Ground engaging track system and pocketed idler therefor - Patent application

Abstract

To provide a ground-engaging track system and a pocketed idler for the same.SOLUTION: A ground-engaging track system 10 includes a track having a first track chain 14 and a second track chain 16, and an idler having pockets formed in an outer idler rim to receive inboard rail protrusions 48, 49 on track links 36, 38 in the first track chain 14 and the second track chain 16. The inboard rail protrusions 48, 49 project from an inboard link side, and a central pad of upper rail surfaces 46, 47 in the track links 36, 38 includes anti-scalloping bump-outs 50, 51 formed on the inboard rail protrusions 48, 49.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE The present disclosure relates generally to ground engaging track systems and, more particularly, to track links and idlers structured for anti-scalloping. [Background technology]

[0002] Various machines utilize tracks as ground-engaging propulsion elements, particularly track-type tractors. Suction tracks typically have multiple rotatable track-contacting elements, including one or more idlers, track rollers, drive sprockets, and carrier rollers. Each of the two tracks on either side of the machine includes track links arranged in a track chain that forms an endless loop that is moved around the rotating track-contacting elements during operation. The demands placed on such machines and their associated tracks during operation can be quite substantial, with high torsional loads, shear loads, impacts, and more. Ground-engaging tracks are typically robustly constructed to provide an operational life of hundreds, and even more preferably thousands, of field operating hours, despite significant stresses, strains, and material wear.

[0003] In recent years, understanding and managing wear phenomena in mechanized tracks has received increasing engineering attention. The wear phenomena and wear rates experienced by mechanized tracks are typically a result of how the machine is used, the skill and experience of the operator, and the specific underfoot conditions and substrate material in the operating environment. For example, machines operating in sandy materials tend to experience component wear relatively more rapidly than machines used in soil and / or clay, coal, landfill waste, or hard rock environments. The field operational life of mechanized tracks tends to vary based on the factors mentioned above and the design of the track components themselves.

[0004] Machine track components are relatively expensive to operate and replace and can require machine downtime. Therefore, engineering efforts in this field have often focused on reducing and managing wear between and among components. Track links can experience a well-known wear phenomenon known as "scalloping," in which the center region of a track link wears relatively quickly. Tracks experiencing scalloping wear tend to lose relatively more material in the center region than at the ends, resulting in an uneven track rail surface. Rolling elements that contact the scalloped track tend to bump up and down, which can affect ride comfort and, in some cases, the quality of work performed by the machine, such as grading. Some tractor types are more susceptible to performance and / or ride quality degradation than others. One strategy for addressing scalloping is described in U.S. Patent No. 9,045,180, in which track links are formed so that their upper rail surfaces contain sacrificial wear material in a convex longitudinal profile that retards scallop formation. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In one aspect, a ground-engaging track system includes a first track chain, a second track chain, and a track having a plurality of track pins connecting the first track chain to the second track chain. The track system further includes an idler configured from attachment to a track roller frame, the idler having an idler body defining an axis of rotation, and an outer idler rim extending circumferentially around the axis of rotation. The first track chain and the second track chain each include track links in an end-to-end arrangement, each including a first track rail and a second track rail. The track links of the first track chain and the second track chain each include a lower shoe mounting surface, an upper rail surface forming a segment of the respective first track rail and second track rail, and an inner link body side. The track links of the first track chain and the second track chain each further include an inner rail protrusion extending from the inner link body side, and the upper rail surface each includes an anti-scalloping bump-out formed on the respective inner rail protrusion.

[0006] In another aspect, an idler for a ground-engaging track system includes an idler body having a central bore, defining an axis of rotation extending between a first axial idler body end and a second axial idler body end, and configured to receive a support shaft for rotatably mounting the idler to a track roller frame. The idler body further includes an outer idler rim having a radially outwardly projecting central flange, flanked by a first rail-contacting surface extending axially inward from the first axial idler body end and a second rail-contacting surface extending axially inward from the second idler body end. A first set of pockets is formed in the central flange adjacent the first rail-contacting surface and is arranged in a regular circumferential distribution about the axis of rotation. A second set of pockets is formed in the central flange adjacent the second rail-contacting surface and is arranged in a regular circumferential distribution about the axis of rotation.

[0007] In yet another aspect, an idler for a ground-engaging track system includes an idler body having a central bore, defining an axis of rotation extending between a first axial idler body end and a second axial idler body end, and configured to receive a support shaft for rotatably mounting the idler to a track roller frame. The idler body further includes an outer idler rim extending axially between the first axial idler body end and the second axial idler body end. A first set of pockets is formed in the outer idler rim and arranged in a regular circumferential distribution about the axis of rotation. The first set of pockets is open radially outward and in a first axial direction, respectively, for receiving inner rail protrusions of track links of a first track chain. A second set of pockets is formed in the outer idler rim and arranged in a regular circumferential distribution about the axis of rotation. The second set of pockets open radially outward and in the first axial direction, respectively, for receiving inner rail projections of track links of a second track chain extending parallel to the first track chain. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0008] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a portion of a ground engaging track system, according to one embodiment. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is another schematic view of a portion of the ground engaging track system of FIG. [Figure 3] FIG. 3 is a side view of a track link, according to one embodiment. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a track link, according to one embodiment. [Figure 5] FIG. 5 is a top view of a track link, according to one embodiment. [Figure 6] FIG. 6 is an end view of a track link, according to one embodiment. [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an idler, according to one embodiment. [Figure 8] FIG. 8 is a side view of an idler, according to one embodiment. [Figure 9] FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of an idler, according to one embodiment. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a portion of an idler, according to one embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0009] Referring to FIG. 1, a ground-engaging track system 10 for a machine is shown according to one embodiment. The ground-engaging track system (hereinafter, "track system 10") can be used with track-type tractors having field service applications in construction, mining, forestry, or other industries. The track system 10 includes a track 12 having a first track chain 14 and a second track chain 16 configured to form an endless loop extending around a plurality of rotatable track contacting elements. The first track chain 14 and the second track chain 16 each include track links 36 and 38, respectively, in an end-to-end arrangement and have a first track rail 40 and a second track rail 42, respectively. Also referring to FIG. 2, the track 12 includes a plurality of track pins 18 that couple the first track chain 14 to the second track chain 16. The track links 36 and 38 of the first track chain 14 and the second track chain 16 each include a lower shoe mounting surface 44, shown in FIG. 2 on the track link 36 and upper rail surfaces 46 and 47, respectively, of the track chain 14. Top rail surface 46 and top rail surface 47 form segments of first track rail 40 and second track rail 42, respectively.

[0010] Also shown in FIG. 1 are track roller frame 22 and track roller 24, which are connected to track roller frame 22 by mounts 26 using bolts 28. Track system 10 may be a so-called hard-bottom track system for a hard-bottom tractor, in which track roller 24 and other track rollers not shown in FIG. 1 are rigidly attached to track roller frame 22. Hard-bottom tractors are commonly used in applications where substrate material in a work area is graded to a relatively high level or a relatively precisely contoured elevation. With proper use of monitoring and control equipment and operator skill, hard-bottom tractors have proven well suited to other applications, such as construction sites, golf course roads, and parking lot substrates. Such applications may differ from tractor applications in which a suspension system is provided to manage shocks and vibrations that may be transmitted between the track and track roller frame by the track roller or other components. As will become more apparent from the description below, track system 10 is adapted to delay scallop formation in track links 36 and 38 over time, implementing a design strategy for hard-bottom tractors where certain known anti-scalloping techniques may be undesirable or inferior.

[0011] Ground-engaging track shoes 20 may be attached to first and second track chains 14 and 16, in the illustrated embodiment, utilizing bolts 30 extending through track links 36 and 38 and through track shoes 20 and nuts 32 in a generally conventional manner. Track rollers 24 contact and roll on first and second track rails 40 and 42 and include roller flanges 34 located outboard of the first and second track rails 40 and 42, while track rollers 24 and other track rollers (not shown) support most of the weight of the associated machinery. Track links 36 and 38 of first and second track chains 14 and 16 further include inner rail projections 48 and 49, respectively, extending from the inner link body sides of track links 36 and 38. Upper rail surfaces 46 and 47 include anti-scalloping bumpouts 50 and 51 formed on the respective inner rail projections 48 and 49. In the illustrated embodiment, track links 36 and 38 are mirror images of each other, and any description of track link 36 should be understood to refer by analogy to track link 38. Additionally, any description of track link 36 in the singular should be understood to refer to either the track link of first track chain 14 or track chain 16. In the view of FIG. 2, shoe bolt bores 35 are shown so that the associated track shoes 20 may appear removed. FIG. 2 also shows an idler 110 having an outer idler rim 116. Idler 110 may be designed to passively rotate in contact with first track rail 40 and second track rail 42 and is specially shaped to accommodate anti-scalloping bump-outs 50 and 51, as discussed further herein.

[0012] 3 and 4, further details of the track link 36 are shown. The track link 36 includes an elongated link body 52 having an inboard link side 54, an outboard link side 56, a first link strap 58, and a second link strap 61. The first link strap 58 has a first track pin bore 60 formed therein and extending between the inboard link side 54 and the outboard link side 56. The second link strap 61 has a second track pin bore 62 formed therein and extending between the inboard link side 54 and the outboard link side 56. The elongated link body 52 further includes a center section 64. The top rail surface 46 includes a center pad 66 formed on the center section 64. A first leg 68 of the top rail surface 46 extends from the center pad 66 to the first link strap 58. A second leg 70 of the top rail surface 46 extends from the center pad 66 to the second link strap 61. As mentioned above, the track link 36 also includes an inner rail protrusion 48. The inner rail protrusion 48 protrudes from the inner link side 54. The center pad 66 includes an anti-scalloping bumpout 50 formed on the inner rail protrusion 48. During operation, the idler 110 moves in and out of contact with the upper rail surface 46, generally resulting in a relatively greater rate of material wear toward the center portion of the center pad 66 compared to the first leg 68 and the second leg 70, while other portions of the center pad 66 are not subjected to sliding contact. The first leg 68 and the second leg 70 are laterally offset from one another, and the first leg 68, the second leg 70, and the center pad 66 define a common plane. Unless ameliorated, the relatively greater rate of material wear on the center pad 66 tends to result in scalloping more quickly than desired, ultimately causing the upper rail surface 46 to assume a concave configuration, which can affect ride quality and / or machine performance. As discussed further herein, the inner rail protrusions 58, and particularly the anti-scalloping bump-outs 50, provide additional available wear material by providing locally increased surface area that delays scalloping in response to contact with the idler 110.Because sliding contact tends not to occur, or is significantly less so, when the idler 110 moves in and out of contact with the first leg 68 and the second leg 70 than with portions of the center pad 66, the rate of material wear on the first leg 68 and the second leg 70 may be relatively slower, and these portions of the upper rail surface 46 may be considered relatively scallop-insensitive compared to areas where sliding contact occurs. Similarly, the portions of the center pad 66 adjacent the first leg 68 and the second leg 70 may be relatively scallop-insensitive. Thus, the center pad 66 may be understood to have a scallop-insensitive first region 96 adjacent the first link strap 58 and a scallop-insensitive second region 98 adjacent the second link strap 61. The center pad 66 is also understood to include a scallop-sensitive central region 99 extending longitudinally between the scallop-insensitive first region 96 and the scallop-insensitive second region 98. The scallop-sensitive central region 99 includes an enlarged diameter relative to the diameters of the scallop-insensitive first region 96 and the scallop-insensitive second region 98, as further described herein, to provide a locally enlarged anti-scallop surface area for retarding scalloping of the upper rail surface 46 in response to contact with the idler 110.

[0013] 5 and 6, the top rail surface 46 includes an outer edge 72 and an inner edge 74, and defines a lateral midline 76 extending between the inner edge 74 and the outer edge 72. The anti-scalloping bump-out 50 extends in the anterior-posterior direction of the lateral midline 76. In a practical implementation strategy, the anti-scalloping bump-out 50 is centrally located anterior-posterior and symmetrical about the lateral midline 76. Also, with particular reference to FIG. 5, it may be noted that the outer edge 72 has an outer edge profile that extends substantially the entire longitudinal length of the center pad 66 and the straight first leg 68. The inner edge 74 includes an inner edge profile having a first linear segment 78 and a second linear segment 80, each parallel to the outer edge profile, and a bump-out segment 82 extending between the first linear segment 78 and the second linear segment 80. A first nut seat window 84 and a second nut seat window 86 are formed in the central section 64 on either side of the lateral midline 76. The first linear segment 78 longitudinally overlaps the first nut seat window 84. The second linear segment 80 longitudinally overlaps the second nut seat window 86. At least a portion of the inner rail projection 48 resides longitudinally between the first nut seat window 84 and the second nut seat window 86. Also, from FIG. 5 , it can be seen that a lateral first line 92 is defined by a first origin 93 of the anti-scalloping bump-out 50, which corresponds to the intersection of the bump-out segment 82 and the first linear segment 78. A lateral second line 94 is defined by a second origin 95 of the anti-scalloping bump-out 50, which corresponds to the intersection of the bump-out segment 82 and the second linear segment 80. The scallop-insensitive first region 96 may be understood as the region of the top rail surface 46 and the latitudinal central pad 66 that extends between the lateral first line 92 and the first leg 68. The scallop-insensitive second region 98 may be understood as the portion of the top rail surface 46 and the central pad 66 that extends from the lateral second line 94 to the second leg 70. The scallop-insensitive surface area of the central pad 66 is defined by the central pad 66 as bounded fore and aft by the lateral first line 92 and the lateral second line 94.A first corner or transition 101 is adjacent to the first linear segment 78 and transitions into the first leg 68. A second corner or transition 102 is generally opposite the first transition 101 on the track link 36.

[0014] It should be noted that the scallop-sensitive central region 99 has an enlarged diameter relative to the diameters of the scallop-insensitive first region 96 and the scallop-insensitive second region 98, providing an enlarged or expanded anti-scallop surface area for retarding scalloping of the upper rail surface 46 in response to contact with the idler 110. With continued reference to FIG. 5 , numeral 88 indicates the bump-out diameter formed by the central pad 66 within the anti-scallop bump-out 50. A second diameter 90 is formed by the outer central pad 66 of the anti-scallop bump-out 50. FIG. 5 illustrates, in dashed lines, an example range of bump-out diameters 88 relative to the second diameter 90. In other words, it has been found that the range of diameters formed by the anti-scallop bump-out 50 can be successfully adapted to provide an expanded surface area for retarding scalloping while balancing factors such as link size and shape, manufacturability, and compatibility with other components of the track system 10, as discussed further herein.

[0015] In one practical implementation strategy, the ratio of bump-out diameter 88 to second diameter 90 is 1.2:1 to 1.6:1. In a finer adjustment, the ratio of bump-out diameter 88 to second diameter 90 is 1.3:1 to 1.4:1. As described above, the anti-scallop surface area is bounded forward by lateral first line 92 and lateral second line 94. Anti-scallop bump-out 50 may form 15% to 30% of the anti-scallop surface area, i.e., the total surface area of upper rail surface 46 between lines 92 and 94. In a finer adjustment, anti-scallop bump-out 50 forms 17% to 19% of the anti-scallop surface area. In another specific embodiment, the fore-aft running length between origin 93 and origin 94 may be approximately 4 millimeters. In this embodiment, bump-out diameter 88 may be approximately 6 millimeters, and second diameter 90 may be approximately 24 millimeters. It should further be understood that the second diameter 90 of the scallop-insensitive first region 96 may be equal to a similarly defined diameter of the scallop-insensitive second region 98. The term "about" may be understood to be approximate, as understood by one of the relevant art or within measurement error. The bump-out segment 82 defines a boundary for a locally enlarged surface area.

[0016] Turning now to the features of the idler 110 and with reference to FIGS. 7-10 , the idler 110 includes an idler body 112 that may be structured for mounting to the track roller frame 22 and defines a rotational axis 114. The idler body 112 is one piece in the illustrated embodiment, but may include an idler hub having one or more outer rim pieces attached thereto. The idler 110 also includes an outer idler rim 116 that extends circumferentially around the rotational axis 114. With reference to FIG. 2 , it is recalled that the idler 110 may be structurally designed to be compatible with the inner profiles of the track links 46 and 48 in the first and second track chains 14 and 16. The rotational axis 114 extends between a first axial idler body end 120 and a second axial idler body end 122, with a central bore 118 configured to receive a support shaft for rotatably mounting the idler 110 within the track roller frame 22. The outer idler rim 116 includes a radially outwardly projecting central flange 124 flanked by a first rail contacting surface 126 extending axially inward from the first axial idler body end 120 and a second rail contacting surface 128 extending axially inward from the second axial idler body end 122. A recess 142 is formed in the first axial side of the idler body 112, and a second recess 144 is formed in the second axial side of the idler body 112. A thin web 146 extends radially inward from the outer idler rim 116. The central flange 124 includes a cylindrical outer flange surface 148. A first set of pockets 130 are formed in the central flange 124 adjacent the first rail contacting surface 126 and are arranged in a regular circumferential distribution about the axis of rotation 114. A second set of pockets 140 are formed in the central flange 124 adjacent the second rail contact surface 128 and are arranged in a regular circumferential distribution about the axis of rotation 114 .

[0017] The first set of pockets 130 and the second set of pockets 140 are disposed in rolling register with the inner rail protrusions 48 and 49 of the track links 46 and 48 in the respective first and second track chains 14 and 16. The first set of pockets 130 and the second set of pockets 140 are formed in the central flange 124 and are adjacent the first and second rail contact surfaces 26 and 28, respectively. As described above, the first set of pockets 130 and the second set of pockets 140 are disposed in rolling register with the inner rail protrusions 48 and 49. Thus, when the idler 110 rotates in contact with the track 12, with the first rail contact surface 126 riding on the first track rail 40 and the second rail contact surface 128 riding on the second track rail 42, the inner rail protrusions 48 and 49 can be received in and then out of the first set of pockets 130 and the second set of pockets 140, respectively.

[0018] In one embodiment, an additional pocket 131 is formed in the central flange 124 adjacent the first rail contact surface 126 but is not located in the rolling register with the inner rail protrusion 48. Similarly, an additional pocket 141 may be formed in the central flange 124 adjacent the second rail contact surface 128 but is not located in the rolling register with the inner rail protrusion 49. The pockets 131 may also be understood as a third set of pockets and a fourth set of pockets 141, where the third set of pockets 131 and the fourth set of pockets 141 are indexed to the inner rail protrusions 48 and 49 of the track links 46 and 48 in the first track chain 14 and the second track chain 16, respectively, but are not located in the rolling register with them. This arrangement allows the idler 110 to rotate relative to the components of the track 12, for example, to compensate for wear. Another way to understand this configuration is that some of the pockets in idler 110 that accommodate rail protrusions will receive the inner rail protrusions during operation, and some will not, but will instead be positioned between the inner rail protrusions of adjacent track links. Pockets 130, 131, and 140, 141 can be identically shaped and positioned so that idler 110 can rotate an amount equal to one track pitch distance, one-half track pitch distance, one-third track pitch distance, etc., depending on the number and placement of pockets, to provide a new interface for idler 110 each time track 12 is serviced.

[0019] The first set of pockets 130 and the second set of pockets 140 may be substantially identical or may be mirror images of each other. The pockets 130 and 140 may each define a pocket running length 154 extending circumferentially about the rotational axis 114, a pocket axial depth 156, and a pocket radial depth 158. The pocket running length 154 may be greater than the pocket radial depth 158, and the pocket radial depth 158 may be greater than the pocket axial depth 156. The idler body 112 may further include a first set of side lugs 150 alternating with the first set of pockets 130 and a second set of side lugs 152 alternating with the second set of pockets 140. As described above, the cylindrical outer flange surface 148 is formed on the central flange 124. The side lugs 150 and 152 each include outer lug faces 162 and 164, respectively. The outer lug surfaces 162 and 164 are angled axially and radially inward from the first and second rail contact surfaces 126 and 128, respectively, toward the cylindrical outer flange surface 148. It may also be noted that the first set of pockets 130 open radially outward and in the first axial direction toward the first idler body axial end 120, respectively. The second set of pockets 140 open radially outward and in the second axial direction toward the second axial idler body end 122, respectively. The side lugs 150 and 152 may each have a trapezoidal shape. The pockets 130 and 140 may each have an inverted trapezoidal shape, forming a tapered opening in the radially outward direction. With particular reference to Figures 9 and 10, the central flange 124 defines a flange axial thickness 160. The ratio of the pocket axial depth 158 to the flange axial thickness 160 may be between 0.1:1 and 0.3:1. In fine tuning, the ratio of pocket axial depth 158 to flange axial thickness 160 is between 0.13:1 and 0.27:1. In one particular embodiment, pocket axial depth 158 can be between about 4 millimeters and about 10 millimeters.These relative proportions and dimensions allow idler 110 to fit and accommodate tracks such as track 12 that have inner rail protrusions to retard scalloping. [Industrial Applicability]

[0020] Referring generally to the drawings, as track system 10 operates, track 12 travels forward and backward around the various rotatable track contacting elements and may start, stop, and reverse multiple times. As track 12 rotates around idler 110, and any secondary idlers used, upper rail surfaces 46 and 47 contact rail contact surfaces 126 and 128. As links 46 and 48 rotate in and out of contact with idler 110, the pivoting between links 46 and 48 in the respective track chains 14 and 16 tends to cause sliding within a contact "patch" generally centered about the lateral midline of each track link, corresponding to scallop sensitive region 99. The sliding contact wears material at a relatively higher rate in scallop sensitive region 99 than elsewhere on upper rail surface 46. The locally enlarged surface area provided by the anti-scalloping bumpouts 50 on the inner rail projections 48 provides additional surface area for material to wear compared to other portions of the link. Thus, even if wear conditions are relatively severe in the portions of the link where sliding contact occurs, the effective wear rate from the upper rail surface 46 to the elongated link body 42 is slower, ultimately causing the track link to wear more uniformly longitudinally along the upper rail surface and scallop more slowly than typically observed.

[0021] With respect to idler 110, in certain known idler configurations, a central flange contacts the track link for guiding purposes at approximately the longitudinal center of the track link on the inboard side. By providing a pocket configuration for idler 110, any additional material added to the track link does not impede or otherwise interfere with the intended track guiding action. The location of such guiding contact is moved to the pocket itself relative to idlers without a pocket.

[0022] This specification is for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed to narrow the scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, those skilled in the art will understand that various modifications can be made to the embodiments of the present disclosure without departing from the full and fair scope and spirit of the present disclosure. Other aspects, features, and advantages will be apparent upon examination of the accompanying drawings and the appended claims. As used herein, the articles "a" and "an" are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with "one or more." When only one item is intended, "one" or similar language is used. Also, as used herein, the terms "having," "having," "having," or similar terms are intended to be open terms. Furthermore, the phrase "based on" is intended to mean "based at least in part on," unless expressly stated otherwise.

Claims

1. 1. A ground engaging track system comprising: a first track chain, a second track chain, and a plurality of track pins connecting the first track chain to the second track chain; an idler structured for attachment to a track roller frame, the idler including an idler body defining an axis of rotation, and an outer idler rim extending circumferentially about the axis of rotation; the first track chain and the second track chain each include track links in an end-to-end arrangement and each include a first track rail and a second track rail; the track links of the first and second track chains each include a lower shoe mounting surface, an upper rail surface forming a segment of a respective first and second track rail, and an inner link body side; the track links of the first track chain and the second track chain each further include an inner rail protrusion extending from an inner link body side, and the top rail surface each includes an anti-scalloping bump-out formed on the respective inner rail protrusion.

2. the outer idler rim includes a central flange, a first set of pockets and a second set of pockets formed in the central flange and positioned in rolling register with the inner rail projections of the track links of the first track chain and the second track chain, respectively; the outer idler rim including a first rail contacting surface and a second rail contacting surface; The track system of claim 1 , wherein the first set of pockets and the second set of pockets are formed in the central flange adjacent the first rail-contacting surface and the second rail-contacting surface, respectively.

3. the idler further includes a first set of side lugs alternating with the first set of pockets and a second set of side lugs alternating with the second set of pockets; 2. The ground engaging track system of claim 1, wherein the central flange includes a cylindrical outer flange surface, and wherein the side lugs of each of the first and second sets include outer lug surfaces that slope axially inward and radially inward from the first and second rail contacting surfaces, respectively, toward the cylindrical outer flange surface.

Images