QUICK RELEASE END EFFECTORS AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS

Abstract

Provided are an arm or forearm of a medical instrument configured to couple with a quick release end effector, a quick release end effector for use with such a medical instrument, and an arm or forearm coupled to such a quick release end effector. Certain forearms and end effectors have magnetic coupling, while others have mechanical coupling, and further implementations have both magnetic and mechanical coupling.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] [CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS] This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 049,419, filed September 12, 2014, and entitled "Quick-Release End Effectors and Related Systems and Methods," which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0002] [Field of the Invention] Various embodiments disclosed herein relate to various medical instrument systems and associated components, including robotic and / or in vivo medical instruments and associated components. More specifically, certain embodiments include various medical instrument manipulation components, often referred to as "end effectors." Certain end effector embodiments disclosed herein relate to quick release end effectors that can be easily coupled and detached from medical instruments, including the forearms of robotic medical instruments, in a simple and efficient manner. Further embodiments relate to systems and methods for manipulating said components. [Background technology]

[0003] Invasive surgical procedures are essential to treat a variety of medical conditions. When possible, minimally invasive procedures such as laparoscopy are preferred. However, known minimally invasive techniques such as laparoscopy are limited in scope and complexity due in part to the need to insert and remove new surgical tools within the body cavity when changing surgical instruments due to the size of the access ports. Known robotic systems such as the da Vinci® Surgical System (available from Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif.) are also limited by the access ports and trocars, the need for medical professionals to insert and remove new surgical tools within the abdominal cavity, and have the additional disadvantage of being very large, very expensive, and unavailable in most hospitals, with limited sensory and mobility capabilities.

[0004] Various robotic surgical tools are being developed to perform certain procedures inside a patient's target cavity. These robotic systems are intended to replace standard laparoscopic tools and procedures, such as the da Vinci® system, which involve the insertion of long surgical tools through trocars placed through incisions in the patient so that the surgical tools extend into the target cavity and allow the surgeon to perform the procedure with the long tools. As these systems are developed, various new components are developed to further improve the operation and effectiveness of these systems. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0005] There is a need in the art for improved end effectors for use with medical instruments, including robotic surgical systems. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] Described herein are various arms or forearms of medical instruments configured to receive quick release end effectors. Further embodiments relate to such quick release end effectors. Further implementations relate to arms or forearms of medical instruments coupled to such quick release end effectors.

[0007] In Example 1, an arm component for a medical instrument comprises an arm body, a rotatable cylinder disposed within the arm body, and a rotatable linear drive component operably coupled to the rotatable cylinder. The rotatable cylinder comprises a fluidly sealed end effector lumen defined within the rotatable cylinder and at least one torque transmission channel defined in a wall of the end effector lumen. The rotatable linear drive component comprises a rotatable body and a drive component lumen defined in a distal portion of the rotatable body, where the drive component lumen comprises an engagement mechanism defined within the drive component lumen.

[0008] A second embodiment relates to the arm component according to the first embodiment, and further includes a ring seal disposed between the arm body and the rotatable cylinder. Example 3 relates to the arm component of Example 1, further comprising a first motor operably connected to a first drive gear, the first drive gear being operably connected to an external gear disposed on an outer wall of the rotatable cylinder, such that operation of the first motor causes rotation of the rotatable cylinder.

[0009] Example 4 relates to the arm component of Example 1, further comprising a second motor operably coupled to the second drive gear, the second drive gear operably coupled to a driven gear operably coupled to the linear drive component, and actuation of the second motor causes rotation of the linear drive component. Example 5 relates to the arm component of Example 1, further comprising a first outer contact ring disposed about the rotatable cylinder, a second outer contact ring disposed about the rotatable cylinder, a first contact component disposed on an outer wall of the rotatable cylinder such that the first contact component is in continuous contact with the first inner contact ring regardless of a rotational position of the rotatable cylinder, a second contact component disposed on an outer wall of the rotatable cylinder such that the second contact component is in continuous contact with the second inner contact ring regardless of a rotational position of the rotatable cylinder, a first inner contact ring disposed on an inner wall of the end effector lumen, and a second inner contact ring disposed on an inner wall of the end effector lumen.

[0010] Example 6 relates to the arm component according to Example 5, further comprising a quick release end effector configured to be positionable within the end effector lumen, the quick release end effector comprising first and second end effector contact components, wherein when the quick release end effector is operably coupled to the arm, the first end effector contact component contacts the first inner contact ring and the second end effector contact component contacts the second inner contact ring.

[0011] Example 7 relates to the arm component according to Example 1, further comprising a quick release end effector configured to be positionable within the end effector lumen. The quick release end effector comprises an end effector body, at least one torque transmission protrusion defined on an exterior of the end effector body, a rod disposed within the end effector body, and a rod coupling component disposed on a proximal portion of the rod. The at least one torque transmission protrusion is configured to be engageable with at least one torque transmission channel within the end effector lumen. The rod coupling component is configured to be engageable with an engagement mechanism defined within the lumen of the rotatable linear drive component.

[0012] In Example 8, a quick release end effector for a medical instrument includes an end effector body, an end effector coupling component disposed about the end effector body, at least one torque transmission protrusion defined on an exterior of the end effector body, a rod disposed within the end effector body, a rod coupling component disposed on a proximal portion of the rod, and first and second contact rings disposed about the rod. The end effector coupling component includes at least one male protrusion extending from the coupling component. The rod coupling component includes a first engagement mechanism disposed on an exterior of the rod coupling component.

[0013] Example 9 relates to the quick release end effector of Example 8, further comprising an end effector disposed at a distal end of the end effector body, wherein the end effector is operably coupled to the rod such that actuation of the rod causes actuation of the end effector.

[0014] Example 10 relates to the quick release end effector according to Example 8, further comprising a gripper end effector having first and second gripper arms, where the first contact ring is electrically connected to the first gripper arm and the second contact ring is electrically connected to the second gripper arm.

[0015] Example 11 relates to a quick release end effector according to Example 8, wherein the end effector is configured to be positionable within a lumen of an arm of a medical instrument. Example 12 relates to a quick release end effector according to Example 8, wherein the end effector is configured to be positionable within a lumen of an arm of a medical instrument, the lumen having at least one torque transmission channel defined therein, and wherein the at least one torque transmission protrusion is configured to be engageable with the at least one torque transmission channel in the end effector lumen.

[0016] Example 13 relates to a quick release end effector according to Example 8, wherein the end effector is configured to be positionable within a lumen of an arm of a medical instrument, the arm having at least one female channel defined within a distal portion of the arm, and wherein the end effector coupling component is configured to be coupleable to the arm such that the at least one male protrusion is engageable with the at least one female channel.

[0017] Example 14 relates to a quick release end effector according to Example 8, the end effector configured to be disposable within an arm of a medical instrument. The arm comprises an arm body, a rotatable cylinder disposed within the arm body, and a rotatable linear drive component operably coupled to the rotatable cylinder. The rotatable cylinder comprises an end effector lumen defined within the rotatable cylinder and at least one torque transmission channel defined in a wall of the end effector lumen. The linear drive component comprises a rotatable body and a lumen defined at a distal portion of the rotatable body, where the lumen comprises a second engagement mechanism defined within the lumen. The first engagement mechanism of the rod coupling component is configured to be couplable with the second engagement mechanism defined within the lumen of the rotatable linear drive component.

[0018] In Example 15, an arm component for a medical instrument includes a forearm and a quick release end effector. The forearm includes a forearm body, a fluidly sealed tube defining an end effector lumen within the forearm body, a magnetic ring disposed about the end effector lumen, and a linear drive component disposed at a proximal end of the end effector lumen. The linear drive component includes a proximal portion including a slot and male threads defined in a distal portion of the linear drive component. The quick release end effector is configured to be positionable within the end effector lumen and includes an end effector body, a magnetic collar disposed about the end effector body, a rod disposed within the end effector body, and at least one finger component operably coupled to the rod, where the at least one finger component extends proximally from the rod and is configured to be couplable with a slot in the linear drive component.

[0019] Example 16 relates to an arm component for the medical instrument of Example 15, further comprising a first motor operably connected to a first drive gear, where the first drive gear is operably connected to a first driven gear, and the driven gear is operably connected to a magnetic ring, where operation of the first motor causes rotation of the magnetic ring.

[0020] Example 17 relates to an arm component for the medical instrument according to example 16, wherein the magnetic collar is magnetically coupleable with the magnetic ring such that rotation of the magnetic ring causes rotation of the magnetic collar.

[0021] Example 18 relates to an arm component for the medical instrument of Example 15, further comprising a second motor operably coupled to a second drive gear, wherein the second drive gear is operably coupled to a drive cylinder, and the drive cylinder is operably coupled to a proximal portion of the linear drive component, wherein actuation of the second motor causes axial movement of the linear drive component.

[0022] Example 19 relates to an arm component for the medical instrument of Example 15, wherein the fluidly sealed tube is fixedly connected to the linear drive component, and wherein the fluidly sealed tube is configured to bend when the linear drive component moves axially.

[0023] Example 20 relates to an arm component for the medical instrument according to Example 15, further comprising a compression spring disposed within the forearm body, the compression spring operably coupled to the forearm body and the at least one finger.

[0024] In Example 21, an arm component for a medical instrument includes a forearm including a forearm body, a fluidly sealed tube defining an end effector lumen within the forearm body, a first magnetic ring disposed about the end effector lumen at or near a distal end of the forearm body, a first motor operably coupled to a first drive gear, a second magnetic ring disposed about the end effector lumen at or near a proximal end of the forearm body, and a second motor operably coupled to a second drive gear. The lumen includes an opening defined at a distal end of the forearm body. The first drive gear is operably coupled to a first driven gear, and the first driven gear is operably coupled to the first magnetic ring. The second drive gear is operably coupled to a second driven gear, and the second driven gear is operably coupled to the second magnetic ring.

[0025] In Example 22, an arm component for a medical instrument includes a forearm and a quick release end effector. The forearm includes a forearm body, a rotatable cylinder disposed within the forearm body, a linear drive component operably coupled to the rotatable cylinder, and the rotatable drive component defining a drive component lumen with female threads. The rotatable cylinder includes an end effector lumen defined within the rotatable cylinder. The linear drive component includes a proximal portion with male threads, a lumen defined at a distal portion of the linear drive component, and a cylinder linkage pin coupled to the linear drive component. The lumen includes a hook linkage pin disposed within the lumen. Each end of the cylinder linkage pin is slidably disposed within a longitudinal slot defined within the rotatable cylinder. The drive component lumen is configured to be threadedly coupled to the proximal portion of the linear drive component. The quick release end effector is configured to be positionable within the end effector lumen and includes an end effector body, a rod disposed within the end effector body, and a connecting hook operably connected to a proximal portion of the rod, where the connecting hook extends proximally from the rod and is configured to be connectable with the hook connecting pin.

[0026] While multiple embodiments are disclosed, still other embodiments of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, which shows and describes illustrative embodiments of the invention. As will be recognized, the present invention is capable of modification in various obvious aspects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not restrictive. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0027] [Figure 1A] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a robotic surgical device with an arm. [Figure 1B] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of another robotic surgical device with an arm. [Figure 1C]FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a further robotic surgical device with an arm. [Figure 1D] FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of a forearm of a robotic surgical device with a quick release end effector, according to one embodiment. [Diagram 2] FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of a quick release end effector, according to one embodiment. [Figure 3A] FIG. 3 is an enlarged cross-sectional side view of a portion of the quick release end effector of FIG. 2 positioned on a portion of a forearm, according to one embodiment. [Figure 3B] FIG. 3B is a further enlarged cross-sectional side view of a portion of the quick release end effector disposed on the forearm portion of FIG. 3A. [Figure 4A] FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a quick release forearm configured to receive a quick release end effector according to another embodiment. [Figure 4B] FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional side view of the quick release forearm of FIG. 4A. [Figure 4C] FIG. 4B is a side view of the quick release forearm of FIG. 4A. [Figure 4D] FIG. 4B is an end view of the quick release forearm of FIG. 4A. [Figure 5A] FIG. 13 is a perspective view of another quick release end effector according to a further embodiment. [Figure 5B] FIG. 5B is an enlarged cross-sectional perspective view of a portion of the quick release end effector of FIG. 5A positioned on a portion of the forearm, according to one embodiment. [Figure 6] FIG. 13 is a perspective view of another quick release end effector according to yet another embodiment. [Figure 7] FIG. 13 is a perspective view of another quick release end effector according to another embodiment. [Figure 8] FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional side view of another quick release forearm configured to receive a quick release end effector according to another embodiment. [Figure 9A]FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a rotatable cylinder that can define an end effector lumen in the quick release forearm of FIG. 8, according to one embodiment. [Figure 9B] FIG. 9B is a cross-sectional perspective view of the rotatable cylinder of FIG. 9A. [Figure 10] FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a linear drive component that may be positioned within the quick release forearm of FIG. 8 according to one embodiment. [Figure 11] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a support cylinder that can be positioned around the rotatable cylinder in the quick release forearm of FIG. 8 according to one embodiment. [Figure 12] FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional side view of the quick release forearm of FIG. 8 with a quick release end effector positioned therein, according to one embodiment. [Figure 13] FIG. 9 is an enlarged perspective view of the quick release forearm of FIG. 8 with certain components removed to better view certain portions of the forearm. [Figure 14] FIG. 7 is an enlarged perspective view of the quick release end effector of FIG. 6 with certain components removed to better view certain portions of the end effector. [Figure 15] FIG. 8 is an enlarged perspective view of the quick release end effector of FIG. 7 with certain components removed to better view certain portions of the end effector. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0028] Various systems and devices disclosed herein relate to devices for use in medical procedures and systems. More specifically, various embodiments relate to devices or end effector components that may be used in various procedural devices and systems. For example, certain embodiments relate to quick release end effector components that are incorporated into or used with various medical devices, including robots and / or in vivo medical devices. It is understood that the term "quick release" as used herein is intended to describe any end effector, forearm, or combination thereof that can be more easily and / or quickly connected and / or disconnected by anyone in the surgical field, including any nurse or assistant (as opposed to a component that cannot be quickly or easily connected or disconnected, or that requires someone with technical expertise).

[0029] It is understood that various embodiments of the end effector devices or components disclosed herein may be incorporated into or used in conjunction with any other known medical instruments, systems, and methods, including, but not limited to, robotic or in vivo devices as defined herein. For example, Figures 1A-1D show certain exemplary medical instruments and systems that may incorporate quick release end effectors as disclosed or contemplated herein. More specifically, Figures 1A-1C show robotic surgical devices 10, 12, 14 that include arms 16A, 16B, 18A, 18B, 20A, 20B to which specific end effectors 22A, 22B, 24A, 24B, 26A, 26B are coupled. In one implementation, the end effectors 22A, 22B, 24A, 24B, 26A, 26B are quick release end effectors as disclosed herein. Additionally, Figure 1D shows a forearm 28 that includes a quick release end effector 30.

[0030] As a further example, various embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented in accordance with co-pending U.S. patent applications Ser. Nos. 11 / 766,683 (filed Jun. 21, 2007, entitled "Magnetic Coupleable Robotic Devices and Related Methods"), 11 / 766,720 (filed Jun. 21, 2007, entitled "Magnetic Coupleable Surgical Robotic Devices and Related Methods"), 11 / 966,741 (filed Dec. 28, 2007, entitled "Methods, Systems, and Devices for Surgical Visualization and Device Manipulation"), 61 / 030,588 (filed Feb. 22, 2008), and 12 / 171,413 (filed Jul. 11, 2008, entitled "Methods and Systems of Actuation in Robotics"). F.354,831 (filed on May 1, 2012, entitled "Methods, Systems, and Devices Relating to Surgical End Effectors"), 12 / 192,663 (filed on August 15, 2008, entitled "Medical Inflation, Attachment, and Delivery Devices and Related Methods"), 12 / 192,779 (filed on August 15, 2008, entitled "Modular and Cooperative Medical Devices and Related Systems and Methods"), 12 / 324,364 (filed on November 26, 2008, entitled "Multifunctional Operational Component for Robotic Devices"), 61 / 640,879 (filed on May 1, 2012, entitled "Methods, Systems, and Devices Relating to Surgical End Effectors"), 13 / 493,725 (filed on June 11, 2012, entitled "Methods, Systems, and Devices Relating to Surgical End Effectors"), 13 / 546,831 (filed on July 11, 2012, entitled "Robotic Surgical "Devices, Systems, and Related Methods"), 61 / 680,809 (filed August 8, 2012), 13 / 573,No. 849 (filed October 9, 2012, entitled "Robotic Surgical Devices, Systems, and Related Methods"), No. 13 / 738,706 (filed January 10, 2013, entitled "Methods, Systems, and Devices for Surgical Access and Insertion"), No. 13 / 833,605 (filed March 15, 2013, entitled "Robotic Surgical Devices, Systems, and Related Methods"), No. 13 / 839,422 (filed March 15, 2013, entitled "Single Site Robotic Devices and Related Systems and Methods"), and No. 13 / 834,792 (filed March 15, 2013, entitled "Local Control Robotic Surgical Devices and Related No. 14 / 208,515 (filed March 13, 2014, entitled "Methods, Systems, and Devices Relating to Robotic Surgical Devices, End Effectors, and Controllers"), No. 14 / 210,934 (filed March 14, 2014, entitled "Methods, Systems, and Devices Relating to Force Control Surgical Systems"), No. 14 / 212,686 (filed March 14, 2014, entitled "Robotic Surgical Devices, Systems, and Related Methods"), and No. 14 / 334,383 (filed July 17, 2014, entitled "Robotic Surgical Devices, Systems, and Related Methods"), and U.S. Patent No. 7,492,116 (filed October 31, 2007, entitled "Robot for Surgical No. 7,772,796 (filed April 3, 2007 and entitled "Robot for Surgical Applications"), and No. 8,179,The present invention may be incorporated into or used in conjunction with any of the medical devices and systems disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,200,073, entitled "Robotic Devices with Agent Delivery Components and Related Methods," issued May 15, 2011, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

[0031] According to certain exemplary embodiments, any of the various embodiments disclosed herein may be incorporated into or used in conjunction with a natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgical device, such as the NOTES device. Those skilled in the art will recognize and understand that various combinations of features may be utilized, including features disclosed herein along with features known in the art.

[0032] The specific device implementations disclosed in the present application listed above include specific devices and associated systems that can be placed in or within a patient's body cavity and positioned against or substantially adjacent to an interior hollow wall. As used herein, "in vivo device" means any device that can be at least partially positioned, operated or controlled by a user while positioned in or within a patient's body cavity, including any device that is positioned substantially against or adjacent to the wall of a patient's body cavity, further including any such device that is operated internally (having no external source of motive power), and further including any device that can be used laparoscopically or endoscopically during a surgical procedure. As used herein, the terms "robot" and "robotic device" refer to any device that can perform a task automatically or in response to a command.

[0033] Additionally, the various end effector embodiments can be incorporated into a variety of externally actuated robotic medical instrument systems, such as those available from Apollo Endosurgery, Inc., Hansen Medical, Inc., Intuitive Surgical, Inc., and other similar systems, such as any of the devices disclosed in the applications incorporated herein by reference elsewhere in this application, or into any medical instrument that uses an end effector.

[0034] 2-3B show a quick release, magnetically coupled end effector 50 releasably coupled to a forearm 52 according to one embodiment. As best shown in FIG. 2, the end effector 50 in this implementation includes a gripper 54. As best shown in FIGS. 2 and 3A, the end effector 50 also includes an engageable coupler 56, a magnetic collar 58, a disk 60, a central rod 68, a body (also referred to herein as the "forearm body") 62 which is a slidable cylinder 62 slidably disposed on the rod 68, a compression spring 70 disposed within the cylinder 62 and on the rod 68, two leaf springs (one leaf spring 64 can be seen in FIG. 2, while a second leaf spring is disposed on the other side of the cylinder 62 and therefore not shown), and an interlocking finger (also referred to as the "finger component" or "interlocking component") 66. As best shown in Figures 3A and 3B, the engageable coupler 56 includes an opening 72 at its proximal side configured to receive and engage a coupling protrusion 84 on the distal end of the forearm 52 (discussed further below). In one embodiment, the opening 72 includes an o-ring 74 that can maintain a sealed connection between the protrusion 84 of the forearm 52 and the coupler 56, as best shown in Figures 3A and 3B. In one implementation, the magnetic collar 58 is comprised of multiple magnets 58A, 58B, 58C disposed on the collar around the entire circumference of the end effector 50, as shown.

[0035] The disk 60 is fixedly connected to the central rod 68 via a connection tab 76 disposed in a slot 78 (best shown in FIG. 2 ) in the slidable cylinder 62 such that the cylinder 62 is slidable relative to the disk 60 as well as the central rod 68. The disk 60 can thus serve as an axial constraint during insertion of the end effector 50 into the forearm 52 and as a bearing during rotation of the end effector 50 relative to the forearm 52, as described in more detail below.

[0036] The first leaf spring 64 is electrically connected to one of the blades of the grasper 54 via a wire or other electrical connection (not shown), while the second leaf spring (not shown) is electrically connected in the same or similar manner to the other of the two blades of the grasper 54. In this implementation, the blades of the grasper 54 are electrically isolated from one another. Thus, the grasper 54 may be a cauterization tool (not shown) with electrical energy transmitted to the grasper 54 blades via the leaf spring 64, as described in more detail below.

[0037] The two finger components 66 are disposed on opposite sides of a central rod 68 and are attached to the rod 68 at their distal ends (or along a distal portion of the figures 66) such that the fingers 66 do not move axially relative to the rod 68. The proximal ends of the fingers 66 extend proximally farther than the rod 68 and are not connected to the rod at their proximal ends, thereby allowing the proximal ends of the fingers 66 to extend radially away from the rod 68. The cylinder 62 is slidable laterally along the length of the end effector 50, and more specifically along the length of the central rod 68, such that the cylinder 62 can operate in combination with the coupler 56 and the connecting fingers 66 to couple the end effector 50 to the forearm 52, as described in more detail below.

[0038] In one implementation, the forearm 52 includes an end effector lumen 80 defined by a fluid-tight tube 82 such that the lumen 80 is fluidly sealed. As a result, the interior components of the forearm 52 are fluidly sealed away from any fluid present within the lumen 80. Thus, the lumen 80 is capable of receiving an end effector (e.g., end effector 50) while maintaining an intact fluid or hermetic seal between the lumen 80 (and any fluid within the lumen 80) and the interior of the forearm 52. In this implementation, the fluid seal created by the tube 82 allows for the rapid removal and replacement of any end effector (e.g., end effector 50) without risk of contamination of the interior components of the forearm 52.

[0039] In one embodiment, lumen 80 includes a shoulder 80B separating larger diameter portion 80A from smaller diameter portion 80C. Tube 82 is disposed within lumen 80 such that tube 82 defines lumen 80. In one implementation, tube 82 is fixedly coupled or secured to linear drive component 92 at a proximal end of tube 82, as best shown in FIG. 3A. According to one embodiment, tube 82 is made of a bendable material such that tube 82 remains attached to drive component 92 and simply bends or deforms to accommodate movement of drive component 92 as linear drive component 92 moves laterally, as described below.

[0040] Further, the forearm 52 includes a coupling projection 84 (described above), a magnetic ring 86, and two contact rings 88, 90. Additionally, the forearm 52 includes a linear drive component 92 including a threaded proximal shaft 94 and a slot 108 defined in a distal portion of the component 92. Alternatively, the threaded shaft 94 is a separate component operatively coupled to the linear drive component 92. The forearm 52 also includes a drive cylinder 95 including a threaded lumen (not shown) through which the threaded shaft 94 is disposed such that the threaded shaft 94 is threadably coupled to the drive cylinder 95. Additionally, two bearings 104, 106 are disposed around the drive cylinder 95 such that the drive cylinder 95 is rotatably disposed within the bearings 104, 106.

[0041] Each of the contact rings 88, 90 is disposed around the wall of the tube 82 of the lumen 80 such that each of the rings 88, 90 surrounds the lumen 80. One of the contact rings 88, 90 is disposed along the length of the lumen 80 such that it contacts the leaf spring 64 when the end effector 50 is coupled to the forearm 52 as shown in FIG. 3B, while the other of the two contact rings 88, 90 is disposed in contact with the other leaf spring (not shown). In this configuration, once the end effector 50 is coupled to the forearm 52, the leaf spring (64, not shown) is in continuous contact with the contact rings 88, 90 even when the forearm body 62 is rotating. Additionally, each of the contact rings 88, 90 is operatively coupled to a separate wire (not shown) that extends to a source of electrical energy (e.g., a cautery generator, etc.) such that electrical energy may be transmitted from a power source to the rings 88, 90 and—through contact between the rings 88, 90 and the leaf springs (64, not shown)—to the leaf springs (64, not shown) and thereby to the grasper 54 blades. As a result, the grasper 54 may be a bipolar cautery tool. Alternatively, the end effector 50 may be a monopolar cautery tool, provided that the same electrical energy is supplied to both of the contact rings 88, 90. Indeed, as specifically described in certain further embodiments below, all forearm implementations disclosed and contemplated herein are configured to be connectable with a cautery end effector that can be operated as either a bipolar or monopolar cautery tool.

[0042] The magnetic ring 86 is comprised of at least one magnet, and the ring is configured to rotate around the lumen 80. The end effector 50 is rotated via a magnetic interaction of the magnetic collar 58 on the end effector 50 and the magnetic ring 86 on the forearm 52. That is, the motor 102 in the forearm 52 can be actuated to drive the drive gear 98, which drives the driven gear 96 operatively coupled to the magnetic ring 86 such that the magnetic ring 86 is rotated. The magnetic ring 86 is magnetically coupled to the magnetic collar 58 such that rotation of the magnetic ring 86 rotates the magnetic collar 58, thereby rotating the end effector 50. That is, the magnetic coupling of the magnetic ring 86 in the forearm 52 and the magnetic collar 58 on the end effector 50 can cause rotation of the end effector 50 without a physical coupling between the end effector 50 and the forearm 52.

[0043] In addition, the end effector 50 is actuated to move the gripper 54 between open and closed positions via the linear drive component 92. The end effector 50 is coupled to the linear drive component 92 via a coupling finger 66 disposed in a slot 108 defined about and within the drive component 92, as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B. That is, the finger 66 extends proximally beyond the proximal end of the central rod 68, such that the proximal end of the finger 66 can be disposed in the slot 108 as shown. The coupling of the drive component 92 to the end effector 50 via the coupling finger 66 linearly couples the end effector 50 to the linear drive component 92 such that the end effector 50 cannot move linearly relative to the drive component 92. However, the coupling finger 66 allows the end effector 50 to rotate relative to the drive component 92. That is, the fingers 66 are configured to allow rotation of the fingers 66 relative to the linear drive component 92 while not allowing linear movement of the fingers 66 relative to the linear drive component 92 when the fingers 66 are disposed within the slots 108 as shown in FIGURE 3B. Alternatively, in place of a coupling finger 66, the coupling component 66 can comprise any feature or components configured to be disposed within the slots 108 as described herein to couple the drive component 92 to the end effector 50.

[0044] As a result, actuation of the linear drive component 92 actuates the end effector 50 to move linearly. That is, as described above, the threaded shaft 94 is threadedly coupled at its proximal end to a drive cylinder 95 that can be actuated to axially move the threaded shaft 94. More specifically, the drive cylinder 95 is operatively coupled to a drive gear (not shown) that is operatively coupled to a motor (not shown) that is actuated to rotate the drive gear, thereby rotating the drive cylinder 95. Rotation of the drive cylinder 95 axially moves the threaded shaft 94 via the threaded connection between the drive cylinder 95 and the threaded shaft 94. The threaded shaft 94 is configured such that it cannot be rotated. That is, the threaded shaft 94 includes a slot 97 defined longitudinally therein such that a protrusion (also called a "tongue" or "key") (not shown) coupled to the forearm 52 may be positioned within the slot 97, thereby preventing the threaded shaft 94 from rotating while allowing the threaded shaft 94 to move axially. The linear drive component 92 is coupled to the threaded shaft 94 such that rotation of the drive cylinder 95 moves the threaded shaft 94 axially, thereby moving the linear drive component 92 axially. Thus, actuation of the drive cylinder 95 by a motor (not shown) causes linear movement of the threaded shaft 94 and the linear drive component 92, thereby causing linear movement of the central rod 68, resulting in movement of the gripper 5 between the open and closed configurations via known gripper components for achieving movement between these two configurations.

[0045] The end effector 50 is configured to be easily coupled and detached from the forearm 52 so that a user (e.g., a surgeon) can easily remove one end effector and replace it with another during a medical procedure. As shown in FIG. 3A , the end effector 50 is inserted into the lumen 80 but is not yet fully coupled to the forearm 52. That is, in FIG. 3A , the end effector 50 is inserted into the lumen 80 such that the central rod 68 contacts the linear drive component 92 and the coupling fingers 66 are disposed within the slots 108 of the drive component 92, but the coupler 56 is not yet coupled to the protrusions 84. Note that in this position (FIG. 3A ), the slidable cylinder 62 is in its retracted position.

[0046] In FIG. 3B, coupler 56 is connected to protrusion 84, thereby connecting end effector 50 to forearm 52 for use. That is, urging coupler 56 proximally toward forearm 52 urges the entire end effector 50 proximally toward the forearm. However, because disk 60 on end effector 50 was already in contact with shoulder 80B in lumen 80 in FIG. 3A, as coupler 56 is urged proximally toward the forearm, disk 60 is restrained by shoulder 80B from moving further into lumen 80. Thus, central rod 68, which is directly connected to disk 60 such that rod 68 cannot move linearly relative to disk 60, is also restrained from moving further into lumen 80. However, the cylinder 62, which is capable of linear movement relative to the disk 60 (because the disk 60 is secured within a tab 76 slidably disposed within a slot 78 within the cylinder 62, as described above), moves proximally toward the forearm due to urging the coupler 56 proximally. This causes the proximal end of the cylinder 62 to move proximally over the coupling finger 66 disposed within the slot 108, as best shown in FIG. 3B. The result is that the cylinder 62 is at least partially disposed over the slot 108, thereby securing the finger 66 within the slot 108, thereby securing the end effector 50 to the forearm 52. This also compresses the tension spring 70 disposed within the cylinder 62, as it is disposed between a shoulder 110 within the cylinder and a tab 112 on the distal end of the finger 66. That is, the proximal progression of the cylinder 62 described above causes the shoulder 110 to move proximally toward the tab 112 on the finger 66, thereby compressing the spring 70 as shown.

[0047] It will be appreciated that the end effector 50 can be removed simply as well. First, the coupler 56 is pulled distally away from the forearm 52, thereby separating the coupler 56 from the prongs 84, as best shown in FIG. 3A. This removes the constraint placed on the end effector 50, thereby allowing the compression spring 70 to urge the cylinder 62 distally toward the grasper 54, as shown in FIG. 3B. This moves the proximal end of the cylinder 62 distally away from the linear drive component 92, specifically away from the slot 108, thereby freeing the proximal ends of the fingers 66 from their position within the slot 108, as best shown in FIG. 3A. With the fingers 66 released from the slot 108, the end effector 50 can be removed from the lumen 80 of the forearm 52.

[0048] It is understood that the end effector 50 can be either bipolar or monopolar. Similarly, any other end effector embodiments disclosed or contemplated herein may be either bipolar or monopolar, except as described in detail below with respect to the end effectors 260, 262 shown in Figures 6-15.

[0049] 4A-4D show another embodiment of a magnetically coupled forearm 150 to which a quick release, magnetically coupled end effector (not shown) can be attached, according to one embodiment. In this embodiment, the forearm body 150 includes two sets of magnets (as opposed to one set of magnets in the previous embodiment shown in FIGS. 2-3B). A first magnetic ring 152 is disposed at a distal end of the forearm 150 to drive the rotation of the end effector (not shown), while a second magnetic ring 154 is disposed at a proximal end of the forearm 150 to drive the linear actuation of the end effector (not shown), thereby actuating the manipulation of the end effector. For example, in an embodiment in which the end effector (not shown) is a grasper, the second magnetic ring 154 actuates the opening and closing of the grasper. Both magnetic rings 152, 154 are each comprised of at least one magnet. More specifically, in this exemplary embodiment, the first ring 152 is comprised of six magnets 156, while the second ring 154 is also comprised of six magnets 158. Alternatively, each of the rings 152, 154 is comprised of at least one magnet. In a further alternative, the number of magnets in each ring 152, 154 can range from one to as many magnets as can fit within the ring and achieve the purposes described herein.

[0050] Additionally, similar to the previous embodiment (above), the forearm body 150 includes an end effector lumen 160 defined by a fluid impermeable tube 162 such that the lumen 160 is fluidly or hermetically sealed, thereby fluidly sealing the internal components of the forearm 150 from any fluid present within the lumen 160. The tube 162 is disposed within the lumen 160 such that the tube 162 defines the lumen 160. The lumen 162 includes two contact rings 164, 166.

[0051] Each of the rings 152, 154 is configured to rotate about the lumen 160, thereby actuating the end effector (not shown) described above. More specifically, the first magnetic ring 152 is rotated, thereby rotating a magnetic collar (not shown) or other magnetic component on the end effector (not shown) via a magnetic coupling between the ring 152 and the collar (not shown), thereby rotating the end effector (not shown). Additionally, the second magnetic ring 154 is rotated, thereby rotating a second magnetic collar (not shown) or other magnetic component on the end effector (not shown) via a magnetic coupling between the two components, thereby actuating to manipulate the end effector.

[0052] Each of the contact rings 164, 166 is disposed about the wall of the tube 162 of the lumen 160 such that each of the rings 164, 166 surrounds the lumen 160. In this embodiment, each of the contact rings 164, 166 is disposed along the length of the lumen 160 such that each contacts one contact component on the end effector (not shown). For example, if an end effector similar to the end effector 50 described above and shown in FIG. 2 is used, the rings 164, 166 are disposed to contact the leaf spring (64, not shown) of the end effector 50. Alternatively, the rings 164, 166 can be configured to contact any contact component on the end effector coupled to the forearm 150. Nevertheless, the contact rings 164, 166 allow electrical energy to be transferred from a power source to the rings 164, 166 and onto the end effector in a manner similar to that described above with respect to the end effector 50. As a result, any end effector used with the forearm 150 may be a bipolar cauterization tool, or alternatively, may be a monopolar cauterization tool if the same electrical energy is supplied to both contact rings 164, 166.

[0053] The first magnetic ring 152 is actuated by a first motor 180 operably coupled to a drive gear 182, which is operably coupled to a driven gear 184, which is operably coupled to the first magnetic ring 152. Thus, actuation of the first motor 180 operates to rotate the first magnetic ring 152. Similarly, the second magnetic ring 154 is actuated by a second motor 190 operably coupled to a drive gear 192, which is operably coupled to a driven gear 194, which is operably coupled to the second magnetic ring 154. Thus, actuation of the second motor 180 operates to rotate the second magnetic ring 154.

[0054] Thus, in this embodiment, the forearm 150 actuates the end effector (not shown) entirely through a magnetic linkage, rather than a mechanical linkage. The first magnetic ring 152 rotates the end effector (not shown) via magnetic interaction between the ring 152 and a corresponding magnetic collar (not shown) or other magnetic component on the end effector (not shown), while the second magnetic ring 154 actuates the end effector (not shown) via magnetic interaction between the ring 154 and a corresponding magnetic collar (not shown) or other magnetic component on the end effector (not shown).

[0055] Therefore, forearm 150 is configured to allow easy coupling and detachment of end effectors (not shown) so that a user (e.g., a surgeon) can easily remove one end effector and replace it with another during a medical procedure.

[0056] 5A and 5B show another implementation of a quick release end effector 200 releasably coupled to a forearm 202, according to one embodiment. More specifically, this exemplary implementation is configured to allow the end effector 200 to be coupled to the forearm 202 by rotating the end effector 200 one 90 degree rotation once the end effector 200 is positioned within the lumen 220 of the forearm 202. This embodiment does not utilize a magnetic coupling.

[0057] As best shown in FIG. 5A, the end effector 200 in this implementation includes a gripper 204. The end effector 200 also includes a tubular body 206, a rod (also referred to as a "central rod") 208 disposed therein that is slidable relative to the tubular body 206 and extends proximally therefrom, two protrusions (a first protrusion 210 is shown in FIG. 5A, a second protrusion is not shown), a release button 212, a connecting hook 214 at the proximal end of the central rod 208, and an o-ring 216 disposed around the tubular body 206. Additionally, the rod 208 includes two contact elements (also referred to as "contact strips") 209, 211 that are electrically connected to the blades of the gripper 204 via separate wires or other connecting components, such that one strip 209 connects to one blade and the other strip 211 connects to the other blade. Central rod 208 is operatively coupled to gripper 204 such that linear actuation of central rod 208 relative to tubular body 206 moves gripper 204 between its open and closed configurations. First protrusion 210 and second protrusion (not shown) are disposed on opposite sides of tubular body 206 and configured to be disposed within corresponding channels in forearm 202 as described below.

[0058] The forearm body 202 includes an end effector lumen 220 defined by a rotatable cylinder 222 such that the cylinder 222 defines the lumen 220. The cylinder 222 includes a button channel 224 defined therein for receiving the release button 212 when the end effector 200 is disposed within the lumen 220, and two contact rings 226, 228. Additionally, the cylinder 222 includes two longitudinal channels (not shown) defined on opposite sides of an inner wall of the lumen 220 configured to receive a first protrusion 210 (shown in FIG. 5A ) and a second protrusion (not shown) on the end effector 200 such that the protrusion 210 moves along the channels when the end effector 200 is inserted into the lumen 220 of the forearm 202. Additionally, both channels (not shown) have a substantially 90 degree rotation at a proximal end of the channel resulting in two axial slots in communication with the longitudinal channels. The axial slot is configured to accommodate rotation of the end effector 200 when coupled to the forearm 202, as described below.

[0059] Each of the contact rings 226, 228 is positioned on the cylinder 222 such that a portion of each ring 226, 228 is disposed around the inner wall of the cylinder 222 such that each ring surrounds the lumen 220. In this embodiment, each of the contact rings 226, 228 is positioned along the length of the lumen 220 such that each contacts one of the two contact strips 209, 211 on the rod 208 when the end effector 200 is coupled to the forearm 202 as shown in FIG. 5B. More specifically, the contact ring 226 contacts the contact strip 209, while the contact ring 228 contacts the contact strip 211. In this configuration, once the end effector 200 is coupled to the forearm 202, the contact strips 209, 211 are in continuous contact with the contact rings 226, 228 even when the rod 208 is rotating or moving axially. That is, the strips 209, 211 are configured to have some longitudinal length, as shown in FIG. 5A, such that when the rod 208 is actuated and moves axially while connected to the forearm 202, the strips 209, 211 remain in contact with the contact rings 226, 228, despite the fact that the rings 226, 228 do not move axially.

[0060] Additionally, each of the contact rings 226, 228 contacts a stationary contact ring 227, 229 disposed within the forearm 202 to surround the cylinder 222. In addition to being disposed such that a portion is disposed around the inner wall of the cylinder 222, each of the rings 226, 228 also has a portion disposed around the outer wall of the cylinder 222 such that each of the rings 226, 228 is in contact with one of the two stationary contact rings 227, 229 as well. Thus, electrical energy can be transferred from a power source to the stationary contact rings 227, 229 and - via the contact between the stationary rings 227, 229 and the contact rings 226, 228 - to the contact strips 209, 221 and thereby to the grasper 204 blades. As a result, the grasper 204 can be a bipolar cauterization tool. Alternatively, the end effector 200 may be a monopolar cauterization tool, provided that the same electrical energy is supplied to both stationary contact rings 227, 229.

[0061] Additionally, the forearm 202 includes a linear drive component 230 disposed at a proximal end of the rotatable cylinder 222. The drive component 230 includes a lumen 232 defined at a distal end thereof, the lumen 232 including a linkage pin (also referred to as a "hook linkage pin") 234 extending from one side of the lumen 232 to the other. The pin 234 is configured to be linkable with a linkage hook 214 of the end effector 200, as described in further detail below. The drive component 230 also includes a linkage pin (also referred to as a "cylinder linkage pin") 235 extending beyond the outer periphery of the drive component 230 such that a distal end of the pin 235 is disposed within a slot 237A, 237B defined in an inner wall of the rotatable cylinder 222. The pin 235 is fixedly coupled to the drive component 230. Each of these slots 237A, 237B has a length extending longitudinally along the length of the rotatable cylinder 222. As a result, the pin 235 is slidably disposed within the slots 237A, 237B such that the drive component 230 can move linearly but cannot rotate relative to the rotatable cylinder 222. Thus, any rotation of the drive component 230 causes rotation of the rotatable cylinder 222. This structure prevents the hook 214 from becoming disengaged from the pin 234. That is, the pin 235 prevents the drive component 230 from rotating relative to the rotatable cylinder 222, thereby ensuring that the hook 214 remains coupled to the pin 234.

[0062] Additionally, the proximal end of drive component 230 includes a male threaded proximal shaft (also referred to as a linear translation component) 236. Alternatively, shaft 236 is a separate component operably coupled to drive component 230 via a retaining ring 241. Retaining ring 241 allows drive component 230 to rotate relative to linear translation component 236. Additionally, shaft 236 is prevented from rotating by a groove (not shown) defined in shaft 236 that engages tongue 243. Additionally, shaft 236 is disposed within a lumen 238 within rotatable linear drive component 239 and threadedly coupled to female threads defined within lumen 238. Thus, when rotatable drive component 239 is rotated by a linear actuation motor (not shown), the threaded coupling of shaft 236 to rotatable drive component 239 causes shaft 236 to move linearly, thereby causing drive component 230 to move linearly as well.

[0063] The forearm 202 also includes a motor 240 coupled via a drive shaft 242 to a drive gear 244. The drive gear 244 is coupled to a driven gear 246 that surrounds and is coupled to the rotatable cylinder 222 such that rotation of the driven gear 246 rotates the rotatable cylinder 222.

[0064] The end effector 200 is rotated via a motor 240 operably coupled to a driven gear 246. That is, the motor 240 in the forearm 202 can be actuated to drive a drive gear 244, which drives the driven gear 246 operably coupled to said rotatable cylinder 222 such that the rotatable cylinder 222 rotates. The rotatable cylinder 222 is coupled to the end effector 200 when the end effector 200 is fully secured within the lumen 220 of the forearm 202 such that rotation of the rotatable cylinder 222 rotates the end effector 200. That is, the first protrusion 210 and the second protrusion (not shown), best shown in FIG. 5A, are disposed within a channel (not shown) in the lumen 220 such that the tubular body 206 is coupled to the cylinder 222 such that rotation of the cylinder 222 rotates the tubular body 206.

[0065] Additionally, the end effector 200 is actuated to move the gripper 204 between open and closed positions via the linear drive component 230. The end effector 200 is coupled to the linear drive component 230 via a coupling hook 214 disposed within a lumen 232 of the drive component 230 and about a pin 234 disposed within the lumen 232. That is, during insertion of the end effector 200 into the forearm 202, the hook 214 is disposed within the lumen 232 before the end effector 200 is rotated substantially 90 degrees such that the hook 214 extends proximally beyond the pin 234. Thus, as the end effector 200 rotates, the hook 214 couples to the pin 234, thereby coupling the end effector 200 to the drive component 230. The connection of the drive component 230 to the end effector 200 via the hook 214 and pin 234 linearly connects the end effector 200 to the linear drive component 230 such that the end effector 200 cannot move linearly relative to the drive component 230 .

[0066] As a result of the coupling of the hook 214 to the pin 234, actuation of the linear drive component 230 operates to move the end effector 200 linearly. That is, the rotatable linear drive component 239 is coupled at its proximal end to a driven gear 250 coupled to a drive gear (not shown), which is coupled to a motor (not shown) operable to rotate the driven gear 250 and, consequently, the rotatable drive component 239. As described above, the threaded portion 236 of the linear drive component 230 is disposed within and threadedly coupled to a lumen 238 within the rotatable drive component 239. As a result, rotation of the drive component 239 moves the linear drive component 230 axially. Thus, actuation of the drive component 239 by a motor (not shown) causes linear movement of the linear drive component 230, which in turn causes linear movement of the central rod 208, causing movement of the gripper 204 between the open and closed configurations via known gripper components for achieving movement between these two configurations.

[0067] The end effector 200 is configured to be easily coupled and detached from the forearm 202 so that a user (e.g., a surgeon) can easily remove one end effector and replace it with another during a medical procedure. To insert the end effector 200 into the forearm 202 and couple it thereto as shown in FIG. 5B, the end effector 200 is inserted into the lumen 220 such that the first protrusion 210 and the second protrusion (not shown) are disposed within a channel (not shown) in the lumen 220. As the end effector 200 is urged proximally into the lumen 220, the hook 214 advances proximally until it moves into the lumen 232 and past the pin 234. If the hook 214 cannot advance proximally any further, the protrusion 212 (not shown) also advances proximally as far as possible along the channel (not shown). At this point, the user rotates the end effector 200, thereby coupling the hook 214 to the pin 234 and advancing the projection 212 (not shown) along the axial slot as described above. Thus, the user can couple the end effector 200 to the forearm 202 via two mechanisms with a single twist or rotation of the end effector 200.

[0068] It will be appreciated that the end effector 200 may also be easily removed. A release button 212 on the end effector 200 is operatively coupled to the coupling hook 214 such that actuation of the button 212 disengages the hook 214 from the pin 234. Thus, to remove the end effector 200 from the forearm 202, a user can press the button 212 and then rotate or twist the end effector 200 (opposite the direction required to couple the end effector 200). Rotation of the end effector 200 moves the protrusions 212 (not shown) along the axial slots (not shown) such that the protrusions 212 (not shown) are disposed within the channel (not shown) such that the protrusions 212 can move distally along the channel (not shown). At this point, the end effector 200 may be removed from the lumen 220 of the forearm 202.

[0069] 6-14 illustrate certain additional embodiments of quick release end effectors 260, 262 releasably coupleable to a forearm 264, according to one embodiment. More specifically, these exemplary implementations are configured to allow the end effectors 260, 262 to be coupled to the forearm 264 with a single rotation of the end effectors 260, 262 once the end effectors 260, 262 are positioned within the lumen 300 of the forearm 264.

[0070] 6 and 14, the end effector 260, in one implementation, comprises a grasper 266. The end effector 260 also comprises a tubular body 270, a rod (also referred to herein as a "center rod") 272 disposed within and rotatable relative to the tubular body 270 and comprising a rod coupling component 274 extending proximally from the tubular body 270, a handle 276, an end effector coupling component 278, a torque transmission protrusion 280, two contact rings 282, 284, an o-ring 286 adjacent the handle 276, and a pinhole 290 defined within the tubular body 270. Additionally, as best shown in FIG. 14, the first contact ring 282 is coupled to a first contact wire 400 extending from the contact ring 282 to a distal end of the end effector 260, where the wire 400 is operably coupled to a proximal portion of one arm 266A of the grasper 266. Similarly, the second contact ring 284 is coupled to a second contact wire 402 that extends from the ring 284 to the distal end of the end effector 260, where the wire 402 is operably coupled to a proximal portion of the other arm 266B of the grasper 266. Thus, each of the two contact rings 282, 284 is electrically connected to one of the grasper arms 266A, 266B such that electrical energy can be separately transmitted from each of the rings 282, 284 to one of the arms 266A, 266B, thereby resulting in a bipolar grasper 266. The central rod 272 is operably coupled to the grasper 266 such that rotational actuation of the central rod 272 relative to the tubular body 270 (via the rod coupling component 274) moves the grasper 266 between its open and closed configurations. The end effector connection component 278 includes a male protrusion 288 that engages with a female channel 380 on the forearm such that the protrusion 288 can be positioned within the channel 380 to connect the end effector 260 to the forearm 264 with a single twist or rotation of the end effector 260.The torque transmission protrusions 280 are formed or disposed about the tubular body 270 and are configured to be disposed within corresponding torque transmission channels 304 in the forearm 264, as described below, such that the end effector 260 is not rotatable relative to the forearm 264 when the protrusions 280 are secured to the channels 304. It is notable that the ends of the torque transmission protrusions 280 are tapered to make it easier to align the protrusions 280 with the channels 304. In the embodiment of FIG. 6, there are four protrusions 280 (three are visible in the figure). Alternatively, there may be any other number of protrusions, including one to three protrusions, or five or more protrusions, that can be used to couple the end effector 260 to the forearm 264.

[0071] In an alternative embodiment, the end effector 262 may include scissors 268, as shown in FIG. 7. According to one implementation, other components of this end effector 262 are substantially identical to those of the end effector 260 shown in FIG. 6 and described above. Accordingly, these components are identified with the same reference numbers such that what has been stated above applies equally to these components as well. One difference, in certain embodiments, concerns the electrical connection of the contact rings 282, 284 to the scissors arms 268A, 268B. That is, according to some embodiments, both arms 268A, 268B are electrically connected to both rings 282, 284, thereby resulting in a monopolar scissors 268, as described in more detail below. 15, the first contact ring 282 is coupled to a first contact wire 400 that extends from the contact ring 282 to a distal end of the end effector 262 where the wire 400 is operably coupled to a proximal portion of the scissors 268 such that the contact ring 282 is electrically connected to both arms 268A, 268B of the scissors 268. Similarly, the second contact ring 284 is coupled to a second contact wire 402 that extends from the ring 284 to a distal end of the end effector 262 where the wire 402 is operably coupled to a proximal portion of the scissors 268 such that the contact ring 284 is electrically connected to both arms 268A, 268B of the scissors 268. Thus, each of the two contact rings 282, 284 is electrically connected to both of the scissor arms 268A, 268B such that electrical energy is transmitted from both rings 282, 284 to both arms 266A, 266B, thereby resulting in a monopolar grasper 268.

[0072] As shown in FIGS. 8-13, the forearm body 264 includes an end effector lumen 300 defined by a rotatable cylinder 302 (best shown in FIGS. 8, 9A, and 9B) such that the cylinder 302 defines the lumen 300. As described above, the cylinder 302 includes a torque transmission channel 304, two electrical contact components 306, 308, a rotating gear 310 defined and disposed about an outer wall of the cylinder 302, an o-ring 316 disposed about the cylinder, and a seal (in this embodiment a "ring seal" or "lip seal") 318 disposed about a distal opening of the lumen 300. The torque transmission channel 304 is defined within the cylinder 302 to accommodate the torque transmission protrusion 280 of either end effector 260 / 262 when that end effector 260 / 262 is disposed within the lumen 300. The channel 304 is tapered, making it easy to align the protrusion 280 with the channel 304. In this exemplary embodiment, the two electrical contact components 306, 308 are contacted by leaflets 306, 308 that are electrically connected to contact rings 312, 314 (best shown in FIG. 9B ) (such that electrical contact component 306 is coupled to contact ring 312 and contact component 308 is coupled to contact ring 314). The contact rings 312, 314 are positioned along the length of the lumen 300 such that they are disposed along the inner wall of the lumen 300 and are configured to contact contact rings 282, 284 on the end effector 260 / 262 when the end effector 260 / 262 is coupled to the forearm 264. In one embodiment shown in FIG. 9B , the contact leaflet pair 306, 308 extends proximally away from the cylinder 302. It will be appreciated that the contact leaflets 306, 308 can alternatively extend distally away from the cylinder 302. In a further alternative, the contact components 306, 308, respectively, may take any known configuration for a contact component.

[0073] As best shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B, the lip seal 318 operates to act as a primary seal that maintains a fluid seal on the forearm 264, thereby preventing fluid from accessing the forearm 264. According to one embodiment, the o-ring 316 (also best shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B) can operate to act as a structural support for the cylinder 302, holding the cylinder 302 in place relative to the forearm 264 while allowing the cylinder 302 to rotate. Additionally, the o-ring 316 can also act as a backup for the lip seal 318, thereby providing a fluid seal that prevents any fluid passing through the lip seal 318 from accessing the internal components of the forearm 264. Additionally, according to another implementation, the o-ring 316 can also act to maintain a lubricant disposed between the lip seal 318 and the o-ring 316.

[0074] Alternatively, instead of seal 318 extending from rotatable cylinder 302, a seal (not shown) for maintaining a liquid seal in forearm 264 can instead extend from an inner lumen of forearm 264 - such as a portion of forearm 264 proximal to female channel 380 - and contact rotatable cylinder 302, thereby providing the desired fluid seal for forearm 264 as described above.

[0075] Additionally, the forearm 264 includes a rotatable linear drive component 330 disposed within the forearm 264 proximal to the rotatable cylinder 302, as best shown in FIGS. 8 and 10. The drive component 330 includes a lumen 332 defined at a distal end thereof (best shown in FIG. 10) with teeth 334 extending from an inner wall of the lumen 332 configured to engage with a rod coupling component 274 on the proximal end of the end effector 260 / 262. Alternatively, the lumen 332 may include any type of structure or feature, such as ribs, threads, channels, etc., for engaging or coupling with the rod coupling component 274. Additionally, the drive component 330 includes an external structural feature 336, a seal 338 (e.g., a "ring seal"), and an o-ring 340. The ring seal 338 and o-ring 340, according to one embodiment, may function in substantially the same manner as the seal 318 and o-ring 316 described above. The external structural mechanism 336 is an external hex 336 configured to engage a drive gear 344 operably coupled to a motor 346 (best shown in FIG. 8 ) such that actuation of the motor 346 causes rotation of the rotatable drive component 330 , as best shown in FIG. 10 .

[0076] Alternatively, instead of the ring seal 338 extending from the linear drive component 330, a seal (not shown) for maintaining a fluid seal can instead extend from the lumen 300 of the rotatable cylinder 302 and contact the rotatable linear drive component 330, thereby providing the desired fluid seal.

[0077] When the end effector 260 / 262 is coupled to the forearm 264, as best shown in FIG. 12, the rod coupling component 274 of the end effector 260 / 262 is disposed within the lumen 332 of the drive component 330, thereby coupled to the rotatable drive component 330. As a result of this coupling, when the rotatable drive component 330 is rotated, the rod coupling component 274 is rotated, thereby rotating the central rod 272 of the end effector 260 / 262. The central rod 272 is disposed within the housing 273, and includes a slot 294 defined about an outer periphery of the rod 272 configured to receive a pin 292, as best shown in FIGS. 12, 14, and 16. The pin 292 is disposed through a pin hole 290 in the tubular body 270, as best shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. As best shown in FIG. 12, the pin 292 is disposed within the slot 294 such that when the pin 292 is within the slot 294, the rod 272 can rotate but cannot move axially. Alternatively, instead of a pin, the housing 273 includes a protrusion similar to the pin 292 extending from an inner lumen of the housing 273 such that the protrusion can be disposed within the slot 294 in a manner similar to the pin 292, thereby allowing the rod 272 to rotate but not move axially. The central rod 272 includes an external thread 390 on its distal end that is threadedly coupled to the linear drive component 392 such that rotation of the central rod 272 causes the linear drive component 392 to move linearly. The linear drive component 392 is operably coupled to the grasper 266 or the scissors 268 such that linear movement of the drive component 392 causes the grasper 266 or the scissors 268 to move between an open and closed configuration. Thus, rotation of the central rod 272 moves the graspers 266 or scissors 268 between the open and closed positions.

[0078] Returning to FIG. 8, according to one implementation, the forearm 264 also includes a motor 350 coupled to a drive gear 352. The drive gear 352 is coupled to a rotation gear 310 on a rotatable cylinder 302 (best shown in FIG. 9A) such that rotation of the drive gear 352 rotates the rotatable cylinder 302. The rotatable cylinder 302 is coupled to the end effector 260 / 262 such that when the end effector 260 / 262 is fully secured in the lumen 300 of the forearm 264, rotation of the rotatable cylinder 302 rotates the end effector 260 / 262. That is, the projection 280 is disposed within a channel 304 in the lumen 300 such that the tubular body 270 is coupled to the cylinder 302 such that rotation of the cylinder 302 rotates the tubular body 270.

[0079] In one embodiment, as best shown in Figures 8, 11 and 13, the forearm 264 also includes a support cylinder 360 that is disposed around the rotatable cylinder 302 and includes a lumen 362 such that the rotatable cylinder 302 is disposed within the lumen 362 and can rotate relative to the support cylinder 360. As best shown in Figure 13, the support cylinder 360 (shown in dotted lines) includes two inner contact rings 364, 366 that are disposed on an inner wall of the support cylinder lumen 362. The two rings 364, 366 are configured to contact the two contact leaflet pairs 306, 308 on the rotatable cylinder 302.

[0080] As best shown in Figures 8 and 12, both end effectors 260, 262 are configured to be easily coupled and detached to forearm 264 so that a user (e.g., a surgeon) can easily remove one end effector and replace it with another during a medical procedure. As shown in Figure 12, to insert either end effector 260 / 262 into forearm 264 and couple it thereto, end effector 260 / 262 is inserted into lumen 300 such that torque transmission protrusion 280 is disposed within channel 304 in lumen 300. As end effector 260 / 262 is urged proximally into lumen 300, rod coupling component 274 advances proximally until it is disposed within lumen 332 of rotatable drive component 330 and engages teeth 334 therein. At the same time, proximal advancement of the end effector 260 / 262 causes the male protrusion 288 on the end effector coupling component 278 to advance proximally into a female channel 380 defined in the distal end of the forearm 264, as best shown in FIG. 8. The female channel 380 is configured such that once the protrusion 288 has advanced proximally into the channel 380, the end effector 260 / 262 can be rotated by a user via the handle 276 to rotate the protrusion 288 within the channel 280, thereby securing the end effector 260 / 262 to the forearm 264. Thus, a user can couple the end effector 260 / 262 to the forearm 264 with a single twist or rotation of the end effector 260 / 262. Additionally, a user can also remove the end effector 260 / 262 by simply twisting or rotating the handle 276 in the opposite direction in the same manner.

[0081] In one implementation, any lumen in any forearm device described or contemplated herein is configured to be easy to sterilize. That is, each lumen is configured to have no gaps or other features that are inaccessible or difficult to access during sterilization. Furthermore, certain embodiments include lumens with dimensions that lend themselves to easy sterilization. That is, such lumens have a sufficiently short length and a sufficiently large diameter that they are accessible with appropriate sterilization tools and techniques. In one specific example, any one or more lumens disclosed or contemplated herein may have an inner diameter of at least 3 mm and a length of 400 mm or less. Alternatively, the lumen(s) may have an inner diameter of at least 2 mm and a length of 250 mm or less. In a further alternative, the lumen(s) may have an inner diameter of at least 1 mm and a length of 125 mm or less. In yet another alternative, the lumen(s) may have any dimensions that simplify sterilization.

[0082] According to certain embodiments, the various forearm and end effector embodiments disclosed and contemplated herein provide for easy, quick connection and disconnection of the end effector to the forearm while providing one or even two mechanical connections or contacts and one or two electrical connections or contacts, i.e., the various embodiments disclosed herein allow for simple attachment of the end effector to the forearm while also providing up to two electrical connections and up to two mechanical connections between the forearm and the end effector.

[0083] Although various embodiments have been described with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

1. 1. An apparatus comprising: a quick release end effector for rapid connection to and disconnection from a medical instrument; and an arm of the medical instrument, The quick release end effector comprises: (a) an end effector body; (b) an end effector coupling component disposed about an outer periphery of the end effector body for coupling the end effector body to the medical instrument, the end effector coupling component comprising at least one male protrusion extending outwardly from the end effector coupling component; and (c) at least one first torque transmission structure formed on an outer periphery of the end effector body for transmitting torque for rotating the end effector body between the medical instrument and the end effector body; (d) a rod disposed within the end effector body; (e) a rod connecting component coupled to a proximal end of the rod for connecting the rod to the medical device, the rod connecting component comprising a first connecting structure on a periphery of the rod connecting component configured to be operably connected to the medical device such that actuation of the medical device causes actuation of the rod; the end effector body is configured to be positionable within a lumen of the arm; the arm includes at least one female channel defined at a distal end of the arm; the end effector coupling component is configured to be releasably coupleable to the arm via the at least one male protrusion disposed through the at least one female channel; the lumen includes at least one second torque transmission structure formed therein for transmitting torque between the arm and the end effector body to rotate the end effector body; the at least one second torque transmission structure is configured to align with the at least one first torque transmission structure when the end effector body is disposed within the lumen and to transmit torque to the at least one first torque transmission structure.

2. 1. An apparatus comprising: a quick release end effector for rapid connection to and disconnection from a medical instrument; and an arm of the medical instrument, The quick release end effector comprises: (a) an end effector body; (b) an end effector coupling component disposed about an outer periphery of the end effector body for coupling the end effector body to the medical instrument, the end effector coupling component comprising at least one male protrusion extending outwardly from the end effector coupling component; and (c) at least one first torque transmission structure formed on an outer periphery of the end effector body for transmitting torque for rotating the end effector body between the medical instrument and the end effector body; (d) a rod disposed within the end effector body; (e) a rod connecting component coupled to a proximal end of the rod for connecting the rod to the medical device, the rod connecting component comprising a first connecting structure on a periphery of the rod connecting component configured to be operably connected to the medical device such that actuation of the medical device causes actuation of the rod; the end effector body is configured to be positionable within a lumen of the arm; the arm includes at least one female channel defined at a distal end of the arm; the end effector coupling component is configured to be releasably coupleable to the arm via the at least one male protrusion disposed through the at least one female channel.

3. 1. An apparatus comprising: a quick release end effector for rapid connection to and disconnection from a medical instrument; and an arm of the medical instrument, The quick release end effector comprises: (a) an end effector body; (b) an end effector coupling component disposed about an outer periphery of the end effector body for coupling the end effector body to the medical instrument, the end effector coupling component comprising at least one male protrusion extending outwardly from the end effector coupling component; and (c) at least one first torque transmission structure formed on an outer periphery of the end effector body for transmitting torque for rotating the end effector body between the medical instrument and the end effector body; (d) a rod disposed within the end effector body; (e) a rod connecting component coupled to a proximal end of the rod for connecting the rod to the medical device, the rod connecting component comprising a first connecting structure on a periphery of the rod connecting component configured to be operably connected to the medical device such that actuation of the medical device causes actuation of the rod; the quick release end effector is configured to be positionable within the arm; the arm includes at least one female channel defined at a distal end of the arm; the end effector coupling component is configured to be releasably coupleable to the arm via the at least one male protrusion disposed through the at least one female channel; The arm is (a) an arm body; (b) a rotatable cylinder disposed within the arm body, (i) an end effector lumen defined within the rotatable cylinder; and (ii) a rotatable cylinder including at least one second torque transmission structure formed in a wall of the end effector lumen for transmitting torque between the arm and the end effector body to rotate the end effector body, the at least one second torque transmission structure configured to transmit torque to the at least one first torque transmission structure; (c) a rotatable linear drive component, (i) a rotatable body; (ii) a lumen defined at a distal end of the rotatable body, the lumen comprising a second coupling structure disposed within the lumen; The device, wherein the first coupling structure of the rod coupling component is configured to be coupleable with the second coupling structure disposed within the lumen of the rotatable linear drive component.

4. 1. An apparatus comprising: a quick release end effector for rapid connection to and disconnection from a medical instrument; and an arm of the medical instrument, The quick release end effector comprises: (a) an end effector body; (b) an end effector coupling component disposed about an outer periphery of the end effector body for coupling the end effector body to the medical instrument, the end effector coupling component comprising at least one male protrusion extending outwardly from the end effector coupling component; and (c) at least one first torque transmission structure formed on an outer periphery of the end effector body for transmitting torque for rotating the end effector body between the medical instrument and the end effector body; (d) a rod disposed within the end effector body; (e) a rod connecting component coupled to a proximal end of the rod for connecting the rod to the medical device, the rod connecting component comprising a first connecting structure on a periphery of the rod connecting component configured to be operably connected to the medical device such that actuation of the medical device causes actuation of the rod; the arm includes at least one female channel defined at a distal end of the arm; the end effector coupling component is configured to be releasably coupleable to the arm via the at least one male protrusion disposed through the at least one female channel; The quick release end effector further comprises first and second contact rings disposed about an outer periphery of the rod and slidably engageable with first and second contact rings, respectively, of the medical instrument.

5. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, the quick release end effector further comprises a gripper end effector comprising first and second gripper arms; the first contact ring of the quick release end effector is electrically connected to the first gripper arm; The second contact ring of the quick release end effector is electrically connected to the second gripper arm.

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