Barrier Vent Assembly

Abstract

To provide a vent assembly that exhibits excellent particle filtering effect for vented air containing oil particles. [Solution] A vent assembly (100) comprising: a vent housing (110) having a first end and a second end, the vent housing defining an air vent path (150) through the first end toward the second end, the air vent path communicating with an external environment; a membrane (160) disposed in the vent housing and extending across the air vent path; and a combined filtration medium (182) disposed in the vent housing, the combined filtration medium extending across the air vent path, the vent assembly defining an exhaust path from the combined filtration medium through the first end, the exhaust path overlapping the air vent path and passing through the first end.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] This application was filed as a PCT international patent application on January 28, 2016 in the name of Donaldson Company, Inc., a U.S. corporation, as applicant in all countries designated, and Jonathan Lauden, U.S. citizen, Michael J. Hebert, U.S. citizen, Daniel Dotzler, U.S. citizen, and Daniel Little, U.S. citizen, as inventors in all countries designated, and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 108,932, filed January 28, 2015, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] The present technology relates to a vent assembly, and more particularly, to a barrier vent assembly. [Background technology]

[0003] Various types of gearboxes, such as automotive transmissions, differential cases, and power transmissions, generally require some type of breather vent that can equalize pressure between the gearbox and the outside environment. Some breather vents incorporate a filtration medium to prevent the ingress of contaminants, such as dust and fluids, into the gearbox. For example, a microporous membrane may be used to prevent water from entering the gearbox. However, oil particles present in the gearbox may become suspended and clog the membrane. Some existing technologies use oil sorbent (e.g., oil absorbent and / or adsorbent) filtration media that are configured to capture oil particles before they reach the membrane. However, such vents have a relatively short lifespan because as oil particles accumulate in the media, the media becomes clogged, thereby reducing the lifespan of the vent. Furthermore, as the sorption filtration media soaks up the oil particles, the oil may foul the membrane relatively quickly. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0004] [Figure 1]FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a vent assembly consistent with the technology disclosed herein. [Diagram 2] 2 is a cross-sectional view of a vent assembly consistent with the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 in an example implementation. [Diagram 3] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a vent assembly housing consistent with the technology disclosed herein. [Figure 4] FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of vent assembly components consistent with the technology disclosed herein. [Diagram 5] FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional perspective view of a vent assembly consistent with the technology disclosed herein. [Figure 6] 1 illustrates a cross-sectional perspective view of an alternative vent assembly consistent with the technology disclosed herein. [Figure 7] 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another vent assembly consistent with the technology disclosed herein. [Figure 8] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an example test setup. [Figure 9] 1 is a graph showing comparative test results of vent assemblies. [Figure 10] 1 is a graph showing comparative test results of vent assemblies. [Figure 11] 1 is a graph showing example test results for one type of coalesced media consistent with the technology disclosed herein. [Figure 12a] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing test results for two filtration media. [Figure 12b] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing test results for two filtration media. [Figure 13a] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram depicting droplet contact angle photographs for example filtration media fibers. [Figure 13b] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram depicting droplet contact angle photographs for example filtration media fibers. [Figure 13c] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram depicting droplet contact angle photographs for example filtration media fibers. [Figure 14] 1 is a flow chart illustrating one method consistent with the technology disclosed herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0005] The present technology will be better understood and appreciated in consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0006] 1 is a perspective view of a vent assembly consistent with the technology disclosed herein. The vent assembly 100 generally includes a vent housing 110 that defines a mounting structure 120 and a vent path 150 that extends from the mounting structure 120 to an environment external to the vent housing 110 (referred to herein as the "external environment"). The vent housing 110 defines a peripheral opening 140 such that the vent path 150 extends through the peripheral opening 140 to the external environment. The vent assembly 100 includes a vent cap 130 that is coupled to the housing 110.

[0007] FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of the vent assembly 100 in an example implementation. FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of the vent assembly 100 and may be viewed in conjunction with FIG. 2 to understand the description herein. From the mounting structure 120, the airflow path 150 extends through a docking area 180 defined by the vent assembly 100, a separation area 170 defined by the vent assembly 100, and a membrane 160 coupled to the vent housing 110. The vent docking area 180 is positioned between the membrane 160 and the mounting structure 130. The mounting structure 120 is attached to a connector tube 190 configured to engage a connection 202 sealingly coupled to the enclosure 200. The connection 202 defines a vent opening 204 leading to the interior of the enclosure 200.

[0008] The enclosure 200 is generally configured to contain oil. The enclosure 200 may also be configured to contain moving parts, such as gears. The enclosure 200 may be used for a variety of applications, such as, for example, power transmission systems, transfer cases, gear boxes, power transmissions, axle components, etc. Such applications are found within the automotive, manufacturing, energy production, and other industries, among others. Those skilled in the art will appreciate the broad applicability of the present technology to a variety of technology fields.

[0009] In various embodiments, the connector tube 190 is constructed of rubber and frictionally engages both the mounting structure 120 of the vent assembly 100 and the connection 202 of the enclosure 200. In this embodiment, the mounting structure 120 defines a circumferential ridge 122 that engages the connector tube 190. The connection 202 and the connector tube 190 may engage by surface friction and / or by physical elements such as barbs and / or ridges and / or other protrusions including protrusions. Other approaches may be used to couple the vent assembly 100 to the enclosure 200, as will be appreciated. The vent assembly 100 may be sealingly coupled to the enclosure 200 via other approaches such as snap fits, threads, butt connections, and keys and locks, as examples. In many implementations, an O-ring is used to sealingly couple the vent assembly to the enclosure 200. In some embodiments, the mounting structure of the vent assembly may be configured to directly receive an opening defined in the enclosure.

[0010] The vent assembly 100 is generally configured to vent the enclosure 200 in which it is mounted, while preventing the ingress of dust, fluids, and other contaminants into the enclosure 200. In one embodiment, the vent assembly 100 is designed to achieve IP69K ingress protection, meaning that when installed, the vent assembly 100 will protect the enclosure 200 from close-range, high-pressure, high-temperature downward spray. The vent assembly 100 is also configured to allow for the coalescence of oil droplets and drain the coalesced oil back into the enclosure 200.

[0011] Membrane 160 is generally configured to function as a barrier against external fluid and dust contaminants for enclosure 200 while allowing ventilation between enclosure 200 and the environment (such as the atmosphere) external to enclosure 200. To this end, membrane 160 is generally disposed across air passage 150. In various embodiments, membrane 160 is coupled to membrane receiving surface 112 defined by vent housing 100, where membrane receiving surface 112 can be seen in FIG. 3, which shows a perspective view of vent housing 100 without cap 130 (see FIG. 1). In one embodiment, the membrane is pleated to increase airflow.

[0012] A variety of materials are suitable for use as the membrane 160. Generally, the membrane 160 is a microporous material, where the term "microporous" is intended to mean that the material defines pores having an average pore size of about 0.001 to about 5.0 microns. The membrane 160 generally has a solidity of less than about 50% and a porosity of greater than about 50%. In various embodiments, the membrane 160 has a plurality of nodes interconnected by microfibers. In many embodiments, the membrane 160 is an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane. The membrane 160 may also be composed of polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate, acrylic, polyethersulfone, and / or polyethylene, as other examples. The membrane 160 may have the following physical properties: a water entry pressure (WEP) of at least 5 psi and a Frazier air permeability of greater than 0.275 feet / minute at 0.5 inches of water (0.01807 psi).

[0013] In some embodiments, membrane 160 is a laminate. For example, membrane 160 may be a Tetratex™ grade from Donaldson Company, Inc., based in Minneapolis, Minn., laminated to a nonwoven nylon support layer, such as that available from Cerex Advances Fabrics, Inc., located in Cantonment, Florida. In such an embodiment, the membrane has a WEP of about 9 psi and a Frazier air permeability of 1.8 ft / min at 0.5 inches of water (0.01807 psi).

[0014] In many embodiments, the membrane 160 is oil repellent. The membrane 160 may be treated to be oil repellent. In one particular embodiment, the membrane 160 has an oil repellency rating of 6, 7, or 8 according to AATCC specification 118-1992 and ISO 14419.

[0015] The coalescence region 180 is generally configured to coalesce oil particles as they pass from the enclosure 200 through the vent assembly 100 via the air passage 150 and allow them to exit the air. Such a configuration prevents a high percentage of air entrained oil particles from the enclosure 200 from accumulating on the membrane 160, which may result in pore blockage in the membrane 160 and thus reduce vent life. The coalescence region 180 is configured to allow coalescence of the oil particles into droplets within the vent assembly 100 and allow the oil to exit the coalescence region and return to the enclosure 200. The coalescence region 180 is not a sorbent for oil. In many embodiments, the coalescence region 180 is inherently oleophobic and can prevent oil from creeping upwards against gravity towards the membrane 160 by reducing capillarity in the coalescence region 180. The coalescing media within the coalescing region 180 may have an oil repellency rating of at least about 6.5 under AATCC specification 118-2013 and ISO 14419. In one embodiment, the coalescing region has an oil repellency of at least about 7, and more specifically, has an oil repellency of at least about 7.5.

[0016] The coalescing region 180 may be various types of materials and combinations of materials. For example, the coalescing region 180 may include bicomponent fibers. The bicomponent fibers may be composed of two different polyesters. In some embodiments, the coalescing region 180 may include glass fibers. In at least one embodiment, the glass fibers may be microfibers. Generally, the coalescing region 180 is substantially devoid of binder material, where the term "binder material" is defined herein to exclude fibers in the coalescing region, such as bicomponent fibers or other fibers. In various embodiments, the coalescing region 180 of the vent assembly 100 includes a coalescing filtration medium 182. Details regarding the materials used for the coalescing region 180, and in particular, the coalescing filtration medium 182, are described in more detail below.

[0017] The combined filtration media 182 in the combined region 180 of the vent assembly 100 may be a stack of multiple layers of synthetic filtration media. A substantial portion of the layers may be stacked such that each flow face of each layer of filtration media is in direct contact with the flow face of an adjacent layer of filtration media. The term "flow face" is used to mean each surface of the filtration media that is configured to face the direction of airflow through the air passage 150. Each individual layer of filtration media may have a relatively low particle filtration effectiveness and a low pressure drop. Generally, each layer of synthetic filtration media has a maximum particle filtration effectiveness of 15%, 10%, or even 8%, where "particle filtration effectiveness", as used herein with respect to a single layer of filtration media, refers to the particle filtration effectiveness of a single layer of filtration media to address 0.78 micron monodisperse polystyrene spherical particles at a face velocity of 20 feet / minute measured according to ASTM #1215-89. In one particular embodiment, each layer of synthetic filtration media has a particle filtration effectiveness of about 7%. In some embodiments, each layer of synthetic filtration media in the coalescence region 180 has approximately equal particulate filtration effectiveness. The relatively low particulate filtration effectiveness of each filtration layer can facilitate oil removal by defining a relatively open path that offers less resistance to the coalesced oil as it exits the coalescence region toward the interior of the enclosure 200.

[0018] The coalescing region 180 is generally additionally configured to provide particle filtration. In various embodiments, the coalescing region 180 has an elongated structure, meaning that the coalescing region 180 is longer than its width. Such an elongated structure can improve particle filtration by improving the overall particle filtration effectiveness of the coalescing region 180 relative to the individual layers of the coalescing filtration media 182. The coalescing region 180 may have an overall particle filtration effectiveness of at least 90%, at least 95%, and / or at least 99%, where "total particle filtration effectiveness" is used herein to define the particle filtration effectiveness of the coalescing region. Overall particle filtration effectiveness refers to the percentage of particles that penetrate the coalescing region when dealing with oil aerosol at 7.2 liters / minute using the test setup shown in FIG. 8 and described in the corresponding description. The oil aerosol particle size is in the range of 0.19 to 2 microns with a median particle size of 0.4 microns and a morphology of 0.3 microns. The coalescence region 180 may have an initial pressure drop of less than 1.2 psi, 1.0 psi, or even 0.8 psi, where initial pressure drop is defined as the pressure difference across the coalescence region 180 before any significant amount of particles are captured by the coalescence region 180 when dealing with an oil aerosol at a face velocity of 3.94 ft / sec (1.2 m / sec) using the test setup shown in FIG. 8 and described herein.

[0019] In various embodiments, the stack of multiple layers of composite filtration media 182 may additionally include at least one secondary layer of a combined filtration media. The at least one secondary layer of the combined filtration media may have a different particle filtration effectiveness than the remaining layers of the combined filtration media. In various embodiments, the at least one secondary layer of the combined filtration media may have a particle filtration effectiveness that is greater than the particle filtration effectiveness of the remaining layers of the combined filtration media. For example, the at least one secondary layer of the combined filtration media may have a particle filtration effectiveness that is at least 15%, 30%, 60%, or even 70%. In one example, the at least one secondary layer of the combined filtration media may have a particle filtration effectiveness of about 99%.

[0020] In embodiments where the at least one secondary layer of the combined filtration medium has a relatively high particle filtration efficiency, it may be desirable to position the at least one secondary layer of the filtration medium away from the enclosure 200 due to a high risk of fouling upon contact with oil from the enclosure 200. In at least one embodiment, the at least one secondary layer of the combined filtration medium is positioned within the stack of layers of filtration medium facing the microporous membrane. In one particular embodiment, the at least one secondary layer of the combined filtration medium is directly adjacent the spacer region 170. In such an embodiment, the at least one secondary layer of the combined filtration medium is the top layer of the stack of layers of filtration medium 182.

[0021] The at least one secondary layer of the combined filtration media can improve the overall particle filtration efficiency of the combined region 180 and / or reduce the overall length of the combined region 180 to achieve a desired overall particle filtration efficiency, thereby reducing the length of the filtration pack. The at least one secondary layer of the combined filtration media can be treated to be oleophobic, as discussed above. In another embodiment, the at least one secondary layer of the combined filtration media is not oleophobic. In one embodiment, the at least one secondary layer of the combined filtration media corresponds to the media layer described in U.S. Patent No. 7,314,497, issued Jan. 1, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference.

[0022] In various embodiments, the stack of multiple layers of filtration media 182 has a sufficient number of layers of filtration media to achieve the target overall particle filtration effectiveness of the coalescing region 180. In some embodiments, the stack of multiple layers of synthetic filtration media 182 has at least 2, 25, 50, 60, or even 70 layers of filtration media. In one embodiment, the coalescing region 180 has about 90 layers of synthetic filtration media. Typically, the total depth of the layers of filtration media is about 0.5 inches (12.7 mm) or more, and in one embodiment, about 1.8 inches (45.7 mm), depending on the overall particle filtration effectiveness desired.

[0023] Generally, each of the multiple layers of filtration media are stacked within the fluid pathway such that some layers are not aligned with other layers of filtration media. In other words, each of the layers of synthetic filtration media has a central axis, and when stacked, the central axes are not collinear. In some embodiments, at least some of the layers of synthetic filtration media have a flow area that is greater than a corresponding cross-sectional area of ​​the ventilation pathway 150. Such a configuration can prevent air from flowing through the ventilation pathway 150 without passing through at least some of the layers of synthetic filtration media.

[0024] In various embodiments, a substantial portion of each layer of the stacked layers of synthetic filtration media 182 in the coalescing region 180 is substantially unbonded to adjacent layers of the stacked synthetic filtration media. A "substantial portion of each layer of the stacked synthetic filtration media" is intended to mean at least 50%, at least 60%, or at least 80% of the layers of the synthetic filtration media in the stack. The term "substantially unbonded" is used to mean that at least 97% of the surface area of ​​the layers of the filtration media is unbonded. In some such embodiments, each layer of the stacked layers of synthetic filtration media 182 in the coalescing region 180 is substantially unbonded to adjacent layers of the synthetic filtration media. However, in some other embodiments, at least a portion of the layer of the stacked synthetic filtration media 182 is bonded to an adjacent layer of the synthetic filtration media. In one exemplary embodiment, a portion of the layer of the stacked synthetic filtration media 182 is thermally bonded to an adjacent layer of the synthetic filtration media.

[0025] Possible materials for the coalesced filtration media are now described.

[0026] Description of Coalescing Filtration Media The coalesced filtration media consistent with the technology disclosed herein is generally a wetted media. The wetted media may be configured, for example, in accordance with U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012 / 0234748, filed March 16, 2012, or, for another example, U.S. Patent No. 7,314,497, issued January 1, 2008, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. The wetted media is formed into a sheet by wet processing, formed into a disk, and then inserted into the vent housing of the vent assembly. Typically, as described above, the wetted media disks are stacked in multiple layers within the vent housing to allow gravity-assisted drainage of the coalesced oil.

[0027] The wet sheet media composition used to form the coalescence area in the breather vent is typically as follows: 1. It is provided in a shape having a calculated pore size (in the XY directions, as described in more detail below) of at least 10 microns, typically at least 12 microns. The pore size is typically no more than 80 microns, for example in the range of 12 to 60 microns, typically 15 to 45 microns. 2. It is formulated to have a particle filtration effectiveness (at 20 fpm for 0.78 micron particles) in the range of 3-18%, usually 5-15%. 3. It is at least 30% by weight, usually at least 40% by weight, often at least 45% by weight, and in some embodiments in the range of 85-95% by weight, based on the total weight of the material within the sheet-like composite fiber material according to the outline provided herein. 4. It has 5% to 70% by weight of secondary fiber material disposed between the composite fibers, based on the total weight of material within the sheet. This secondary fiber material may be a blend of fibers. In various embodiments, cellulose fibers are used, while in some other embodiments, glass microfibers are used. Alternatives are possible. In one embodiment, the coalescing medium has about 5% to 9% by weight, or more specifically, about 7.5% by weight cellulose, with the remaining 91 to 95% being composite fibers. In an alternative embodiment, the coalescing medium has about 47% to 53% by weight, or more specifically, about 50% by weight glass microfiber, with the remaining 47 to 53% being composite fibers. 5. Typically, the fibrous sheet (and resulting filtration media) does not include added binder material (other than the materials that define the fibers of the fibrous sheet). If added binder material is present, it is generally present at no more than about 7% by weight of the total fiber weight, and preferably no more than about 3% by weight of the total fiber weight. 6. Typically, the wet laid media is made to a basis weight of at least 20 pounds per 3,000 square feet (9 kg / 278.7 m2), and typically no more than 120 pounds per 3,000 square feet (54.5 kg / 278.7 m2). Typically, it is selected within the range of 35 to 130 pounds per 3,000 square feet (15.9 kg to 54.4 kg / 278.7 m2). In one particular embodiment, the media has a basis weight of about 36.5 to about 45.5 pounds per 3,000 square feet. 7. Typically, wet media is produced with a Frazier air permeability (feet per minute) of 15-500 feet per minute (12-153 meters / min), typically 100 feet per minute (30 meters / min). For basis weights on the order of about 35 pounds / 3,000 square feet to 130 pounds / 3,000 square feet (15.9-54.4 kg / 278.7 square meters), typical Frazier air permeabilities are about 300-600 feet / minute (60-120 meters / min), and in some other embodiments in the range of 15-50 feet / minute. The thickness of the wetted media sheet(s) used to form the described coalescence areas in the vent assembly at 8.0.125 psi (8.6 mbar) is typically at least 0.01 inch (0.25 mm), often on the order of 0.018 inch to 0.07 inch (0.45 to 1.78 mm), and typically 0.018 to 0.03 inch (0.45 to 0.76 mm). In one embodiment, the media sheet has a thickness of about 0.015 inch to about 0.023 inch at 1.5 psi.

[0028] A. Pore diameter Generally, if the pore size of the coalescing filtration media is too small, drainage of coalesced oil particles by gravity downward through (and from) the coalescing filtration media may be difficult or slow, resulting in increased oil re-entrainment into the gas stream, while if the porosity is high, there is less potential for oil particle capture and coalescence.

[0029] Barrier vents consistent with the technology disclosed herein may incorporate a coalescing filtration medium having a pore size in the range of 12-80 microns. Typically, the pore size is in the range of 15-45 microns. At least a portion of the coalescing filtration medium configured to initially receive gas flow from the enclosure with entrained oil through a depth of at least 0.25 inches (6.4 mm) for designs featuring the figures has an average pore size of at least 20 microns. This is because a large first percentage of coalescence / emission occurs in this region. In the upper layers where less coalescence evacuation occurs, smaller pore sizes for more effective filtration of solid particles may be desired in some instances. In various embodiments, at least a portion of the coalescing filtration medium in the coalescing region of the vent assembly has an average pore size of about 30-50 microns.

[0030] The term pore size and variations thereof as used herein with respect to coalesced filtration media are meant to refer to the theoretical distance between fibers in the filtration media in the XY direction. XY refers to the surface direction relative to the Z direction, which is the media thickness. The calculation assumes that all fibers in the media are aligned parallel to the flow plane of the media, equally spaced, and arranged as a square when viewed in cross section perpendicular to the length of the fibers. The pore size is the distance between the fiber surfaces at opposite corners of the square. When the media is composed of fibers of various diameters, the d 2 The average is used as the diameter. d 2 The average is the square root of the average of the diameters squared. The pore size of the media may be estimated by examining an electrophotograph of the media. The average pore size of the media may also be calculated using a capillary flow porometer having model number APP1200AEXSC, available from Porous Materials, Inc. of Ithaca, NY.

[0031] Coalesced filtration media according to the general definition provided herein may have a mixture of bicomponent and other fibers and may be used in vent assemblies as generally described herein with reference to the figures. Typically, sufficient media sheets are used in the coalesced area to have an overall particle filtration effectiveness of at least 85%, typically 90% or greater. In some instances, it is preferred to have an effectiveness of 95% or greater and even 99% or greater.

[0032] B. Thickness The thickness of the media utilized to create the coalesced regions according to the present disclosure is typically measured using a dial comparator such as an Ames #3W (BCA Melrose Mass.) equipped with a 1 inch square circular hold-down. A total of 2 ounces (56.7 g) of weight is applied between the circular hold-downs.

[0033] Typical wettable media sheets that can be used to laminate to form coalesced regions according to the present disclosure have a thickness of at least 0.01 inch (0.25 mm) at 0.125 psi (8.6 mbar) and up to about 0.06 inch (1.53 mm) at 0.125 psi (8.6 mbar). Typically, the thickness is between 0.018 and 0.03 inch (0.44 and 0.76 mm) under similar conditions.

[0034] C. Media composition 1. Composite fiber components As indicated above, the fiber composition of the media preferably comprises 30% to 95% by weight of composite fiber material. A significant advantage of using composite fibers in the media is the efficient utilization of fiber size while maintaining a relatively low solidity. Composite fibers accomplish this while still achieving a media that is strong enough to handle installation in a vent assembly.

[0035] Bicomponent fibers generally comprise two polymeric components that are formed together as a fiber. Although various combinations of polymers for bicomponent fibers may be useful, it is important that the first polymeric component melts at a temperature lower than the melting temperature of the second polymeric component, usually less than 205°C. Furthermore, the bicomponent fibers are thoroughly mixed and uniformly dispersed with the other fibers in forming the wet medium. Melting of the first polymeric component of the bicomponent fiber is necessary to allow the bicomponent fiber to form a cohesive framework structure that captures and bonds many of the other fibers and other bicomponent fibers upon cooling.

[0036] Although alternatives are possible, typically bicomponent fibers are formed in a sheath-core configuration, with the sheath comprising a lower melting point polymer and the core comprising a higher melting point polymer.

[0037] In a sheath-core structure, a thermoplastic material with a low melting point (e.g., about 80-205°C) is typically extruded around a fiber of a higher melting point material (e.g., about 120-260°C). In use, bicomponent fibers typically have an average maximum cross-sectional dimension (if circular, average fiber diameter) of about 5-50 micrometers, often about 10-20 micrometers, and typically have an average length in fiber form that is generally at least 1 mm and no more than 30 mm, usually no more than 20 mm, and usually 1-10 mm. In this context, references by "maximum" mean the thickest cross-sectional dimension of the fiber.

[0038] Such fibers may be made from a variety of thermoplastic materials including polyolefins (polyethylene, polypropylene, etc.), polyesters (polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, PCT, etc.), nylons including nylon 6, nylon 6,6, nylon 6,12, etc. Any thermoplastic material that may have an appropriate melting point may be used in the low melting component of the bicomponent fiber, while a high melting polymer may be used in the high melting "core" portion of the fiber. The cross-sectional structure of such fibers may be a "side-by-side" or "core-sheath" structure, or other structure that provides the same thermal bonding effect. One may also use lobe-shaped fibers with a low melting polymer at the tip. The value of bicomponent fibers is that they can melt under sheet, media, or filter forming conditions so that a relatively low molecular weight resin acts to bond the bicomponent fiber and other fibers present in the sheet, media, or filter making material into a mechanically stable sheet, media, or filter.

[0039] The polymers of bicomponent (core / shell or sheath and side-by-side) fibers are made of different thermoplastic materials, such as polyolefin / polyester (sheath / core) bicomponent fibers, whereby the polyolefin, e.g., polyethylene, sheath melts at a lower temperature than the core, e.g., polyester. Common thermoplastic polymers include polyolefins, e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, and copolymers thereof, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyesters, e.g., polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl acetate, vinyl chloride vinyl acetate, polyvinyl butyral, acrylics, e.g., polyacrylate, and polymethyl acrylate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyamides, i.e., nylon, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polystyrene, polyvinyl alcohol, polyurethanes, cellulosics, i.e., nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, ethyl cellulose, and copolymers of any of the above materials, e.g., ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers, ethylene acrylic acid copolymers, styrene-butadiene block copolymers, Kraton rubber, and the like. One type of bicomponent fiber that may be considered is 271P, available from DuPont, based in Wilmington, DE. Other fibers include FIT201, Kuraray N720, and Nichimen 4080, and similar materials. All of these demonstrate the property of cross-linking the sheath polymer upon completion of the first melt. This may be useful for oil applications where the application temperature is typically higher than the sheath melt temperature. If the sheath does not fully crystallize, the sheath polymer will re-melt in the application and coat or damage downstream equipment and components.

[0040] One example of a bicomponent fiber that can be used to form a wet media sheet for use in the merged area of ​​the breather vent is Dupont polyester bicomponent 271P, which may be cut to a length of approximately 6 mm.

[0041] 2. Secondary fiber materials The composite fibers provide a matrix for the coalescing filtration region. The secondary fibers sufficiently fill the matrix to provide the desired properties for efficiency where improved efficiency is desired. In some embodiments, the secondary fibers are used to improve the strength of the composite fiber matrix.

[0042] The secondary fibers may be polymeric fibers, glass fibers and / or microfibers, cellulose fibers, metal fibers, ceramic fibers, or any mixture thereof. In at least one embodiment, cellulose fibers are the only type of secondary fiber used with the composite fibers. In some other embodiments, glass fibers, polymeric fibers, or mixtures are used as the secondary fiber material.

[0043] In some embodiments, the coalesced filtration media comprises glass microfibers. In some other embodiments, the coalesced filtration media is substantially devoid of glass microfibers. Glass microfibers may be used in embodiments where relatively high particulate filtration efficiency is desired and relatively high pressure drop can be tolerated. Glass fibers that can be used in the filtration media of the present technology include glass types known by designations such as A, C, D, E, zero boron E, ECR, AR, R, S, S-2, N, etc., and any common glass that can be made into fibers by either a drawing process used to make reinforcing fibers or a spinning process used to make insulating fibers.

[0044] The nonwoven media of the technology described herein may include secondary fibers made from a number of hydrophilic, hydrophobic, oleophilic, and oleophobic fibers. These fibers cooperate with glass fibers (if used) and bicomponent fibers to form a mechanically stable, yet relatively strong, permeable filtration medium capable of withstanding the mechanical stresses of passage of flowable materials and sustaining particulate loading during use. The secondary fibers are monocomponent fibers having an average maximum cross-sectional dimension (diameter, if round) that may be in the range of about 0.1 microns or more, usually 1 micron or more, often 15 to 55 microns, and sometimes 8 to 15 microns, and may be made from a variety of materials including natural cotton, linen, wool, various cellulosic and proteinaceous natural fibers, and synthetic fibers including rayon, acrylic, aramid, nylon, polyolefin, and polyester fibers. One type of secondary fiber is a binder fiber that cooperates with other components to bind the material into a sheet. Another type of secondary fiber is a structural fiber that cooperates with other components to improve the tensile and burst strength of the material in dry and wet conditions. Additionally, the binder fibers may include fibers made from polymers such as polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, etc. The secondary fibers may also include inorganic fibers such as carbon / graphite fibers, metal fibers, ceramic fibers, and combinations thereof.

[0045] Thermoplastic fibers may also be used as secondary fibers, including but not limited to polyester fibers, polyamide fibers, polypropylene fibers, copolyetherester fibers, polyethylene terephthalate fibers, polybutylene terephthalate fibers, polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) fibers, polyethersetone (PEEK) fibers, liquid crystal polymer (LCP) fibers, and mixtures thereof. Polyamide fibers include, but are not limited to, cellulose fibers, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol fibers (including various hydrolysis of polyvinyl alcohol such as 88% hydrolyzed, 95% hydrolyzed, 98% hydrolyzed, and 99.5% hydrolyzed polymers), thermoplastics such as cotton, viscose rayon, polyester, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl acetate, polylactic acid, and other common fiber types including nylon 6, 66, 11, 12, 612, and high temperature "nylons" (such as nylon 46).

[0046] Mixtures of fibers may be incorporated into the coalesced filtration media to obtain particular desired efficiencies and other parameters.

[0047] The coalesced filtration media of the present disclosure are typically made using a papermaking process. Such wet processes are particularly useful, as many fibrous components are intended for aqueous dispersion processing. However, the media of the technology described herein may also be made by an airlaid process using similar components that are compatible with airlaid processing. Machines used in wet sheet production include hand-laid sheet equipment, Fourdrinier machines, cylinder machines, tilt machines, combined paper machines, and other machines that can take appropriately mixed paper, form a layer or layers of furnish components, and remove the fluid aqueous components to form a wet sheet. The fibrous slurry containing materials is typically mixed to form a relatively uniform fibrous slurry. The fibrous slurry is then subjected to a wet papermaking process. Once the slurry is formed into a wet sheet, the wet sheet is then dried, cured, or otherwise processed to form the actual sheet, media, or filter, although it is dry and permeable.

[0048] For industrial scale processes, the composite matrix of the present technology is generally processed by the use of papermaking type machines such as commercially available Fourdrinier, Drill, Stevens, Roto, Inver, Venti, and Inclined Delta formers. An Inclined Delta former is preferably utilized. The composite mat of the present disclosure may be prepared by forming a composite fiber slurry and a cellulose or glass fiber slurry, for example, by mixing the slurries in a mixing tank. The amount of water used in the process may vary depending on the size of the equipment used. The furnish may be passed through a conventional headbox where it is dewatered and deposited on a moving wire screen, where it is dewatered by suction or vacuum to form a nonwoven composite fabric.

[0049] The binder in the bicomponent fibers is activated by passing the fabric through a heating step. The resulting material may then be collected on a large roll, if desired.

[0050] 3. Surface treatment of fibers Modification of the surface properties of the fibers, such as by oil repellent treatment to increase the contact angle between the fibers and oil, can enhance the drainage ability of the coalesced regions and prevent sorption of oil by the fibers in the coalesced regions. Methods for modifying the surface of the fibers typically involve subjecting up to 5% by weight of the media to a surface treatment, such as a fluorochemical or silicon-containing material. Such treatments can enhance the oil repellency of the filtration media.

[0051] The fibers of the coalesced filtration media may generally be characterized as oil repellent. Oil repellency is usually imparted to the coalesced filtration media by depositing a layer of an oil repellent fluorochemical on the media fibers and / or by immersing the coalesced filtration media in a solution of the fluorochemical (dip coating), among other means. Lick rolling, gravure coating, and / or curtain coating are some other examples of how the coalesced filtration media may be treated for oil repellency.

[0052] The surface treatment may be applied during the manufacture of the fiber, during the manufacture of the medium, or after the manufacture of the medium. Numerous treatments are available, such as fluorochemicals or silicon-containing chemicals, that increase the contact angle between the fiber and the particular type of oil of interest. Specific surface treatments contemplated are discussed in the above-mentioned U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012 / 0234748.

[0053] In more general terms, the coalescence region governs both the coalescence / drainage of oil particles and also the filtration of particles. It may be desirable for the collected oil to drain quickly, otherwise the functional life of the filtration media would be uneconomically short. The media is positioned to allow the oil to drain rapidly from the media. Some important performance characteristics of the vent assembly are initial and equilibrium fractional efficiency, pressure drop, and drainage capacity. Some important physical characteristics of the media are thickness, solidity, and strength.

[0054] Generally, the coalescing / drainage media is aligned in a manner that enhances its drainage filtration ability. In various configurations, this is a media configured in a vertical elongation orientation. In this orientation, any media composition will exhibit an equilibrium loading height that is a function of pore size, fiber orientation, and oil interaction with the fiber surface measured as contact angle. The collection of oil in the media will increase in height to a point that is in equilibrium with the drainage rate of the oil from the media. Of course, any portion of the media that is clogged with draining oil will generally be unavailable for particle filtration. Thus, such clogged portions of the media will cause an increase in pressure drop and a decrease in the particle filtration effectiveness of the filter. As a result, it may be advantageous to control the portion of the coalescing region where oil is most likely to clog. Alternatively, it may be advantageous to improve the drainage rate, especially in the portion of the coalescing region closest to the enclosure.

[0055] The media properties that affect the drainage rate are pore size, fiber orientation, and the interaction of the draining oil with the fiber surface. Such properties may be refined to achieve the desired oil flow. Increasing the pore size facilitates drainage as explained above. However, increasing the pore size reduces the number of fibers for filtering, and therefore reduces the overall efficiency of the coalescing region. To achieve the target efficiency, a relatively thick coalescing region may be formed by using multiple layers of material with the desired pore size.

[0056] In various embodiments, a substantial portion of the layer of the coalesced filtration media is consistent with the disclosure of US Patent Publication No. 2012 / 0234748, supra.

[0057] 2, the vent assembly 100 is configured to direct the drained coalesced oil from the coalescing area 180 to the enclosure 200. Gravity may facilitate drainage of the coalesced oil exiting the coalescing area 180. One or more outflow surfaces 118 defined by the vent housing 110 may direct the draining coalesced oil to the enclosure 200. The outflow surfaces 118 are generally positioned to receive the coalesced oil draining from the coalescing area 180. The outflow surfaces 118 are sloped downwardly toward the vent mouth 204 of the enclosure 200 such that gravity can assist in drainage of the coalesced oil into the enclosure 200. In this embodiment, the vent housing 110 defines multiple discrete outflow surfaces 118, although in some embodiments, the vent housing 100 may define a single outflow surface. In this embodiment, a plurality of discrete outflow surfaces 118 are defined between a substantially planar platform surface 119 of the vent housing 110 on which the coalesced filtration media 182 is located.

[0058] FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary embodiment demonstrating an alternative outflow surface 719 consistent with the technology disclosed herein. The vent assembly 700 is similar to those embodiments previously and to be described herein, except that in this embodiment, the vent housing 710 of the vent assembly 700 has an outflow surface 718 that defines a single fluid discharge path that is also the platform surface on which the combined filtration media 782 is stacked. The combined filtration media 782 is thus stacked at an angle that matches the angle of the outflow surface 718. The mounting structure 720 that defines the vent path 750 is asymmetrically positioned relative to the vent housing 710. The outflow surface 718 is angled downwardly toward the vent path 750 such that oil draining from the combined area 780 is directed toward the vent path 750 and discharged into the enclosure. A ledge area 719 adjacent the outflow surface 718 supports the stack of combined filtration media 782 along a peripheral portion of the base of the stack 782.

[0059] 2, the separation region 170 of the vent assembly 100 is generally configured to prevent contact between oil from the enclosure 200 and the membrane 160. In particular, the separation region 170 may be configured to impede oil creeping up toward the membrane 160. The separation region 170 may also be configured to prevent contact between the coalesced filtration media 182 and the membrane 160. The separation region 170 may be a physical barrier between the coalescing region 180 and the membrane 160. In at least one embodiment, the separation region 170 may be a physical barrier configured to contain the coalesced filtration media within the coalescing region.

[0060] 2, the separation region 170 is at least partially defined by a media spacer 172. The media spacer 172 is disposed within the vent housing 110 between the elongated coalescing region 180, specifically the coalesced filtration media 182, and the membrane 160. The separation region 170 is also defined by a physical gap between the media spacer 172 and the membrane 160. In an alternative embodiment, the separation region lacks a media spacer and is simply a physical gap between the coalescing region and the membrane.

[0061] In this embodiment, the media spacer 172 is configured to generally prevent contact between the combined filtration media 182 and the membrane 160. The media spacer 172 is also configured to define a portion of the air passage 150 such that air flowing through the combined area 180 toward the membrane 160 passes through the media spacer 172. In the embodiment described herein, the media spacer 172 defines a plurality of openings 174 that extend across and define the air passage 150. The plurality of openings 174 can be seen in FIG. 4, which shows an exploded view of example vent assembly components without the vent housing 100.

[0062] The media spacer 172 may be constructed from a variety of materials. For example, in some embodiments, the media spacer 172 is a moldable material, such as plastic. In some embodiments, the media spacer 172 is machineable. In some embodiments, the media spacer 172 is a woven fabric. Other configurations for the media spacer are possible. In an alternative exemplary embodiment, the media spacer may have a ring configuration. In another exemplary embodiment, the media spacer may be one or more protrusions that extend from the vent housing at least partially into the vent path. In yet another exemplary embodiment, the media spacer may be a woven material configured to prevent oil creep-up, such as by having a relatively thick fiber diameter.

[0063] The media spacer 172 is coupled to the vent housing 110. The media spacer 172 may be coupled to the vent housing 110 in a variety of ways as will be appreciated. In various embodiments, including the one shown in FIG. 2, the media spacer 172 and the vent housing 110 are configured to engage with one another. In particular, the media spacer 172 and the vent housing 110 mutually define an interference fit 116 that substantially retains the position of the media spacer 172 relative to the vent assembly 100. In such embodiments, the media spacer 172 defines a coupling structure 116a (see FIG. 4) configured to be received by a mating structure 116b (see FIG. 3) of the vent housing 110. In alternative embodiments, the media spacer and the vent housing define threads configured to engage with one another. In some embodiments, the media spacer 172 may compress the stack of layers of the combined filtration media 182. In some other embodiments, the media spacer does not compress the stack of layers of the combined filtration media 182.

[0064] In an alternative embodiment consistent with Figure 6, the vent assembly 500 is similar to the vent assembly as described and will be described herein with respect to Figure 2, except that the media spacer 572 of the vent assembly 500 defines a perimeter region 576 where the media spacer 572 is coupled to the vent housing 510. The media spacer 572 may be coupled to the vent housing 510 by welding, adhesive bonding, or by other means commonly known in the art. The media spacer is coupled to the vent housing 510 at a rim region 514 that defines the vent housing 510.

[0065] Returning to FIG. 2, as discussed above, the vent housing 110 generally defines a vent path 150 extending from the mounting structure 120 to an environment (such as the atmosphere) external to the vent housing 110. The vent path 150 may be characterized as a combination of the three vent paths shown in FIG. 2. A first vent path 152 is configured for fluid communication with the interior of the enclosure 200. A second vent path 154 is configured for fluid communication with the external environment, and a third vent path 156 extends between the first vent path 152 and the second vent path 154. The second vent path 154 extends from the membrane 160 to the external environment through the peripheral opening 140 defined by the vent housing 110. Membrane 160 is coupled to vent housing 110 such that second vent path 154 and third vent path 156 are in communication through at least a portion of membrane 160. A stack of layers of combined filtration media 182 is disposed within vent housing 110 such that third vent path 156 and first vent path 152 are in communication through at least a portion of combined filtration media 182. Media spacer 172 may be configured to define a portion of third vent path 156.

[0066] The vent cap 130 is coupled to the vent housing 110 and is generally configured to protect the flow surface 162 of the membrane 160 (see FIG. 4 ) from the environment. The peripheral opening 140 defined by the vent housing 110 is generally defined to similarly protect the flow surface 162 of the membrane 160 from the environment. Protecting the flow surface of the membrane is intended to mean that the associated features of the vent assembly are configured to prevent environmental contaminants from directly impacting the flow surface of the membrane.

[0067] Vent Assembly Test Tests were designed and constructed to compare and evaluate the performance of breather vents in an effort to simulate the field conditions such vents would encounter. The example breather vents conformed to the embodiment shown in Figures 1-5 and had a microporous PTFE membrane laminated to a nonwoven nylon support layer bonded to a vent housing, an oil-repellent coalescing region having bicomponent polyester fibers and about 7.5% by weight cellulose fibers, and a spaced apart region between the microporous membrane and the coalescing region. A comparative breather vent was also tested, which was a VE2048 breather vent provided by Gore Enterprises, based in Newark, Delaware. The comparative breather vent had a microporous membrane connected to the vent housing and sorbent fibers disposed within the housing between the attachment region and the microporous membrane.

[0068] A schematic of the test setup is shown in Figure 8. A steady flow of heated oil aerosol was directed through a heated enclosure 300 to the sample vents 312-318 being tested while the pressure drop across the vents 312-318 was recorded. Specific details regarding the test setup are now described.

[0069] Compressed air pressurized at 1 bar was fed to a Palas PLG-2110 aerosol generator 320 filled with Mopar SAE75W-140 synthetic lubricating oil maintained at a temperature of 90°C. The flow of oil particles generated by the aerosol generator 320 at a rate of 0.43 grams of oil per hour was directed into a cylindrical chamber 330 into which four steel tubes 332 were inserted. The opening of each tube 332 was positioned facing the flow so that some oil aerosol was directed into each tube 332 and the remaining flow passed through the cylinder 330 as the system exhaust 380. Each steel tube 332 was connected to the inlet of the vent 310 to be tested. The cylindrical chamber 330, vents 310, and tubes were all mounted inside a heated enclosure 300 at a maintained temperature of 90°C. A Cole Parmer flow meter 340 with a range of 20-200 mL / min was connected downstream of the breather vent 310 to measure the flow rate through each vent 310. Each flow meter 340 was in turn connected to a needle valve 350 which was connected to a vacuum pump 360.

[0070] Taps were added upstream and downstream of each vent 310 and connected to Setra pressure transducers 370 to measure the pressure difference across each vent 310. Two transducers had a range of 0-50 inches of water column and two had a range of 0-100 inches of water column, and all four were powered by a single 24V / 4.17A DC power supply. Data was collected by a National Instruments USB-6001 data acquisition system and logged into National Instruments LabVIEW software. The pressure transducers 370 were calibrated by comparing voltage measurements from the transducers to the pressure difference measured by a calibrated Meriam M100 digital manometer.

[0071] FIG. 9 is a graph showing comparative test results of the vent assemblies discussed above, demonstrating the time required for each vent to reach a differential pressure of 0.18 psi. As can be seen, the breather vent example has a lower differential pressure versus time. The increase in differential pressure is indicative of blockage of pores in the filtration media by oil particles in the aerosol as the oil particles accumulate. The data in FIG. 9 suggests that the breather vent example has a longer service life than the breather vent comparative example. Much of the performance improvement in pressure drop for the breather vent example is believed to be due to the use of (1) an oil repellent coalesced filtration media, and (2) a media with an open pore structure for the breather vent example, instead of the oil sorbent filtration media used in the breather vent comparative example. Because the coalesced areas of the breather vent example do not absorb / adsorb oil, the oil is more likely to drain and therefore less likely to block pores in the filtration media. The test data shown in FIGS. 10-13, discussed below, further support this conclusion.

[0072] For the test data reflected in FIG. 10, the bottom 0.08 inches of a 0.5 inch vertical stack of coalesced filtration media (corresponding to coalesced area 180 discussed above with reference to FIGS. 1-5) and a similarly sized vertical stack of oil sorption filtration media were immersed in a container of liquid oil for over 7 hours. The oil was Mopar SAE 75W-140 synthetic lubricating oil. The oil sorption filtration media was not oleophobic and had untreated cellulose fibers with untreated polypropylene fibers disposed within the stack. The coalesced area had a coalesced filtration media having bicomponent polyester fibers and about 7.5% cellulose fibers by weight. The coalesced filtration media was treated to be oleophobic. The mass of each stack of filtration media was recorded incrementally to track the total mass of oil absorbed / adsorbed by each filter.

[0073] As evidenced in FIG. 10, while the sorption media accumulated over 2 grams of oil, no measurable amount of oil accumulated in the coalesced filtration media. Visual inspection of the media stack revealed that the oil crept vertically up the entire length (0.42 inches) of the sorption filtration media stack that extended above the liquid oil, whereas the oil did not crept vertically up the coalesced filtration media stack that extended above the liquid oil. The data in FIG. 10 supports the conclusion from FIG. 9 that some coalesced regions consistent with the technology disclosed herein are not sorbents of liquid oil because they do not accumulate measurable amounts of oil in a creep test, where the liquid oil is consistent with the type of oil used in the environment in which the filtration media is used. Similarly, some coalesced regions consistent with the technology disclosed herein are not sorbents of liquid oil because they do not wick liquid oil through the coalesced regions against gravity. It is expected that an increased ability of the media to absorb / adsorb liquid oil may reduce the life of the barrier vent as the entrained oil captured by the media will eventually accumulate in the pooled mass of oil held by the media and block the pores. Note that the term "liquid oil" for purposes of this disclosure refers to the pooled mass of oil that is not entrained in the gas.

[0074] FIG. 11 shows test data collected in connection with a test setup similar to that described with reference to FIG. 8, except that in this test, a relatively high airflow of 14 liters / min was used to observe the pressure drop across the coalescing region of the barrier vent as they were added to the oil. Because a high airflow was used, the aerosol-impregnated airflow was directed downward through the coalescing region so as not to negate the effect of gravity in draining the coalesced oil from the coalescing region. For that reason, and to monitor the characteristics of the coalescing region alone, the membrane, cap, and spacer were omitted from the tested vent assembly. The results shown in FIG. 11 demonstrate that the pressure differential across the coalescing filtration media appears to substantially plateau over time. This result appears to be consistent with the conclusion that after a threshold mass of entrained oil is added to the coalescing filtration region, the coalescing filtration region reaches a substantially steady state where the mass of oil drains from the coalescing filtration region at a similar rate as the mass of oil is input to the coalescing filtration region.

[0075] In various embodiments consistent with the technology disclosed herein, a substantial portion of the layer of the filtration media within the coalesced region does not absorb or adsorb droplets of liquid oil, where "substantial portion" refers to at least 95%, 99%, or 100% of the layer of the filtration media, and the liquid oil is consistent with the type of oil used in the environment in which the filtration media is used. Tests were performed comparing a coalesced sheet of filtration media from the coalesced region of the technology disclosed herein with an oil-sorbing sheet of filtration media from a VE2048 breather vent by Gore Enterprises. The coalesced sheet of filtration media had 7.5% by weight cellulose fiber, with the remaining content being bicomponent polyester fiber. The coalesced sheet of filtration media was oil-repellent treated. The oil-sorbing sheet of filtration media was cellulose fiber that was not treated to be oil-repellent. A droplet of liquid gear oil (Mopar SAE75W-140) was placed on the surface of each type of filtration media. 12a and 12b are schematic diagrams showing a coalesced sheet of filtration media and an oil-sorbent sheet of filtration media, respectively, after oil has been dropped onto their surfaces. As can be seen, the droplets on the coalesced sheet of filtration media remain substantially intact on the surface of the sheet of filtration media, while the droplets on the oil-sorbent sheet of filtration media are completely absorbed by the sheet of filtration media.

[0076] In various embodiments consistent with the technology disclosed herein, a substantial portion of the fibers in the filtration media within the coalesced region are oleophobic and not sorbent of oil, where "substantial portion" refers to at least 95%, 99%, and even 100% of the fibers in the coalesced region, and the oil is consistent with the type of oil used in the environment in which the filtration media is used. Tests were performed comparing the fibers in the coalesced sheets of filtration media described above with respect to Figures 12a-12b, respectively, with the fibers in the oil sorbent sheets of filtration media from a VE2048 breather vent. Photographs were taken to document the interaction between a drop of liquid gear oil (Mopar SAE75W-140) and each type of fiber, and the contact angles between the fibers and the oil drop were recorded and averaged. The contact angles are measurements of a line defined by the outer contact points (L, R, see Figures 13a-13c) between the drop and the fiber and multiple lines tangent to the drop that intersect the fiber.

[0077] FIG. 13a is a schematic diagram showing the contact angle between an example oil droplet and composite fibers of a coalesced filtration medium. The contact angle had an average of about 124.5°±2.6° compared to a number of samples. FIG. 13b is a schematic diagram showing the contact angle between an example oil droplet and cellulose fibers of a coalesced filtration medium. The samples tested had a contact angle average of about 98.5°±2.8°. FIG. 13c is a schematic diagram showing the contact angle between an example oil droplet and cellulose fibers from an oil sorption medium. The measured contact angles had an average of about 87.4°±1.5°. In general, the oil sorbed fibers have a contact angle with the oil droplet of less than 90°, indicating that at least some of the oil from the droplet forms a film along the surface of the fiber. The oil repellent coalesced fibers, on the other hand, have a contact angle with the oil droplet of more than 90°.

[0078] method 14 is a flow chart illustrating one method consistent with the technology disclosed herein. The method 400 is generally consistent with creating a vent assembly.

[0079] A vent housing is formed 410. A layer of coalesced filtration media is laminated within the housing 420. A media spacer is inserted into the housing 430. A membrane is bonded to the housing 440. A cap is bonded to the housing 450.

[0080] The vent housing is generally formed 410 to have a first end and a second end, and to define a vent path extending from the first end to the second end. The vent housing may be formed 410 consistently with approaches commonly understood in the art. In one embodiment, the vent housing is formed 410 by an injection molding process. In another embodiment, the vent housing is formed 410 by blow molding. The vent housing may be formed 410 from a variety of materials and combinations of materials. In one embodiment, the vent housing is formed 410 from one or more of nylon, polyamide, glass-filled polyamide, polybutylene terephthalate, glass-filled polybutylene terephthalate, high density polyethylene, and / or polypropylene.

[0081] When stacking 420 the layers of the combined filtration media within the housing, the layers of the combined filtration media are generally stacked within the air passage. Stacking the layers in the air passage of the housing may be done such that some layers of the combined filtration media are not aligned with other layers of the combined filtration media. Misalignment of at least some of the layers of the combined filtration media may have the advantage of preventing air inside the breather vent from bypassing the combined filtration media.

[0082] Similar to the embodiment described above, the majority of the layers of the combined filtration media each have a maximum particle filtration effectiveness of 10%, such as 7% effectiveness. In some embodiments, at least 50 layers of combined filtration media are stacked inside the vent housing. In one particular embodiment, about 90 layers of combined filtration media are stacked inside the vent housing. In some embodiments, each layer of the stacked combined filtration media is substantially unbonded to adjacent layers of the stacked combined filtration media. The combined filtration media may be various materials and combinations of materials as described above.

[0083] In some embodiments, a secondary layer of the combined filtration media may be stacked within the vent housing, where the secondary layer of the combined filtration media has a particle filtration effectiveness of at least 48%. In one particular embodiment, the secondary layer of the combined filtration media has an effectiveness of at least 60%. The secondary layer of the combined filtration media may be positioned toward the top of the stack of multiple layers of combined filtration media. In one embodiment, the secondary layer of the combined filtration media may be positioned between the remaining layers of combined filtration media and the membrane. The combined region may have an overall particle filtration effectiveness of at least 95% and a pressure drop of less than 1.2 psi at 1.2 meters per second, as described herein.

[0084] Inserting 430 the media spacer into the housing may facilitate containing multiple layers of the coalesced filtration media within the housing. In a preferred embodiment, the media spacer and the vent housing define an interference fit with each other such that inserting 430 the media spacer into the housing causes a mating structure defined by the media spacer to engage a mating structure defined by the vent housing. In an alternative embodiment, the media spacer may be joined to the vent housing by heat welding or the like.

[0085] The membrane is generally coupled 440 to the vent housing in spaced relation from the combined filtration media. In various embodiments, the membrane is coupled 440 to a membrane receiving surface defined by the vent housing. In one embodiment, the membrane is coupled 440 to the vent housing by an adhesive. In another embodiment, the membrane is coupled 440 to the vent housing by welding, such as thermal welding or ultrasonic welding.

[0086] In various embodiments, the method of making a vent assembly may include the additional step of coupling a cap to the housing to protect the flow surface of the membrane from the environment 450. The cap may be positioned substantially parallel to the flow surface of the membrane in some embodiments.

[0087] Also, it should be noted that, as used herein and in the appended claims, the phrase "configured to" describes a system, apparatus, or other structure that is constructed or configured to perform a particular operation or adopt a particular configuration. The phrase "configured to" may be used interchangeably with other similar phrases, such as "organized," "organized and configured," "constructed and organized," "constructed," "manufactured and organized," and the like.

[0088] All publications and patent applications in this specification are indicative of the level of those skilled in the art to which this technology pertains. All publications and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated by reference.

[0089] This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the present subject matter.It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not limiting.

Claims

1. 1. A vent assembly comprising: a vent housing having a first end and a second end, the vent housing defining an air passage through the first end to the second end, the air passage communicating with an exterior environment; a membrane disposed in the vent housing and extending laterally across the ventilation path; a combined filtration medium disposed in the vent housing, the combined filtration medium extending across the vent path, the combined filtration medium extending axially through the combined filtration medium and the membrane, the vent assembly defining an exhaust path from the combined filtration medium through the first end, the exhaust path overlapping the vent path and passing through the first end; A vent assembly, wherein the coalescing filtration media is configured to allow coalescence of oil particles into droplets.

2. The vent assembly of claim 1 , further comprising a gap between the membrane and the combined filtration media.

3. 3. The vent assembly of claim 2, further comprising a media spacer that defines a portion of the gap between the combined filtration media and the membrane, the media spacer configured to prevent contact between the combined filtration media and the membrane and that defines a portion of the air passage.

4. The vent assembly of claim 3 , wherein the media spacer and the vent housing mutually define an interference fit.

5. 10. The vent assembly of claim 1, wherein the coalesced filtration media comprises multiple layers of synthetic filtration media, each layer of synthetic filtration media being substantially unbonded to an adjacent layer of the synthetic filtration media.

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