WTRU Assisted Positioning

Abstract

The WTRU may track parameters associated with the WTRU or the target WTRU. The parameters may be associated with positioning and / or sidelink communications. The WTRU may receive a configuration for transmission of a reference signal to the target WTRU. The WTRU may transmit one or more reference signals on one or more configured sidelink resources. The WTRU may receive respective measurement reports from each target WTRU (e.g., the target WTRU may receive a reference signal transmitted by the WTRU and send an associated measurement report). The WTRU may be configured to send received target WTRU measurements to a network entity. The WTRU may send each received measurement. The WTRU may send the received measurement if a condition is met. For example, if a first measurement value associated with a first measurement report from a first target WTRU exceeds a first threshold, the WTRU may send the first measurement value to a network entity.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] (CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS) This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 887,215, filed August 15, 2019, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [Background technology]

[0002] The purpose of positioning may be to determine the geographic location of the WTRU. The location may be used to support internal E-UTRAN functions such as radio resource management or location-based services and applications for the operator, subscriber, or third party service providers. Examples of these services and applications may include emergency call support (e.g., to support IMS emergency calls over EPS or to meet E-911 regulatory requirements), Google Maps, targeted advertising, etc. Summary of the Invention

[0003] Disclosed herein are systems, methods, and means associated with positioning and / or sidelink communications. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), such as an anchor WTRU, may track one or more parameters associated with the WTRU or other WTRUs (e.g., target WTRUs). The one or more parameters may be associated with positioning and / or sidelink communications. The WTRU may receive a configuration associated with transmitting a reference signal (e.g., a sidelink synchronization signal) to the target WTRU. The WTRU may receive a configuration from a network entity, such as a gNB, eNB, base station, positioning server, etc. The configuration may indicate and / or include one or more of the following: a respective target WTRU identifier, sidelink resources, one or more thresholds, transmit power, or spatial information (e.g., transmit beam information, e.g., number of beams, beam ID, etc.) for the respective target WTRU. The WTRU may transmit one or more reference signals on one or more of the sidelink resources. The WTRU may monitor and / or receive respective measurement reports from each target WTRU (e.g., the target WTRU may receive a reference signal transmitted by the WTRU and send an associated measurement report to the WTRU using a measurement value associated with the reference signal). The WTRU may be configured to send the received target WTRU measurements to a network entity. The WTRU may send each of the received measurements, e.g., the WTRU may send a group report including measurements from multiple target WTRUs (e.g., those measurements exceed a threshold, e.g., as disclosed herein). The WTRU may send the received measurements if a condition is met. If a first measurement value associated with a first measurement report from a first target WTRU exceeds a first threshold, the WTRU may send the first measurement value to a network entity. If a first measurement value associated with a first measurement report from a first target WTRU does not exceed a first threshold, the WTRU may not send the first measurement value to a network entity.The WTRU may determine that the first measurement value exceeds a first threshold if the first measurement value exceeds a previous value associated with the first target WTRU by an amount.

[0004] The WTRU may indicate (e.g., to a network entity) that it is unable or no longer able to function as an anchor WTRU. The WTRU may determine that its location has changed significantly such that it can no longer monitor the target WTRU and / or that the WTRU may be unable to listen to a certain threshold number of network devices (e.g., gNBs, eNBs, base stations, etc.). Based on the determination, the WTRU may send an indication to the network entity indicating that the determined condition is met. The WTRU may cease its function as an anchor WTRU based on sending the indication. The WTRU may cease its function as an anchor WTRU based on receiving an indication from the network entity (e.g., in response to an indication sent by the WTRU).

[0005] The WTRU may be configured to determine whether to send an indication (e.g., to a network entity) indicating a change in the rate and / or periodicity of measurements and / or reporting by the associated target WTRU and / or monitoring and / or reporting by the WTRU. The indication (e.g., a request to a network entity) may indicate that a change in the rate and / or periodicity of measurements and / or reporting by the target WTRU is required and / or a change in the rate and / or periodicity of monitoring and / or reporting by the WTRU is required (e.g., the changed parameters may be referred to as measurements, reports, and / or monitoring). The network entity may send an indication to the WTRU (e.g., in response to receiving an indication from the WTRU) to change the rate and / or periodicity of measurements, reporting, and / or monitoring. The WTRU may send such an indication as a notification that it is changing the rate and / or periodicity of measurements, reporting, and / or monitoring. The WTRU may change the measurements and / or reporting via communication with the target WTRU. The WTRU may make a decision to change the rate and / or periodicity of the measurements, reporting, and / or monitoring based on how much one or more measurements associated with the target WTRU have changed. The WTRU may send an instruction to decrease the rate or periodicity of the measurements, reporting, and / or monitoring if the WTRU determines that one or more measurements associated with the target WTRU have not changed by more than a first amount over a certain number of time periods. The WTRU may send an instruction to increase the rate or periodicity of the measurements, reporting, and / or monitoring if the WTRU determines that one or more measurements associated with the target WTRU have changed by more than a second amount over a certain number of time periods. The WTRU may make a decision to change the rate and / or periodicity of the measurements, reporting, and / or monitoring based on whether the WTRU's location has changed by more than a threshold. For example, if the WTRU's location has changed by more than a threshold, the WTRU may send an instruction to a network entity to increase the rate or periodicity of the measurements, reporting, and / or monitoring.

[0006] The measuring WTRU may perform one or more of the following, which may support the positioning of the neighborhood-assisted WRTU: The measuring WTRU may receive a positioning configuration. The positioning configuration may include an indication of a sounding reference signal (SRS) pattern and resource allocation of SRS transmission for the reference WTRU. The measuring WTRU may receive an indication of the timing advance of the reference WTRU (e.g., as part of the configuration). The measuring WTRU may determine the downlink slot timing, for example, by detecting a primary synchronization signal / secondary synchronization signal (PSS / SSS) transmission of a network node (e.g., a serving base station (BS)). The measuring WTRU may determine the uplink slot timing of the reference WTRU by detecting an SRS transmission from the reference WTRU. If the measuring WTRU is configured with a timing advance value of the reference WTRU, the measuring WTRU may adjust the measured uplink slot timing to the timing advance. The measuring WTRU may determine a reference signal time difference (RSTD) between downlink and uplink transmissions. The measuring WTRU may report the RSTD measurement to a location server (e.g., E-SMLC, SUPL SLP, LMF, etc.), which may be, for example, a physical or logical network entity.

[0007] Network-initiated WTRU group positioning techniques may be provided. One or more of the following may be applied: A WTRU (e.g., anchor WTRU) may receive one or more of a PRS transmission and reporting configuration, e.g., sidelink resources, periodicity, target WTRU ID, threshold, etc. The anchor WTRU may transmit a PRS on the configured resources toward one or more target WTRUs, e.g., using a sidelink channel. The anchor WTRU may collect positioning measurement reports (e.g., RSTD) on the configured resources, e.g., using a sidelink channel from one or more target WTRUs. If a change in a measurement value of a target WTRU (e.g., relative to a previous measurement value) exceeds a first threshold, the anchor WTRU may report the measurement value to a location server. If a change in a measurement value (e.g., relative to a previous measurement value) exceeds a second threshold, the anchor WTRU may send a reconfiguration request to the location server to increase the measurement and reporting rate. If a change in a measurement value (e.g., relative to a previous measurement value) is less than a third threshold for a certain (e.g., configured) number of periods, the anchor WTRU may send a reconfiguration request to the location server to decrease the measurement and reporting rate. If the anchor WTRU is unable to perform downlink measurements on a specified number of BSs, the anchor WTRU may trigger a notification to the location server.

[0008] Positioning techniques for autonomous WTRU groups may be provided. One or more of the following may be applied: An out-of-coverage WTRU may perform positioning measurements on reference signals (RS) received from in-coverage WTRUs or other out-of-coverage WTRUs. An out-of-coverage WTRU may send a report (e.g., using pre-configured sidelink resources) to a reference in-coverage or out-of-coverage WTRU including its measurement results (e.g., angle of arrival (AOA), Rx-Tx time difference, RSRP, etc.). An out-of-coverage WTRU may monitor measurement reports from one or more other out-of-coverage WTRUs on pre-configured sidelink resources. An out-of-coverage WTRU may include the measurement results of other out-of-coverage WTRUs in its out-of-coverage WTRU report to a reference WTRU. An out-of-coverage WTRU may derive measurements of other WTRUs with respect to its own reference (eg, location, time, etc.) and send the measurements to the reference WTRU using the derived values.

[0009] The WTRU may be configured to perform positioning measurements (e.g., OTDOA, A-GNSS, E-CID, etc.) in idle state. One or more of the following may apply: The WTRU may receive a configuration of dedicated sidelink resources for one or more WTRUs to relay positioning measurements to the location server. The configuration may include one or more of the following: a list of sidelink-capable WTRUs, a list of DRX cycles for configured sidelink WTRUs, a maximum positioning measurement reporting delay, a threshold, a delay reduction factor value, etc. The WTRU may perform positioning measurements on the configured resources. If the positioning measurements differ from previously reported positioning measurements (e.g., by a value greater than a threshold), the WTRU may reduce the maximum positioning measurement delay by the configured reduction factor value. The WTRU may perform one or more of the following to send the positioning measurements: If the total reporting delay using one or more of the sidelink resources is less than the maximum positioning measurement reporting delay, the WTRU may send the positioning measurements using one of the configured dedicated sidelink resources. If the configured list of sidelink-capable WTRUs cannot meet the condition that the total reporting delay is smaller than the maximum positioning measurement reporting delay, the WTRU may decide to send the positioning measurement report using resources from a common sidelink resource pool. The WTRU may select one of the sidelink WTRUs that can meet the total reporting delay requirement using the common resource pool. If a sidelink WTRU in the configured list of sidelink-capable WTRUs meets the condition that the total reporting delay using the common resource pool is smaller than the reduced maximum positioning measurement reporting delay, the WTRU may decide to send the positioning measurement report, for example, by transitioning to a connected state first. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0010] Additionally, like reference numbers in the figures indicate like elements.

[0011] [Figure 1A] FIG. 1 is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0012] [Figure 1B] 1 is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A, according to one embodiment.

[0013] [Figure 1C] FIG. 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communication system illustrated in FIG. 1A, according to one embodiment.

[0014] [Figure 1D] FIG. 1B is a system diagram illustrating a further exemplary RAN and a further exemplary CN that may be used within the communication system illustrated in FIG. 1A, according to one embodiment.

[0015] [Diagram 2] To illustrate an example, consider one associated with observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA).

[0016] [Diagram 3] Illustrates an example associated with interference-based positioning.

[0017] [Figure 4] An example is illustrated in connection with time synchronous positioning measurements.

[0018] [Diagram 5] An example is illustrated in connection with asynchronous positioning measurements.

[0019] [Figure 6] 1 illustrates an example associated with an anchor WTRU.

[0020] [Figure 7] 1 illustrates an example associated with forming a WTRU group.

[0021] [Figure 8] 1 illustrates an example associated with positioning a group of WTRUs.

[0022] [Figure 9] Illustrates an example associated with a positioning reference signal.

[0023] [Figure 10] 1 illustrates an example associated with positioning measurement and reporting.

[0024] [Figure 11] 1 illustrates an example associated with WTRU-initiated WTRU group positioning.

[0025] [Figure 12] 1 illustrates an example associated with multi-level switching of resources by a WTRU.

[0026] [Figure 13] 1 illustrates an example associated with multi-level switching of location reporting by a WTRU. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0027] 1A is a diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. Communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcasts, etc., to multiple wireless users. Communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications system 100 may use one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail unique-word DFT-Spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[0028] 1A, communications system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, Internet 110, and other networks 112, although it will be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA,” may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in industrial and / or automated processing chain situations), consumer electronics devices, devices operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, etc. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be referred to interchangeably as a UE.

[0029] The communication system 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node B, an eNodeB, a Home Node B, a Home eNodeB, a gNB, an NRNodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, etc. Although the base stations 114a, 114b are each illustrated as a single element, it will be understood that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0030] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for wireless services in a particular geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, one for each sector of the cell. In one embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[0031] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0032] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may use one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, the base stations 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in the RAN 104 / 113 may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 115 / 116 / 117 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communications protocols such as High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0033] In one embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-APro).

[0034] In one embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology, such as New Radio (NR) radio access, which may establish the air interface 116 using NR.

[0035] In one embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement both LTE and NR radio access, e.g., using a dual connectivity (DC) principle. Thus, the air interface utilized by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0036] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity, WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GSM EDGE, GERAN), etc.

[0037] 1A may be, for example, a wireless router, a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or an access point, and may utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a location of a business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by a drone), a roadway, etc. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may establish a picocell or a femtocell using a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.). As shown in FIG. 1A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not need to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106 / 115.

[0038] The RAN 104 / 113 may communicate with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, application, and / or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have various quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error resilience requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1A, it will be understood that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may communicate directly or indirectly with other RANs that use the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may utilize NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also communicate with another RAN (not shown) using GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0039] The CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network providing plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices using common communications protocols, such as transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), and / or internet protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and / or wireless communications networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may use the same RAT as the RANs 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0040] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured to communicate with a base station 114a that may use a cellular-based wireless technology and with a base station 114b that may use an IEEE 802 wireless technology.

[0041] 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1B, the WTRU 102 may include, among other things, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138. It will be understood that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0042] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. Although FIG. 1B illustrates the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be understood that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0043] The transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to or receive signals from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0044] 1B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may use MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0045] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and demodulate signals received by the transmit / receive element 122. As mentioned above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers to enable the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as, for example, NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0046] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to and may receive user input data from a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in any type of suitable memory, such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, etc. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or home computer (not shown).

[0047] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134 and may be configured to distribute and / or control the power to other components within the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0048] The processor 118 may also be coupled to a GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding a current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or instead of, information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or may determine its location based on the timing of signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may obtain location information by way of any suitable location determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0049] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photos and / or videos), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a Virtual Reality and / or Augmented Reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor, a geolocation sensor, an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0050] The WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio where transmission and reception of some or all of the signals associated with a particular subframe (e.g., for both the UL (e.g., for transmission) and the downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be parallel and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and / or substantially eliminate self-interference via hardware (e.g., a choke) or via signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or the processor 118). In one embodiment, the WRTU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with a particular subframe for either the UL (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception).

[0051] 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106, according to one embodiment. As mentioned above, the RAN 104 may communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116 using E-UTRA radio technology. The RAN 104 may also communicate with the CN 106.

[0052] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, although it will be understood that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a may, for example, use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a.

[0053] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, etc. As shown in FIG 1C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.

[0054] 1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. Although each of the foregoing elements is illustrated as part of the CN 106, it will be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0055] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may act as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, etc. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0056] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions such as anchoring the user plane during inter-eNodeB handover, triggering paging when DL data is available to the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing the context of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, etc.

[0057] The SGW 164 may be connected to a PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0058] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional landline communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include or communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0059] Although the WTRU is depicted in FIGS. 1A-1D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments such a terminal may use a wired communications interface (e.g., temporarily or permanently) with the communications network.

[0060] In an exemplary embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0061] A WLAN in infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode may have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or interface to a Distribution System (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic within and / or outside the BSS. Traffic originating from outside the BSS to a STA may arrive through the AP and be delivered to the STA. Traffic originating from a STA to a destination outside the BSS may be sent to the AP for delivery to the respective destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, e.g., a source STA may send traffic to the AP, and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. Peer-to-peer traffic may be sent (e.g., directly) between a source STA and a destination STA using a direct link setup (DLS). In one representative embodiment, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) in or using an IBSS may communicate directly with each other. IBSS mode communication may sometimes be referred to herein as "ad-hoc" mode communication.

[0062] When using 802.11ac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operation, an AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a width dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel may be an operating channel of the BSS and may be used by STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In a representative embodiment, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. With CSMA / CA, STAs (e.g., all STAs), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time within a given BSS.

[0063] A High Throughput (HT) STA may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via combining a primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0064] A Very High Throughput (VHT) STA may support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz wide channels. A 40 MHz and / or 80 MHz channel may be formed by combining consecutive 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining eight consecutive 20 MHz channels or two non-consecutive 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data may be passed through a segment parser that may split the data into two streams after channel encoding. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time domain processing may be performed separately on each stream. The streams may be mapped onto two 80 MHz channels and the data may be transmitted by the transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above operations for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed and the combined data may be transmitted to the Medium Access Control (MAC).

[0065] Sub-1 GHz mode operation is supported by 802.11af and 802.11ah. Channel operating bandwidths and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah compared to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths in TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah may support meter type control / machine type communication, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have limited functionality, including certain features, such as support for (e.g., only support for) certain bandwidths and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain very long battery life).

[0066] WLAN systems that may support multiple channels and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, include a channel that may be designated as a primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a STA that supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode among all STAs operating in the BSS. In an 802.11ah example, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only) 1 MHz mode, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. For example, if the primary channel is busy due to a STA (that only supports a 1 MHz mode of operation) transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency band may be considered busy, even though most of the frequency band may remain idle and available for use.

[0067] In the United States, the available frequency bands that can be used by 802.11ah are 902MHz to 928MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency bands are 917.5MHz to 923.5MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are 916.5MHz to 927.5MHz. The total available bandwidth for 802.11ah is 6MHz to 26MHz depending on the country code.

[0068] 1D is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115, according to one embodiment. As mentioned above, the RAN 113 may communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116 using NR radio technology. The RAN 113 may also communicate with the CN 115.

[0069] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, although it will be understood that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, the gNBs 180a, 108b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a may transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a using, for example, multiple antennas. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on an unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on a licensed spectrum. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, the WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from the gNBs 180a and 180b (and / or 180c).

[0070] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of different or scalable lengths (e.g., including different numbers of OFDM symbols and / or lasting for different lengths of absolute time).

[0071] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without accessing another RAN (e.g., eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, etc.). In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as mobility anchor points. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in unlicensed bands. In a non-standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate / connect to a gNB 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating / connecting to another RAN, such as an eNode-B 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement the principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In a non-standalone configuration, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may act as mobility anchors for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0072] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of UL and / or DL ​​users, support for network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data to User Plane Functions (UPFs) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information to Access and Mobility Management Functions (AMFs) 182a, 182b, etc. As shown in FIG. 1D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with each other over an Xn interface.

[0073] 1D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. Although each of the foregoing elements is illustrated as part of the CN 115, it will be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0074] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may act as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, managing registration areas, terminating NAS signaling, mobility management, etc. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b to customize CN support for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the type of service utilized by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases, such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, and / or the like. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.

[0075] The SMFs 183a, 183b may be connected to the AMFs 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface. The SMFs 183a, 183b may also be connected to the UPFs 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMFs 183a, 183b may select and control the UPFs 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPFs 184a, 184b. The SMFs 183a, 183b may perform other functions such as managing and allocating WTRU IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notification, etc. The PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0076] The UPFs 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPFs 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, etc.

[0077] The CN 115 may facilitate communication with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include or communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In an embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to local Data Networks (DNs) 185a, 185b through the UPFs 184a, 184b via an N3 interface to the UPFs 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPFs 184a, 184b and the DNs 185a, 185b.

[0078] 1A-1D and the corresponding description thereof, one or more or all of the functions described herein with respect to one or more of the WTRUs 102a-d, base stations 114a-b, eNode-Bs 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNBs 180a-c, AMFs 182a-b, UPFs 184a-b, SMFs 183a-b, DNs 185a-b, and / or any other devices described herein may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more or all of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and / or to simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0079] The emulation device may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and / or an operator network environment. For example, one or more emulation devices may perform one or more or all functions while fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network to test other devices in the communication network. One or more emulation devices may perform one or more or all functions while temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or may perform the tests using terrestrial wireless communication.

[0080] The one or more emulation devices may perform one or more functions, including all functions, without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in a test scenario in a test lab and / or in a non-deployed (e.g., test) wired and / or wireless communication network to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuitry (which may include, for example, one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and / or receive data.

[0081] The processes and methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, and / or firmware embodied in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, electronic signals (transmitted over wired and / or wireless connections) and / or computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as, but not limited to, internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and / or optical media such as CD-ROM disks and / or digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, terminal, base station, RNC, and / or any host computer. Additionally, although features, elements, and techniques may be described herein in certain combinations, each feature or element may be used alone or in any combination with the other features, elements, and techniques.

[0082] In certain location applications, precise positioning can be achieved by combining multiple technologies, including Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) based solutions that can be used to provide precise location in outdoor scenarios, wireless technologies (e.g., LTE networks, Wi-Fi networks, Terrestrial Beacon Systems (TBS), Bluetooth, etc., which offer multiple design options for indicating the user's location), Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs), or sensors (e.g., tracking of user position based on vertical positioning via accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, or atmospheric pressure sensors).

[0083] Support for positioning may be provided. One or more of the following may apply to the description herein: The suffix "based" may refer to a node that is responsible for calculating the position (e.g., the node may also provide measurements). The suffix "assisted" may refer to a node that provides measurements and does not perform position calculations.

[0084] One or more types of positioning may be supported, which may include WTRU positioning and network positioning.

[0085] One or more of the following may apply to WTRU positioning: The WTRU may actively support or assist in the calculation of the geographic location (e.g., the calculation of the geographic location of the WTRU). For example, WTRU positioning may include WTRU-assisted positioning and WTRU-based positioning. In WTRU-assisted positioning, the WTRU may perform measurements and provide the measurements to the network. The network (e.g., an enhanced serving mobile location center (E-SMLC)) may use the measurements to calculate the WTRU's location. In WTRU-based positioning, the WTRU may perform measurements, perform the location calculation itself, and provide the calculated location to the network (e.g., on behalf of the network performing the location calculation).

[0086] One or more of the following may be applied to network positioning: The network may perform measurements and / or receive signals from the WTRU to determine the location of the WTRU. Positioning methods for wireless systems (e.g., LTE / LTE-A / LTE-A Pro) may include one or more of the following: WTRU positioning methods may include GNSS, observed time difference of arrival (OTDO), which may be referred to as "downlink positioning", or Enhanced Cell ID (E-CID). Network positioning methods may include time difference of arrival (UTDOA), which may be referred to as "uplink positioning".

[0087] The selection of the anchor WTRU may be performed by a network entity, e.g., a location server. For example, the selection (e.g., initial selection) of the anchor WTRU may include WTRUs whose locations (e.g., absolute locations) are known. The list of anchor WTRUs, e.g., WTRU IDs (e.g., IMSI, IMEI, etc.), may be provided to the BS, e.g., in a group formation request.

[0088] Techniques associated with GNSS may be provided. One or more of the following may be applied: GNSS may be a satellite-based positioning method (e.g., may include GPS, Galileo, GLONASS, BeiDou, and others). Network-aided GNSS may be implemented using signaling between a (e.g., reduced complexity) WTRU GNSS receiver and an operational (e.g., continuously operating) GNSS reference receiver network that has clear sky view of the same GNSS constellation as the aided WTRU. An aided mode may be supported.

[0089] WTRU-assisted positioning techniques may be provided. One or more of the following may be applied: The WTRU may perform GNSS measurements (e.g., pseudorange, pseudo-Doppler, carrier phase range, etc.), and the WTRU may send the GNSS measurements to the network, which may perform a position calculation.

[0090] WTRU-based positioning techniques may be provided, where one or more of the following may be applied: The WTRU may perform GNSS measurements and calculate the WTRU's position location, e.g., using additional measurements from other (e.g., non-GNSS) sources and assistance data from the network.

[0091] The content of the assistance data may vary depending on, for example, whether the WTRU operates in a WTRU-assisted or WTRU-based mode.

[0092] An OTDOA (e.g., downlink positioning) technique may be provided. One or more of the following may be applied: For OTDOA, the WTRU may receive signals from a reference cell (e.g., a serving cell) and several neighboring cells and may measure the observed arrival time difference of the signals (e.g., between each neighboring cell and the reference cell). The WTRU may report the reference signal time difference (RSTD) to the network. Using the positions of the cells, the predefined timing differences between them, and other information, the network may derive the position of the WTRU by triangulation (e.g., assuming there are at least three measured cells) and / or other proprietary methods. FIG. 2 is an example associated with OTDOA, where each time difference (TDOA) determines a hyperbola. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the intersection of the hyperbola may be the estimated position of the WTRU. At least three timing measurements (e.g., a reference measurement and two neighboring cell measurements) may be used to estimate the coordinates of the WTRU.

[0093] The time difference of arrival may be measured on a known signal. Cell-specific reference symbols (CRS) may be candidates for this measurement since they are transmitted by the cell and known to the WTRU. In an embodiment, the use of CRS may not be sufficient. In an embodiment, other signals such as Positioning Reference Signals (PRS) may be used. If the cell transmits PRS, the WTRU may use the CRS and / or PRS to determine the time difference of arrival.

[0094] An E-CID based positioning technique may be provided.

[0095] The E-CID positioning technique may be built on a Cell ID (CID) method. CID may include a network-based positioning method in which the network uses knowledge of which cells are the serving cells of the WTRU to determine the location of the WTRU. The E-CID technique may improve the location accuracy by combining cell knowledge with measurements made by the WTRU and the network, such as Round Trip Time (RTT) measurements that may provide distance information, AOA / angle of departure (AOD) measurements that may provide direction, and RSRP measurements that may provide additional information. The E-CID positioning may be implemented using one to three base stations. As described herein, the measurements may be performed at the WTRU or the base stations and reported to a location server (e.g., a positioning server). The calculation of the WTRU's location may be based on measurement calculations that may be performed in the network.

[0096] UTDOA (eg, uplink positioning) based positioning techniques may be provided.

[0097] Uplink (e.g., UTDOA) positioning techniques may be implemented using measured timing in multiple network location measurement units (LMUs), which may be based on uplink signals transmitted from the WTRU. The LMUs may measure the timing of received signals using assistance data received from a location server, and may use the resulting measurements to estimate the location of the WTRU.

[0098] Anticipated use cases and applications for next generation systems may include stringent location requirements, e.g., as compared to existing or previous wireless systems. For example, a system deployment may be configured to support high accuracy location capabilities, e.g., 0.3 m, with a location service latency of 10 ms.

[0099] In areas of sparse network coverage, support for WTRU positioning may be limited, for example, due to the number of base stations at which a WTRU may perform measurements that may limit the availability and reliability of relative positioning measurements such as OTDOA. In scenarios where relative mobility within a group of WTRUs is limited, for example, when WTRUs are mounted in trains, performing positioning measurements for individual WTRUs may result in significant network overhead and WTRU power consumption.

[0100] A framework that enables WTRU-to-WTRU positioning measurements may provide support for robust WTRU positioning in environments where network coverage is sparse.

[0101] The measuring WTRU may perform one or more of the following, which may support the positioning of the neighborhood-assisted WRTU: The measuring WTRU may receive a positioning configuration. The positioning configuration may include an indication of a sounding reference signal (SRS) pattern and resource allocation for the reference WTRU's SRS transmission. The measuring WTRU may receive an indication of the reference WTRU's timing advance (e.g., as part of the configuration). The measuring WTRU may determine the downlink slot timing, for example, by detecting a primary synchronization signal / secondary synchronization signal (PSS / SSS) transmission of a network node (e.g., a serving base station (BS)). The measuring WTRU may determine the reference WTRU's uplink slot timing by detecting an SRS transmission from the reference WTRU. If the measuring WTRU is configured with a reference WTRU's timing advance value, the measuring WTRU may adjust the measured uplink slot timing to the timing advance. The measuring WTRU may determine a reference signal time difference (RSTD) between the downlink and uplink transmissions. The measuring WTRU may report the RSTD measurements to, for example, a location server (eg, E-SMLC, SUPL SLP, etc.).

[0102] Network-initiated WTRU group positioning techniques may be provided. One or more of the following may be applied: A WTRU (e.g., anchor WTRU) may receive one or more of a PRS transmission and reporting configuration, e.g., sidelink resources, periodicity, target WTRU ID, threshold, etc. The anchor WTRU may transmit a PRS on the configured resources toward one or more target WTRUs, e.g., using a sidelink channel. The anchor WTRU may collect positioning measurement reports (e.g., RSTD) on the configured resources, e.g., using a sidelink channel from one or more target WTRUs. If a change in a measurement value of a target WTRU (e.g., relative to a previous measurement value) exceeds a first threshold, the anchor WTRU may report the measurement value to a location server. If a change in a measurement value (e.g., relative to a previous measurement value) exceeds a second threshold, the anchor WTRU may send a reconfiguration request to the location server to increase the measurement and reporting rate. If a change in a measurement value (e.g., relative to a previous measurement value) is less than a third threshold for a certain (e.g., configured) number of periods, the anchor WTRU may send a reconfiguration request to the location server to decrease the measurement and reporting rate. If the anchor WTRU is unable to perform downlink measurements on a specified number of BSs, the anchor WTRU may trigger a notification to the location server.

[0103] Positioning techniques for autonomous WTRU groups may be provided. One or more of the following may be applied: An out-of-coverage WTRU may perform positioning measurements on reference signals (RS) received from in-coverage WTRUs or other out-of-coverage WTRUs. An out-of-coverage WTRU may send a report (e.g., using pre-configured sidelink resources) to a reference in-coverage or out-of-coverage WTRU including its measurement results (e.g., Angle of Arrival (AOA), Rx-Tx time difference, RSRP, etc.). An out-of-coverage WTRU may monitor measurement reports from one or more other out-of-coverage WTRUs on pre-configured sidelink resources. An out-of-coverage WTRU may include the measurement results of other out-of-coverage WTRUs in its out-of-coverage WTRU report to a reference WTRU. An out-of-coverage WTRU may derive measurements of other WTRUs with respect to its own reference (eg, location, time, etc.) and send the measurements to the reference WTRU using the derived values.

[0104] The WTRU may be configured to perform idle state positioning measurements (e.g., OTDOA, A-GNSS, E-CID, etc.). One or more of the following may apply: The WTRU may receive a configuration of dedicated sidelink resources for one or more WTRUs to relay positioning measurements to the location server. The configuration may include one or more of the following: a list of sidelink-capable WTRUs, a list of DRX cycles for configured sidelink WTRUs, a maximum positioning measurement reporting delay, a threshold, a delay reduction factor value, etc. The WTRU may perform positioning measurements on the configured resources. If the positioning measurements differ from previously reported positioning measurements (e.g., a value greater than a threshold), the WTRU may reduce the maximum positioning measurement delay by the configured reduction factor value. The WTRU may perform one or more of the following to send positioning measurements: If the total reporting delay using one or more of the sidelink resources is less than the maximum positioning measurement reporting delay, the WTRU may send positioning measurements using one of the configured dedicated sidelink resources. If the configured list of sidelink-capable WTRUs cannot meet the condition that the total reporting delay is smaller than the maximum positioning measurement reporting delay, the WTRU may decide to send the positioning measurement report using resources from a common sidelink resource pool. The WTRU may select one of the sidelink WTRUs that can meet the total reporting delay requirement using the common resource pool. If none of the sidelink WTRUs in the configured list of sidelink-capable WTRUs meets the condition that the total reporting delay using the common resource pool is smaller than the reduced maximum positioning measurement reporting delay, the WTRU may decide to send and / or send the positioning measurement report, e.g., by transitioning to a connected state first.

[0105] Proximity-aided WTRU positioning techniques may be implemented. One or more of the following may be applied: The WTRU may be configured to perform multi-node positioning measurements. For example, the nodes may include base stations (BSs), e.g., gNBs / eNBs / TRPs, and the WTRU. OTDOA measurements may be performed, and the measurements may include reference signals transmitted by the BSs of the neighboring WTRU and / or the serving / neighboring BSs (e.g., not exclusively from the serving / neighboring BSs). Figure 3 illustrates an example associated with interference-based positioning.

[0106] The WTRU may be configured to perform proximity-aided WTRU positioning.

[0107] A reference WTRU configuration may be provided. One or more of the following may apply: A WTRU (e.g., a reference WTRU as used herein) may be configured to transmit a PRS (e.g., an SRS, a contention-free / contention-based RACH preamble, a WTRU-specific or non-WTRU-specific pseudo-random sequence, a dedicated new reference signal for positioning purposes, etc.). The WTRU may be configured to generate a reference signal (e.g., a pseudo-random sequence generation algorithm, and a seed, sequence length, etc.). The WTRU may be configured with a resource allocation for the PRS (e.g., a schedule of PRS transmission, PRS periodicity, PRS offset, repetition, time / frequency allocation of reference signal (RS) symbols, etc.). The WTRU may be configured to transmit the PRS in a particular direction (e.g., an angular offset from a serving beam, etc.). The WTRU may be configured to repeat transmissions on a set of beams (e.g., repeat a PRS pattern for each of N consecutive slots on N consecutive beams). The WTRU may be configured to transmit the PRS at a particular power (e.g., X dB above or below the PDSCH EPRE). The reference WTRU may be configured to transmit the PRS on a particular RACH resource (e.g., on a particular RACH opportunity X). The WTRU may be configured with a specific timing advance value for transmission of the PRS.

[0108] One or more of the following may apply to the configuration of the measuring WTRU: The WTRU (e.g., a "measuring WTRU" as used herein) may be configured to perform OTDOA measurements, for example, on signal transmissions between the BS and the reference WTRU. The measuring WTRU may be configured via signaling (e.g., dedicated signaling such as RRC signaling). The WTRU may be configured to detect the PRS (e.g., pseudo-random sequence generation algorithm, and seed, sequence length, etc.) of the reference WTRU. The measuring WTRU may be configured with scheduled resources (e.g., time / frequency resources, slot index, subframe index, MBSFN, RACH opportunities, etc.) for PRS transmissions from the reference WTRU. The measuring WTRU may be configured with guard resources, which may be used to limit interference with multiplexed data transmissions. The measuring WTRU may be configured to receive PRS transmissions from the reference WTRU on a beam (e.g., a particular beam or set of beams). The measuring WTRU may be configured to select (e.g., autonomously select) a beam on which the PRS transmission of the reference WTRU is received.

[0109] Proximity assisted positioning measurements may be performed.

[0110] Time-synchronized PRS positioning measurements may be performed. One or more of the following may apply: The measuring WTRU may be configured to determine the slot timing of the BS based on, for example, detection of a downlink PRS (e.g., PSS / SSS transmission, etc.) that may be sent by a BS (e.g., serving or nearby). In an embodiment, the measuring WTRU may determine the slot timing of the reference WTRU by receiving a transmission of the uplink PRS transmission of the reference WTRU. The measuring WTRU may determine the OTDOA, for example, by comparing the relative offset between the downlink slot timing of the BS and the uplink slot timing of the reference WTRU (e.g., RSTD measurement). The measuring WTRU may determine the angle difference of PRS arrival based on the received direction of the downlink PRS of the BS and the uplink PRS of the reference WTRU.

[0111] An exemplary illustration diagram of timing synchronous PRS positioning measurements is shown in FIG. 4. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the reference WTRU may be configured to send periodic SRS transmissions, and the measuring WTRU may use them as PRS transmissions for WTRU-assisted positioning measurements. The measuring WTRU may be configured with parameters for detecting the SRS transmissions of the reference WTRU. In an embodiment, the configuration may include parameters for generating an SRS pattern, parameters for resource allocation of the SRS pattern, and parameters for periodicity and offset of the SRS transmissions (e.g., within a frame schedule). The measuring WTRU may be configured with the timing advance of the reference WTRU, which may limit the search for detecting the SRS transmissions by the measuring WTRU. The measuring WTRU may recover the downlink slot timing, for example, by detecting the PSS / SSS transmissions of the serving BS. The measuring WTRU may determine the uplink slot timing of the reference WTRU by detecting the SRS transmissions of the reference WTRU. The WTRU may determine the RSTD between the downlink and uplink transmissions. The WTRU may report the RSTD measurements to a location server (eg, E-SMLC, SUPL SLP, etc.), for example, via the serving BS.

[0112] Asynchronous positioning measurements may be performed. One or more of the following may apply: The measuring WTRU may be configured to determine the slot timing of the BS, for example, by detecting a downlink PRS transmission of the BS (e.g., serving or neighboring BS). The reference WTRU may be configured to perform a PRS transmission in a random access or contention-based resource (e.g., PRACH resource). The measuring WTRU may determine the slot timing of the reference WTRU by receiving the transmission of the WTRU's uplink PRS transmission in a contention-based resource. If the PRS transmission collides with another random access transmission, the WTRU may indicate to the serving BS that a collision has occurred or that the received PRS was detected with out-of-bounds parameters. If no collision has occurred, the WTRU may determine the OTDOA from comparing the relative offset between the BS downlink slot timing and the WTRU uplink slot timing (e.g., RSTD measurement). The WTRU (e.g., the WTRU may also) determine the angle difference of PRS arrival based on the received direction of both the BS downlink PRS and the WTRU uplink PRS.

[0113] An example of asynchronous PRS positioning measurement is illustrated in FIG. 5. As illustrated in FIG. 5, the reference WTRU may be configured to perform contention-free PRACH preamble transmissions on configured PRACH resources, and the measuring WTRU may be used as a PRS transmission for WTRU-assisted positioning measurements. The measuring WTRU may be configured with parameters for detecting the reference WTRU's RACH preamble transmissions. In an embodiment, the configuration may include parameters for generating the RACH preamble, parameters for determining the PRACH resource allocation (e.g., including guard bands and cyclic prefix (CP duration)), and / or parameters for determining the periodicity and offset of the PRACH resources (e.g., within a frame schedule). The measuring WTRU may be configured with the reference WTRU's timing advance, which may be used to limit the search for detecting the measuring WTRU's RACH preamble transmissions. The measuring WTRU may recover downlink slot timing by detecting the serving BS's PSS / SSS transmissions. The measuring WTRU may determine the slot timing of the uplink transmission of the reference WTRU, for example, by detecting the RACH preamble transmission. The WTRU may determine the RSTD between the downlink and uplink transmissions. The WTRU may report the RSTD measurement to a location server (e.g., via the serving BS).

[0114] PRS activation / deactivation techniques may be provided. One or more of the following may be applied: The PRS transmission of the reference WTRU may be configured as aperiodic, semi-periodic, or periodic. The configuration of the PRS transmission of the reference WTRU may be performed by higher layer configuration (e.g., RRC, NRPP, etc.). In an embodiment, the reference WTRU may be provided with a PRS transmission configuration that is activated / deactivated by higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC, NRPP, etc.). The reference WTRU may be provided with a PRS transmission configuration that is activated / deactivated by lower layer control signaling (e.g., MAC-CE, DCI, etc.). The PRS transmission of the reference WTRU may be configured (e.g., exclusively configured) by lower layer signaling (e.g., DCI, etc.).

[0115] Measurements performed by the measuring WTRU may be reported by the measuring WTRU. One or more of the following may apply: The measuring WTRU may be configured to send a report including a single WTRU-assisted positioning measurement or multiple positioning measurements. The measurement reporting configuration may include a parameter indicating a reference source (e.g., a node or entity such as a BS or a WTRU) used to generate the measurement (e.g., BS (PSSS) / UE (SRS), UE (PRACH) / UE (SRS), etc.). The measurement reporting may be configured as aperiodic, semi-periodic, or periodic. The measurement reporting may be configured by higher layer control signaling (e.g., RRC, NRPP, etc.). The measurement reporting may be activated / deactivated by higher layer control signaling (e.g., RRC, NRPP, etc.). The measurement reporting may be configured by higher layer control signaling and / or by activation / deactivation by lower layer control signaling (e.g., MAC-CE, DCI, etc.). Measurement reports may be scheduled and configured (e.g., exclusively configured) by lower layer signaling (e.g., DCI). A measurement report may include one or more measurements that may be used to calculate WTRU positioning (e.g., received PRS power, RSTD, RTT, BS arrival angle, reference WTRU arrival angle, etc.). Measurement reports may be configured according to a schedule that may be maintained by the serving BS (e.g., MBSFN, subframe number, slot number, etc.). The measurement report schedule may be determined based on the occurrence of an event (e.g., a measurement report may be scheduled within N slots of an RSTD measurement).

[0116] Techniques for positioning a group of WTRUs may be provided.

[0117] Network-initiated WTRU group positioning techniques may be provided. One or more of the following may be applied: To perform WTRU group positioning, one or more WTRUs may be configured to send reference signals (e.g., PRS dedicated to WTRU positioning, synchronization signal, DMRS in broadcast channel, CSI-RS, etc.) on the sidelink. The WTRU may be referred to herein as an anchor WTRU. A target WTRU (e.g., a WTRU whose location is to be estimated, which may be referred to herein as a non-anchor WTRU or target WTRU) may be configured to perform measurements (e.g., RSRP, Time of Arrival (TOA), Angle of Arrival (AOA), RSTD, Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA), etc.) on reference signals, which may be transmitted by one or more anchor WTRUs, e.g., on a sidelink channel. Selection and configuration of the anchor WTRU may be performed by the network (e.g., a positioning server / serving BS). For example, the selection (e.g., initial selection) of the anchor WTRU may include a WTRU whose absolute location is known. In an embodiment, the location of each WTRU may be updated based on the group formation techniques described herein. The assignment of anchor WTRUs to target WTRUs may be performed by the network (e.g., a location server or serving BS). A target WTRU may be assigned one or more anchor WTRUs. An anchor WTRU (e.g., each anchor WTRU) may be assigned to one or more target WTRUs. A collection of one or more anchor WTRUs and one or more target WTRUs that share similar (e.g., mutual) assignments or mappings but do not share similar (e.g., mutual) assignments with other target WTRUs or anchor WTRUs may be a group.

[0118] FIG. 6 illustrates an example associated technique that may be implemented by an anchor WTRU.

[0119] WTRU group formation and management may be performed. One or more of the following may apply: WTRU group formation may be initiated, for example, by a location server. In an embodiment, WTRU group formation may be initiated to determine an anchor WTRU for each target WTRU (e.g., each of the target WTRUs). WTRU group formation may be repeated, for example, to account for changes in the network (e.g., due to WTRU movement). In an embodiment, WTRU group formation may be performed when positioning measurements from an anchor WTRU change by an amount greater than a threshold. In an embodiment, WTRU group formation may be performed when positioning measurements from one or more target WTRUs change by an amount greater than another threshold. WTRU group formation may be repeated at a time interval different from the time interval for positioning measurements and reporting, for example, group formation may be performed less frequently (e.g., repetition rate) than positioning measurements and reporting. FIG. 7 illustrates an example associated with WTRU group formation, which may include one or more of the illustrated operations.

[0120] In an embodiment, the formation of a WTRU group may be triggered at the BS, for example, when the BS receives a group formation request from a location server. The group formation request may include one or more of the following fields: a list of WTRUs, each with a WTRU ID (e.g., IMSI, IMEI, etc.), the respective roles of the WTRUs (e.g., anchor / target WTRU), an indication of a number of transmissions, an indication of a measurement type (SL SS RSRP, DMRS, sidelink PRS, etc.), an indication of a measurement threshold, T (e.g., min RSRP, etc.), or a reporting format (e.g., individual, average, max of N, value above threshold T, etc.).

[0121] The BS may configure the anchor WTRU and the target WTRU, for example, when the BS receives a request to form a group.

[0122] The WTRU may be configured (e.g., by a network entity such as a gNB, eNB, base station, etc.) as an anchor WTRU. One or more of the following may apply.

[0123] A WTRU (e.g., an anchor WTRU) may transmit a reference signal (e.g., a sidelink synchronization signal such as PSSS, SSSS, or DMRS in PSBCH, or a sidelink CSI-RS, or a sidelink PRS, etc.) on the sidelink (e.g., a sidelink channel), e.g., for group formation purposes. A configuration for reference signal transmission may be provided to the WTRU (e.g., by a network entity). In an embodiment, the reference signal transmission configuration may include one or more of the following: a sidelink configuration (e.g., time and / or frequency resources) for transmitting a reference signal (e.g., a sidelink synchronization signal such as PSSS, SSSS, or DMRS in PSBCH, or a sidelink CSI-RS, or a sidelink PRS, etc.), an indication of slot, symbol, and / or subframe offset, an indication of periodicity (e.g., that a transmission may be repeated), an indication of a certain number of transmissions, transmit power, spatial information (e.g., number of beams, beam ID, etc.), or a unique masking or scrambling sequence.

[0124] The configuration for reference signal transmission may be received in the downlink control channel and / or DCI, which may be masked or scrambled (e.g., CRC-scrambled) with the sidelink RNTI (e.g., SL-RNTI). For this purpose, an identity (e.g., a new identity) may be allocated by the BS (e.g., serving BS), which may be local to the MME or the location server, e.g., the sidelink positioning group RNTI (e.g., SL-PG-RNTI). The configuration for reference signal transmission may be received in the downlink shared channel, and the resources of the shared channel may be indicated in the DCI (e.g., scrambled with the SL-PG-RNTI or SL-RNTI). The configuration may be included in higher layer parameters (e.g., RRC) and may be dynamically activated using the downlink MAC-CE or DCI (e.g., scrambled with the SL-RNTI or SL-PG-RNTI).

[0125] The selection of the anchor WTRU may be performed by a network entity, e.g., a location server. For example, the selection (e.g., initial selection) of the anchor WTRU may include WTRUs whose locations (e.g., absolute locations) are known. The list of anchor WTRUs, e.g., WTRU IDs (e.g., IMSI, IMEI, etc.), may be provided to the BS, e.g., in a group formation request.

[0126] The WTRU may be configured as a target WTRU. One or more of the following may apply.

[0127] For group formation purposes, a WTRU (e.g., a target WTRU) may monitor reference signals on a sidelink channel (which may be sent, for example, via DMRS in PSSS, SSSS, or PSBCH, or via sidelink CSI-RS, or sidelink PRS, etc.) from one or more anchor WTRUs. The target WTRU may perform measurements (e.g., RSRP) on reference signals received via the sidelink. The target WTRU may be configured with reference signals via a measurement configuration, e.g., a measurement configuration received from the BS. The measurement configuration may include one or more of the following: a sidelink configuration (e.g., time and / or frequency resources) for receiving reference signals from one or more anchor WTRUs, an indication of slot, symbol, and / or subframe offset, an indication of the periodicity with which the transmission may be repeated, an indication of a certain number of transmissions, an indication of the measurement type (e.g., SL SS RSRP, DMRS, sidelink PRS, etc.), a measurement threshold, T (e.g., minimum RSRP, etc.), an indication of the reporting format (individual, average, max of N, value above threshold T, etc.), spatial information (e.g., number of beams, beam ID, etc.), a (e.g., unique) masking or scrambling sequence for the anchor WTRU (e.g., each anchor WTRU), or an indication of the uplink configuration (e.g., time and / or frequency resources on the PUCCH or PUSCH) for reporting the measurements.

[0128] The target WTRU may be configured with a number of measurements (e.g., N measurements) to perform and report over a number of time periods, for example. The target WTRU may be configured to perform measurements for each time period and to report the measurement with the highest RSRP measured over each respective time period. The target WTRU may be configured with conditional reporting. For example, the target WTRU may be configured with an RSRP threshold and the measurement report may include measurements where the measured RSRP exceeds a given RSRP threshold. The target WTRU may be configured with uplink resources (e.g., PUCCH or PUSCH) for reporting the measurements.

[0129] The measurement configuration (e.g., sidelink configuration for receiving reference signals, uplink configuration for reporting measurements, number of measurements to be reported, and / or conditional reporting configuration) may be received from a BS (e.g., serving BS) via a downlink control channel or DCI, which may be masked or scrambled (e.g., CRC-scrambled) with, for example, the SL-RNTI or SL-PG-RNTI. The measurement configuration may be received via a downlink shared channel, e.g., resources for the shared channel may be indicated in a DCI (which may be scrambled with, for example, the SL-PG-RNTI or SL-RNTI). The measurement configuration of the reference signal may be included in higher layer parameters (e.g., RRC). The DCI associated with the measurement configuration may be scrambled with the SL-RNTI or SL-PG-RNTI and may include (e.g., only include) a resource identification for activating measurements on the corresponding resource.

[0130] A target WTRU may be selected, which may be performed by a location server (e.g., a target WTRU may be a WTRU whose location needs to be and / or will be estimated) and may be provided to the BS, e.g., in a group formation request.

[0131] If the target WTRU performs measurements using reference signals from one or more anchor WTRUs, the target WTRU may prepare and / or send a measurement report (e.g., for each configured period). The measurement report may include an indication (e.g., a respective indication) of the respective reference signal (e.g., a sequence number if multiple reference signals are configured from multiple anchor WTRUs, etc.) and an estimated RSRP (e.g., a respective RSRP for each reference signal). The target WTRU may prepare a measurement report including an indication (e.g., a respective indication) of the respective reference signal (e.g., may be limited to include an indication (e.g., a respective indication) of each reference signal from an anchor WTRU that has an RSRP greater than a configured threshold). The target WTRU may prepare a measurement report with N (e.g., if configured) reference signal identities and corresponding RSRPs, e.g., the N reference signals with the highest RSRPs are included in the measurement report.

[0132] The target WTRU may send measurement reports to a BS (e.g., serving BS) (e.g., on configured uplink resources), for example, in association with the anchor / target WTRU configuration. The BS may forward the reports for each target WTRU (e.g., each target WTRU) to a location server. The location server may update a list of anchor WTRUs for each respective target WTRU. For example, for a target WTRU, the WTRU may be considered as an anchor WTRU of the target WTRU if the RSRP measured by the target WTRU with respect to the anchor WTRU's reference signal exceeds a threshold.

[0133] Figures 8, 9, and 10 illustrate examples associated with group positioning (e.g., associated with one or more of reference signal transmission by an anchor WTRU, positioning measurements and reporting by a target WTRU, and / or monitoring / reporting by an anchor WTRU).

[0134] Positioning measurement and reporting techniques may be provided. One or more of the following may be applied:

[0135] The positioning measurements and reporting may be initiated by the positioning server, for example, to determine the location of the target WTRU using positioning measurements on reference signals transmitted by the anchor WTRU. The positioning measurements and reporting may be repeated, for example, to account for network changes, e.g., WTRU movement. The positioning measurements and reporting may be repeated at a higher rate (e.g., a lower value of repetition periodicity) than the rate at which group formation is performed.

[0136] The WTRU may be configured as an anchor WTRU. One or more of the following may apply.

[0137] The anchor WTRU may, for example, transmit a reference signal (e.g., a sidelink synchronization signal such as PSSS, SSSS, or DMRS in PSBCH, or a sidelink CSI-RS, or a sidelink PRS) using sidelink resources associated with performing positioning measurements and reporting. The anchor WTRU may be configured with group positioning parameters. The group positioning configuration may include one or more of the following: a sidelink configuration (e.g., time and / or frequency resources) for transmitting a reference signal (e.g., a sidelink synchronization signal such as PSSS, SSSS, or DMRS in PSBCH, or a sidelink CSI-RS, or a sidelink PRS), an indication of slot, symbol, and / or subframe offset, an indication of the periodicity with which transmissions may be repeated, an indication of a certain number of transmissions, transmit power, a target WTRU ID (e.g., a ProSe WTRU ID), a sidelink resource ID (e.g., a sidelink resource ... a list of target WTRUs (e.g., a list of target WTRUs that may be used to receive measurements from the target WTRU), ... spatial information (e.g., number of beams, beam ID, etc.), an indication of a (e.g., unique) masking or scrambling sequence, a sidelink configuration (e.g., time and / or frequency resources) for receiving measurements from the target WTRU, a triggered reporting configuration that may be used to send a group positioning report (e.g., a definition of an event, a threshold value that may be used to determine if a subsequent measurement has changed compared to a previous measurement, a threshold value used to detect an event trigger), a triggered notification configuration (e.g., a definition of an event, a threshold value that may be used to determine if a BS is heard by the anchor WTRU, e.g., an RSRP threshold) that may be used to send a notification to the network if the anchor WTRU cannot be configured as an anchor WTRU (e.g., or cannot remain configured as an anchor WTRU), or parameters to assist the WTRU in determining whether to change the rate and / or frequency of positioning measurements and reports, as described herein, e.g., K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, and K6.

[0138] The configuration for transmitting reference signals and / or for collecting measurement reports (e.g., sent by one or more target WTRUs) of the anchor WTRU may be received from the location server (e.g., via a group location request to the anchor WTRU, e.g., as shown in FIG. 8 and / or FIG. 9). The configuration may be received (by the anchor WTRU) using a control plane positioning protocol or a data plane positioning protocol (e.g., LTE positioning protocol (LPP), secure user plane location (SUPL), NR positioning protocol (NRPP)). Messages including configurations (e.g., as described herein) that may be used to enable sidelink-based group positioning may be defined for the positioning protocol between the location server and the respective WTRUs (e.g., LPP, SUPL, NRPP). The location server may communicate with BSs (e.g., serving BSs associated with anchor and target UEs) to grant resources for reference signal transmissions from one or more anchor WTRUs, e.g., using a positioning protocol between the location server and the BSs, e.g., LPPa, NRPPa. The location server may communicate with the serving BS to grant resources for performing measurement reporting to one or more anchor WTRUs (e.g., identify resources where target WTRUs send measurement reports and where anchor WTRUs monitor and / or receive measurement reports), e.g., as shown in Figure 8 and / or Figure 9. The location server may send a list of anchor WTRUs and target WTRUs to the BS (e.g., in a group positioning information request, as shown in Figure 8). A message including the list of anchor WTRUs and target WTRUs may be defined for the location protocol between the location server and the BS (e.g., LPPa, NRPPa). The BS may allocate sidelink resources for reference signal transmission and for measurement report reception to one or more anchor WTRUs.The BS may send the allocated resource information to the location server (e.g., using a location protocol, e.g., LPPa, NRPPa). A message containing the allowed resources and / or a list of anchor and target WTRUs may be defined for the location protocol between the location server and the BS (e.g., LPPa, NRPPa). The location server may communicate with a proximity service (ProSe) function, for example, to determine ProSe IDs of one or more anchor and target WTRUs.

[0139] The configuration for transmitting reference signals and / or for monitoring and / or receiving measurement reports (e.g., measurement reports sent by one or more target WTRUs) to the anchor WTRU may be transmitted by a network entity such as a BS (e.g., a serving BS). The configuration may be transmitted in a downlink control channel and / or DCI, which may be masked or scrambled (e.g., CRC-scrambled) with the SL-RNTI or SL-PG-RNTI, for example. An identity (e.g., a sidelink positioning RNTI (e.g., SL-P-RNTI)) may be allocated by a serving BS, which may be local to a mobility management entity (MME) or a positioning server. The SL-P-RNTI may be allocated to transmit the configuration for transmitting reference signals and / or for monitoring and / or receiving measurement reports. The configuration may be received from the serving BS via a downlink shared channel, and the resources of the downlink shared channel may be indicated in a DCI, which may be scrambled with the SL-P-RNTI. The configuration may be included in (e.g., signaled via) higher layer parameters (e.g., RRC) or may be dynamically activated using, for example, a medium access control element (MAC-CE) or DCI scrambled with the SL-RNTI or SL-PG-RNTI or SL-P-RNTI.

[0140] The anchor WTRU may monitor and / or receive measurement report transmissions from one or more target WTRUs, e.g., after transmission of a reference signal on the configured sidelink resources. The sidelink resource configuration and a list of target WTRU IDs (e.g., ProSeWTRU IDs) may be provided to the anchor WTRU, e.g., in a group positioning configuration, e.g., from a location server or serving BS.

[0141] In the condition of receiving a measurement report (e.g., one or more of angle information, RSTD, Rx-Tx time difference, RSRP, etc.) on configured sidelink resources, the anchor WTRU may prepare a group positioning report including the measurement results received from one or more target WTRUs (e.g., the anchor WTRU may send a group report including measurements from multiple target WTRUs whose measurements exceed a threshold, e.g., as disclosed herein). The anchor WTRU may include an indication of each of the WTRU IDs (e.g., ProSe IDs) of the corresponding target WTRUs in the anchor WTRU's group positioning report. The group positioning report may include, e.g., measurement results from one or more target WTRUs in addition to the WTRU IDs.

[0142] The anchor WTRU may send the group positioning report to a network device, such as, for example, a positioning server. A configuration for sending the group positioning report using a positioning protocol (e.g., LPP, SUPL, NRPP) may be provided to the anchor WTRU, for example, by the positioning server.

[0143] The anchor WTRU may send the group positioning report to the serving BS using uplink resources (e.g., PUCCH or PUSCH resources). The configuration of uplink resources (e.g., on PUCCH or PUSCH) may be provided by the serving BS, e.g., as part of the group positioning configuration. If the anchor WTRU is not configured with uplink resources to send the group positioning report, the anchor WTRU may, e.g., send a scheduling request to the serving BS to obtain permission for uplink resources (e.g., on PUSCH) to send the group positioning report to the serving BS.

[0144] The anchor WTRU may be configured to implement triggered reporting of group positioning reports. The anchor WTRU may be triggered to report the received measurement report and / or associated measurements to the network (e.g., a location server or serving BS), for example, when the anchor WTRU receives a measurement report from a configured target WTRU (e.g., some or all target WTRUs for which the anchor WTRU is configured to expect measurement reports). For example, the anchor WTRU may be triggered to send the received measurement report and / or associated measurements if the anchor WTRU determines that a positioning measurement from one or more target WTRUs has changed (e.g., changed significantly) from a previously measured value (e.g., the change in the measurement is greater than a threshold, such as changing by more than K dB from a previously measured value). The anchor WTRU may include (e.g., include only) reports of target WTRUs whose measurements have changed by more than a threshold. The triggered reporting configuration may include one or more of a threshold value, an event definition, and the like. The configuration may be sent to the anchor WTRU by the network (e.g., a location server or serving BS), e.g., via an RRC configuration or in a group positioning configuration. The triggered report may be sent to the location server, e.g., using a location protocol (e.g., LPP, SUPL, NRPP). The triggered report may be sent to the network as an RRC uplink message. The triggered report may be sent to the serving BS using an uplink shared channel (e.g., on the PUSCH). The anchor WTRU may send a scheduling request to the serving BS to grant uplink resources (e.g., for the PUSCH).

[0145] If the anchor WTRU decides to change or request a change to the rate and / or periodicity of positioning measurements and / or reporting by the target WTRU (e.g., in case of periodic / semi-persistent configuration of positioning measurements and reporting) and / or determines that a change in the rate and / or frequency of monitoring and / or reporting by the WTRU is required (e.g., measurement, reporting, and / or monitoring), the anchor WTRU may indicate this decision to the network. The anchor WTRU may send an indication to increase or decrease the rate and / or periodicity of positioning measurements and reporting associated with the target WTRU (e.g., a two-bit indication is appended (e.g., at the beginning) to the group's positioning report for the allocated resources, such as "00" or "11" for no change, "01" for rate increase, and "10" for rate decrease). The network may reconfigure the positioning measurements and reporting based on the indication received from the anchor WTRU. The anchor WTRU may determine the change in rate / periodicity for measurement, reporting, and / or monitoring. One or more of the following may apply: The anchor WTRU may monitor and / or receive measurement reports from the target WTRU, for example, over one or more measurement periods. If the measurement report of the target WTRU (e.g., each target WTRU) does not change by more than a threshold, e.g., the change is within K1 dB over the last K2 periods, the anchor WTRU may request that the network reduce the rate of measurement and reporting. If the measurement report of the target WTRU (e.g., each target WTRU) changes by more than a threshold, e.g., the change (e.g., average change) is more than a certain number of dB over a certain number of periods, e.g., K3 dB over the last K4 periods, the anchor WTRU may request that the network increase the rate of measurement and reporting. If the anchor WTRU determines that the location of the target WTRU or the anchor WTRU has changed (e.g., more than a threshold, K5) over a certain number of periods (e.g., the last K6 measurement periods), the anchor WTRU may request that the network increase the rate of measurement, reporting, and / or monitoring.The anchor WTRU may determine its own position / position change and / or velocity by other means such as GNSS measurements, in-device gyroscopes, accelerometers, IMUs, etc. The anchor WTRU may determine the target WTRU's position change by measurement reports received from the target WTRU. The values ​​of K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, and K6 may be configured by the network as part of the group positioning configuration.

[0146] If the anchor WTRU determines that it cannot be configured (e.g., no longer configured) as a valid anchor WTRU (e.g., while actively performing positioning measurements and reporting), the anchor WTRU may indicate the determination to the network. The indication of the determination to the network may be configured as an event-based notification or report, which may be provided by the network. The event may be triggered in one or more of the following scenarios. The event may be triggered, for example, when the anchor WTRU determines that it cannot perform accurate measurements to estimate its location (e.g., the anchor WTRU does not listen or is unable to listen to a certain threshold number of base stations, e.g., more than one or two BSs) while actively performing / monitoring positioning measurements and reporting (e.g., may be determined by the anchor WTRU's ability to monitor downlink measurements from one or more neighboring BSs). The anchor WTRU may indicate the determination that it cannot be configured (e.g., cannot remain configured) as an anchor WTRU to the network. A threshold (e.g., an RSRP threshold) may be used to determine whether the anchor WTRU can listen to a BS (e.g., cannot receive communication from a BS). In an embodiment, the anchor WTRU may compare the threshold to downlink measurements (e.g., RSRP) received from the BS. The threshold may be received from the network, for example, in a triggered notification configuration. The triggered notification configuration (which may include, for example, at least one or more of: a value for the RSRP threshold, a threshold indicating a minimum number of BSs that need to be listened to, an event definition, etc.) may be sent by the network (e.g., a location server or a serving BS) to the anchor WTRU, for example, in an RRC configuration or a group positioning configuration. The triggered notification sent by the anchor WTRU may be sent to the location server using a positioning protocol (e.g., LPP, SUPL, NRPP). The triggered notification may be sent to the network via an RRC uplink message.The triggered notification may be sent, for example, to the serving BS using an uplink shared channel (e.g., on a PUSCH). The anchor WTRU may send a scheduling request to the serving BS to grant uplink resources (e.g., on a PUSCH). The network may reconfigure positioning measurements and reports based on the triggered notification received from the anchor WTRU.

[0147] 9 is an example illustration diagram associated with an anchor WTRU that performs reference signal transmission and group positioning reporting. One or more of the following may apply.

[0148] As shown in FIG. 9, the anchor WTRU may receive a configuration from the network associated with group positioning (e.g., group positioning configuration, group positioning request, etc.). As shown in FIG. 9, the anchor WTRU may, for example, transmit a reference signal (e.g., as configured in the received configuration) on the configured SL resources. As shown in FIG. 9, the anchor WTRU may monitor and / or receive measurement reports from the target WTRU (e.g., including measurements associated with the transmitted reference signal). As shown in FIG. 9, the anchor WTRU may store the measurement reports received from the target WTRU (e.g., with the target WTRU ID). As shown in FIG. 9, the anchor WTRU may create and / or send a group positioning report based on the received measurement reports (e.g., the WTRU may send each of the received measurements, the WTRU may send the received measurements if a condition is met, etc.). As shown in FIG. 9, the anchor WTRU may terminate reference signal transmission, measurement collection, and group positioning reporting, for example, when a certain number of transmissions given in the group positioning configuration have been completed.

[0149] The anchor WTRU may be reconfigured to terminate or change its configuration (e.g., reference signal transmission and / or measurement result collection and / or group positioning reporting) by a location server using a positioning protocol (e.g., LPP, NRPP, SUPL) or by the serving BS (e.g., by RRC or DCI).

[0150] The WTRU may be configured as a target WTRU. One or more of the following may apply.

[0151] The target WTRU may monitor reference signals (e.g., the reference signals may be sidelink synchronization signals such as PSSS, SSSS, or DMRS in PSBCH, or sidelink CSI-RS, or sidelink PRS, etc.) on the sidelink, e.g., SL channel, from one or more anchor WTRUs (e.g., for group positioning purposes using sidelink). The target WTRU may perform measurements on reference signals received on the sidelink (e.g., SL channel) to estimate one or more configured parameters related to, e.g., WTRU positioning (e.g., RSRP, Time of Arrival (TOA), Angle of Arrival (AOA), RS Time Difference (RSTD), etc.). The target WTRU may be configured with measurement configurations, e.g., received from a network entity or an anchor WTRU.The measurement configuration may include one or more of the following: a sidelink configuration (e.g., time and / or frequency resources) that may be used to receive reference signals from one or more anchor WTRUs; an indication of a reference anchor WTRU (e.g., a ProSe WTRU ID of the reference anchor WTRU or an index of a reference signal of the reference anchor WTRU) that may be used by the target WTRU to determine a relative time difference (e.g., RSTD) between two reference signals (e.g., between a reference signal received from a reference anchor WTRU and a measured reference signal from another anchor WTRU); an indication of a periodicity, e.g., a period during which measurements and reports may be repeated; an indication of a number of transmissions (e.g., the number of transmissions of a reference signal transmission on the sidelink), e.g., an indication of slots, symbols, and / or subframe offsets for reference signal transmissions on the sidelink; an indication of a destination anchor WTRU ID (e.g., sidelink L2 ids such as ProSe WTRU IDs) to which a measurement report is to be sent; An indication of the measurement report destination (e.g., RSRP, TOA, AOA, RSTD, etc.), an indication of the report format (e.g., individual, average of N values, etc.), spatial information (e.g., number of beams, beam ID, etc.), a (e.g., unique) masking or scrambling sequence for the anchor WTRU (e.g., each anchor WTRU), or a sidelink configuration (e.g., time and / or frequency resources) for sending the measurement report to the destination anchor WTRU.

[0152] A configuration for performing measurements by the target WTRU may be sent by the location server (e.g., a group location request to the target WTRU, as shown in FIG. 8). The configuration may be sent to the target WTRU using a control plane positioning protocol or a data plane positioning protocol (e.g., SUPL, LPP, NRPP). A message including a configuration for performing sidelink-based group positioning (e.g., as described herein) may be defined for positioning protocols between the location server and the WTRU (e.g., SUPL, LPP, NRPP). Communication between the location server and the serving BS may be provided to enable configuration of the target WTRU.

[0153] A configuration for performing measurements by the target WTRU may be transmitted by the serving BS in a downlink control channel and / or DCI, for example, masked or scrambled (e.g., CRC-scrambled) with the SL-RNTI or SL-PG-RNTI or SL-P-RNTI. The configuration may be received by the serving BS over a downlink shared channel, and the resources of the shared channel may be indicated in the DCI (e.g., the DCI may be scrambled with the SL-P-RNTI). The configuration of the reference signal may be included in higher layer parameters (e.g., RRC), which may include one or more resource configurations, each having an identification. For example, the DCI scrambled with the SL-RNTI or SL-PG-RNTI or SL-P-RNTI may include (e.g., include only) a resource identification that may be used to activate measurements on the corresponding resource.

[0154] If the target WTRU performs measurements using reference signals from one or more anchor WTRUs, the target WTRU may send a measurement report (e.g., including one or more of RS identifier, angle information, RSTD, Rx-Tx time difference, RSRP, etc.) to the configured destination anchor WTRU. A configuration of sidelink resources used to send the measurement report and a WTRU ID (e.g., ProSe ID) of the destination anchor WTRU may be received in the measurement configuration, which may be sent by the positioning server or the serving BS as described herein. The target WTRU may, for example, send sidelink control information (e.g., SCI0) on a sidelink control channel (e.g., PSCCH) to the destination anchor WTRU. The sidelink control information may include a resource configuration for a sidelink shared channel (e.g., PSSCH), which may be used to transmit and / or receive the measurement report.

[0155] The target WTRU may send measurement reports to the location server using a positioning protocol (eg, LPP, SUPL, NRPP). In an embodiment, the target WTRU may receive a measurement reporting configuration from the location server.

[0156] The target WTRU may send measurement reports to the serving BS using uplink resources (e.g., on PUCCH or PUSCH resources). In an embodiment, a configuration of uplink resources (e.g., on PUCCH or PUSCH resources) may be received by the serving BS (e.g., as part of the measurement configuration).

[0157] 10 illustrates an example associated with a target WTRU performing positioning measurements and reporting using sidelink. One or more of the following may apply:

[0158] As shown in Fig. 10, the target WTRU may receive a configuration (e.g., a group positioning request) associated with the sidelink reference signals and / or associated sidelink resources to be monitored (e.g., the configuration may be sent by the network or the anchor WTRU). As shown in Fig. 10, the target WTRU may monitor and / or receive sidelink reference signals on sidelink resources (e.g., for a period such as the current period). As shown in Fig. 10, the target WTRU may store timestamps for the received sidelink reference signals. As shown in Fig. 10, the target WTRU may calculate measurements (e.g., RSTD measurements) associated with the received sidelink reference signals (e.g., the WTRU may do so if there are no more sidelink reference signal receptions scheduled for the current period). As shown in Fig. 10, the target WTRU may send such measurements to the configured anchor WTRU (e.g., using the configured sidelink resources such as the sidelink resources configured in the group positioning request). As shown in Fig. 10, the target WTRU may repeat one or more functions for the remaining period.

[0159] The target WTRU may terminate the measurement reporting when a certain number of transmissions given in the measurement reporting configuration is completed.

[0160] The target WTRU may be reconfigured to terminate or change the measurement configuration of the target WTRU, for example, using a positioning protocol from a positioning server (e.g., LPP, NRPP, SUPL) or by the serving BS (e.g., by RRC or DCI).

[0161] Techniques for positioning an autonomous group of WTRUs may be provided. One or more of the following may be applied:

[0162] Reference signal transmissions (e.g., sidelink synchronization signals) may be performed on the sidelink from in-coverage or other out-of-coverage WTRUs (e.g., to enable autonomous positioning estimation of out-of-coverage WTRUs). For example, an out-of-coverage WTRU may be a WTRU that does not have coverage on a frequency used for sidelink communication. The reference signal transmissions may be used to perform positioning measurements by the out-of-coverage WTRUs. The positioning measurements of the out-of-coverage WTRUs may be sent to a positioning server via the in-coverage WTRUs, which may be used to estimate the location of the out-of-coverage WTRUs. An example of autonomous WTRU group positioning is illustrated in FIG. 11. Referring to FIG. 11, WTRU1 may be an in-coverage WTRU, and WTRU2 and WTRU3 may be out-of-coverage WTRUs.

[0163] One or more of the following may apply to an out-of-coverage WTRU.

[0164] An out-of-coverage WTRU may perform positioning measurements (e.g., AOA, TOA, RSRP, etc.) on reference signals (e.g., sidelink synchronization signals such as PSSS, SSSS, or DMRS in PSBCH, or sidelink CSI-RS, or sidelink PRS, etc.) received from an in-coverage WTRU or other out-of-coverage WTRU (e.g., to enable positioning estimation of the out-of-coverage WTRU using the sidelink).

[0165] An out-of-coverage WTRU may send its measurement results (e.g., AOA, Rx-Tx time difference, RSRP, etc.) to a reference in-coverage or out-of-coverage WTRU (e.g., a WTRU for which the reference signal is used to make positioning measurements) using pre-configured sidelink resources (e.g., a set of transmit and receive resource pools for sidelink control / data information when the WTRU is out of coverage of sidelink communication may be pre-configured in the WTRU, e.g., a USIM of a UICC card). For example, an out-of-coverage WTRU may send sidelink control information (e.g., SCI0) to a reference WTRU on a sidelink control channel (e.g., PSCCH), e.g., on the pre-configured sidelink resources. In an embodiment, the sidelink control information may include a resource configuration for a sidelink shared channel (e.g., PSSCH), and the shared channel may include measurement report data in a corresponding sidelink shared channel. A particular SCI may be designed to transmit a measurement report on the sidelink, so that the destination WTRU may identify receipt of the SCI on the sidelink as an indication of a measurement report. A set of resources on the sidelink may be dedicated as a sidelink control channel or a sidelink data channel. In an embodiment, the dedicated resources may be used to transmit the measurement report. For an out-of-coverage WTRU, the dedicated resources may be pre-configured. For an in-coverage WTRU, configuration information associated with the dedicated resources may be sent by the serving BS, e.g., using RRC.

[0166] The ProSe ID of a reference WTRU that may be used when sending a measurement report may be received in the data following a reference signal transmission from the reference WTRU (e.g., data following a synchronization signal transmission) or may be multiplexed together with the reference signal transmission. An in-coverage or out-of-coverage WTRU may include the WTRU's respective ProSe ID in a PSBCH transmission, e.g., if the data transmission does not follow a synchronization signal transmission.

[0167] An out-of-coverage WTRU may, for example, monitor measurement reports from one or more other out-of-coverage WTRUs on pre-configured sidelink resources. For example, an out-of-coverage WTRU may monitor a certain SCI that may be designated for measurement report transmission on the sidelink.

[0168] An out-of-coverage WTRU may collect measurements from one or more other out-of-coverage WTRUs.

[0169] An out-of-coverage WTRU may include measurement results of other out-of-coverage WTRUs in its report to its reference WTRU. For example, if the out-of-coverage WTRU receives measurement results from other WTRUs, the out-of-coverage WTRU may include the results (e.g., all results) in its report. The out-of-coverage WTRU may derive the measurement results of the other WTRUs with respect to the out-of-coverage WTRU's reference (e.g., location, time, etc.). In an embodiment, the out-of-coverage WTRU may send the derived measurements to the reference WTRU. For example, if the measurement results of another WTRU (e.g., the out-of-coverage WTRU) include an Rx-Tx time difference, the out-of-coverage WTRU may derive an RTT for the WTRU, e.g., as an updated measurement result. The out-of-coverage WTRU may include updated measurement results of other WTRUs in its report to its reference WTRU. The out-of-coverage WTRU may include the WTRU ID (e.g., ProSe ID) of the corresponding WTRU in its respective report to its reference WTRU (e.g., in addition to the measurement results of the other WTRUs).

[0170] One or more of the following may apply to the in-coverage WTRU.

[0171] An in-coverage WTRU may, for example, monitor measurement reports from one or more out-of-coverage WTRUs on pre-configured sidelink resources. For example, an in-coverage WTRU may monitor a certain SCI that may be designated for measurement report transmission on the sidelink.

[0172] An in-coverage WTRU may collect positioning measurements of one or more out-of-coverage WTRUs.

[0173] An in-coverage WTRU may prepare a group positioning report, for example, upon receipt of a measurement report from one or more out-of-coverage WTRUs. In an embodiment, the group positioning report may include one or more out-of-coverage WTRU measurement results (e.g., AOA, Rx-Tx time difference, RSRP, etc.) and the corresponding WTRU ID (e.g., ProSe ID) of each out-of-coverage WTRU. An in-coverage WTRU may derive one or more out-of-coverage WTRU measurement results with respect to the in-coverage WTRUs (e.g., in-coverage WTRUs' locations, times, etc.). For example, if the in-coverage WTRU measurement results include the Rx-Tx time difference of the respective WTRUs, the in-coverage WTRU may derive the RTT for that WTRU as the updated measurement result. The in-coverage WTRU may include the updated measurement results in a group positioning report of the in-coverage WTRUs.

[0174] The in-coverage WTRU may send a group location report to the location server, for example, using a location protocol between the WTRU and the location server. The in-coverage WTRU may send a request to send a group location request to the location server. The in-coverage WTRU may monitor an acknowledgement from the location server. Messages for sending the group location request and the acknowledgement may be designed for the location protocol between the WTRU and the location server. For example, if an acknowledgement is received, the in-coverage WTRU may send a group location report to the location server, using a location protocol between the WTRU and the location server.

[0175] An in-coverage WTRU may send a group positioning report to the serving BS using uplink resources (e.g., PUCCH or PUSCH resources). An in-coverage WTRU may be configured with periodic or semi-persistent uplink resources (e.g., PUCCH or PUSCH), which may be used to send the group positioning report. If an in-coverage WTRU is not configured with uplink resources, it may send a scheduling request to the serving BS to grant uplink resources (e.g., on the PUSCH) to send a group positioning report to the serving BS.

[0176] The in-coverage WTRU may be configured to perform triggered reporting, for example, to send a group positioning report. In a condition of receiving measurement reports from one or more out-of-coverage WTRUs, the in-coverage WTRU may detect one or more of the following situations: The in-coverage WTRU may detect that the positioning measurements received from the out-of-coverage WTRU have not been communicated to the location server in the last N1 slots (e.g., N1 may be configured by the network, e.g., as part of the triggered reporting configuration, for the in-coverage WTRU); The in-coverage WTRU may detect that the positioning measurements received from the out-of-coverage WTRU have changed by more than a threshold value (e.g., more than N2 dB compared to the previous measurement), where N2 may be configured by the network (e.g., as part of the triggered reporting configuration). If the in-coverage WTRU detects one or more of the conditions, the in-coverage WTRU may be triggered to report to the network (e.g., a positioning server or serving BS). In an embodiment, an in-coverage WTRU may include a report of an out-of-coverage WTRU whose measurement has changed by an amount greater than a threshold (e.g., N2 dB). The triggered reporting configuration may include values ​​of N1, N2, a definition of a trigger event, etc. The triggered reporting configuration may be sent to the in-coverage WTRU by the network (e.g., a location server or a serving BS), e.g., in an RRC configuration. The triggered report may be sent to the location server using a location protocol (e.g., LPP, SUPL, NRPP). A message may be designed to transmit the triggered report using a location protocol between the WTRU and the location server. The triggered report may be sent to the network as an RRC uplink message. The triggered report may be sent using an uplink shared channel (e.g., on the PUSCH), in which case the in-coverage WTRU may send a scheduling request to the serving BS to grant uplink resources (e.g., on the PUSCH).

[0177] An in-coverage WTRU may calculate the location (e.g., absolute location) of one or more out-of-coverage WTRUs (e.g., WTRUs from which the in-coverage WTRU receives measurements). The in-coverage WTRU may send location estimation information to the out-of-coverage WTRUs (e.g., WTRUs from which the measurements were received) using the sidelink. The configuration of sidelink resources may be provided to the in-coverage WTRU from the serving BS, for example, via RRC or DCI (e.g., scrambled in the SL-RNTI of the coverage WTRU).

[0178] The WTRU positioning measurements may be transmitted using the sidelink. One or more of the following may apply:

[0179] A sidelink resource switch may be provided. One or more of the following may apply:

[0180] The WTRU may be configured to perform positioning measurements, for example, while the WTRU is in an idle state. The positioning measurements may be performed using one or more positioning technologies, for example, OTDOA, A-GNSS, E-CID, etc.

[0181] The WTRU may be configured with a sidelink interface to one or more other WTRUs. The WTRU may be configured to send positioning measurement reports over the sidelink interface.

[0182] The WTRU may be configured with one or more of the following parameters, which may be used to perform positioning measurement reporting over the sidelink interface: a sidelink reporting capability indication, a list of sidelink capable WTRUs (e.g., ProSe IDs), a list containing DRX cycles for sidelink capable WTRUs, an indication of a maximum positioning measurement reporting delay, an indication of a reporting value threshold (e.g., threshold 1), an indication of a maximum positioning measurement reporting delay reduction factor (which may be set or configured to a first amount, for example).

[0183] In an embodiment, the sidelink reporting parameters may be used to determine whether the WTRU may transmit positioning measurement reports over the sidelink interface.

[0184] The list of sidelink-capable WTRUs may be used to identify neighboring WTRUs that may be used for positioning measurement report transmissions over the sidelink interface. A WTRU may, for example, be configured to screen other WTRUs according to the list of sidelink-capable WTRUs (e.g., during discovery). If a list of sidelink-capable WTRUs is not provided, the WTRU may screen neighboring WTRUs based on certain capabilities, which may, for example, be advertised during discovery.

[0185] A list containing the discontinuous reception (DRX) cycles of sidelink-capable WTRUs may be used to inform the WTRUs of the duration for which neighboring WTRUs are in a connected state. The list may include periodicity and offset values ​​for the WTRUs (e.g., each WTRU) in the list. The list may follow a similar (e.g., the same) order as used for the list of sidelink-capable WTRUs.

[0186] The maximum positioning measurement reporting delay may be used to inform the WTRU of the maximum allowed duration (e.g., the duration extending from the point when the positioning measurement is performed until the positioning measurement report is received by the receiving entity). For example, the maximum positioning measurement reporting delay may be associated with a BS, a positioning server, etc. The maximum positioning measurement reporting delay may include the time taken for the WTRU to transmit a positioning measurement report over the sidelink interface and subsequent forwarding by the sidelink WTRU to the receiving entity (e.g., a BS, a positioning server, etc.).

[0187] A reporting value threshold (e.g., threshold 1) may refer to a change in measurement that, when exceeded, may trigger a reduction in the maximum position reporting delay, for example, by a maximum positioning measurement reporting delay reduction factor (e.g., a first amount). A measurement change may refer to the absolute difference between a current measurement and a previously reported positioning measurement.

[0188] The maximum positioning measurement reporting delay reduction factor (e.g., a first amount) may refer to the amount by which the maximum positioning measurement reporting delay is reduced when the change in the positioning measurement value determined by the WTRU is greater than a reporting value threshold (e.g., threshold 1).

[0189] A reporting value threshold and a range of maximum positioning measurement reporting delay reduction factors may be configured. The WTRU may, for example, activate different maximum positioning delay reduction factors depending on the reporting value threshold.

[0190] For example, a WTRU in a connected state may be configured to perform positioning measurement reporting over a sidelink interface. The WTRU may be configured with dedicated resources for performing positioning measurement reporting over the sidelink interface. The dedicated resources for performing positioning measurement reporting may repeat in time, e.g., periodically.

[0191] The WTRU may enter the idle state, for example, upon expiration of a deactivation timer.

[0192] The WTRU may perform positioning measurements based on configuration that may be provided by the network.

[0193] Upon performing the positioning measurements, the WTRU may determine an available sidelink WTRU that can meet (e.g., currently meets) the maximum positioning measurement reporting delay. The WTRU may transmit the positioning measurement report on the sidelink interface on configured dedicated resources and may include an indication of the waiting time for the sidelink WTRU to forward the positioning measurement report including any applicable delay to a receiving entity (e.g., BS, positioning server, etc.), e.g., by the sidelink WTRU's DRX cycle.

[0194] If two or more sidelink WTRUs meet the requirement that the total reporting delay is less than the maximum positioning measurement reporting delay, the WTRU may select (e.g., one) sidelink WTRU to send a positioning measurement report, e.g., randomly selected, selected in a round-robin manner, with the minimum total reporting delay, etc.

[0195] The WTRU may transmit positioning measurement reports on the sidelink interface to the selected sidelink WTRU on configured dedicated resources. An identity of the selected sidelink WTRU may be included in the accompanying control information, e.g., sidelink control information - format 0 (SCI0).

[0196] If a positioning measurement obtained (e.g., measured or received) by the WTRU differs from a previously reported positioning measurement by a value greater than a reporting value threshold (e.g., threshold 1), the WTRU may reduce the maximum positioning measurement delay by a configured value (e.g., a maximum positioning measurement report delay reduction factor (e.g., a first amount)). The WTRU may use the reduced maximum positioning report delay value to determine the sidelink WTRU.

[0197] The maximum positioning measurement reporting delay reduction factor may, for example, be scaled according to the difference between the current and previous measured positioning values ​​(e.g., by an amount greater than a reporting value threshold (e.g., threshold 1)). The WTRU may be configured with a scaling factor or threshold range and a corresponding reduction factor.

[0198] The WTRU may compare the current measurement to the standard deviation over the past N measurements (e.g., instead of comparing the difference between the current measurement and the previous measurement to a configured threshold in determining the reduction in maximum reporting delay). A window size (N) of the standard deviation may be configured for the WTRU, and the WTRU may reduce the maximum reporting delay, for example, if the current measurement exceeds the standard deviation by a certain value or factor.

[0199] If a sidelink WTRU in the configured list of sidelink-capable WTRUs cannot meet the requirement that the total reporting delay is smaller than the maximum positioning measurement reporting delay, the WTRU may decide to send a positioning measurement report using resources from a common resource pool (e.g., common resource pool transmission).

[0200] In case of a common resource pool transmission, the WTRU may determine an available sidelink WTRU that can meet the maximum positioning measurement report delay. The WTRU may transmit the positioning measurement report on the sidelink interface on the common resource pool and may include a latency for the sidelink WTRU to forward the positioning measurement report including any applicable delay to the receiving entity (e.g., BS, positioning server, etc.) by the sidelink WTRU, e.g., due to the DRX cycle of the sidelink WTRU.

[0201] If two or more sidelink WTRUs meet the requirement that the total reporting delay is less than the maximum positioning measurement reporting delay, the WTRU may select (e.g., one) sidelink WTRU to send a positioning measurement report using a common resource pool, e.g., selecting randomly, selecting in a round-robin manner, minimum total reporting delay, etc.

[0202] The WTRU may send a positioning measurement report on the sidelink interface to the selected sidelink WTRU on a common resource pool. An identity of the selected sidelink WTRU (e.g., ProSe ID or sidelink UE ID) may be included in the accompanying control information, e.g., sidelink control information - format 0 (SCI0).

[0203] The WTRU may send the positioning measurement report as a broadcast or multicast message and may indicate whether the measurement report is broadcast or multicast to the attached SCI0.

[0204] The WTRU may be triggered to switch to the connected mode. One or more of the following may apply:

[0205] The WTRU may be configured to perform positioning measurements while in an idle state. The positioning measurements may be performed using one or more positioning technologies, such as OTDOA, A-GNSS, E-CID, etc.

[0206] The WTRU may be configured with a sidelink interface to one or more other WTRUs. The WTRU may be configured to send positioning measurement reports over the sidelink interface.

[0207] The WTRU may be configured with one or more of the following parameters for performing positioning measurement reporting on the sidelink interface: an indication that sidelink reporting is enabled, a list of sidelink-capable WTRUs, a list containing DRX cycles for sidelink-capable WTRUs, an indication of a maximum positioning measurement reporting delay, an indication of a reporting value threshold (e.g., threshold 2), or an indication of a maximum positioning measurement reporting delay reduction factor (e.g., a second amount).

[0208] A reporting value threshold (e.g., threshold 2) may refer to an amount of change in the measurement that, if exceeded, triggers a reduction in the maximum position reporting delay, for example, by a maximum positioning measurement reporting delay reduction factor (e.g., a second amount). The measurement change may refer to the absolute difference between a current positioning measurement and a previously reported positioning measurement.

[0209] The maximum positioning measurement reporting delay reduction factor (e.g., a second amount) may refer to the amount by which the maximum positioning measurement reporting delay is reduced when the positioning measurement change determined by the WTRU exceeds a reporting value threshold (e.g., threshold 2).

[0210] While in an idle state, when performing configured positioning measurements, the WTRU may determine an available sidelink WTRU that can meet the maximum positioning measurement report delay. The WTRU may transmit the positioning measurement report on the sidelink interface on the configured dedicated resources and may include a latency to forward the positioning measurement report to the receiving entity (e.g., BS, positioning server, etc.) including any applicable delay (e.g., that may be performed by the sidelink WTRU) due to, e.g., the DRX cycle of the sidelink WTRU.

[0211] If a positioning measurement obtained (e.g., measured or received) by the WTRU differs from a previously reported positioning measurement by a value greater than a reporting value threshold (e.g., threshold2), the WTRU may reduce the maximum positioning measurement delay by a configured value (e.g., a maximum positioning measurement report delay reduction factor (e.g., a second amount)). The WTRU may use the reduced maximum positioning report delay value to determine the sidelink WTRU.

[0212] The maximum positioning measurement reporting delay reduction factor may be scaled, for example, if the difference between the current positioning measurement and the previous positioning measurement is greater than a reporting value threshold (e.g., threshold 2). The WTRU may be configured with a scaling factor or threshold range and a corresponding reduction factor.

[0213] The WTRU may compare the current measurement to the standard deviation of the past N measurements (e.g., instead of comparing the difference between the current measurement and the previous measurement to a configured threshold to determine the reduction in maximum reporting delay). In an embodiment, a window size (N) may be configured for the WTRU, and the WTRU may reduce the maximum reporting delay, for example, if the current value exceeds the standard deviation by a certain value or factor.

[0214] If a sidelink WTRU in the configured list of sidelink-capable WTRUs cannot meet the condition that the total reporting delay is smaller than the maximum positioning measurement reporting delay, the WTRU may choose to send the positioning measurement report directly to the receiving entity (e.g., BS, positioning server, etc.) In an embodiment, the WTRU may choose to send the positioning measurement report directly to the receiving entity by transitioning to a connected state (e.g., by performing a connection establishment).

[0215] If a positioning measurement obtained (e.g., measured or received) by the WTRU differs from a previously reported positioning measurement by a value greater than a reporting value threshold (e.g., Threshold 2), the WTRU may decide to send a positioning measurement report (e.g., directly) to a receiving entity (e.g., BS, positioning server, etc.) In an embodiment, the WTRU may send a positioning measurement report to the receiving entity by transitioning to a connected state, e.g., by performing a connection establishment.

[0216] Multi-level switching may be implemented, for example, for transmitting positioning measurement reports. One or more of the following may apply:

[0217] The WTRU may be configured to perform positioning measurements while the WTRU is in an idle state. The positioning measurements may be performed using one or more positioning technologies, such as OTDOA, A-GNSS, E-CID, etc.

[0218] A WTRU may be configured with a sidelink interface to one or more other WTRUs. The WTRU may be configured to send positioning measurement reports over the sidelink interface.

[0219] The WTRU may be configured with one or more of the following parameters, which may be used to perform positioning measurement reporting over the sidelink interface: an indication of whether sidelink reporting is enabled, a list of sidelink-capable WTRUs, a list including an indication of the DRX cycle for sidelink-capable WTRUs, an indication of maximum positioning measurement report relaying, an indication of a reporting value threshold (e.g., threshold 1), an indication of a reporting value threshold (e.g., threshold 2, which may be greater than threshold 1), an indication of a maximum positioning measurement report delay reduction factor (e.g., which may be set to a first amount), or an indication of a maximum positioning measurement report delay reduction factor (e.g., a second amount, which may be greater than the first amount).

[0220] The WTRU may be configured to perform positioning measurement reporting over a sidelink interface, e.g., when the WTRU is in a connected state. The WTRU may be configured with resources (e.g., dedicated resources) for performing positioning measurement reporting over the sidelink interface. The dedicated resources for performing positioning measurement reporting may, e.g., repeat periodically.

[0221] The WTRU may enter the idle state, for example, upon expiration of a deactivation timer.

[0222] The WTRU may perform positioning measurements according to a configuration that may be provided, for example, by the network.

[0223] The WTRU may make an available sidelink WTRU determination that can meet the maximum positioning measurement reporting delay (e.g., after performing positioning measurements). The WTRU may transmit the positioning measurement report on the sidelink interface on configured (e.g., dedicated) resources, which may include a latency for the sidelink WTRU to forward the positioning measurement report including, for example, an applicable DRX cycle, to a receiving entity (e.g., BS, positioning server, etc.).

[0224] If two or more sidelink WTRUs meet the requirement that the total reporting delay is less than the maximum positioning measurement reporting delay, the WTRU may select (e.g., one) sidelink WTRU to send a positioning measurement report, e.g., randomly selected, selected in a round-robin manner, with the minimum total reporting delay, etc.

[0225] The WTRU may transmit a positioning measurement report on the sidelink interface to the selected sidelink WTRU, e.g., on configured (e.g., dedicated) resources. An identity (e.g., ProSe ID) of the selected sidelink WTRU may be included in the accompanying control information, e.g., Sidelink Control Information - Format 0 (SCI0).

[0226] If a positioning measurement obtained (e.g., measured or received) by the WTRU differs from a previously reported positioning measurement by a value greater than a reporting value threshold (e.g., threshold1), the WTRU may reduce the maximum positioning measurement delay by a configured value (e.g., a maximum positioning measurement report delay reduction factor (e.g., a first amount)). The WTRU may use the reduced maximum positioning report delay value to select a sidelink WTRU (e.g., select a sidelink WTRU for transmitting a positioning measurement report, as described herein).

[0227] If a positioning measurement obtained by the WTRU differs from a previously reported positioning measurement by a value greater than a reporting value threshold (e.g., threshold2), the WTRU may reduce the maximum positioning measurement delay by a configured value (e.g., a maximum positioning measurement report delay reduction factor (e.g., a second amount)). The WTRU may use the reduced maximum positioning report delay value to select a sidelink WTRU (e.g., select a sidelink WTRU for transmitting a positioning measurement report, as described herein).

[0228] The maximum positioning measurement reporting delay reduction factor may be scaled, for example, if the difference between the current and previous measured positioning values ​​is greater than a reporting value threshold. The WTRU may be configured with a scaling factor or threshold range and a corresponding reduction factor.

[0229] The WTRU may compare the current measurement to the standard deviation over the past N measurements (e.g., instead of comparing the difference between the current measurement and the previous measurement to a configured threshold to determine the reduction in maximum reporting delay). In an embodiment, a window size (N) may be configured for the WTRU, and the WTRU may reduce the maximum reporting delay if the current value exceeds the standard deviation by a certain value or factor.

[0230] If the maximum positioning measurement delay is reduced by a first amount or a second amount and no sidelink WTRU in the configured list of sidelink-capable WTRUs can satisfy the condition that the total reporting delay using configured resources is smaller than the reduced maximum positioning measurement report delay, the WTRU may decide to send a positioning measurement report, e.g., using resources from a common resource pool. If no sidelink WTRU in the configured list of sidelink-capable WTRUs can satisfy the requirement that the total reporting delay using a common resource pool is smaller (e.g., is also smaller) than the reduced maximum positioning measurement report delay, the WTRU may decide to send a positioning measurement report (e.g., directly) to a receiving entity (e.g., BS, positioning server, etc.). In an embodiment, the WTRU may decide to send a positioning measurement report directly to the receiving entity by transitioning to a connected state, e.g., by performing a connection establishment.

[0231] If the maximum positioning measurement delay is reduced by a first amount and no sidelink WTRU in the configured list of sidelink-enabled WTRUs can meet the requirement that the total reporting delay using configured resources is less than the reduced maximum positioning measurement report delay, the WTRU may decide to send a positioning measurement report using resources from a common resource pool. If the maximum positioning measurement delay is reduced by a second amount and no sidelink WTRU in the configured list of sidelink-enabled WTRUs can meet the requirement that the total reporting delay using configured resources is less than the reduced maximum positioning measurement report delay, the WTRU may decide to send a positioning measurement report (e.g., directly) to a receiving entity (e.g., a BS, a positioning server, etc.). In an embodiment, the WTRU may decide to send a positioning measurement report directly to the receiving entity by transitioning to a connected state, e.g., by performing a connection establishment.

[0232] FIG. 12 illustrates an example associated with multi-level switching of resources for measurement reporting by a WTRU performing idle state measurements. One or more of the following may apply. As illustrated in FIG. 12, the WTRU may decide to send a positioning measurement report using a common resource pool, for example, if the WTRU determines that the WTRU cannot meet the reduced maximum positioning measurement report delay condition by using configured resources (e.g., due to the observed positioning measurement difference exceeding a configured threshold). If the measurement difference exceeds a second threshold (e.g., threshold 2) and the WTRU cannot find a common resource pool that meets the reduced maximum positioning report delay value, the WTRU may send a positioning report directly to the positioning server (e.g., via the LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)), for example, by transitioning to a connected state.

[0233] FIG. 13 illustrates an example associated with multi-level switching of resources for measurement reporting by a WTRU performing idle state measurements. One or more of the following may apply: As illustrated in FIG. 13, the WTRU may be configured to send a measurement positioning report using configured resources. The WTRU may use configured resources for measurement reporting, e.g., as long as the difference in positioning measurements does not exceed a configured threshold. The WTRU may decide to send a positioning measurement report using a common resource pool, e.g., if the WTRU determines that the WTRU cannot meet a reduced maximum positioning measurement report delay condition by using configured resources (e.g., due to the observed difference in positioning measurements exceeding a configured first threshold). If the difference in measurements exceeds a second threshold and the WTRU cannot find a common resource pool that meets the reduced maximum positioning report delay value, the WTRU may send a positioning report directly to the positioning server (e.g., via the LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)), e.g., by transitioning to a connected state.

[0234] Although the features and elements may be described in particular combinations, each feature or element may be practiced alone or in any combination with any of the other features and / or elements, or with or without the other features and elements.

[0235] Although the solutions described herein take into account certain technologies (e.g., New Radio (NR), 5G or LTE, LTE-A specific protocols), the techniques described herein are not limited to any technology and may be applicable to any system.

Claims

1. 1. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), comprising:

1. A processor comprising: receiving configuration information associated with transmission of a positioning signal to a target WTRU, the configuration information indicating a first target WTRU identifier for a first target WTRU, a second target WTRU identifier for a second target WTRU, sidelink resources, and one or more thresholds; transmitting one or more positioning signals on one or more of the sidelink resources; and receiving a first measurement report from the first target WTRU; A WTRU comprising a processor configured to: when a first measurement value associated with the first measurement report from the first target WTRU exceeds a first threshold, send a first indication indicating measurement information associated with the first measurement value.

2. The processor, determining whether to send a second indication indicating to change a rate of measurements by the first target WTRU or a rate of reporting by the first target WTRU based on the first measurement report; and further configured to, if a determination is made to send the second instruction, send the second instruction; The second indication indicates that the WTRU is to decrease a rate of the measurements by the first target WTRU or a rate of reporting by the first target WTRU if the WTRU determines that one or more measurements associated with the first measurement report have not changed by more than a second threshold for a certain number of periods; The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the second indication indicates to increase the rate of measurements by the first target WTRU or the rate of reporting by the first target WTRU if the WTRU determines that the one or more measurements associated with the first measurement report have changed by more than a third threshold over the number of periods.

3. 2. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the configuration information indicates a fourth threshold, and the processor is configured to send a third indication indicating to increase a rate associated with monitoring of measurement reports if the WTRU's location has changed beyond the fourth threshold.

4. The processor, determining that a number of base stations that the WTRU is capable of monitoring is less than a threshold number of base stations; 2. The WTRU of claim 1, configured to: send a notification based on the determination that the number of base stations that the WTRU can monitor is less than the threshold number of base stations, the notification indicating that the WTRU is unable to listen to the number of base stations.

5. The WTRU of claim 4 , wherein the WTRU is an anchor WTRU and the notification indicates that the WTRU is incapable of functioning as the anchor WTRU.

6. 2. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to determine that the first measurement exceeds the first threshold if the first measurement exceeds a previous value associated with the first target WTRU by a certain amount.

7. 2. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to send a group report when a second measurement value associated with a second measurement report from a second target WTRU exceeds a fifth threshold, the group report including the first measurement value and the second measurement value.

8. The WTRU of claim 7, wherein the processor is further configured to determine that a third measurement value associated with a third measurement report from a third target WTRU does not exceed a sixth threshold and to determine not to include the third measurement value in the group report.

9. The WTRU of claim 8 , wherein the first threshold, the fifth threshold, and the sixth threshold are the same threshold or different thresholds.

10. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the received configuration information further indicates at least one of a transmit power or spatial information for transmission of the positioning signal to the target WTRU.

11. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the measurement information includes the first measurement value.

12. 1. A method implemented in a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), comprising: receiving configuration information associated with transmission of a positioning signal to a target WTRU, the configuration information indicating a first target WTRU identifier for a first target WTRU, a second target WTRU identifier for a second target WTRU, sidelink resources, and one or more thresholds; transmitting one or more positioning signals on one or more of the sidelink resources; and receiving a first measurement report from the first target WTRU; and sending a first indication indicating measurement information associated with the first measurement value when the first measurement value associated with the first measurement report from the first target WTRU exceeds a first threshold.

13. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the configuration information indicates a second threshold, and if the WTRU's location has changed beyond the second threshold, the method further includes sending a second indication indicating to increase a rate of monitoring of measurement reports.

14. determining that a number of base stations that the WTRU is capable of monitoring is less than a threshold number of base stations, the number of base stations including one or more of a gNB or an eNB; 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: sending a notification based on the determination that the number of base stations that the WTRU can monitor is less than the threshold number of base stations, the notification indicating that the WTRU is unable to listen to the number of base stations.

15. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: if a second measurement value associated with a second measurement report from a second target WTRU exceeds a third threshold, sending a group report, the group report including the first measurement value and the second measurement value.

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