferrin chelates iron and disrupts microbial membranes.

[0072] In some embodiments, lactoferrin is provided at least about 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, or more than 4% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, lactoferrin is provided in the range of about 0.005% to about 0.1%, about 0.25% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.75% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, lactoferrin is provided in the range of about 0.001% to about 6% by weight, about 0.002% to about 4% by weight, about 0.01% to about 2.5% by weight, or about 0.02% to about 2% by weight. In some embodiments, lactoferrin is provided at about 0.025% by weight. In some embodiments, lactoferrin is provided at about 0.05% by weight. In some embodiments, lactoferrin is provided at about 0.10% by weight. In some embodiments, lactoferrin is provided at least or greater than about 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, or 1000 micrograms per milliliter (ug / mL). In some embodiments, lactoferrin is provided in the range of about 5 to about 1000, about 10 to about 900, about 30 to about 800, about 50 to about 700, about 60 to about 600, or about 100 to about 500 micrograms per milliliter (ug / mL).

[0073] Dill Extract The compositions described herein, in some embodiments, include a dill extract. The dill extract, in some embodiments, stimulates LOXL re-induction and elastin formation. In some embodiments, the dill extract is an Anethum graveolens extract. In some embodiments, the dill extract is a Peucedanum graveolens extract.

[0074] In some embodiments, the dill extract is provided at least about 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or more than 10% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, the dill extract is provided in a range of about 0.25% to about 10%, about 0.025% to about 4%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.75% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, the dill extract is provided at about 1.0% by weight.

[0075] Hydroxymethoxyphenyldecanone The compositions described herein, in some embodiments, comprise hydroxymethoxyphenyldecanone. In some embodiments, hydroxymethoxyphenyldecanone is a powerful endogenous hyaluronic acid booster, antioxidant, anti-irritant, or combination thereof.

[0076] In some embodiments, hydroxymethoxyphenyldecanone is provided at least about 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, or more than 4% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, hydroxymethoxyphenyldecanone is provided in the range of about 0.25% to about 10%, about 0.1% to about 2.5%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.75% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, hydroxymethoxyphenyldecanone is provided in a range of about 0.001% to about 6% by weight, about 0.002% to about 4% by weight, about 0.01% to about 3% by weight, or about 0.02% to about 2% by weight.

[0077] Tremella fusiformis The compositions described herein, in some embodiments, include a Tremella fuciformis extract. In some embodiments, the Tremella fuciformis extract is derived from an edible mushroom. In some embodiments, the Tremella fuciformis extract exhibits moisture and antioxidant properties.

[0078] In some embodiments, the Tremella fuciformis extract is provided at least about 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, or greater than 4% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, the Tremella fuciformis extract is provided in a range of about 0.25% to about 10%, about 0.1% to about 2.5%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.75% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, Tremella fuciformis extract is provided in a range of about 0.001% to about 6% by weight, about 0.002% to about 4% by weight, about 0.01% to about 3% by weight, or about 0.02% to about 2% by weight.

[0079] Sodium Hyaluronate Crosspolymer The compositions described herein, in some embodiments, include sodium hyaluronic acid crosspolymer, which is a high molecular weight synthetic hyaluronic acid with high water binding and moisturizing capacity.

[0080] In some embodiments, the sodium hyaluronic acid crosspolymer is provided at least about 0.0001%, 0.0005%, 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, or more than 4.0% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, the sodium hyaluronic acid crosspolymer is provided at about 0.5% by weight. In some embodiments, the sodium hyaluronic acid crosspolymer is provided in the range of about 0.0001% to about 4.0% by weight, about 0.001% to about 4.0% by weight, about 0.01% to about 3.0% by weight, about 0.1% to about 2.5% by weight, or about 0.50% to about 1.5% by weight.

[0081] Phytoene and Phytofluene The compositions described herein, in some embodiments, include phytoene, phytofluene, or a combination thereof. Phytoene and phytofluene are colorless carotenoids derived from marine microalgae that regulate prostaglandin E-2 (PGE-2).

[0082] In some embodiments, phytoene, phytofluene, or combinations thereof are provided at least about 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, or greater than 4% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, phytoene, phytofluene, or combinations thereof are provided in the range of about 0.25% to about 10%, about 0.1% to about 2.5%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.75% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, phytoene, phytofluene, or a combination thereof is provided in a range of about 0.001% to about 6% by weight, about 0.002% to about 4% by weight, about 0.01% to about 3% by weight, or about 0.02% to about 2% by weight.

[0083] Xylitol In some embodiments, the compositions described herein comprise xylitylglucoside, anhydrous xylitol, xylitol, or combinations thereof. Xylitol is a sugar alcohol and has anti-biofilm and anti-inflammatory effects. In some embodiments, the combination of xylitol and lactoferrin has anti-biofilm effects. In some embodiments, xylitol and lactoferrin act synergistically. For example, lactoferrin destabilizes bacterial membranes, allowing xylitol to pass through bacterial membranes and inhibit biofilm development and growth.

[0084] In some embodiments, xylitylglucoside, anhydrous xylitol, xylitol, or combinations thereof are provided at at least or about 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, or more than 4% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, xylitylglucoside, anhydrous xylitol, xylitol, or combinations thereof are provided in the range of about 0.25% to about 10%, about 0.1% to about 2.5%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.75% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, xylitylglucoside, anhydrous xylitol, xylitol, or combinations thereof are provided in the range of about 0.001% to about 6%, about 0.002% to about 4%, about 0.01% to about 3%, or about 0.02% to about 2% by weight.

[0085] Sorbitan Isostearate The compositions described herein, in some embodiments, include sorbitan isostearate. In some embodiments, sorbitan isostearate is provided at least about 0.001 wt%, 0.005 wt%, 0.01 wt%, 0.02 wt%, 0.05 wt%, 0.10 wt%, 0.20 wt%, 0.25 wt%, 0.50 wt%, 0.75 wt%, 1.0 wt%, 1.5 wt%, 2.0 wt%, 2.5 wt%, 3.0 wt%, 3.5 wt%, 4.0 wt%, or greater than 4 wt% (wt.%). In some embodiments, sorbitan isostearate is provided in the range of about 0.25 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 8 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 6 wt%, or about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%. In some embodiments, sorbitan isostearate is provided in the range of about 0.001% to about 6%, about 0.002% to about 4%, about 0.01% to about 3%, or about 0.02% to about 2% by weight. In some embodiments, sorbitan isostearate is provided at about 0.10% by weight.

[0086] glucose In some embodiments, the compositions described herein include glucose. In some embodiments, glucose is provided at least about 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, or more than 4% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, glucose is provided in the range of about 0.25% to about 10%, about 0.1% to about 2.5%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.75% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, glucose is provided in the range of about 0.001% to about 6%, about 0.002% to about 4%, about 0.01% to about 3%, or about 0.02% to about 2% by weight. In some embodiments, glucose is provided at about 0.01% by weight.

[0087] The compositions described herein, in some embodiments, include a seed oil. In some embodiments, the seed oil is Helianthus annuus (sunflower) seed oil. In some embodiments, the seed oil is provided at least or about 0.001% by weight, 0.003% by weight, 0.005% by weight, 0.01% by weight, 0.02% by weight, 0.05% by weight, 0.10% by weight, 0.20% by weight, 0.25% by weight, 0.50% by weight, 0.75% by weight, 1.0% by weight, 1.5% by weight, 2.0% by weight, 2.5% by weight, 3.0% by weight, 3.5% by weight, 4.0% by weight, or more than 4% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, the seed oil is provided in the range of about 0.25% to about 10% by weight, about 0.1% to about 2.5% by weight, about 0.5% to about 8% by weight, about 0.75% to about 6% by weight, or about 1% to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, the seed oil is provided in the range of about 0.001% to about 6% by weight, about 0.002% to about 4% by weight, about 0.01% to about 3% by weight, or about 0.02% to about 2% by weight. In some embodiments, the seed oil is provided at about 0.003% by weight.

[0088] Other Ingredients Other ingredients may include anti-inflammatory agents, antioxidants, and solubility enhancers. Exemplary anti-irritants include, but are not limited to, panthenyl triacetate and naringenin. Panthenyl triacetate and naringenin are natural plant extracts that reduce redness and moisture loss from the skin. Typical amounts of anti-irritants when used in the composition are 1% to 4% by weight (wt.%).

[0089] Exemplary antioxidants include, but are not limited to, Dunaliella salina extract and squalane. Dunaliella salina extract includes components such as beta-carotene. Dunaliella salina extract can exhibit antioxidant activity. A typical amount of anti-inflammatory agent when used in a composition is 0.1% to 2.5% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, Dunaliella salina extract is provided at least or about 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, or more than 4% by weight. In some embodiments, Dunaliella salina extract is provided in the range of about 0.001% to about 4.0%, about 0.01% to about 3.0%, about 0.1% to about 2.5%, or about 0.50% to about 1.5% by weight. In some embodiments, squalane is provided at at least or about 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, or more than 4% by weight. In some embodiments, squalane is provided in the range of about 0.001% to about 4.0%, about 0.01% to about 3.0%, about 0.1% to about 2.5%, or about 0.50% to about 1.5% by weight. In some embodiments, Dunaliella salina extract and squalane are provided at at least or about 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, or greater than 4% by weight.In some embodiments, the Dunaliella salina extract and squalane are provided in a range of about 0.001% to about 4.0% by weight, about 0.01% to about 3.0% by weight, about 0.1% to about 2.5% by weight, or about 0.50% to about 1.5% by weight.

[0090] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a siloxane polymer. In some embodiments, the siloxane polymer is caprylyl methicone. In some embodiments, caprylyl methicone is provided at least or about 0.001% by weight, 0.005% by weight, 0.01% by weight, 0.02% by weight, 0.05% by weight, 0.10% by weight, 0.20% by weight, 0.25% by weight, 0.50% by weight, 0.75% by weight, 1.0% by weight, 1.5% by weight, 2.0% by weight, 2.5% by weight, 3.0% by weight, 3.5% by weight, 4.0% by weight, or more than 4.0% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, caprylyl methicone is provided at about 0.5% by weight. In some embodiments, caprylyl methicone is provided in the range of about 0.001% to about 4.0%, about 0.01% to about 3.0%, about 0.1% to about 2.5%, or about 0.50% to about 1.5% by weight. In some embodiments, caprylyl methicone is provided in about 0.25% by weight. In some embodiments, caprylyl methicone is provided in about 1% by weight.

[0091] Bentonite clay can be used in combination with peptides to impart penetrating and adsorbent properties to the composition and aid in stabilizing emulsions. Other clays such as hectorite or magnesium aluminum silicate can also be used. Bentonite or other clays can be modified to produce organically modified clay compounds. Salts (e.g., quaternary ammonium salts) of fatty acids (e.g., hydrogenated fatty acids) can be reacted with hectorite or other clays. As provided herein, fatty acids are referenced and described using conventional nomenclature used by those of skill in the art. Saturated fatty acids do not contain carbon-carbon double bonds. Unsaturated fatty acids contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Monounsaturated fatty acids contain only one carbon-carbon double bond. Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain two or more carbon-carbon double bonds. The double bonds of fatty acids are generally cis, although trans double bonds are possible. The position of the double bonds can be indicated by Δn, where n indicates the lower numbered carbon of each pair of double-bonded carbon atoms. Total number of carbons: number of double bonds, Δ 二重結合の位置 For example, 20:4Δ can be used as a shorthand notation to specify 5,8,11,14refers to a fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms and 4 double bonds, with the double bonds located between carbon atoms 5 and 6, between carbon atoms 8 and 9, between carbon atoms 11 and 12, and between carbon atoms 14 and 15, where carbon atom 1 is the carbon of the carboxylic acid group. Stearate (octadecanoate) is a saturated fatty acid. Oleate (cis-Δ9-octadecenoate) is a monounsaturated fatty acid, and linolenate (all-cis-Δ9,12,15-octadecatrienoate) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid. Fatty acids suitable for use can contain 5 to 30 carbon atoms, for example 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 carbon atoms. The fatty acids can be fully saturated or contain as many double bonds as possible depending on the chain length. Fatty acids suitable for functionalizing hectorite or other clays include palmitic acid and stearic acid. Dialkyl quaternary cation modifiers include dipalmoyldimonium chloride and distearyldimonium chloride. Amidoamine quaternary cation modifiers include palmitamidopropyltrimonium chloride cetearyl alcohol and palmitamidopropyltrimonium chloride.

[0092] In some embodiments, the peptides can be mixed with a suitable carrier, diluent, or excipient, and can contain auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffers, gelling or viscosity enhancing additives, preservatives, flavorings, coloring agents, etc., depending on the route of administration and the preparation desired. See, for example, "Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy", Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 20th Edition (June 1, 2003) and "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences", Mack Pub. Co.; 18th and 19th Editions (December 1985 and June 1990, respectively). Such preparations can include complexing agents, metal ions, polymeric compounds such as polyacetic acid, polyglycolic acid, hydrogels, dextran, liposomes, microemulsions, micelles, unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles, erythrocyte ghosts, or spheroblasts. Suitable lipids for the composition include, but are not limited to, monoglycerides, diglycerides, sulfatides, lysolecithin, phospholipids, saponins, bile acids, etc. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein include phosphatidylserine, phospholipids, tocopherol, ascorbyl palmitate, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, phosphatidylserine, phospholipids, tocopherol, ascorbyl palmitate, or combinations thereof are provided at 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, or more than 4% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, phosphatidylserine, phospholipids, tocopherol, ascorbyl palmitate, or combinations thereof are provided in the range of about 0.25% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.75% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 4% by weight.In some embodiments, phosphatidylserine, phospholipids, tocopherol, ascorbyl palmitate, or combinations thereof are provided in the range of about 0.001% to about 6%, about 0.002% to about 4%, about 0.01% to about 3%, or about 0.02% to about 5% by weight. In some embodiments, the additive is betaine. In some embodiments, betaine is provided in the range of about 0.001% to about 6%, about 0.002% to about 4%, about 0.01% to about 3%, or about 0.02% to about 5% by weight. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein include caprylyl glycol. In some embodiments, caprylyl glycol is provided in the range of about 0.001% to about 6%, about 0.002% to about 4%, about 0.01% to about 3%, or about 0.02% to about 5% by weight. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein include caprylhydroxamic acid. In some embodiments, caprylhydroxamic acid is provided in the range of about 0.001% to about 6% by weight, about 0.002% to about 4% by weight, about 0.01% to about 3% by weight, or about 0.02% to about 5% by weight. The presence of such additional ingredients may affect the physical state, solubility, stability, release rate, clearance rate, and penetration of the active ingredient.

[0093] The composition for topical administration comprises a peptide composition as described herein and a dermatologically acceptable vehicle. The vehicle may be aqueous or non-aqueous. The dermatologically acceptable vehicle used in the topical composition may be in the form of a lotion, gel, ointment, liquid, cream, or emulsion. When the vehicle is an emulsion, the emulsion may have a continuous aqueous phase and a discontinuous non-aqueous or oily phase (oil-in-water emulsion), or a continuous non-aqueous or oily phase and a discontinuous aqueous phase (water-in-oil emulsion). When topically administered in the form of a liquid or gel, a liquid carrier, such as water, petroleum, oils derived from animals or plants, such as peanut oil, mineral oil, soybean oil, or sesame oil, or synthetic oils, may be added to the active ingredient. Saline, dextrose, or other sugar solutions, or glycols, such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol, are also suitable liquid carriers. The pharmaceutical composition may also be in the form of an oil-in-water emulsion. The oil phase can be vegetable oil, for example olive oil or peanut oil, mineral oil, for example liquid paraffin, or mixtures thereof.Suitable emulsifiers include naturally occurring gums, for example gum acacia and gum tragacanth, naturally occurring phosphatides, for example soybean lecithin, esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example sorbitan monooleate, and the condensation products of these partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.The emulsion can also contain colorants and fragrances.

[0094] In certain embodiments, silicone elastomers (e.g., dimethicone crosspolymers) are used to increase peptide delivery and penetration into the skin. An alternative to increasing the molecular weight (as in silicone gums) or adding fillers (as in silicone compounds) is to partially crosslink the siloxane polymer and disperse this material in a suitable silicone carrier fluid. The resulting dimethicone crosspolymers (also known as silicone elastomers in the personal care industry) differ from basic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) due to the crosslinking between the linear polymers. These materials can be used in peptide compositions and also provide benefits in scar treatment, periwound protection, and enzyme delivery. In skin care applications, the beauty of silicone elastomers (including those with functional groups) and their ability to absorb various oils (e.g., for dimethicone / vinyl dimethicone crosspolymers such as Dow Corning® 9506 elastomer powder) are two of the elastomers' desirable properties. Silicone elastomers have a different skin feel than any of the silicone fluids, described as "smooth," "velvety," and "powdery." This skin feel can be modified by controlling the amount of liquid phase in the formulation to adjust the degree of swelling. Due to their film-forming properties, dimethicone crosspolymers can be used as a delivery system for active ingredients such as peptides described herein, or other composition ingredients such as oil-soluble vitamins and sunscreens. Sunscreens such as octyl methoxycinnamate can be delivered more efficiently from compositions containing silicone elastomers, which creates a higher sun protection factor (SPF). Silicone elastomer blends can be used to enhance the SPF of oil-in-water compositions containing organic sunscreens. For example, in tests conducted on SPF, adding 4% silicone elastomer blend to a suncare composition containing an organic sunscreen increased the SPF from 5.7 to 18. This property of silicone elastomers allows the amount required to achieve a desired SPF to be reduced while maximizing the effectiveness of the sunscreen in the composition.As a result, formulation costs can be reduced, along with potential irritation caused by sunscreen actives. Thus, higher SPFs can be achieved with the same amount of UV absorber, resulting in improved performance without additional formulation costs. Silicone elastomers can be produced from linear silicone polymers by various crosslinking reactions, for example, by hydrosilylation reactions in which vinyl groups react with silicon hydrides. A common process involves linear silicone polymers having reactive sites along the polymer chain that react with crosslinkers. Dimethicone crosspolymers can be produced as gels made with suspensions of swollen elastomer particles in a carrier fluid (e.g., a mixture of high molecular weight silicone elastomers in cyclopentasiloxane, such as Dow Corning® 9040 Silicone Elastomer Blend) or as spray-dried powders (dimethicone / vinyl dimethicone crosspolymer, such as Dow Corning® 9506 Elastomer Powder). A gel form with desirable attributes is cyclomethicone, but low viscosity dimethicone and organic fluids can also be used. Examples of dimethicone crosspolymers in suspension or gel form are high molecular weight silicone elastomer (12%) in decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (e.g., Dow Corning® ST-Elastomer 10), and mixtures of high molecular weight silicone elastomer in cyclopentasiloxane (e.g., Dow Corning® 9040 Silicone Elastomer Blend), which typically have an elastomer content in the range of 10-20% by weight.

[0095] Pharmaceutical excipients used in topical preparations of the peptide compositions may be selected from the group consisting of solvents, emollients and / or emulsifiers, oily bases, preservatives, antioxidants, tonicity adjusters, penetration enhancers and solubilizers, chelating agents, buffers, surfactants, one or more polymers, and combinations thereof.

[0096] Suitable solvents for aqueous or hydrophilic liposome compositions include water; ethyl alcohol; isopropyl alcohol; mixtures of water and ethyl and / or isopropyl alcohol; glycerin; ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or butylene glycol; DMSO; pentylene glycol; and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, glycerin is provided at least or about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, or more than 12% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, glycerin is provided at least or about 7% by weight. In some embodiments, glycerin is provided in the range of about 1% to about 12% by weight, about 2% to about 11% by weight, or about 3% to about 10% by weight. In some embodiments, butylene glycol is provided at least about 0.0025%, 0.005%, 0.075%, 0.01%, 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.75%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, or greater than 12% by weight. In some embodiments, butylene glycol is provided in the range of about 0.01% to about 10%, about 0.025% to about 5%, or about 0.05% to about 1.25% by weight. In some embodiments, pentylene glycol is provided at least about 0.0025%, 0.005%, 0.075%, 0.01%, 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.75%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, or more than 12% by weight. In some embodiments, pentylene glycol is provided in the range of about 0.01% to about 10%, about 0.025% to about 5%, or about 0.05% to about 1.25% by weight. Suitable solvents for the hydrophobic composition include mineral oil, vegetable oil, and silicone oil.If desired, the peptide composition described herein may be dissolved or dispersed in a hydrophobic oil phase, and the oil phase may then be emulsified in an aqueous phase containing water, alone or in combination with lower alcohols, glycerin, and / or glycols. In some embodiments, anhydrous compositions are applied because the presence of water may result in stinging upon administration to skin tissues that have undergone laser treatment, chemical peels, dermabrasion, and the like. Anhydrous compositions may also act to prevent the development of water-based irritant contact dermatitis in damaged or sensitive skin, which may result in rashes and skin irritation that may delay wound healing and improvement of skin quality. Tsai, TF, Maibach, HI How irritant is water? An overview. Contact Dermatitis 41(6) (1999): pp. 311-314 (discussing contact dermatitis caused by water as an irritant). However, in certain embodiments, it may be acceptable to provide an aqueous composition or allow limited amounts of water to be present. For example, water may be present, but in an amount below the threshold that may cause a stinging sensation when applied to damaged skin. Osmotic shock or osmotic stress is a sudden change in solute concentration around a cell, which causes a rapid change in water movement across its cell membrane. Under conditions of high concentration of either salt, substrate, or any solute in the supernatant, water is drawn out of the cell by osmosis. This also inhibits the transport of substrates and cofactors into the cell, thus "shocking" the cell. Alternatively, at low concentrations of solute, water enters the cell in large quantities, causing the cell to swell and burst or undergo apoptosis. Certain compositions described herein can be advantageously used when it is desired to minimize osmotic shock.

[0097] The compositions described herein may include various amounts of solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent is water. In some embodiments, the solvent is at least about 10 wt%, 15 wt%, 20 wt%, 25 wt%, 30 wt%, 35 wt%, 40 wt%, 45 wt%, 50 wt%, 55 wt%, 60 wt%, 65 wt%, 70 wt%, 75 wt%, 80 wt%, 85 wt%, 90 wt%, 95 wt%, or more than 95 wt% (wt.%). In some embodiments, the solvent is in the range of about 10 wt% to about 95 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 90 wt%, about 30 wt% to about 85 wt%, about 40 wt% to about 80 wt%, or about 50 wt% to about 75 wt%.

[0098] The viscosity of the composition can be maintained at a selected level using a pharma- ceutically acceptable thickener. Suitable viscosity enhancing or thickeners that can be used to prepare viscous gels or creams with aqueous bases include sodium polyacrylate, xanthan gum, polyvinylpyrrolidone, acrylic acid polymers, carrageenan, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, propyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, polyethoxylated polyacrylamides, polyethoxylated acrylates, and polyethoxylated alkanethiols. Methyl cellulose is preferred because it is readily and economically available and easy to handle. Other suitable thickeners include, for example, xanthan gum, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carbomer, and the like. The preferred concentration of the thickener will depend on the thickener selected. An amount that achieves the selected viscosity is preferably used. Viscous compositions are usually prepared from solutions by the addition of such thickeners or by using a base with an acceptable level of viscosity.

[0099] The viscosity of the compositions described herein, in some embodiments, ranges from about 8,000 centipoise (cps) to about 30,000 cps. In some embodiments, the viscosity is at least or about 4,000; 5,000; 6,000; 7,000; 8,000; 9,000; 10,000; 11,000; 12,000; 13,000; 14,000; 15,000; 16,000; 17,000; 18,000; 19,000; 20,000; 21,000; 22,000; 0;23,000;24,000;25,000;26,000;27,000;28,000;29,000;30,000;31,000;32,000;33,000;34,000;35,000;36,000;37,000;38,000;39,000;40,000 cps; or greater than 40,000 cps. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a viscosity in the range of about 4,000 to about 40,000, about 6,000 to about 38,000, about 8,000 to about 36,000, about 10,000 to about 34,000 cps, about 12,000 to about 32,000 cps, or about 14,000 to about 30,000 cps.

[0100] Suitable emollients include hydrocarbon oils and waxes, such as mineral oil, petrolatum, paraffin, ceresin, ozokerite, microcrystalline wax, polyethylene, squalene, perhydrosqualene, silicone oils, triglyceride esters, acetoglyceride esters, such as acetylated monoglycerides, ethoxylated glycerides, such as ethoxylated glyceryl monostearate, alkyl esters of fatty acids or dicarboxylic acids. In some embodiments, the emollient is caprylic / capric triglyceride.

[0101] In some embodiments, the emollient is provided at at least about 0.0025%, 0.005%, 0.075%, .01%%, 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.75%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, or greater than 12% by weight. In some embodiments, the emollient is provided in a range of about 0.01% to about 10%, about 0.01% to about 2.5%, about 0.025% to about 5%, or about 0.05% to about 1.25% by weight. In some embodiments, caprylic / capric triglycerides are provided at at least about 0.0025%, 0.005%, 0.075%, .01%wt%, 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.75%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, or greater than 12% by weight. In some embodiments, caprylic / capric triglycerides are provided in the range of about 0.01% to about 10% by weight, about 0.01% to about 2.5% by weight, about 0.025% to about 5% by weight, or about 0.05% to about 1.25% by weight.

[0102] Silicone oils suitable for use as emollients include dimethylpolysiloxane, methyl(phenyl)polysiloxane, and water-soluble and alcohol-soluble silicone glycol copolymers.Triglyceride esters suitable for use as emollients include vegetable and animal fats and oils, including castor oil, safflower oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, olive oil, cod liver oil, almond oil, avocado oil, palm oil, sesame oil, and soybean oil.

[0103] Carboxylic or diacid esters suitable for use as emollients include methyl, isopropyl, and butyl esters of fatty acids.Specific examples of alkyl esters include hexyl laurate, isohexyl laurate, isohexyl palmitate, isopropyl palmitate, decyl oleate, isodecyl oleate, hexadecyl stearate, decyl stearate, isopropyl isostearate, dilauryl lactate, myristyl lactate, and cetyl lactate; and alkenyl esters of fatty acids, such as oleyl myristate, oleyl stearate, and oleyl oleate.Specific examples of alkyl esters of diacids include diisopropyl adipate, diisohexyl adipate, bis(hexyldecyl) adipate, and diisopropyl sebacate.

[0104] Other suitable classes of emollients or emulsifiers that may be used in the compositions include fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty alcohol ethers, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, fatty acid esters of ethoxylated fatty alcohols, and waxes.

[0105] Specific examples of fatty acids for use as emollients include pelargonic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, isostearic, hydroxystearic, oleic, linoleic, ricinoleic, arachidic, behenic, and erucic acids. Specific examples of fatty alcohols for use as emollients include lauryl, myristyl, cetyl, hexadecyl, stearyl, isostearyl, hydroxystearyl, oleyl, ricinoleyl, behenyl, and erucyl alcohol, and 2-octyldodecanol.

[0106] Specific examples of waxes suitable for use as emollients include lanolin and its derivatives, such as lanolin oil, lanolin wax, lanolin alcohol, lanolin fatty acid, isopropyl lanolate, ethoxylated lanolin, ethoxylated lanolin alcohol, ethoxylated cholesterol, propoxylated lanolin alcohol, acetylated lanolin, acetylated lanolin alcohol, linoleic acid lanolin alcohol, recinoleic acid lanolin alcohol, acetate ester of ricinoleic acid lanolin alcohol, acetate ester of ricinoleic acid lanolin alcohol, acetate ester of ethoxylated alcohol, hydrogenolysis product of lanolin, hydrogenated lanolin, ethoxylated hydrogenated lanolin, ethoxylated sorbitol lanolin, and liquid and semisolid lanolin.Waxes that can be used include hydrocarbon wax, ester wax, and amide wax. Useful waxes include beeswax, spermaceti, wax esters such as myristyl myristate, stearyl stearate, beeswax derivatives such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol beeswax, and vegetable waxes including carnauba and candelilla wax.

[0107] Polyhydric alcohols and polyether derivatives can be used as solvents and / or surfactants in the composition.Suitable polyhydric alcohols and polyethers include propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol 2000 and 4000, poly(oxyethylene-co-oxypropylene) glycol, glycerol, sorbitol, ethoxylated sorbitol, hydroxypropyl sorbitol, polyethylene glycol 200-6000, methoxypolyethylene glycol 350, 550, 750, 2000 and 5000, poly[ethylene oxide] homopolymer (100,000-5,000,000), polyalkylene glycols and derivatives, hexylene glycol, 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 1,3-butylene glycol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, vicinal glycols with 15-18 carbon atoms, and polyoxypropylene derivatives of trimethylolpropane.

[0108] Polyhydric alcohol esters can be used as emulsifiers or skin softeners.Suitable polyhydric alcohol esters include ethylene glycol mono- and di-fatty acid esters, diethylene glycol mono- and di-fatty acid esters, polyethylene glycol (200-6000) mono- and di-fatty acid esters, propylene glycol mono- and di-fatty acid esters, polypropylene glycol 2000 monooleate, polypropylene glycol 2000 monostearate, ethoxylated propylene glycol monostearate, glyceryl mono- and di-fatty acid esters, polyglycerol polyfatty acid esters, ethoxylated glyceryl monostearate, 1,3-butylene glycol monostearate, 1,3-butylene glycol distearate, polyoxyethylene polyol fatty acid esters, sorbitan fatty acid esters, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters.

[0109] Suitable emulsifiers for use in the compositions include anionic, cationic, nonionic, and zwitterionic surfactants. Preferred ionic emulsifiers include phospholipids such as lecithin and derivatives.

[0110] For example, sterols, including cholesterol and cholesterol fatty acid esters, fatty acid amides, ethoxylated fatty acid amides, and amides such as fatty acid alkanolamides, can also be used as emollients and / or penetration enhancers.

[0111] Pharmaceutically acceptable preservatives can be used to extend the shelf life of the composition. Other suitable preservatives and / or antioxidants for use in the composition include, and can be used, benzalkonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, phenol, urea, parabens, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), tocopherol, thimerosal, chlorobutanol, and the like, and mixtures thereof. When preservatives such as antioxidants are used, the concentration is typically about 0.02% to about 2% based on the total weight of the composition, although greater or lesser amounts may be desirable depending on the agent selected. As described herein, reducing agents can be advantageously used to maintain a good shelf life of the composition. It is generally observed that the anhydrous compositions of the embodiments exhibit sufficient stability such that preservatives can be omitted from the composition.

[0112] Suitable chelating agents for use in the composition include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, its alkali metal salts, its alkaline earth metal salts, its ammonium salts, and its tetraalkylammonium salts.In some embodiments, the chelating agent is disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).In some embodiments, disodium EDTA is provided at least or about 0.001% by weight, 0.005% by weight, 0.01% by weight, 0.02% by weight, 0.05% by weight, 0.10% by weight, 0.20% by weight, 0.25% by weight, 0.50% by weight, 0.75% by weight, 1.0% by weight, 1.5% by weight, 2.0% by weight, 2.5% by weight, 3.0% by weight, 3.5% by weight, 4.0% by weight, or more than 4% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, disodium EDTA is provided in the range of about 0.25% to about 10%, about 0.1% to about 2.5%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.75% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, disodium EDTA is provided in the range of about 0.001% to about 6%, about 0.002% to about 4%, about 0.01% to about 3%, or about 0.02% to about 2% by weight.

[0113] The carrier preferably has a pH between about 4.0 and 10.0, more preferably between about 4.8 and about 7.8, more preferably between about 5.0 and about 6.5. The pH can be controlled using a buffer or other pH adjusting agent. Suitable pH adjusting agents include phosphoric acid and / or phosphate salts, citric acid and / or citrate salts, hydroxide salts (i.e., calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide) and amines such as triethanolamine. Suitable buffers include buffers that contain solutions of monopotassium phosphate and dipotassium phosphate and maintain a pH between 5.8 and 8, and buffers that contain solutions of monosodium phosphate and disodium phosphate and maintain a pH between 6 and 7.5. Other buffers include citric acid / sodium citrate, and sodium hydrogen phosphate / citric acid. The peptide composition of the embodiment is preferably isotonic with the blood or other body fluids of the recipient. The isotonicity of the composition can be achieved using sodium tartrate, propylene glycol or other inorganic or organic solutes. Sodium chloride is particularly preferred. Buffers can be used, such as acetic acid and salts, citric acid and salts, boric acid and salts, and phosphoric acid and salts. It may be desirable to include a reducing agent in the composition, such as vitamin C, vitamin E, or other reducing agents known in the pharmaceutical art.

[0114] Surfactants can also be used as excipients, for example anionic detergents such as sodium lauryl sulfate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate and dioctyl sodium sulfonate, cationic detergents such as benzalkonium chloride or benzethonium chloride, or non-ionic detergents such as polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, glycerol monostearate, polysorbates, sucrose fatty acid esters, methylcellulose, or carboxymethylcellulose.

[0115] In certain embodiments, it may be advantageous to include additional agents with pharmacological activity. Anti-infective agents include anthelmintics (mebendazole), antibiotics including aminoglycosides (gentamicin, neomycin, tobramycin), antifungal antibiotics (amphotericin b, fluconazole, griseofulvin, itraconazole, ketoconazole, nystatin, mycatin, tolnaftate), cephalosporins (cefachlor, cefazolin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, cephalexin), beta-lactam antibiotics (cefotetan, meropenem), chloramphenicol, macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin), penicillins (penicillin G sodium salt, amoxicillin, ampicillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, piperacillin), , ticarcillin), tetracyclines (doxycycline, minocycline, tetracycline), bacitracin, clindamycin, colistimate sodium, polymyxin b sulfate, vancomycin, antivirals including acyclovir, amantadine, didanosine, efavirenz, foscarnet, ganciclovir, indinavir, lamivudine, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, stavudine, valacyclovir, valganciclovir, zidovudine, quinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin), sulfonamides (sulfadiazine, sulfisoxazole), sulfones (dapsone), furazolidone, metronidazole, pentamidine, sulfanilamidum crystallinum, gatifloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole / trimethoprim.Anesthetic agents include, but are not limited to, ethanol, bupivacaine, chloroprocaine, levobupivacaine, lidocaine, mepivacaine, procaine, ropivacaine, tetracaine, desflurane, isoflurane, ketamine, propofol, sevoflurane, codeine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, marcaine, meperidine, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, remifentanil, sufentanil, butorphanol, nalbuphine, tramadol, benzocaine, dibucaine, ethyl chloride, xylocaine, and phenazopyridine. Anti-inflammatory agents include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin, celecoxib, choline magnesium trisalicylate, diclofenac potassium, diclofenac sodium, diflunisal, etodolac, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, ketoprolactone, melenamic acid, nabumetone, naproxen, naproxen sodium, oxaprozin, piroxicam, rofecoxib, salsalate, sulindac, and tolmetin; and corticosteroids, such as cortisone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, prednisone, prednisolone, betamethasone, beclomethasone dipropionate, budesonide, dexamethasone sodium phosphate. phosphate), flunisolide, fluticasone propionate, triamcinolone acetonide, betamethasone, fluocinonide, betamethasone dipropionate, betamethasone valerate, desonide, desoximethasone, fluocinolone, triamcinolone, clobetasol propionate, and dexamethasone.

[0116] In certain embodiments, the addition of emollients, emulsion stabilizers, humectants, excipients, and other compounds can be modified to improve the sensory properties of the topical composition, including, but not limited to, skin feel (silky feel, lightness, creaminess, etc.), absorbency (the time required for the product to lose its wet feel and no longer be perceived on the skin), consistency, firmness, spreadability (e.g., viscosity, onset of flow, shear rate), adhesion, shape integrity, gloss, hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity, etc. Preferably, the composition has high spreadability and low viscosity properties. Compositions with such properties have been demonstrated to have an enhanced "silky" or "light" skin feel (see, e.g., Bekker, M. Webber, G., Louw, N. Relating rheological measurements to primary and secondary skin feeling when mineral-based and Fischer-Tropsch wax-based cosmetic emulsions and jellies are applied to the skin, International Journal of Cosmetic Science 2013, Vol. 35(4), pp. 354-61).

[0117] In some embodiments, the composition comprises phenoxyethanol, ethylhexylglycerin, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, phenoxyethanol is provided at least or about 0.05% by weight, 0.10% by weight, 0.25% by weight, 0.50% by weight, 0.75% by weight, 1.0% by weight, 1.5% by weight, 2.0% by weight, 2.5% by weight, 3.0% by weight, 3.5% by weight, 4.0% by weight, 4.5% by weight, 5.0% by weight, 5.5% by weight, 6.0% by weight, 6.5% by weight, 7.0% by weight, 8% by weight, 9% by weight, 10% by weight, or more than 10% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, phenoxyethanol is provided in the range of about 0.25% by weight to about 10% by weight, about 0.5% by weight to about 8% by weight, about 0.75% by weight to about 6% by weight, or about 1% by weight to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, ethylhexylglycerin is provided at least about 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or greater than 10% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, ethylhexylglycerin is provided in the range of about 0.25% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.75% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, phenoxyethanol and ethylhexylglycerin are provided at least about 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or greater than 10% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, phenoxyethanol and ethylhexylglycerin are provided in the range of about 0.25% to about 10%, about 0.1% to about 4%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.75% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 4% by weight.

[0118] In some embodiments, the composition comprises polyacrylate-13, polyisobutene, polysorbate 20, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, polyacrylate-13 is provided at at least or about 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or more than 10% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, polyacrylate-13 is provided in the range of about 0.25% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.75% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, polyisobutene is provided in at least about 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or more than 10% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, polyisobutene is provided in the range of about 0.25% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.75% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, polyacrylate-13 is provided in the range of about 0.25% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.75% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, Polysorbate 20 is provided at at least or about 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or more than 10% by weight (wt.%).In some embodiments, polysorbate 20 is provided in the range of about 0.25% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.75% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, polyacrylate-13, polyisobutene, and polysorbate 20 are provided at at least or about 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or more than 10% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, polyacrylate-13, polyisobutene, and polysorbate 20 are provided in the range of about 0.25% to about 10% by weight, about 0.1% to about 4% by weight, about 0.5% to about 8% by weight, about 0.75% to about 6% by weight, or about 1% to about 4% by weight (wt.%).

[0119] In some embodiments, the compositions described herein include potassium sorbate. In some embodiments, potassium sorbate is provided at least or about 0.001%, 0.00175%, 0.0025%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or more than 10% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, potassium sorbate is provided in a range of about 0.001% to about 6% by weight, about 0.002% to about 4% by weight, about 0.01% to about 3% by weight, or about 0.02% to about 2% by weight.

[0120] In some embodiments, the liposome comprises propanediol, lecithin, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the propanediol is provided at least or about 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or more than 10% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, propanediol is provided in a range of about 0.001% to about 6% by weight, about 0.002% to about 4% by weight, about 0.01% to about 3% by weight, or about 0.02% to about 2% by weight. In some embodiments, lecithin is provided at at least or about 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or more than 10% by weight (wt.%). In some embodiments, lecithin is provided in the range of about 0.001% to about 6%, about 0.002% to about 4%, about 0.01% to about 3%, or about 0.02% to about 2% by weight. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises propanediol and lecithin. In some embodiments, propanediol and lecithin are provided at at least or about 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or more than 10% by weight (wt.%).In some embodiments, the propanediol and lecithin are provided in the range of about 0.001% to about 6%, about 0.002% to about 4%, about 0.01% to about 3%, or about 0.02% to about 2% by weight. In some embodiments, the propanediol and lecithin are provided at about 0.90% by weight.

[0121] The topical composition may contain micelles, or aggregates of surfactant molecules dispersed in an aqueous solution. Micelles can be prepared by dispersing an oil solvent in an aqueous solution containing a surfactant where the surfactant concentration exceeds the critical micelle concentration. The resulting composition contains micelles, i.e., spherical oil droplets.

[0122] Penetration enhancers Fatty acids and alcohols can be used to enhance the penetration of the peptides and provide a silky feel to the composition, such as methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, isobutyric acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, myristoleic acid, isovaleric acid, palmitoleic acid, sapienic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, linoelaidic acid, α-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, erucic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid, cerotic acid, medium chain fatty acids, such as C 6~12 fatty acids, etc. Typical amounts when used in the composition are from 1% to 4% by weight.

[0123] Antibacterial effect Described herein are, in some embodiments, compositions that are chemically and physically stable at physiological pH. In some embodiments, the compositions are sterile and safe for administration to humans. In some embodiments, the compositions meet or pass required antimicrobial efficacy tests, such as antimicrobial efficacy tests. In some embodiments, the compositions provide complete or substantially complete eradication of bacteria, yeast, mold, or combinations thereof.

[0124] Therapeutic Use Described herein are compositions and methods for improving bruising. Bruising can be caused by a variety of causes. In some embodiments, bruising is the result of surgery, laser treatment, or trauma. In some embodiments, bruising is the result of a cosmetic treatment. In some embodiments, bruising is the result of a medical treatment. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods described herein improve bruising before or after a cosmetic treatment, a medical treatment, or trauma.

[0125] Also described herein are compositions and methods for stimulating the increase in collagen, elastin, fat, or hyaluronic acid. In some embodiments, the stimulation is accompanied by the injection of a soft tissue filler.

[0126] In some embodiments, the cosmetic procedure comprises cosmetic surgery. Exemplary cosmetic surgery procedures include, but are not limited to, forehead lift, cheek enhancement, auricular plastic surgery, facial wrinkle removal, neck wrinkle removal, cheek reduction, genioplasty, blepharoplasty, facial implants, nose surgery, skin excision, skin biopsy, invasive cellulite treatments, injections of fillers, and injections of injectables such as Botox®, Dysport®, or Xeomin®.

[0127] In some embodiments, the cosmetic treatment comprises injection of a filler. In some embodiments, the filler is a soft tissue filler product. For example, the soft tissue filler is an injectable dermal or subdermal filler. In some embodiments, the filler is a breast augmentation or reconstruction filler, a lip filler, or a filler suitable for other soft tissue restoration or augmentation. In some embodiments, the filler is a dermal filler. In some cases, the dermal filler is administered by injection into or under the subject's skin.

[0128] In some embodiments, the cosmetic treatment involves the injection of injectable agents such as Botox®, Dysport®, or Xeomin®.

[0129] In some embodiments, the cosmetic treatment is microneedling. Optionally, the cosmetic treatment is radio frequency microneedling. Optionally, the cosmetic treatment is a chemical peel. Optionally, the cosmetic treatment is microdermabrasion.

[0130] In some embodiments, cosmetic treatments include cellulite reduction or enzymatic (collagenase) or mechanical disruption of fascial bands.

[0131] In some cases, the bruising is caused by an invasive procedure. In some cases, the invasive procedure includes the use of an invasive laser or surgery. In some cases, the bruising is caused by a non-invasive procedure. In some cases, the non-invasive procedure includes non-surgical skin tightening, non-surgical fat reduction, or the use of a non-invasive laser. In some cases, the treatment is a body-shaping or body-contouring treatment. Exemplary body-shaping or body-contouring treatments include, but are not limited to, high frequency focused ultrasound, pulsed focused ultrasound, cryolipolysis, high frequency induced electroporation, injectable lipolysis agents, and liposuction. In some embodiments, the treatment is a fat reduction treatment. The fat reduction treatment can be low level laser therapy, infrared light, ultrasound, radio frequency, or cryolipolysis. In some cases, the treatment includes an energy source. In some cases, the energy source is electromagnetic energy. In some cases, the treatment is high intensity focused electro-magnetic technology (HIFEM).

[0132] In some embodiments, the medical procedure includes therapeutic injections, placement of an intravenous (IV) line, or invasive surgery.

[0133] In some embodiments, the medical treatment comprises a treatment for reducing the visibility of veins. In some embodiments, the prominent vein is a varicose vein. Exemplary treatments for reducing the visibility of veins include, but are not limited to, post-venous sclerotherapy, laser treatment, endovenous laser therapy (EVLT), radiofrequency ablation (RFA), catheter-assisted treatment using radiofrequency or laser energy, high ligation and vein stripping, varicose vein resection, and endoscopic venous surgery.

[0134] Bruising may be caused by a variety of factors. In some embodiments, the bruising is caused by trauma. In some cases, the bruising is caused by injury, bruise, strain, sprain, dislocation, fracture, rupture of tendon, or swelling of muscle resulting in bruising. In some cases, the bruising is caused by medicine, herbs, or supplements. In some cases, the bruising is caused by vitamin deficiency. In some cases, the bruising is caused by malnutrition. In some embodiments, the bruising is the result of an underlying disease or disorder. Exemplary diseases or disorders that may cause bruising include, but are not limited to, Cushing's syndrome, thrombocytopenia, leukemia, von Willebrand's disease, hemophilia A, hemophilia B, factor VII deficiency, factor X deficiency, factor V deficiency, factor II deficiency, varicose veins, and deep vein thrombosis.

[0135] In some embodiments, the bruising caused by trauma occurs in a subject who is more susceptible to bruising. In some embodiments, the subject who is more susceptible to bruising is an elderly person who has fragile capillaries. In some embodiments, the subject who is more susceptible to bruising is taking a medication that has the side effect of increasing the tendency to bruise.

[0136] Described herein are methods and compositions for ameliorating various types of subcutaneous bleeding. In some embodiments, the bruise is nonpalpable (mottled) purpura. In some embodiments, the bruise is palpable (papular) purpura. In some embodiments, the bruise is nonthrombocytopenic purpura. In some embodiments, the bruise is thrombocytopenic purpura. In some embodiments, the bruise is senile purpura.

[0137] Described herein are methods and compositions for improving various types of bruises in elderly people. In some embodiments, the elderly people have chronic skin fragility. In some embodiments, the elderly people have dermatoporosis. In some embodiments, the elderly people have nonpalpable (macular) purpura, palpable (papular) purpura, non-thrombocytopenic purpura, thrombocytopenic purpura, or senile purpura. In some embodiments, the elderly people have senile purpura.

[0138] The methods and compositions described herein may improve bruising after cosmetic procedures. In some embodiments, the methods and compositions improve bruising before cosmetic procedures. In some cases, bruising is caused by red blood cells. In general, red blood cells efficiently bind oxygen from the atmosphere and deliver it to tissues, helping to remove carbon dioxide. In some cases, red blood cells are involved in pathophysiological problems involving bleeding and leakage of these red blood cells into tissues. Once outside the vascular system, red blood cells quickly burst and release free hemoglobin (Hb). That Hb has a natural tendency to oxidize and may be converted to a higher oxidation state, such as ferryl Hb, which has strong pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant effects. See Jeney V, Eaton JW, Balla G, Balla J. Natural history of the bruise: formation, elimination, and biological effects of oxidized hemoglobin. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2013;2013:703571. The released heme may be phagocytosed by macrophages. Following internalization by macrophages, heme is cleaved into biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and iron. This mechanism can provide effective clearance of Hb, but also ensures the recycling of iron for new erythropoiesis (new red blood cell formation) under normal circumstances. See Jeney V, Eaton JW, Balla G, Balla J. Natural history of the bruise: formation, elimination, and biological effects of oxidized hemoglobin. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2013;2013:703571. In some cases, leaving the by-products of bleeding indefinitely increases the risk of proinflammatory effects. In some cases, these effects may impede wound healing, promote pigmentation, or be unsightly. In some cases, subcutaneous bleeding occurs with a delayed onset.See Sadeghpour M, Dover JS. Understanding Delayed Bruising After Hyaluronic Acid Injections: Why the Molecule and Not Just the Injection Matters - letters and communications. DermatolSurg. 2019;45(3):471-473. The compositions and methods described herein, in some embodiments, improve subcutaneous bleeding by more efficiently removing the byproducts of red blood cell leakage. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein result in improved macrophage function.

[0139] Compositions described herein that include lactoferrin, phosphatidylserine, tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-12, hexapeptide-11, Arnica montana extract, Ledum palustre, or combinations thereof, in some embodiments, improve subcutaneous bleeding. Lactoferrin is a plasmin inhibitor with high iron-binding capacity, which aids in the removal of lysed red blood cells and their components. By directly binding to human plasminogen, lactoferrin can block plasminogen activation on the cell surface and reduce its conversion to plasmin. Lactoferrin also has antibacterial properties. See Zwirzitz A, Reiter M, Skrabana R, et al. Lactoferrin is a natural inhibitor of plasminogen activation. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2018;293(22):8600-8613.

[0140] The compositions described herein, in some embodiments, improve bruising by improving the healing or appearance of the bruise. In some embodiments, the compositions improve bruising by accelerating the healing of the bruise. For example, the compositions accelerate the transition of the bruise from a blue tone to a red tone. In some embodiments, the improvement of the appearance of the bruise comprises a reduction in the size of the bruise. In some embodiments, the improvement of the appearance of the bruise comprises a reduction in the discoloration of the skin. In some embodiments, the improvement of the appearance of the bruise comprises a reduction in swelling. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein improve bruising by at least or about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or more than 95%. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein improve subcutaneous bleeding by at least or about 0.5-fold, 1.0-fold, 1.5-fold, 2.0-fold, 2.5-fold, 3.0-fold, 3.5-fold, 4.0-fold, 5.0-fold, 6.0-fold, 7.0-fold, 8.0-fold, 9.0-fold, 10-fold, or more than 10-fold.

[0141] The compositions described herein may improve subcutaneous bleeding by improving macrophage function. In some embodiments, macrophage function includes phagocytosis. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein improve macrophage phagocytosis by at least or about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or more than 95%. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein improve macrophage phagocytosis by at least or about 0.5-fold, 1.0-fold, 1.5-fold, 2.0-fold, 2.5-fold, 3.0-fold, 3.5-fold, 4.0-fold, 5.0-fold, 6.0-fold, 7.0-fold, 8.0-fold, 9.0-fold, 10-fold, or more than 10-fold.

[0142] The compositions and methods described herein may result in elastin and / or collagen stimulation. Elastin is an assembly of microfibrils and tropoelastin (or soluble elastin). Elastin fibers are first formed by the synthesis of fibrillin microfibers that are intertwined and bound to tropoelastin (TE) protein molecules. The TE molecules bind and crosslink fibrillin fibers by lysyl oxidases such as enzyme 1 (LOXL1). The resulting complex is then presented to fibroblasts by fibulin 5 (FBLN5), which binds the complex to integrins that bind to fibroblasts. Ashcroft, G. et al. Age-related Changes in the Temporal and Spatial Distributions of Fibrillin and Elastin mRNAs and Protein in Acute Cutaneous Wounds of Healthy Humans, Journal of Pathology. 1997;183:80~89;Cenizo V, Andre´ V, Reymermier C, Sommer P, Damour O, EP LOXL as a target to increase the elastin content in adult skin: a dill extract induces the LOXL gene expression. Experimental dermatology. 2006;15:574~581;Noblesse E, Cenizo V, Bouez C, et al. Lysyl oxidase-like and lysyl oxidase are present in the dermis and epidermis of a skin equivalent and in human skin and are associated to elastic fibers. The Journal of investigative dermatology. 2004;122(3):621-630.

[0143] In some embodiments, elastin and / or collagen stimulation is a result of the compositions described herein. In some embodiments, palmitoyl tripeptide-1 and palmitoyl hexapeptide-12 remove the extracellular matrix of aggregated fragmented collagen and elastin, then stimulate new collagen increase and elastin production. See Widgerow AD, Fabi SG, Palestine RF, et al. Extracellular Matrix Modulation: Optimizing Skin Care and Rejuvenation Procedures. journal of drugs in dermatology. 2016;15(4s):S63-S71; Widgerow A. TOPICAL SKIN RESTORATION TECHNOLOGY - ADVANCES IN AGE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES. MODERN AESTHETICS. 2016 (May / June):1-8. In some embodiments, acetyl tetrapeptide-2 increases FBLN5 and LOXL1 protein levels, resulting in increased elastin synthesis. In some cases, Acetyl Tetrapeptide-2 upregulates genes related to collagen 1 synthesis. Acetyl Tetrapeptide-2 can reduce parameters related to skin laxity and skin breakdown in vivo. See Product monograph: UplevityTM. Lipotec. June 2013.

[0144] In some embodiments, Anethum graveolens (dill extract) improves elastin and / or collagen stimulation by generating a redirection of LOXL synthesis. See Cenizo V, Andre´ V, Reymermier C, Sommer P, Damour O, EP LOXL as a target to increase the elastin content in adult skin: a dill extract induces the LOXL gene expression. Experimental dermatology. 2006;15:574-581. While microfibrils and soluble elastin continue to be synthesized throughout life, LOXL is dramatically reduced from age 18. Increasing levels of LOXL in the skin results in the assembly of microfibrils and tropoelastin, improving the mechanical properties of the skin. Ibid. Elastic fiber formation occurs primarily until the end of the teenage years, and although the overall content of dermal elastin may increase thereafter, the properties of this elastin protein are often suboptimal and dysfunctional. See Ashcroft, G. et al. Age-related Changes in the Temporal and Spatial Distributions of Fibrillin and Elastin mRNAs and Protein in Acute Cutaneous Wounds of Healthy Humans, Journal of Pathology. 1997;183:80-89. After this period, elastic fiber formation becomes low or inefficient, but the elastin and fibrillin-1 genes are still active throughout life.See Cenizo V, Andre´ V, Reymermier C, Sommer P, Damour O, EP LOXL as a target to increase the elastin content in adult skin: a dill extract induces the LOXL gene expression. Experimental dermatology. 2006;15:574-581. LOXL, which declines after age 10, has been shown to stimulate elastogenesis and maintain elastic fiber homeostasis. See ibid.; Noblesse E, Cenizo V, Bouez C, et al. Lysyl oxidase-like and lysyl oxidase are present in the dermis and epidermis of a skin equivalent and in human skin and are associated to elastic fibers. The Journal of investigative dermatology. 2004;122(3):621-630; Liu X, Zhao Y, Gao J, et al. Elastic fiber homeostasis requires lysyl oxidase-like 1 protein. Nat Genet. 2004;36(2):178-182. In some cases, dill extracts increased the expression of LOXL in fibroblasts and in skin engineering models, indicating de novo elastogenesis in vivo. See Cenizo V, Andre´ V, Reymermier C, Sommer P, Damour O, EP LOXL as a target to increase the elastin content in adult skin: a dill extract induces the LOXL gene expression. Experimental dermatology. 2006;15:574-581.

[0145] In some embodiments, the compositions described herein stimulate elastin production by at least or about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or more than 95%. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein stimulate elastin production by at least or about 0.5-fold, 1.0-fold, 1.5-fold, 2.0-fold, 2.5-fold, 3.0-fold, 3.5-fold, 4.0-fold, 5.0-fold, 6.0-fold, 7.0-fold, 8.0-fold, 9.0-fold, 10-fold, or more than 10-fold. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein stimulate collagen production by at least or about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or more than 95%. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein stimulate collagen production by at least or about 0.5-fold, 1.0-fold, 1.5-fold, 2.0-fold, 2.5-fold, 3.0-fold, 3.5-fold, 4.0-fold, 5.0-fold, 6.0-fold, 7.0-fold, 8.0-fold, 9.0-fold, 10-fold, or more than 10-fold.

[0146] The compositions and methods described herein, in some embodiments, simulate endogenous hyaluronic acid (HA) production. The compositions and methods described herein can improve high molecular weight HA penetration into the dermis of the skin. In some embodiments, a composition comprising hydroxymethoxyphenyldecanone, Tremella fuciformis extract, lactoferrin, sodium hyaluronic acid crosspolymer, phosphatidylserine, or a combination thereof stimulates endogenous hyaluronic acid production.

[0147] In some embodiments, hydroxymethoxyphenyldecanone stimulates endogenous hyaluronic acid production.Hydroxymethoxyphenyldecanone is a powerful hyaluronic acid booster, antioxidant, and anti-irritant, and has been demonstrated to stimulate dermal and epidermal hyaluronic acid levels by 259% and 198%, respectively, compared to placebo in an ex vivo human skin model.See Product monograph: Symdecanox, Symrise June 2015.

[0148] In some embodiments, Tremella fuciformis extract stimulates endogenous hyaluronic acid production. In some embodiments, Tremella fuciformis provides high levels of moisture and antioxidant properties. See Li H, Lee HS, Kim SH, Moon B, Lee C. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extracts of Tremella fuciformis and its major phenolic acids. J Food Sci. 2014;79(4):C460-468; Liao WC, Hsueh CY, Chan CF. Antioxidative activity, moisture retention, film formation, and viscosity stability of Auricularia fuscosuccinea, white strain water extract. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2014;78(6):1029-1036.

[0149] In some embodiments, sodium hyaluronic acid crosspolymer stimulates endogenous hyaluronic acid production. Sodium hyaluronic acid crosspolymer is a chemically crosslinked hyaluronic acid derived from non-animal sources with high water-binding capacity. Sodium hyaluronic acid crosspolymer may function as a scavenger of harmful free radicals. Sodium hyaluronic acid crosspolymer is composed of a gel structure with gel domains that hold tightly bound water, forming a film on the skin and delivering water over time. In some embodiments, sodium hyaluronic acid crosspolymer contains 50 times the water-binding capacity of hyaluronic acid.

[0150] In some embodiments, the compositions described herein stimulate endogenous hyaluronic acid production by at least or about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or more than 95%. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein stimulate endogenous hyaluronic acid production by at least or about 0.5-fold, 1.0-fold, 1.5-fold, 2.0-fold, 2.5-fold, 3.0-fold, 3.5-fold, 4.0-fold, 5.0-fold, 6.0-fold, 7.0-fold, 8.0-fold, 9.0-fold, 10-fold, or more than 10-fold.

[0151] Described herein are compositions and methods for stimulating adipogenesis. In some embodiments, the fillers stimulate new adipogenesis by mechanical stimulation of adipose stem cells in the dermal white adipose tissue layer. See Kruglikov IL, Wollina U. Soft tissue fillers as non-specific modulators of adipogenesis: change of the paradigm? Experimental dermatology. 2015;24(12):912-915. In some embodiments, a composition comprising acetyl hexapeptide-38 stimulates adipogenesis. Hexapeptide-38 is a PGC1a stimulator (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma-PPARγ-coactivator 1 alpha). PGC1a plays a central role in adipogenic activity. See Liang H, Ward WF. PGC-1alpha: a key regulator of energy metabolism. Adv Physiol Educ. 2006;30(4):145-151. The compositions and methods described herein may include a phospholipid delivery system to facilitate penetration and absorption of materials through the stratum corneum. PGC1a potently induces differentiation of preadipocytes into white adipocytes under the influence of PPARγ. Young adipocytes formed under these conditions appear to be small and active, and this size and activity appear to be synergistic and consistent with good elastin formation. See Ezure T, Amano S. Increment of subcutaneous adipose tissue is associated with decrease of elastic fibres in the dermal layer. Exp Dermatol. 2015;24(12):924-929. Thus, large mature adipocytes are associated with decreased elastin and appear as aged, loose skin, whereas young small newly synthesized adipocytes are associated with increased elastin levels.

[0152] In some embodiments, the compositions described herein stimulate adipogenesis by at least or about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or more than 95%. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein stimulate adipogenesis by at least or about 0.5-fold, 1.0-fold, 1.5-fold, 2.0-fold, 2.5-fold, 3.0-fold, 3.5-fold, 4.0-fold, 5.0-fold, 6.0-fold, 7.0-fold, 8.0-fold, 9.0-fold, 10-fold, or more than 10-fold.

[0153] Described herein are compositions and methods that provide reduced inflammation. In some embodiments, compositions and methods that include phytoene, phytofluene, xylitol, or combinations thereof, provide an anti-inflammatory effect.

[0154] In some embodiments, the compositions described herein reduce inflammation by at least or about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or more than 95%. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein reduce inflammation by at least or about 0.5-fold, 1.0-fold, 1.5-fold, 2.0-fold, 2.5-fold, 3.0-fold, 3.5-fold, 4.0-fold, 5.0-fold, 6.0-fold, 7.0-fold, 8.0-fold, 9.0-fold, 10-fold, or more than 10-fold.

[0155] The improvement in subcutaneous bleeding, elastin and / or collagen stimulation, hyaluronic acid stimulation, adipocyte stimulation, anti-inflammatory effect, or combination thereof can be determined by comparison with control.In some embodiments, the control is untreated.In some embodiments, the control is vehicle treatment.In some embodiments, the improvement is measured in a subject that is treated with the composition described herein in a first part of the body and is treated with vehicle or untreated in a second part of the body.For example, the improvement is compared between the right arm that is treated with the composition described herein and the left arm that is treated with vehicle.

[0156] treatment The compositions described herein can be used in a variety of treatment regimens. In some cases, the topical compositions described herein are administered once a day, twice a day, three times a day or more. In some cases, the topical compositions described herein are administered twice a day. In some embodiments, the topical compositions described herein are administered daily, daily, every other day, five days a week, once a week, every other week, two weeks a month, three weeks a month, once a month, twice a month, three times a month or more. In some embodiments, the topical compositions described herein are administered twice a day, for example, in the morning and in the evening. In some embodiments, the topical compositions described herein are administered for at least 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years, 5 years, 10 years or more. In some embodiments, the topical compositions described herein are administered twice daily for at least or about 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, or more. In some embodiments, the topical compositions described herein are administered once daily, twice daily, three times daily, four times daily, or five or more times daily for at least or about 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, or more.

[0157] In some embodiments, the compositions described herein are used in conjunction with cosmetic procedures, hi some embodiments, the cosmetic procedures include injections of fillers.

[0158] The compositions described herein when administered before, during, or after injection of a filler may improve bruising, elastin and / or collagen stimulation, hyaluronic acid stimulation, adipocyte stimulation, anti-inflammatory effects, or a combination thereof. In some cases, the compositions described herein improve bruising, elastin and / or collagen stimulation, hyaluronic acid stimulation, adipocyte stimulation, anti-inflammatory effects, or a combination thereof by 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or greater than 95% compared to a control. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein improve bruising, elastin and / or collagen stimulation, hyaluronic acid stimulation, adipocyte stimulation, anti-inflammatory effects, or a combination thereof, by at least or about 0.5x, 1.0x, 1.5x, 2.0x, 2.5x, 3.0x, 3.5x, 4.0x, 5.0x, 6.0x, 7.0x, 8.0x, 9.0x, 10x, or more than 10x. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein improve bruising, elastin and / or collagen stimulation, hyaluronic acid stimulation, adipocyte stimulation, anti-inflammatory effects, or a combination thereof, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, or more than 2 months after use of the composition.

[0159] The compositions described herein used in combination with injection of a filler agent, in some embodiments, improve bruising, elastin and / or collagen stimulation, hyaluronic acid stimulation, adipocyte stimulation, anti-inflammatory effects, or a combination thereof, following injection of the filler agent, in some embodiments, the compositions described herein improve bruising, elastin and / or collagen stimulation, hyaluronic acid stimulation, adipocyte stimulation, anti-inflammatory effects, or a combination thereof by at least or about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or greater than 95%. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein improve subcutaneous bleeding, elastin and / or collagen stimulation, hyaluronic acid stimulation, adipocyte stimulation, anti-inflammatory effects, or a combination thereof by at least or about 0.5-fold, 1.0-fold, 1.5-fold, 2.0-fold, 2.5-fold, 3.0-fold, 3.5-fold, 4.0-fold, 5.0-fold, 6.0-fold, 7.0-fold, 8.0-fold, 9.0-fold, 10-fold, or more than 10-fold.

[0160] In some cases, the compositions described herein are administered up to 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 5 days, 6 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, or more than 3 weeks prior to injection of the filler. In some cases, the compositions described herein are administered immediately prior to injection of the filler, up to 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours, 20 hours, or 24 hours prior to injection of the filler. The compositions described herein may be administered once or over a period of time, for example, daily, multiple times weekly, weekly, biweekly, monthly, or less frequently, prior to injection of the filler. In some cases, the compositions described herein are administered once or over a period of time, for example, daily, multiple times weekly, weekly, biweekly, monthly, or more frequently, prior to injection of the filler. In some embodiments, the composition is a topical composition. In some cases, the topical composition is administered twice a day for at least or about 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months or more before injection of the filler. In some embodiments, the topical composition described herein is administered once a day, twice a day, three times a day, four times a day, or five or more times a day for at least or about 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months or more before injection of the filler.

[0161] In some cases, the compositions described herein are administered 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 5 days, 6 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, or more than 3 weeks before the medical or cosmetic treatment or trauma described herein. In some cases, the compositions described herein are administered immediately before the treatment or trauma, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours, 20 hours, or 24 hours before the treatment or trauma. The compositions described herein may be administered once or over a period of time, for example, daily, multiple times weekly, weekly, biweekly, monthly, or less frequently, before the treatment or trauma. In some cases, the compositions described herein are administered once or over a period of time, for example, daily, multiple times weekly, weekly, biweekly, monthly, or more frequently, before the treatment or trauma. In some embodiments, the composition is a topical composition.In some cases, the topical composition is administered twice a day for at least or about 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months or more before treatment or trauma.In some embodiments, the topical composition described herein is administered once a day, twice a day, three times a day, four times a day, or five or more times a day for at least or about 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months or more before treatment or trauma.

[0162] In some cases, the compositions described herein are administered within 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 5 days, 6 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, or more than 3 weeks after injection of the filler. In some cases, the compositions described herein are administered immediately after injection of the filler, within 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours, 20 hours, or 24 hours after injection of the filler. The compositions described herein may be administered once or over a period of time after injection of the filler, for example, daily, multiple times weekly, weekly, biweekly, monthly, or less frequently. In some cases, the compositions described herein are administered once or over a period of time after injection of the filler, for example, daily, multiple times weekly, weekly, biweekly, monthly, or more frequently. In some embodiments, the composition is a topical composition. In some cases, the topical composition is administered twice daily for at least or about 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, or more after injection of the filler. In some embodiments, the topical compositions described herein are administered once daily, twice daily, three times daily, four times daily, or five or more times daily for at least or about 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, or more after injection of the filler.

[0163] In some cases, the compositions described herein are administered within 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 5 days, 6 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, or more than 3 weeks after the medical or cosmetic treatment or trauma described herein. In some cases, the compositions described herein are administered immediately after the treatment or trauma, within 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours, 20 hours, or 24 hours after the treatment or trauma. The compositions described herein may be administered once or over a period of time after the treatment or trauma, for example, daily, multiple times weekly, weekly, biweekly, monthly, or less frequently. In some cases, the compositions described herein are administered once or over a period of time after the treatment or trauma, for example, daily, multiple times weekly, weekly, biweekly, monthly, or more frequently. In some embodiments, the composition is a topical composition. In some cases, the topical composition is administered twice daily for at least or about 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, or more after the procedure or trauma. In some embodiments, the topical compositions described herein are administered once daily, twice daily, three times daily, four times daily, or five or more times daily for at least or about 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, or more after the procedure or trauma.

[0164] Stability testing Stability testing of the compositions can be carried out as follows.

[0165] High temperature testing is now commonly used as a predictor of long-term stability. High temperature testing can be performed at 37°C (98°F) and 45°C (113°F). If a product is stored at 45°C for 3 months (and exhibits acceptable stability), it should be stable at room temperature for 2 years. A good controlled temperature is 4°C (39°F), at which most products exhibit excellent stability. Products may also be exposed to -10°C (14°F) for 3 months.

[0166] In some cases, the stability of a product is evaluated by passing three temperature cycles from -10°C (14°F) to 25°C (77°F). In such cases, the product is placed at -10°C for 24 hours, then at room temperature (25°C) for 24 hours. This completes one cycle. A more rigorous test is a five cycle test from -10°C to 45°C. This places a great deal of stress on the emulsion.

[0167] The dispersed phase (of an oil-in-water emulsion) tends to separate and rise to the top of the emulsion, forming a layer of oil droplets. This phenomenon is called creaming. Creaming is one of the first signs of impending emulsion instability. The test method to predict creaming is centrifugation. The emulsion is heated to 50°C (122°F) and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 30 minutes. The resulting product is then inspected for signs of creaming.

[0168] Both the formulation and packaging can be sensitive to UV radiation. The product is placed in a glass and the actual package is placed in a light box with broad spectrum output. Another glass jar completely covered with aluminum foil acts as a control. Discoloration of the product may be observed.

[0169] For all the above tests, the colour, odour / fragrance, viscosity, pH value and, if possible, uniformity of particle size and / or agglomeration of particles under a microscope can be observed.

[0170] Kits for non-invasive and invasive use Some embodiments of the methods and compositions provided herein include kits that include the peptides provided herein. In some embodiments, the kits can be provided to a physician, other medical professional, patient, or caregiver to administer. In some embodiments, the kits contain a container that contains the peptide composition in a suitable topical composition, and instructions for administering the peptide composition to a subject. The kits can also optionally contain one or more additional therapeutic or other agents. For example, a kit containing a topical form of the peptide composition can be provided with other skin care agents, such as cleansers, occlusive moisturizers, penetrating moisturizers, sunscreens, sunscreens, and the like. The kits can contain the peptide composition in bulk form, or can contain separate doses of the peptide composition for continuous or sequential administration. The kits can optionally include one or more diagnostic tools, administration tools, and / or instructions. The kits can include a suitable delivery device, such as a syringe, pump dispenser, single dose packet, and the like, along with instructions for administering the peptide composition and any other therapeutic or beneficial agents. The kit may optionally include instructions for storage, reconstitution (if applicable), and administration of some or all of the therapeutic or beneficial agents contained therein. The kit may include multiple containers reflecting the number of doses to be given to a subject, or different products to be administered to a subject.

[0171] In some embodiments, the composition is configured to support the skin before, during, and after a cosmetic treatment, and also works with the skin's own natural regeneration process to help improve the appearance of the skin and the firmness of the skin. The topical composition can be applied immediately after treatment for faster recovery or for generally healthier looking skin. The composition can increase the skin's natural levels of elastin, improve the quality of existing elastin, stimulate increased collagen production, and exhibit high antioxidant activity to reduce inflammation, redness, and irritation. The topical composition is suitable for all skin types and for skin after treatment. The topical composition can be provided to the patient in bulk form so that the patient can self-administer a suitable amount of peptide. For example, the patient can apply an amount of the composition sufficient to provide a uniform coating on the affected area or as directed by a physician. In certain embodiments, it may be desirable to incorporate additional therapeutic or active agents into the topical composition. Alternatively, the adjunctive therapy or agent can be administered separately. For example, cleansers, sunscreens, sunblocks, penetrating moisturizers, and / or occlusive moisturizers can be provided to be administered before or after the topical compositions of the embodiments.

[0172] In one embodiment, a kit is provided for use in conjunction with cosmetic skin treatment as described herein.The kit may include a topical peptide composition, an occlusive moisturizer, a gentle cleanser, a penetrating moisturizer, and a broad spectrum SPF 30+ sunscreen.

[0173] Various examples of creams, ointments, lotions, solutions, gels, sprays and patches can incorporate the peptide compositions described herein as active ingredients in combination with penetration enhancers and other active agents that act synergistically on the skin to promote wound healing or wound closure or treat chronic skin wounds.

[0174] Numbered embodiments Numbered embodiment 1 includes a topical composition for improving subcutaneous bleeding after injection of a filler comprising one or more components encapsulated in liposomes: tripeptide-1; and hexapeptide-12, which improves the healing or appearance of bruising after injection of the filler. Numbered embodiment 2 includes a topical composition according to numbered embodiment 1, wherein tripeptide-1 is present at 1-10 ppm. Numbered embodiment 3 includes a topical composition according to numbered embodiments 1-2, wherein tripeptide-1 comprises palmitoyl tripeptide-1, myristoyl tripeptide-1, or a combination thereof. Numbered embodiment 4 includes a topical composition according to numbered embodiments 1-3, wherein hexapeptide-12 comprises palmitoyl hexapeptide-12, myristoyl hexapeptide-12, or a combination thereof. Numbered embodiment 5 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-4, wherein hexapeptide-12 is present at 1-10 ppm. Numbered embodiment 6 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-5, wherein a first component of the one or more components encapsulated in the liposome is hexapeptide-11. Numbered embodiment 7 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-6, wherein hexapeptide-11 is present at 50-150 ppm. Numbered embodiment 8 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-7, wherein a second component of the one or more components encapsulated in the liposome is hexapeptide-38. Numbered embodiment 9 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-8, wherein hexapeptide-38 is acetyl hexapeptide-38. Numbered embodiment 10 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-9, further comprising a tetrapeptide. Numbered embodiment 11 includes the topical compositions of numbered embodiments 1-10, wherein the tetrapeptide is tetrapeptide-2. Numbered embodiment 12 includes the topical compositions of numbered embodiments 1-11, wherein the tetrapeptide-2 is acetyl tetrapeptide-2.Numbered embodiment 13 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-12, further comprising phosphatidylserine. Numbered embodiment 14 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-13, wherein the phosphatidylserine is present at 0.050 weight percent (wt.%) or less. Numbered embodiment 15 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-14, wherein the phosphatidylserine is present in the range of about 0.005 wt.% to about 0.1 wt.%. Numbered embodiment 16 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-15, wherein the phosphatidylserine is present at 5.0 wt.% or less. Numbered embodiment 17 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-16, wherein the phosphatidylserine is present at 0.1 wt.%. Numbered embodiment 18 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-17, wherein the third component of the one or more components encapsulated in the liposome is lactoferrin. Numbered embodiment 19 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-18, wherein lactoferrin is present at 0.050 wt.% or less. Numbered embodiment 20 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-19, wherein lactoferrin is present in the range of about 0.005 wt.% to about 0.1 wt.%. Numbered embodiment 21 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-20, wherein lactoferrin is present at 5.0 wt.% or less. Numbered embodiment 22 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-21, further comprising a Ledum palustre extract. Numbered embodiment 23 includes the topical compositions of numbered embodiments 1-22, wherein the Ledum palustre extract is present in the range of about 0.1 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. Numbered embodiment 24 includes the topical compositions of numbered embodiments 1-23, further comprising a dill extract. Numbered embodiment 25 includes the topical compositions of numbered embodiments 1-24, wherein the dill extract is present in the range of about 0.01 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%.Numbered embodiment 26 includes the topical composition of numbered embodiments 1-25 further comprising hydroxymethoxyphenyldecanone. Numbered embodiment 27 includes the topical composition of numbered embodiments 1-26 further comprising hydroxymethoxyphenyldecanone in the range of about 0.001 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. Numbered embodiment 28 includes the topical composition of numbered embodiments 1-27 further comprising Tremella fuciformis extract. Numbered embodiment 29 includes the topical composition of numbered embodiments 1-28 further comprising Tremella fuciformis extract in the range of about 0.001 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. Numbered embodiment 30 includes the topical composition of numbered embodiments 1-29 further comprising sodium hyaluronic acid crosspolymer. Numbered embodiment 31 includes the topical composition of numbered embodiments 1-30, wherein the sodium hyaluronic acid crosspolymer is present in the range of about 0.0001 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. Numbered embodiment 32 includes the topical composition of numbered embodiments 1-31, further comprising xylitylglucoside, anhydrous xylitol, xylitol, or a combination thereof. Numbered embodiment 33 includes the topical composition of numbered embodiments 1-32, wherein the xylitylglucoside, anhydrous xylitol, xylitol, or a combination thereof is present in the range of about 0.25 wt.% to about 5 wt.%.Numbered embodiment 34 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-33, further comprising butylene glycol, glycerin, squalane, Dunaliella salina extract, phospholipids, tocopherol, ascorbyl palmitate, xanthan gum, betaine, propanediol, lecithin, caprylic / capric triglyceride, caprylyl glycol, caprylyl methicone, phenoxyethanol, ethylhexylglycerin, polyacrylate-13, polyisobutene, polysorbate 20, caprylhydroxamic acid, disodium EDTA, Arnica montana extract, sorbitan isostearate, pentylene glycol, glucose, sunflower seed oil, radish root ferment filtrate, potassium sorbate, or combinations thereof. Numbered embodiment 35 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-34, which are aqueous. Numbered embodiment 36 includes the topical compositions of numbered embodiments 1-35, wherein the viscosity of the topical composition ranges from about 8,000 centipoise (cps) to about 30,000 cps. Numbered embodiment 37 includes the topical compositions of numbered embodiments 1-36, wherein the filler is a soft tissue filler. Numbered embodiment 38 includes the topical compositions of numbered embodiments 1-37, wherein the filler is a dermal filler. Numbered embodiment 39 includes a topical composition for improving subcutaneous bleeding comprising one or more components encapsulated in liposomes, wherein a first component of the one or more components encapsulated in liposomes is hexapeptide-11; tripeptide-1; and hexapeptide-12, and improves the healing or appearance of bruises. Numbered embodiment 40 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-39, wherein tripeptide-1 is present at 1-10 ppm. Numbered embodiment 41 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-40, wherein tripeptide-1 comprises palmitoyl tripeptide-1, myristoyl tripeptide-1, or a combination thereof.Numbered embodiment 42 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-41, wherein hexapeptide-12 comprises palmitoyl hexapeptide-12, myristoyl hexapeptide-12, or a combination thereof. Numbered embodiment 43 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-42, wherein hexapeptide-12 is present at 1-10 ppm. Numbered embodiment 44 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-43, wherein hexapeptide-11 is present at 50-150 ppm. Numbered embodiment 45 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-44, wherein the second component of the one or more components encapsulated in the liposome is hexapeptide-38. Numbered embodiment 46 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-45, wherein hexapeptide-38 is acetyl hexapeptide-38. Numbered embodiment 47 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-46, further comprising a tetrapeptide. Numbered embodiment 49 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-48, wherein the tetrapeptide is tetrapeptide-2. Numbered embodiment 50 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-49, wherein the tetrapeptide-2 is acetyl tetrapeptide-2. Numbered embodiment 51 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-50, further comprising phosphatidylserine. Numbered embodiment 52 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-51, wherein the phosphatidylserine is present at 0.050 weight percent (wt.%) or less. Numbered embodiment 53 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-52, wherein the phosphatidylserine is present in the range of about 0.005 wt.% to about 0.1 wt.%. Numbered embodiment 54 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-53, wherein the phosphatidylserine is present at 5.0 wt.% or less. Numbered embodiment 55 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-54, wherein the phosphatidylserine is present at 0.1 wt.%.Numbered embodiment 56 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-55, wherein the third component of the one or more components encapsulated in the liposome is lactoferrin. Numbered embodiment 57 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-56, wherein lactoferrin is present at 0.050 wt.% or less. Numbered embodiment 58 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-57, wherein lactoferrin is present in the range of about 0.005 wt.% to about 0.1 wt.%. Numbered embodiment 59 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-58, wherein lactoferrin is present at 5.0 wt.% or less. Numbered embodiment 60 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-59, further comprising a Ledum palustre extract. Numbered embodiment 61 includes the topical composition of numbered embodiments 1-60, wherein the Ledum palustre extract is present in the range of about 0.1 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. Numbered embodiment 62 includes the topical composition of numbered embodiments 1-61, further comprising a dill extract. Numbered embodiment 63 includes the topical composition of numbered embodiments 1-62, wherein the dill extract is present in the range of about 0.01 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. Numbered embodiment 64 includes the topical composition of numbered embodiments 1-63, further comprising hydroxymethoxyphenyldecanone. Numbered embodiment 65 includes the topical composition of numbered embodiments 1-64, wherein hydroxymethoxyphenyldecanone is present in the range of about 0.001 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. Numbered embodiment 66 includes the topical composition of numbered embodiments 1-65, further comprising a Tremella fuciformis extract. Numbered embodiment 67 includes the topical composition of numbered embodiments 1-66, wherein the Tremella fuciformis extract is present in the range of about 0.001 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. Numbered embodiment 68 includes the topical composition of numbered embodiments 1-67, further comprising a sodium hyaluronic acid crosspolymer. Numbered embodiment 69 includes the topical composition of numbered embodiments 1-68, wherein the sodium hyaluronic acid crosspolymer is present in the range of about 0.0001 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. Numbered embodiment 70 includes the topical compositions of numbered embodiments 1-69, further comprising xylitylglucoside, anhydrousxylitol, xylitol, or a combination thereof. Numbered embodiment 71 includes the topical compositions of numbered embodiments 1-70, wherein the xylitylglucoside, anhydrousxylitol, xylitol, or a combination thereof is present in the range of about 0.25 wt.% to about 5 wt.%. Numbered embodiment 72 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-71, further comprising butylene glycol, glycerin, squalane, Dunaliella salina extract, phospholipids, tocopherol, ascorbyl palmitate, xanthan gum, betaine, propanediol, lecithin, caprylic / capric triglyceride, caprylyl glycol, caprylyl methicone, phenoxyethanol, ethylhexylglycerin, polyacrylate-13, polyisobutene, polysorbate 20, caprylhydroxamic acid, disodium EDTA, Arnica montana extract, sorbitan isostearate, pentylene glycol, glucose, sunflower seed oil, radish root ferment filtrate, potassium sorbate, or combinations thereof. Numbered embodiment 73 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-72, which are aqueous.Numbered embodiment 74 includes topical compositions of numbered embodiments 1-73, wherein the viscosity of the topical composition ranges from about 8,000 centipoise (cps) to about 30,000 cps. Numbered embodiment 75 includes topical compositions of numbered embodiments 1-74, wherein the bruising occurs after a cosmetic procedure. Numbered embodiment 76 includes topical compositions of numbered embodiments 1-75, wherein the cosmetic procedure is an injection of a filler. Numbered embodiment 77 includes topical compositions of numbered embodiments 1-76, wherein the cosmetic procedure is an injection of a neurotoxin. Numbered embodiment 78 includes topical compositions of numbered embodiments 1-77, wherein the cosmetic procedure is an invasive surgery. Numbered embodiment 79 includes topical compositions of numbered embodiments 1-78, wherein the bruising occurs after a medical procedure. Numbered embodiment 80 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-79, wherein the medical procedure is a therapeutic injection. Numbered embodiment 81 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-80, wherein the medical procedure is an intravenous injection. Numbered embodiment 82 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-81, wherein the medical procedure is an invasive surgery. Numbered embodiment 83 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-82, wherein the bruise appears after trauma. Numbered embodiment 84 includes topical compositions for rejuvenating the skin, comprising one or more peptides; and liposomes encapsulating lactoferrin, wherein the topical composition rejuvenates the skin. Numbered embodiment 85 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-84, further comprising tripeptide-1. Numbered embodiment 86 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-85, wherein the tripeptide is tripeptide-1. Numbered embodiment 87 includes the topical compositions of numbered embodiments 1-86, wherein tripeptide-1 is present at 1-10 ppm.Numbered embodiment 88 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-87, wherein tripeptide-1 comprises palmitoyl tripeptide-1, myristoyl tripeptide-1, or a combination thereof. Numbered embodiment 89 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-88, further comprising hexapeptide-12. Numbered embodiment 90 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-89, wherein hexapeptide-12 comprises palmitoyl hexapeptide-12, myristoyl hexapeptide-12, or a combination thereof. Numbered embodiment 91 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-90, wherein hexapeptide-12 is present at 1-10 ppm. Numbered embodiment 92 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-91, wherein a first peptide of the one or more peptides comprises hexapeptide-11. Numbered embodiment 93 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-92, wherein hexapeptide-11 is present at 50-150 ppm. Numbered embodiment 94 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-93, wherein the second peptide of the one or more peptides comprises hexapeptide-38. Numbered embodiment 95 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-94, wherein hexapeptide-38 is acetyl hexapeptide-38. Numbered embodiment 96 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-95, further comprising a tetrapeptide. Numbered embodiment 97 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-96, wherein the tetrapeptide is tetrapeptide-2. Numbered embodiment 98 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-97, wherein the tetrapeptide is acetyl tetrapeptide-2. Numbered embodiment 99 includes the topical compositions of numbered embodiments 1-98, further comprising phosphatidylserine. Numbered embodiment 100 includes the topical compositions of numbered embodiments 1-99, wherein phosphatidylserine is present at 0.050 weight percent (wt.%) or less.Numbered embodiment 101 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-100, wherein phosphatidylserine is present in the range of about 0.005 wt.% to about 0.1 wt.%. Numbered embodiment 102 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-101, wherein phosphatidylserine is present at 5.0 wt.% or less. Numbered embodiment 103 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-102, wherein phosphatidylserine is present at 0.1 wt.%. Numbered embodiment 104 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-103, wherein lactoferrin is present at 0.050 wt.% or less. Numbered embodiment 105 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-104, wherein lactoferrin is present at 0.005 wt.% to about 0.1 wt.%. Numbered embodiment 106 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-105, wherein lactoferrin is present at 5.0 wt.% or less. Numbered embodiment 107 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-106, further comprising a Ledum palustre extract. Numbered embodiment 108 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-107, wherein the Ledum palustre extract is present in the range of about 0.1 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. Numbered embodiment 109 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-108, further comprising a dill extract. Numbered embodiment 110 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-109, wherein the dill extract is present in the range of about 0.01 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. Numbered embodiment 111 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-110, further comprising hydroxymethoxyphenyldecanone. Numbered embodiment 112 includes the topical compositions of numbered embodiments 1-111, wherein hydroxymethoxyphenyldecanone is present in the range of about 0.001 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. Numbered embodiment 113 includes the topical compositions of numbered embodiments 1-112, further comprising a Tremella fuciformis extract.Numbered embodiment 114 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-113, wherein the Tremella fuciformis extract is present in the range of about 0.001 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. Numbered embodiment 115 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-114, further comprising sodium hyaluronic acid crosspolymer. Numbered embodiment 116 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-114, wherein the sodium hyaluronic acid crosspolymer is present in the range of about 0.0001 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. Numbered embodiment 116 includes topical compositions according to numbered embodiments 1-115, further comprising xylitylglucoside, anhydrous xylitol, xylitol, or a combination thereof. Numbered embodiment 117 includes the topical compositions of numbered embodiments 1-116, wherein the xylitylglucoside, anhydrous xylitol, xylitol, or combinations thereof are present in the range of about 0.25 wt.% to about 5 wt.%. Numbered embodiment 118 includes the topical composition of numbered embodiments 1-117, further comprising butylene glycol, glycerin, squalane, Dunaliella salina extract, phospholipids, tocopherol, ascorbyl palmitate, xanthan gum, betaine, propanediol, lecithin, caprylic / capric triglyceride, caprylyl glycol, caprylyl methicone, phenoxyethanol, ethylhexylglycerin, polyacrylate-13, polyisobutene, polysorbate 20, caprylhydroxamic acid, disodium EDTA, Arnica montana extract, sorbitan isostearate, pentylene glycol, glucose, sunflower seed oil, radish root ferment filtrate, potassium sorbate, or a combination thereof. Numbered embodiment 119 includes the topical composition of numbered embodiments 1-118, which is aqueous. Numbered embodiment 120 includes the topical composition of numbered embodiments 1-119, wherein the viscosity of the topical composition ranges from about 8,000 centipoise (cps) to about 30,000 cps.Numbered embodiment 121 includes a method for ameliorating bruising in an individual comprising administering a topical composition according to numbered embodiments 1-120. Numbered embodiment 122 includes a method according to numbered embodiments 1-121, which improves bruising by at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or more than 90%. Numbered embodiment 123 includes a method according to numbered embodiments 1-122, which improves bruising by at least about 0.5-fold, 1.0-fold, 1.5-fold, 2.0-fold, 2.5-fold, 3.0-fold, 3.5-fold, 4.0-fold, 5.0-fold, 6.0-fold, 7.0-fold, 8.0-fold, 9.0-fold, 10-fold, or more than 10-fold. Numbered embodiment 124 includes the method of numbered embodiments 1-123, wherein the bruising is improved at least one day after administering the topical composition. Numbered embodiment 125 includes the method of numbered embodiments 1-124, wherein the bruising is improved at least two days after administering the topical composition. Numbered embodiment 126 includes the topical composition of numbered embodiments 1-125, wherein the bruising improvement comprises accelerating the healing of a bruise, reducing the size of a bruise, reducing skin discoloration, reducing swelling, or a combination thereof. Numbered embodiment 127 includes a method for improving macrophage function in an individual, comprising administering a topical composition of any one of numbered embodiments 1-126. Numbered embodiment 128 includes the method of numbered embodiments 1-127, wherein the bruising improvement comprises improving phagocytosis. Numbered embodiment 129 includes methods of numbered embodiments 1-128, where the improvement in macrophage function includes improvement in hemosiderin clearance. Numbered embodiment 130 includes methods of numbered embodiments 1-129, where the improvement in macrophage function is at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or more than 90%. Numbered embodiment 131 includes methods of numbered embodiments 1-130, where the improvement in macrophage function is at least about 0.5-fold, 1.0-fold, 1.5-fold, 2.0-fold, 2.5-fold, 3.0-fold, 3.5-fold, 4.0-fold, 5.0-fold, 6.0-fold, 7.0-fold, 8.0-fold, 9.0-fold, 10-fold, or more than 10-fold. Numbered embodiment 132 includes a method for stimulating production of elastin, collagen, or a combination thereof in an individual comprising administering a topical composition described in numbered embodiments 1-131.Numbered embodiment 133 includes methods of numbered embodiments 1-132 that stimulate production of elastin, collagen, or a combination thereof by at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or more than 90%. Numbered embodiment 134 includes methods of numbered embodiments 1-133 that stimulate production of elastin, collagen, or a combination thereof by at least about 0.5-fold, 1.0-fold, 1.5-fold, 2.0-fold, 2.5-fold, 3.0-fold, 3.5-fold, 4.0-fold, 5.0-fold, 6.0-fold, 7.0-fold, 8.0-fold, 9.0-fold, 10-fold, or more than 10-fold. Numbered embodiment 135 includes a method for stimulating endogenous hyaluronic acid production in an individual comprising administering a topical composition according to numbered embodiments 1 to 134. Numbered embodiment 136 includes a method according to numbered embodiments 1 to 135, which stimulates endogenous hyaluronic acid production by at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or more than 90%. Numbered embodiment 137 includes a method according to numbered embodiments 1 to 136, which stimulates endogenous hyaluronic acid production by at least about 0.5-fold, 1.0-fold, 1.5-fold, 2.0-fold, 2.5-fold, 3.0-fold, 3.5-fold, 4.0-fold, 5.0-fold, 6.0-fold, 7.0-fold, 8.0-fold, 9.0-fold, 10-fold, or more than 10-fold. Numbered embodiment 138 includes a method for increasing adipogenesis in an individual comprising administering a topical composition according to numbered embodiments 1-137. Numbered embodiment 139 includes a method according to numbered embodiments 1-138 that increases adipogenesis by at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or more than 90%. Numbered embodiment 140 includes a method according to numbered embodiments 1-139 that increases adipogenesis by at least about 0.5-fold, 1.0-fold, 1.5-fold, 2.0-fold, 2.5-fold, 3.0-fold, 3.5-fold, 4.0-fold, 5.0-fold, 6.0-fold, 7.0-fold, 8.0-fold, 9.0-fold, 10-fold, or more than 10-fold.Numbered embodiment 141 includes a method for reducing inflammation in an individual comprising administering a topical composition according to numbered embodiments 1-140. Numbered embodiment 142 includes a method according to numbered embodiments 1-141, which reduces inflammation by at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or more than 90%. Numbered embodiment 143 includes a method according to numbered embodiments 1-142, which reduces inflammation by at least about 0.5-fold, 1.0-fold, 1.5-fold, 2.0-fold, 2.5-fold, 3.0-fold, 3.5-fold, 4.0-fold, 5.0-fold, 6.0-fold, 7.0-fold, 8.0-fold, 9.0-fold, 10-fold, or more than 10-fold. Numbered embodiment 144 includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-143, where the topical composition is administered after the cosmetic treatment. Numbered embodiment 145 includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-144, where the topical composition is administered before the cosmetic treatment. Numbered embodiment 146 includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-145, where the cosmetic treatment comprises an injection of a filler. Numbered embodiment 147 includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-146, where the filler is a soft tissue filler. Numbered embodiment 148 includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-147, where the filler is a dermal filler. Numbered embodiment 149 includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-148, where the cosmetic treatment comprises a microneedle treatment. Numbered embodiment 150 includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-149, where the microneedle treatment comprises a radiofrequency microneedle treatment. Numbered embodiment 151 includes methods of numbered embodiments 1-150, where the topical composition is administered at least one day prior to the microneedle treatment. Numbered embodiment 152 includes methods of numbered embodiments 1-151, where the topical composition is administered at least one week prior to the microneedle treatment. Numbered embodiment 153 includes methods of numbered embodiments 1-152, where the topical composition is administered at least two weeks prior to the microneedle treatment.Numbered embodiment 154 includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-153, where the topical composition is administered at least one day after the microneedle treatment. Numbered embodiment 155 includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-154, where the topical composition is administered at least one week after the microneedle treatment. Numbered embodiment 156 includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-155, where the topical composition is administered at least two weeks after the microneedle treatment. Numbered embodiment 157 includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-156, where the topical composition is administered immediately before the injection of the filler. Numbered embodiment 158 ​​includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-157, where the topical composition is administered at least one day before the injection of the filler. Numbered embodiment 159 includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-158, where the topical composition is administered at least one week before the injection of the filler. Numbered embodiment 160 includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-159, where the topical composition is administered at least two weeks prior to injection of the filler. Numbered embodiment 161 includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-160, where the topical composition is administered immediately after injection of the filler. Numbered embodiment 162 includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-161, where the topical composition is administered at least one day after injection of the filler. Numbered embodiment 163 includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-162, where the topical composition is administered at least one week after injection of the filler. Numbered embodiment 164 includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-163, where the topical composition is administered at least two weeks after injection of the filler. Numbered embodiment 165 includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-164, where the cosmetic treatment is an injection of a neurotoxin. Numbered embodiment 166 includes methods of numbered embodiments 1-165, where the cosmetic procedure is invasive surgery. Numbered embodiment 167 includes methods of numbered embodiments 1-166, where the topical composition is administered after a medical procedure.Numbered embodiment 168 includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-167, where the topical composition is administered prior to a medical procedure. Numbered embodiment 169 includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-168, where the medical procedure is a therapeutic injection. Numbered embodiment 170 includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-169, where the medical procedure is an intravenous injection. Numbered embodiment 171 includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-170, where the medical procedure is an invasive surgery. Numbered embodiment 172 includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-171, where the topical composition is administered after trauma. Numbered embodiment 173 includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-172, where the topical composition is administered prior to trauma. Numbered embodiment 174 includes the methods of numbered embodiments 1-173, where the topical composition is administered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 times per day. Numbered embodiment 175 includes methods of numbered embodiments 1-174, where the topical composition is administered four times daily. Numbered embodiment 176 includes methods of numbered embodiments 1-175, where the individual is a human.

[0175] Working Example The following examples are provided for the purpose of illustrating various embodiments of the present disclosure and are not intended to limit the disclosure in any manner. The examples, together with the methods described herein, are representative of currently preferred embodiments and are exemplary and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Modifications therein and other uses encompassed by the spirit of the disclosure as defined by the scope of the claims will occur to those skilled in the art. EXAMPLES

[0176] Exemplary Compositions Exemplary compositions are shown in Table 1.

[0177] [Table 1] EXAMPLES

[0178] Macrophage phagocytosis of red blood cells Macrophage phagocytosis of red blood cells was measured to determine the effect of peptides and various reagents on hemosiderin clearance.

[0179] FIG. 1A shows a schematic of the macrophage phagocytosis assay. The assay was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions (Cell BioLabs, Inc.). The macrophages used were RAW-Difluo mLC3 autophagy reporter cells. Human red blood cells (RBCs) were obtained from ZenBio (catalog number SER-10MLRBC). In brief, 24 hours prior to the assay, macrophages were plated in 96-well plates. One plate was plated with 12,500 macrophages and the second plate was plated with 25,000 macrophages. On the day of the assay, human red blood cells (RBCs) were opsonized with human RBC antibodies. As a negative control, sheep RBCs were opsonized with human RBC antibodies. The medium was then replaced with either peptide or no peptide. Blood was added to the plates at an RBC to macrophage ratio of 200:1. Phagocytosis was measured starting 2 h after blood addition. Media and blood were removed from the wells of the plate. The plate was washed once with RBC lysis buffer to remove non-phagocytosed RBCs, followed by two washes with PBS. Macrophage lysis buffer was then added to the plate, and the lysed solution was transferred to a 96-well plate. Substrate solution for detecting heme was added to the 96-well plate, and absorbance was recorded at 1, 5, 10, and 20 min. Figure 1B-1C show images of macrophage phagocytosis before red blood cell (RBC) washout (Figure 1B) and after RBC washout (Figure 1C). Arrows indicate macrophages containing RBCs (open circles). Macrophages without RBCs are seen as dark central nuclei.

[0180] The assay was validated and the data can be seen in Figure 2. Figure 2 shows the following groups: untreated positive control, untreated negative control, hexapeptide-11 (Hex11-peptide), hexapeptide-12 (Hex12-peptide), tripeptide-1 (Tri-peptide), Oct-peptide, and blood only. The untreated positive control consisted of macrophages and human blood (human antibodies). The untreated negative control consisted of macrophages and human blood (sheep antibodies). Peptide treatments (hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, tripeptide-1, and Oct-peptide) were performed using macrophages and human blood (human antibodies). A blood-only treatment without macrophages was performed to assess the efficiency of RBC washout. Two hours after RBC addition, the absorbance was recorded. As can be seen in Figure 2, the untreated negative control was half of the untreated positive control. Furthermore, as can be seen in FIG. 2, the RBC wash step removed almost all of the non-phagocytosed blood.

[0181] A red blood cell (RBC) curve was run to quantify the number of RBCs phagocytosed in the assay, which was used to estimate the number of RBCs from the absorbance values ​​(Figures 3A-3B). Figure 3A shows a graph of the RBC standard curve with absorbance on the y-axis and the number of RBCs on the x-axis. Figure 3B shows a graph of the RBC standard curve (log2) with absorbance (log2) on the y-axis and the number of RBCs (log2) on the x-axis.

[0182] A time course was performed to determine the time to study phagocytosis. Figure 4 shows a graph of absorbance of untreated control samples with absorbance on the y-axis and time (24 hours, 48 ​​hours, and 72 hours) on the x-axis. At 24 hours, most red blood cells (RBCs) were phagocytosed. At 48 hours, almost all RBCs were phagocytosed and began to be degraded. At 72 hours, all RBCs were phagocytosed and degraded. Therefore, 24 hours was chosen for subsequent experiments.

[0183] Phagocytosis after various treatments Phagocytosis of red blood cells (RBC) was performed after various treatments. Briefly, 25,000 macrophages were plated in 96-well plates 24 hours prior to the phagocytosis assay. On the day of the assay, the medium was replaced with the various peptide or compound treatments. RBCs were then added to the macrophages at a RBC to macrophage ratio of 100:1. The cells were then incubated at 37°C with 5% CO2. After 24 hours, non-phagocytosed RBCs were washed away, macrophages were lysed, and heme assay substrate was added to detect absorbed RBC / heme after 15 minutes. The peptide concentrations included the following: tripeptide-1 at 2.9ug / mL, hexapeptide-11 at 100ug / mL, and hexapeptide-12 at 2.9ug / mL. Comparisons of lactoferrin and phosphatidylserine were performed against the untreated (NT) PBS control. Each increment of 0.1 on the y-axis represents a 10% increase in the efficacy of macrophage function and a significant increase in RBC phagocytosis.

[0184] Figure 5 shows the time course of phagocytosis after various treatments. Treatments included: no treatment (NT), tripeptide-1 (Tri), hexapeptide-11 (Hex11), hexapeptide-12 (Hex12), tripeptide-1 and hexapeptide-11 (Tri+Hex11), and tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, and hexapeptide-12 (Tri+Hex11+Hex12). Time courses were run for 24 hours (1d, black bars), 48 hours (2d, white bars), and 72 hours (3d, horizontal bars). At 24 hours, peptide combination treatment showed the highest increase in phagocytosis. The 24 hour time point was used for the experiments described below.

[0185] Next, the effect of various peptide treatments on phagocytosis was determined. Figure 6 shows various peptide treatments on phagocytosis, including untreated (NT, white bars), tripeptide-1 (Tri, black bars), hexapeptide-11 (Hex11, black bars), hexapeptide-12 (Hex12, black bars), tripeptide-1 and hexapeptide-11 (Tri+Hex11, horizontal bars), and tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, and hexapeptide-12 (Tri+Hex11+Hex12, horizontal bars). As seen in Figure 6, single peptide treatments (tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, and hexapeptide-12) showed reduced or no change in phagocytosis compared to the NT control. Tripeptide-1 and hexapeptide-11 treatment, as well as tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, and hexapeptide-12 treatment, resulted in an increased efficacy of approximately 15% (3- to 4-fold change) compared to the single peptide treatments, indicating a synergistic effect of the peptide combinations in macrophage phagocytosis of red blood cells and abolishing subcutaneous bleeding.

[0186] The effect of phosphatidylserine was also determined. Figure 7 shows the effect of phosphatidylserine on the cellular metabolism of 10 ug / mL of untreated (NT), tripeptide-1 (Tri), hexapeptide-11 (Hex11), hexapeptide-12 (Hex12), tripeptide-1 and hexapeptide-11 (Tri+Hex11), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, and hexapeptide-12 (Tri+Hex11+Hex12), phosphatidylserine at 10 ug / mL (PS_10 ug / mL), phosphatidylserine at 50 ug / mL (PS_50 ug / mL), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and 10 ug / mL of phosphatidylserine. 1 shows the effects of tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and phosphatidylserine at 50 ug / mL (Pep_PS_50 ug / mL), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and phosphatidylserine at 100 ug / mL (Pep_PS_100 ug / mL), and tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and phosphatidylserine at 500 ug / mL (Pep_PS_500 ug / mL). As seen in FIG. 7, the tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and 50ug / mL phosphatidylserine treatments, and the tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and 500ug / mL phosphatidylserine treatments showed a significant increase over the single peptide treatments. The increase for the tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, and hexapeptide-12 treatments was 1.15. The increase for the tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and 50ug / mL phosphatidylserine treatments was 1.30. The increase for the tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and 500ug / mL phosphatidylserine treatments was 1.40.Tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and 50ug / mL phosphatidylserine treatment, and tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and 500ug / mL phosphatidylserine treatment resulted in 2- to 3-fold efficacy over the single peptide treatments and 4-fold efficacy over the NT control.

[0187] The effect of lactoferrin was determined. Figure 8 shows the effect of lactoferrin on the motility of mice treated with untreated (NT), tripeptide-1 (Tri), hexapeptide-11 (Hex11), hexapeptide-12 (Hex12), tripeptide-1 and hexapeptide-11 (Tri+Hex11), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, and hexapeptide-12 (Tri+Hex11+Hex12), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and 10ug / mL lactoferrin (Pep_Lac_10ug / mL), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and 50ug / mL lactoferrin (Pep_Lac_50ug / mL), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and 100ug / mL lactoferrin (Pep+Lac 100ug / mL), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and 500ug / mL lactoferrin (Pep_Lac_500ug / mL), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, 500ug / mL phosphatidylserine and 50ug / mL lactoferrin (Pep+PS+Lac50ug / mL), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, 500ug / mL phosphatidylserine and 100ug / mL lactoferrin (Pep+PS+Lac100ug / mL), and tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, 500ug / mL phosphatidylserine, and 500ug / mL lactoferrin (Pep+PS+Lac500ug / mL). As seen in Figure 8, tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and 50ug / mL lactoferrin increased phagocytosis by approximately 30% over tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, and hexapeptide-12 treatments, and by 45-50% (4.5-5 fold efficacy) over the NT control. Tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and 500ug / mL lactoferrin treatment increased efficacy by approximately 20% compared to the NT control.Treatment with tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, phosphatidylserine at 500 ug / mL, and lactoferrin at 500 ug / mL also increased efficacy by approximately 45% compared to the NT control.

[0188] The effect of hydroxysuccinimide was determined. Figure 9 shows the effect of untreated (NT), tripeptide-1 (Tri), hexapeptide-11 (Hex11), hexapeptide-12 (Hex12), tripeptide-1 and hexapeptide-11 (Tri+Hex11), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, and hexapeptide-12 (Tri+Hex11+Hex12), 1 mg / mL hydroxysuccinimide (HS_1 mg / mL), 2 mg / mL hydroxysuccinimide (HS_2 mg / mL), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and 1 mg / mL hydroxysuccinimide (Pep_HS_1 mg / mL), and tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, and 2 mg / mL hydroxysuccinimide (Pep_HS_2 mg / mL). As can be seen in FIG. 9, hydroxysuccinimide treatment shows little to no change in phagocytosis.

[0189] The effects of tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, phosphatidylserine, and lactoferrin on phagocytosis were determined. FIG. 10 shows the effect of no treatment (NT), tripeptide-1 (Tri), hexapeptide-11 (Hex11), hexapeptide-12 (Hex12), tripeptide-1 and hexapeptide-11 (Tri+Hex11), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, and hexapeptide-12 (Tri+Hex11+Hex12), tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12 and 500ug / mL phosphatidylserine (Pep_PS_500ug / mL), and tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, 500ug / mL phosphatidylserine, and 500ug / mL lactoferrin (Pep+PS+Lac500ug / mL). As seen in Figure 10, the peptide combination (Tri+Hex11+Hex12) increased efficacy (15% increase over control). The addition of phosphatidylserine (Pep_PS_500ug / mL) demonstrated a 30% increase over control. Tripeptide-1, hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-12, 500ug / mL phosphatidylserine, and 500ug / mL lactoferrin treatment increased macrophage phagocytosis efficacy by approximately 47% and increased efficiency by approximately 300% over the peptide combination alone. EXAMPLES

[0190] Clinical trial evaluating improvement of subcutaneous bleeding The effect of the composition of Table 1 is evaluated in subjects after injection of dermal filler. Twenty subjects are selected to participate in the study. The exclusion and inclusion criteria are shown in Table 2.

[0191] [Table 2]

[0192] Each subject receives two cosmetic injections of BOTOX®, the first on a first side of the affected facial area and the second on a second side of the affected facial area. After two weeks, subjects apply the composition of Table 1 twice daily. Evaluations are performed at weeks 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12. Subject improvement is determined using the Physician Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (PGAIS). EXAMPLES

[0193] A Multicenter, Double-Blind Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of a Topical Product for the Treatment of Bruises The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a topical product containing the formulations described in Table 1 in resolving bruises compared to a mild moisturizer.

[0194] The study duration is 3 months. Approximately 10 subjects will be enrolled per center, with up to 3 centers participating. Subjects will include healthy male and female subjects aged 18 years or older. Inclusion and exclusion criteria are listed in Table 3.

[0195] [Table 3]

[0196] The study consists of a screening visit, one laser induction treatment visit, and follow-up visits at days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 14 after the contusion. Subjects who elect to have biopsies will return at a designated time point after the first biopsy for a second set of biopsies. Subjects may consent to the study up to 30 days prior to Visit 1.

[0197] Visit 1 procedures consist of: completion of ICF, demographics, medical / dermatological history, and review of study criteria. If the subject is eligible for the study, the subject will undergo a laser procedure on the left and right inner arms to induce bruising. Standard photographs will be taken before and after the formation of bruises on each arm. Subjects will be randomized to receive either a topical bruising product or a mild moisturizer on the right or left arm. Subjects will use the topical product on their designated arm twice daily. Subjects undergoing a forearm biopsy will have their randomized designated product applied to their forearm twice daily.

[0198] At follow-up days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 14, subjects return to the clinic and are questioned about changes in health status since the previous visit. Subject and investigator assessments are completed. Standardized photographs are completed.

[0199] At week 2, the two subjects who elected to have a forearm biopsy will return to the office for a second biopsy and then return for suture removal following the first biopsy.

[0200] Study measures of efficacy include standardized photography, biopsies, and subject satisfaction questionnaires. Standardized photographs are taken before and after every visit and procedure. These photographs are used for comparative assessment of bruising. Biopsies are taken from two random patients who consent to forearm biopsies at visit 1 and two weeks after topical product use. Specimens are examined by a blinded dermatology clinician. Subjects assess their satisfaction with the product and delivery using a subject satisfaction questionnaire. Further safety is determined by recording the number of adverse events (AEs) per event schedule.

[0201] Efficacy measures will include co-primary efficacy endpoints, including Global Improvement of Bruising between the Arms. Secondary efficacy endpoints will also be measured. Secondary efficacy endpoints will include change from baseline in skin pathology, dermal changes from skin biopsies, and subject satisfaction questionnaire at end of study. Safety endpoints will be measured, including incidence (severity and causality) of local and systemic adverse events (AEs). EXAMPLES

[0202] Clinical evaluation of the efficacy of topical products to treat bruising after cosmetic injections The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of topical products containing the formulations described in Table 1 in resolving bruising following cosmetic injections.

[0203] The duration of the study is 3 months. Approximately 50 subjects will be enrolled. Subjects will include healthy male and female subjects aged 18 years or older. Inclusion and exclusion criteria are listed in Table 4.

[0204] [Table 4]

[0205] The study consists of a treatment visit on Day 1 and follow-up visits on Days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 14. Subjects can consent to the study up to 30 days prior to Day 1.

[0206] Day 1 procedures consist of: completion of ICF, demographics, medical / dermatological history. Subjects will receive the selected cosmetic injectable as determined by the investigator and subject. Standard photographs will be taken following bruising. Subjects will be randomized to apply topical bruising product to either the left or right side of the face. Subjects will use topical product twice daily on designated bruises.

[0207] Day 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 14 Follow-up: Subjects return to the clinic and are questioned about any changes in their health since their previous visit. Standardized photographs of the bruises are completed.

[0208] Study measurements include efficacy and safety measures. Efficacy will be determined using standardized photographs and a subject satisfaction questionnaire. Standardized photographs will be taken at all visits and post-treatment. These photographs will be used for comparative assessment of bruising. Using the subject satisfaction questionnaire, subjects will assess their satisfaction with the product and delivery. Safety measures will include recording adverse events (AEs) per event schedule.

[0209] Study efficacy will be determined using primary and secondary efficacy endpoints. Primary efficacy endpoints include overall improvement in treated bruising compared to untreated. Secondary efficacy endpoints include subject satisfaction questionnaires at the end of the study. Safety endpoints will also be measured as the incidence (severity and causality) of local and systemic adverse events (AEs). EXAMPLES

[0210] Preparation of liposomal compositions As seen in Figure 11A, liposome formulations were prepared according to the schematic diagram. Figure 11A shows various methods for making liposomes, including encapsulation of water-soluble components, encapsulation of fat-soluble components, and encapsulation of fat-soluble and water-soluble components. Figure 11B shows a schematic diagram of liposome formation. As seen in Figure 12, liposomes were observed after the liposome suspension process production. EXAMPLES

[0211] Efficacy of the liposomal composition The effectiveness of the liposomal compositions was tested for bioavailability and skin penetration.

[0212] Aqueous suspensions of liposomes were prepared with 1.5% hydrophilic molecule A or 300 ppm (0.03%) hydrophilic molecule B, and 27% Pro-Lipo™ Neo. Molecule A was caffeine with a molecular weight of 194.2 g / mol and a permeation capacity of -0.07 log Kow. Molecule B was a hexapeptide (Hexapeptide-38) with a molecular weight (870 g / mol) and a permeation capacity of -1.13 log Kow. Aqueous solutions containing 1.5% A or 300 ppm B were used as controls (non-encapsulated molecules).

[0213] Using the Franz cell method, 10 mg / cm 2 A dose of 100 mg / kg was applied to the skin explants. The kinetics of the molecules passing through the skin explants was measured for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the molecule content was measured in each skin compartment, including the stratum corneum, epidermis, dermis, and receptor fluid.

[0214] 13A-13B show graphs of the diffusion of molecule A through human skin (FIG. 13A) and the skin distribution of molecule A (FIG. 13B). As seen in FIG. 13A, molecule A formulated in liposomes was 2.5 times more effective and 1.6 times faster than the non-encapsulated molecule. As seen in FIG. 13B, molecule A formulated in liposomes was 2.4 times more effective in terms of total bioavailability after 24 hours. Molecule B formulated in liposomes also showed increased bioavailability as seen by a 2.5-fold increase in the skin distribution of molecule B after 24 hours (FIG. 13C). EXAMPLES

[0215] Particle size of liposomal acetyl hexapeptide 38 The particle size of liposomal acetyl hexapeptide 38 was determined.

[0216] 100 uL of liposomal acetyl hexapeptide 38 was dissolved in 15 mL of water. Assay information for the two experiments can be seen in Table 5.

[0217] [Table 5]

[0218] The results of the experiments can be seen in Tables 6-8 and Figures 14A-14D.

[0219] [Table 6]

[0220] [Table 7]

[0221] [Table 8]

[0222] As can be seen in Tables 6-8 and Figures 14A-14D, a liposomal acetyl hexapeptide-38 composition was produced with a particle size of 184.7 nanometers (nm). EXAMPLES

[0223] Exemplary Formulations Exemplary liposomal formulations are found in Table 9.

[0224] [Table 9] EXAMPLES

[0225] In vivo test of subcutaneous hemorrhage recovery Test Design A two-center, randomized, double-blind study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a topical product formulated to increase clearance of blood products that manifest as bruises. The study investigated the ability of a topical product containing the formulation described in Table 9 to improve the appearance of bruises compared to a mild moisturizer. Eighteen subjects were recruited into the study, and 16 subjects (32 bruises) completed the study.

[0226] Eligible subjects underwent induced contusion in both arms via mechanical disruption of the vessels, venipuncture, as in blood sampling (group 1), or via blood withdrawal and subcutaneous reinjection of 0.1 mL in the proximal medial forearm just distal to the antecubital fossa.

[0227] Subjects were randomized to receive a topical product and a mild moisturizer on their designated arm for use at least four times daily. One arm received the topical product on the bruise four times daily, and the other arm received a mild moisturizer (Cetaphil lotion) four times daily. Subjects were screened and attended a treatment (day 0) visit and follow-up visits on days 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7. Two subjects consented to forearm biopsies on day 0, pre-treatment, and days 12 / 20 post-treatment. Skin colorimetry (Skin ColorCatch) was performed three times per visit, and clinical changes in the bruises were photographically documented.

[0228] Endpoints evaluated included overall improvement in the appearance of bruising between the arms as measured by Skin Color Catch.

[0229] result Eighteen subjects were recruited to the study, and two subjects dropped out of the analysis due to not completing the study with enough data points, so 16 subjects (32 bruises) completed the study. Objective assessment using colorimetry (SkinColorCatch, Delfin Technologies, Kuopio, Finland) was performed. Measurements of the intensity of the blue / yellow channel were taken at all time points. This score was then compared to the baseline score before the bruise was created, and the difference between the blue intensity and the original clear skin was compared between the two groups, providing information on the healing of the bruise. To ensure the comparability of both groups, the scores immediately after the bruise were determined to be equivalent, as shown in Figure 15A.

[0230] The two models showed slight variation. Bruising appeared after a slight delay with subcutaneous injection; thus, days 3 and 7 for this group were comparable to days 2 and 6 for the blood sampling group. The data indicate that a "tipping point" occurred on days 2 / 3, where the color intensity of the experimental test product was significantly improved over the comparator. 81% of subjects who applied the topical product had less bruising on days 2 / 3 compared to the mild moisturizer, with a 72% improvement in purple intensity score, indicating that the topical product expedited recovery of bruising, as seen in Figures 15A-15G.

[0231] As seen in Figures 15A-15G, in many cases a transition from blue to red was observed in the experimental groups that received the topical product prior to recovery (e.g., day 3 in Figure 15G for the topical product group). The topical product promoted the efficiency of macrophages (as verified in vitro) to absorb the dye, leaving behind a red residual pigment that recovered very quickly.

[0232] Swelling was also measured. Subjects underwent the Profound radio frequency (RF) microneedling procedure and received either a topical product containing the formulations listed in Table 9 or a mild moisturizer. A split face case study was used to compare the topical product to the mild moisturizer. Measurements were taken using a Quantificare 3-D volumetric camera. Red indicates greater volume / swelling compared to baseline. Data can be seen in Figures 16A-16B.

[0233] As seen in Figure 16C, application of the topical product (right side of each image) for 8 days reduced subcutaneous bleeding and swelling in subjects treated with radiofrequency (RF) microneedles. As seen in Figure 16D, application of the topical product also reduced senile purpura.

[0234] Molecular changes were also observed. As seen in FIG. 16E, Herovici staining (40x magnification) shows new mucopolysaccharide formation (indicated by blue areas in the papillary dermis). The left panel is before treatment and the right panel is after 2 weeks of topical product use. As seen in FIG. 16F, brown fibrillin staining (10x magnification) shows regeneration of elastin fibers. The left panel is before treatment and the right panel is after 2 weeks of topical product use.

[0235] conclusion The data demonstrates improved healing of subcutaneous bleeding using topical products. EXAMPLES

[0236] In vitro antibacterial efficacy of topical products Antimicrobial efficacy testing was performed using a topical product having the formulation in Table 9. As can be seen from the data in Figure 17, bacteria, yeast, and mold were completely eradicated using the topical product. The topical product was determined to meet the USP acceptance criteria for Category 2 Antimicrobial Effectiveness testing.

[0237] Although preferred embodiments of the present disclosure have been shown and described herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the present disclosure. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the present disclosure described herein can be used in implementing the present disclosure. The following claims define the scope of the present disclosure, and it is intended that methods and structures within the scope of these claims, and their equivalents, be covered thereby.

Claims

1. 1. A topical composition for improving the healing or appearance of a bruise, the topical composition comprising: 1 to 50 ppm of tripeptide-1; 50 to 200 ppm of hexapeptide-11; Including, The topical composition increases macrophage phagocytic removal of red blood cells in a contusion wound.

2. 2. The topical composition of claim 1, wherein tripeptide-1 is present at 1 to 10 ppm.

3. Tripeptide-1: Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1, Myristoyl Tripeptide-1 10. The topical composition of claim 1, comprising:

4. 2. The topical composition of claim 1, wherein hexapeptide-11 is present at 50 to 150 ppm.

5. 10. The topical composition of claim 1, further comprising hexapeptide-12.

6. Hexapeptide-12 is palmitoyl hexapeptide-12, myristoyl hexapeptide The topical composition of claim 5, comprising peptide-12, or a combination thereof.

7. The topical composition of claim 5, wherein hexapeptide-12 is present at 1 to 10 ppm. 。

8. 10. The topical composition of claim 1, further comprising hexapeptide-38, tetrapeptide-2, phosphatidylserine, lactoferrin, or any combination thereof.

9. 9. The topical composition of claim 8, wherein the hexapeptide-11, hexapeptide-38, tetrapeptide-2, lactoferrin, phosphatidylserine, or any combination thereof is encapsulated in a liposome.

10. 10. The topical composition of claim 1, further comprising phosphatidylserine present in the range of about 0.005 wt.% to about 5.0 wt.%.

11. 10. The topical composition of claim 1, further comprising lactoferrin present in the range of about 0.005 wt.% to about 5.0 wt.%.

12. 10. The topical composition of claim 1, further comprising an extract of Ledum palustre.

13. 10. The topical composition of claim 1, further comprising an extract of Arnica montana.

14. 10. The topical composition of claim 1, further comprising dill extract, Tremella fuciformis extract, butylene glycol, glycerin, squalane, Dunaliella salina extract, phospholipids, tocopherol, ascorbyl palmitate, xanthan gum, betaine, propanediol, lecithin, caprylic / capric triglyceride, caprylyl glycol, caprylyl methicone, phenoxyethanol, ethylhexylglycerin, polyacrylate-13, polyisobutene, polysorbate 20, caprylhydroxamic acid, disodium EDTA, sorbitan isostearate, pentylene glycol, glucose, sunflower seed oil, radish root ferment filtrate, potassium sorbate, sodium hyaluronate crosspolymer, xylitylglucoside, anhydrous xylitol, xylitol, hydroxymethoxyphenyldecanone, or combinations thereof.

15. 10. The topical composition of claim 1, wherein the topical composition improves the healing or appearance of bruises or rejuvenates the skin.

16. 16. A topical composition for use in an individual to ameliorate subcutaneous bleeding, improve macrophage function, stimulate elastin production, stimulate collagen production, stimulate endogenous hyaluronic acid production, increase adipogenesis, reduce inflammation, improve bruise healing or appearance, rejuvenate the skin, increase macrophage phagocytic removal of red blood cells in bruises, or combinations thereof, wherein the topical composition is a topical composition according to any one of claims 1 to 15.

17. 17. The topical composition of claim 16, wherein the topical composition is administered following a cosmetic procedure, a medical procedure, or trauma.

18. 17. The topical composition of claim 16, wherein the topical composition is administered prior to a cosmetic procedure, a medical procedure, or trauma.

19. 17. The topical composition of claim 16, wherein the cosmetic treatment comprises a filler injection, a microneedle treatment, an injection of a neurotoxin, or an invasive surgery, or the medical treatment is a therapeutic injection, an intravenous injection, or an invasive surgery.

20. 16. Use of a topical composition according to any one of claims 1 to 15 for the manufacture of a medicament for ameliorating subcutaneous bleeding, improving macrophage function, stimulating elastin production, stimulating collagen production, stimulating endogenous hyaluronic acid production, increasing adipogenesis, reducing inflammation, improving bruising healing or appearance, rejuvenating the skin, increasing macrophage phagocytic removal of red blood cells in bruises, or combinations thereof in an individual.

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