Feed composition containing kraft pulp

Abstract

An object of the present invention is to provide a feed that is resistant to spoilage and inhibits leakage, even while containing food residues and fermentation residues. The present invention provides a solid feed composition containing (a) food waste and / or fermentation residue and (b) wood-derived kraft pulp, and having a moisture content of 88% or less.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a feed composition containing kraft pulp. [Background technology]

[0002] Kraft pulp, which is made from wood, is widely used in papermaking applications, and in recent years, feed containing wood-derived kraft pulp has been proposed (Patent Documents 1 to 3). [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0003] [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2011-083281 [Patent Document 2] Patent No. 6362732 [Patent Document 3] Patent Publication No. 2021-193930 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0004] An object of the present invention is to provide a feed that is resistant to spoilage and inhibits leakage of liquid, even though it contains food residues and fermentation residues. [Means for solving the problem]

[0005] As a result of extensive research to solve the above problems, the inventors discovered that excellent feed can be produced by mixing food waste or fermentation residue with kraft pulp, and thus completed the present invention.

[0006] The present invention includes, but is not limited to, the following aspects. [1] A solid feed composition containing (a) food waste and / or fermentation residue and (b) wood-derived kraft pulp, and having a moisture content of 88% or less. [2] The feed composition according to [1], wherein the food residue is a residue from squeezing a plant. [3] The feed composition according to [1], which is for ruminants. [4] The feed composition according to any one of [1] to [3], wherein the weight ratio of a / b is 10 / 90 to 90 / 10. [5] The feed composition according to any one of [1] to [4], wherein the electrical conductivity of a liquid squeezed from the feed composition is 250 mS / m or less. [6] The feed composition according to any one of [1] to [5], wherein the pH of a liquid squeezed from the feed composition is 5.0 or higher. [7] A method for producing a solid feed composition having a moisture content of 88% or less, comprising: (a) food residues and / or fermentation residues; (b) wood-derived kraft pulp; The above method, comprising the step of mixing the above ingredients. [8] A method for suppressing leaching of nutrients from a feed composition, comprising: (a) food residues and / or fermentation residues; (b) wood-derived kraft pulp; and mixing the above ingredients to prepare a solid feed composition having a moisture content of 88% or less. [Effects of the Invention]

[0007] By mixing wood-derived kraft pulp with feed, the kraft pulp retains the moisture contained in food waste and prevents nutrients from leaking out, resulting in a highly nutritious feed composition. Furthermore, the kraft pulp absorbs the moisture contained in food waste, preventing spoilage during storage and transportation, and preventing liquid leakage from containers, resulting in a feed composition that is easy to handle and transport. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0008] [Figure 1] Figure 1 is a photograph showing an example of a feed trough in a free stall barn. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is a photograph showing the state of the dissolution test. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0009] The present invention relates to a feed composition containing kraft pulp and a method for producing the same. The feed composition of the present invention is solid, does not have fluidity like a slurry or liquid, and is essentially constant in shape and volume. The moisture content of the feed composition of the present invention is 15 to 88%, preferably 20 to 85% or 25 to 80%, and may also be 30 to 75%, 35 to 70%, 40 to 65%, or 45 to 60%.

[0010] The feed composition of the present invention can be used as a feed for any animal, such as livestock or poultry, and can also be applied as a feed for ruminants. Examples of ruminants include cattle such as dairy cows and fattening cattle, as well as sheep and goats. There are no particular restrictions on the timing of feeding the feed of the present invention to ruminants, i.e., the age, physique, or health condition of the ruminant to which the feed is applied, and the feed can be used for, for example, suckling calves, adult cattle, and aged cattle.

[0011] The feed composition of the present invention is preferably such that the electrical conductivity of the liquid squeezed from the feed composition is 250 mS / m or less. By controlling the electrical conductivity of the squeezed juice in this range, the proportion of ionized electrolytes and nutritional components such as proteins and amino acids is reduced, making it less likely for nutrients to be lost due to dehydration, etc. The electrical conductivity of the liquid squeezed from the feed composition is preferably 5 to 250 mS / m, more preferably 8 to 230 mS / m, and even more preferably 10 to 210 mS / m.

[0012] The feed composition of the present invention is preferably such that the pH of the liquid squeezed from the feed composition is 5.0 or higher. The pH of the liquid squeezed from the feed composition is preferably 5.2 to 8.5, more preferably 5.5 to 8.0, and even more preferably 6.0 to 7.5. If the pH is below 5.0, butyric acid bacteria are more likely to grow than lactic acid bacteria, and as butyric acid fermentation progresses, palatability decreases and nutritional components are more likely to decompose. On the other hand, if the pH is 5.0 or higher, the subsequent lactic acid fermentation can proceed appropriately.

[0013] Food residues and / or fermentation residues The feed composition of the present invention contains food residues and / or fermentation residues. The content of food residues and / or fermentation residues in the feed composition of the present invention is preferably 10% by weight or more, more preferably 20% by weight or more, even more preferably 30% by weight or more, and may be 40% by weight or more. There is no particular upper limit to the content of food residues and / or fermentation residues, but it can be 90% by weight or less, or 80% by weight or less.

[0014] In the present invention, food residues (food processing residues) refer to processing residues generated during food manufacturing, cooking, and other processes, such as residues generated during food processing, including squeezing, extracting, liquefying, washing, refining, distilling, and concentrating food materials (ingredients). Food residues may also be, for example, parts of ingredients discarded during processing, and in the case of plant ingredients, specifically, plant parts such as leaves, roots, shells, skins, and seeds. In a preferred embodiment, the food residues of the present invention are residues generated when squeezing ingredients such as vegetables, fruits, and grains.

[0015] In the present invention, the term "fermentation residue" refers to the residue left over from the fermentation of raw materials, and includes, for example, the pomace generated during the production of fermented foods, and residues of yeast, lactic acid bacteria, filamentous fungi, Bacillus subtilis, and acetic acid bacteria used in fermentation. Furthermore, the fermentation residue of the present invention is not limited to fermentation residues from food production, but also includes residues generated when fermentation is used to produce industrial products such as bioethanol and bioplastics. Examples of fermented foods include sake, wine, beer, shochu, miso, soy sauce, mirin, chili bean paste, gochujang, vinegar, pickled vegetables, kimchi, pickles, sauerkraut, mustard greens, natto, kuzumochi, nata de coco, and bread.

[0016] The food residue and / or fermentation residue used in the present invention has a moisture content of, for example, 50 to 95% by weight, preferably 60 to 92% by weight or 70 to 89% by weight, or may be 80 to 86% by weight.

[0017] In the present invention, the food waste and / or fermentation residue is mixed with wood-derived kraft pulp to prepare a feed composition, as described below. The blending ratio (weight ratio) of (a) the food waste and / or fermentation residue to (b) the wood-derived kraft pulp is preferably 10 / 90 to 90 / 10, more preferably 20 / 80 to 80 / 20, even more preferably 30 / 70 to 70 / 30, and may be 40 / 60 to 60 / 40.

[0018] In the present invention, the food residue and / or fermentation residue may be crushed by a known method to facilitate mixing with wood-derived kraft pulp. For example, the food residue and / or fermentation residue may be crushed using a crushing device such as a cutting mill or a roll mill. Specifically, for example, the food residue and / or fermentation residue may be crushed to a size of 50 mm or less, 30 mm or less, or 20 mm or less.

[0019] wood kraft pulp The feed composition of the present invention contains wood-derived kraft pulp. The kraft pulp used in the present invention may consist of a single type of pulp or may be a mixture of multiple pulps. For example, kraft pulps made from different raw materials or produced by different methods, such as hardwood kraft pulp, softwood kraft pulp, dissolving hardwood kraft pulp, and dissolving softwood kraft pulp, may be mixed and used. In addition to kraft pulp, mechanical pulp (groundwood pulp, refiner ground wood pulp, thermomechanical pulp, chemithermomechanical pulp) may also be used in combination.

[0020] Examples of wood materials that can be used include broad-leaved trees, conifers, miscellaneous trees, bamboo, kenaf, bagasse, and empty palm tree bunches after palm oil extraction.Specific examples of broad-leaved trees include beech, Chinese linden, white birch, poplar, eucalyptus, acacia, oak, sugar maple, Asian elm, paulownia, magnolia, willow, Japanese ash, Quercus phillyraeoides, Quercus serrata, sawtooth oak, horse chestnut, zelkova, beech, dogwood, and green ash. Examples of conifers include cedar, spruce, larch, black pine, red pine, Abies sachalinensis, Himekomatsu, yew, juniper, spruce, Japanese spruce, Japanese holly, Japanese holly, fir, Japanese yew, Douglas fir, Asunaro, cypress, Japanese hemlock, Japanese hemlock, Japanese cypress, yew, Japanese yew, spruce, yellow cedar, Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, Radiata pine, eastern spruce, eastern white pine, western larch, western fir, western hemlock, tamarack, and the like.

[0021] The wood-derived kraft pulp used in the present invention has a moisture content of, for example, 5 to 40% by weight, preferably 7 to 30% by weight, or may be 9 to 20% by weight. The moisture content of the kraft pulp may be adjusted by a known method, but by using kraft pulp with the moisture content as described above, dripping caused by food residues and fermentation residues can be prevented, and the loss of nutrients from feed can be particularly effectively suppressed.

[0022] In the feed composition of the present invention, either bleached or unbleached kraft pulp can be used. The kraft pulp content is preferably 1% by mass or more, more preferably 5% by mass or more, and even more preferably 10% by mass or more. The kraft pulp is preferably oxygen delignified, and must have a kappa number of 5 to 30. The kappa number is more preferably 5 to 25, but may also be 5 to 20 or 6 to 15. A kappa number of 30 or less improves the cellulase saccharification rate, making the feed easier to digest in the rumen of ruminants, and also suppressing ruminal acidosis in ruminants.

[0023] When producing kraft pulp from wood chips, the wood chips are fed into a digester together with cooking liquor and subjected to kraft cooking. Modified kraft cooking, such as MCC, EMCC, ITC, and low-solid cooking, may also be used. The cooking type, such as a single-vessel liquid phase, a single-vessel vapor / liquid phase, a dual-vessel liquid / vapor phase, or a dual-vessel liquid phase, is not particularly limited. That is, the process of impregnating and retaining the alkaline aqueous solution of the present invention may be performed separately from the equipment or site used for conventional cooking liquor penetration treatment. Preferably, the unbleached pulp after cooking is washed with a washing device such as a diffusion washer after the cooking liquor is extracted. The liquor ratio of wood chips to chemical solution can be, for example, 1.0 to 5.0 L / kg, preferably 1.5 to 4.5 L / kg, and more preferably 2.0 to 4.0 L / kg.

[0024] In the present invention, an alkaline cooking liquor containing a quinone compound may be added to the digester. When an alkaline cooking liquor containing a quinone compound is added, the amount is preferably 0.01 to 1.5 mass% per bone-dry chips. If the amount of the quinone compound added is less than 0.01 mass%, the amount is too small to reduce the kappa number of the pulp after cooking, and the relationship between the kappa number and the pulp yield is not improved. Furthermore, the reduction in dregs and the suppression of a decrease in viscosity are insufficient. Furthermore, even if the amount of the quinone compound added exceeds 1.5 mass%, no further reduction in the kappa number of the pulp after cooking or improvement in the relationship between the kappa number and the pulp yield is observed.

[0025] The quinone compounds used are known quinone compounds, hydroquinone compounds, or precursors thereof as cooking aids, and at least one compound selected from these can be used. Examples of these compounds include anthraquinone, dihydroanthraquinone (e.g., 1,4-dihydroanthraquinone), tetrahydroanthraquinone (e.g., 1,4,4a,9a-tetrahydroanthraquinone, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroanthraquinone), methylanthraquinone (e.g., 1-methylanthraquinone, 2-methylanthraquinone), methyldihydroanthraquinone (e.g., 2-methyl-1,4-dihydroanthraquinone), methyltetrahydroanthraquinone (e.g., 1-methyl-1,4,4a,9a-tetrahydroanthraquinone, 2-methyl-1,4,4a,9a-tetrahydroanthraquinone), and the like. and hydroquinone compounds such as anthrahydroquinone (generally 9,10-dihydroxyanthracene), methylanthrahydroquinone (e.g., 2-methylanthrahydroquinone), dihydroanthrahydroanthraquinone (e.g., 1,4-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxyanthracene) or alkali metal salts thereof (e.g., disodium salt of anthrahydroquinone, disodium salt of 1,4-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxyanthracene), and precursors such as anthrone, anthranol, methylanthrone, and methylanthranol. These precursors can be converted to quinone compounds or hydroquinone compounds under cooking conditions.

[0026] The cooking liquor preferably has an active alkali addition rate (AA) of 10 to 35% by mass based on the weight of bone-dry wood chips. If the active alkali addition rate is less than 10% by mass, removal of lignin and hemylulose will be insufficient, while if it exceeds 35% by mass, a decrease in yield and quality will occur. Here, the active alkali addition rate is the total addition rate of NaOH and Na2S converted into the Na2O addition rate, and can be converted to the Na2O addition rate by multiplying NaOH by 0.775 and Na2S by 0.795. In addition, the sulfidity range is preferably 20 to 35%. A sulfidity range of less than 20% will result in a decrease in delignification ability, a decrease in pulp viscosity, and an increase in the pulp content.

[0027] Kraft cooking is preferably carried out at a temperature in the range of 120 to 180°C, more preferably 140 to 160°C. If the temperature is too low, delignification (reduction in kappa number) will be insufficient, while if the temperature is too high, the degree of polymerization (viscosity) of cellulose will decrease. Furthermore, the cooking time in the present invention refers to the time from when the cooking temperature reaches its maximum temperature until the temperature starts to decrease, and the cooking time is preferably 60 minutes or more and 600 minutes or less, more preferably 120 minutes or more and 360 minutes or less. If the cooking time is less than 60 minutes, pulping will not proceed, and if it exceeds 600 minutes, pulp production efficiency will decrease, which is undesirable.

[0028] Furthermore, in the kraft cooking of the present invention, the treatment temperature and treatment time can be set using the H factor (Hf) as an index. The H factor is a measure of the total amount of heat given to the reaction system during the cooking process, and the H factor is preferably 300 to 2000. The H factor is calculated by integrating the time from the time when the chips and water are mixed to the time when cooking is completed, and is specifically expressed by the formula ∫exp(43.20-16113 / T)dt (where T is the absolute temperature at a certain point in time).

[0029] In the present invention, the unbleached (unbleached) pulp obtained after cooking can be subjected to various treatments as needed. For example, the unbleached pulp obtained after kraft cooking can be subjected to a bleaching treatment such as oxygen delignification.

[0030] Pulp obtained by kraft cooking can be subjected to oxygen delignification. The known medium-consistency or high-consistency methods can be used for the oxygen delignification used in the present invention. The medium-consistency method is preferably performed at a pulp consistency of 8 to 15% by mass, and the high-consistency method is preferably performed at a pulp consistency of 20 to 35% by mass. The alkali used in oxygen delignification can be sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, and the oxygen gas can be oxygen from a cryogenic separation method, oxygen from a PSA (Pressure Swing Adsorption), oxygen from a VSA (Vacuum Swing Adsorption), or the like.

[0031] The reaction conditions for oxygen delignification are not particularly limited, but the oxygen pressure is preferably 3 to 9 kg / cm 2 , more preferably 4 to 7 kg / cm 2 The alkali addition rate is 0.5 to 4 mass% based on the bone dry weight of pulp, the treatment temperature is 80 to 140°C, and the treatment time is 20 to 180 minutes; other conditions that are known in the art can be applied. In the present invention, the oxygen delignification treatment may be carried out multiple times. Furthermore, the kraft pulp after the oxygen delignification treatment or the like preferably has a kappa number of 5 to 15.

[0032] To further reduce the kappa number and improve brightness, the oxygen delignified pulp can be subjected to a multi-stage bleaching process, for example, by subsequently transferring it to a washing process and then to a multi-stage bleaching process. The multi-stage bleaching process of the present invention is not particularly limited, but it is preferable to use a combination of known bleaching agents and bleaching aids, such as acid (A), chlorine dioxide (D), alkali (E), oxygen (O), hydrogen peroxide (P), ozone (Z), and peracid. For example, the first stage of the multi-stage bleaching process preferably uses a chlorine dioxide bleaching stage (D) or an ozone bleaching stage (Z), the second stage uses an alkali extraction stage (E) or a hydrogen peroxide stage (P), and the third stage and subsequent stages use a bleaching sequence using chlorine dioxide or hydrogen peroxide. The number of stages from the third stage onward is also not particularly limited, but considering energy efficiency, productivity, and the like, it is preferable to complete the process with a total of three or four stages. Furthermore, a stage of treatment with a chelating agent such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) may be inserted during the multi-stage bleaching process.

[0033] In the present invention, it is preferable to use kraft pulp having a Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF) of 300 ml or more. This makes it possible to produce feed that slows the digestion rate in the rumen of ruminants and promotes rumination in the rumen. In a preferred embodiment, the Canadian Standard Freeness of the kraft pulp used in the present invention is 450 ml or more, and may be 500 ml or more or 550 ml or more. In general, the Canadian Standard Freeness of kraft pulp can be reduced by known methods.

[0034] In the feed composition of the present invention, the pulp is preferably crushed to a size of 50 mm or less, more preferably 30 mm or less, and even more preferably 20 mm or less. Pulp sheets can be suitably used as the pulp to be crushed. Pulp sizes exceeding 50 mm may result in reduced palatability, difficulty in mixing, and difficulty in achieving the desired effect.

[0035] Other ingredients The feed composition of the present invention can contain ingredients other than those mentioned above. Examples of other feed ingredients include roughage (e.g., grass), concentrated feed (e.g., grains such as corn and wheat, and pulses such as soybeans), proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, etc., and various additives (e.g., preservatives, coloring agents, flavoring agents, etc.) may also be added.

[0036] When a concentrate is blended with the feed composition of the present invention, grains such as corn, wheat, barley, polished rice, etc. can be used as the main starch source in the feed of the present invention.

[0037] When roughage is blended into the feed composition of the present invention, examples of the roughage include orchard grass, timothy, oat hay, alfalfa, Italian ryegrass, and red clover. Examples of feed ingredients derived from plants of the Poaceae family include sorghum, wheat straw, and rice straw.

[0038] When other feed ingredients are added to the feed composition of the present invention, examples thereof include soybeans, corn gluten meal, concentrated soybean protein, wheat gluten, enzymatically hydrolyzed wheat gluten, etc. Furthermore, sugars may be added to the feed, and suitable examples include glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

[0039] The feed composition of the present invention may contain, for example, flavorings, minerals, vitamins, organic minerals, pasture, grass feed ingredients, crystalline amino acids, oils and fats, fatty acids, fatty acid calcium, adsorbents, minerals, plant extracts, fermented products, flavorings, organic acids, antibiotics, animal feed, microbial components, herbal medicines, enzyme preparations, oligosaccharides, wood-based feed, binders, other plant processing by-products, etc.

[0040] The feed composition of the present invention can be subjected to lactic acid fermentation. The pH after lactic acid fermentation is preferably 4.2 or less, more preferably 4.0 or less, and even more preferably 3.8 or less. If the pH after lactic acid fermentation is higher than 4.2, lactic acid fermentation may not proceed sufficiently. Furthermore, the water content of the feed composition to be subjected to lactic acid fermentation is preferably 15% by mass or more, more preferably 40% by mass or more, and even more preferably 60% by mass or more. If the water content is less than 15% by mass, lactic acid fermentation may not proceed. Lactic acid fermentation improves palatability and fiber digestibility.

[0041] Lactic acid bacteria may be added to the feed composition of the present invention, such as strains of the genera Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, and Pediococcus. For example, strains of the genus Lactobacillus such as L. casei, L. plantarum, L. helveticus, L. bulgaricus, L. gasseri, L. acidophilus, L. lactis, L. salivarius, L. gallinarum, L. amylovorus, L. brevis, L. fermentum, L. mali, L. delbrueckii, L. sanfrancisensis, L. panex, L. comoensis, L. italicus, L. laikimani, L. curvatus, L. hilgardii, L. luteri, L. pastorianus, L. buchneri, L. cellobiosus, and L. fructivorans can be used.

[0042] In addition, strains of the genus Streptococcus that can be used include S. thermophilus, S. lactis, and S. diacetyllactis. Strains of the genus Lactococcus that can be used include L. lactis lactis and L. lactis cremoris. Strains of the genus Leuconostoc that can be used include L. mesenteroides cremoris and L. lactis. As the genus Bifidobacterium, strains belonging to B. bifidum, B. longum, B. infantis, B. breve, B. adolescentis, B. angularum, B. catenulatum, B. pseudocatenulatum, B. dentium, B. globosum, B. pseudolongum, B. cuniculi, B. coelinum, B. animalis, B. thermophilum, B. boum, B. magnum, B. asteroides, B. indicum, B. gallicum, B. lactis, B. inopinatum, B. dentico, etc. can be used. [Example]

[0043] The present invention will be described in more detail below using specific examples, but the present invention is not limited to the following specific examples. In this specification, concentrations and percentages are by mass unless otherwise specified, and numerical ranges are stated as including their endpoints.

[0044] 1. Preparation of feed ingredients (1) Wood-derived kraft pulp (moisture content: approximately 12%) Eucalyptus wood chips were kraft cooked with 18.0% active alkali, 25% sulfidity, and an H factor of 800 to obtain unbleached kraft pulp (LUKP) with a kappa number (KN) of 18.5. The pulp was then washed with tap water to a consistency of 10%. It was then oxygen-delignified at 100°C for 60 minutes with 2.1% O2 (per bone-dry pulp weight) and 1.4% sodium hydroxide (per bone-dry pulp weight), yielding oxygen-delignified pulp with a KN of 9.6. The resulting oxygen-delignified pulp was washed with tap water, dehydrated in a belt press, and dried in a dryer at 70°C for 1 hour (particle size: 2 mm to 15 mm). (2) Apple juice (water content: approximately 98%) Apples (Shinano Gold, produced in Nagano Prefecture) were thoroughly crushed in a household blender and passed through a strainer (Yoshikawa YJ2799), and the juice that passed through was used. (3) Apple juice residue (moisture content: approximately 90%) Apples (Shinano Gold, produced in Nagano Prefecture) were thoroughly crushed in a household blender and passed through a strainer (Yoshikawa YJ2799), and the residue remaining on the strainer was used. (4) Tomato juice residue (moisture content: approximately 87%) Tomatoes (produced in Kumamoto Prefecture) were thoroughly crushed in a household mixer and passed through a strainer (Yoshikawa YJ2799), and the residue remaining on the strainer was used. (5) Okara (moisture content: approximately 84%) Frozen raw okara (Hantai tofu) was thawed and used as the residue after squeezing soy milk from soybeans. (6) Amazake (moisture content: approximately 94%) Amazake (Marusho Soy Sauce Brewery) was used as the fermentation residue from rice.

[0045] 2. Preparation of Feed Composition The above feed ingredients were mixed in the proportions shown in the table below to prepare feed compositions. The moisture content and other parameters were measured as follows. (1) Moisture content (%) The moisture content was measured based on the feed analysis standards of the Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center (FAMIC). Specifically, the sample was placed in an aluminum cup and dried at 135°C for 2 hours, then cooled in a desiccator and weighed. The moisture content was calculated from the weight before and after drying. (2) pH and conductivity of the juice The sample was wrapped in gauze, and the water content of the feed was manually squeezed out. The pH and electrical conductivity of the resulting liquid (squeezed juice) were measured using a pH meter (HM-41X, manufactured by Toa DKK). (3) Yield (%) The proportion of leachable fine particles and water-soluble components was evaluated for each sample. Specifically, water was added to each sample (dry weight: 0.50 g) to prepare a 0.5% suspension, which was then vacuum filtered and centrifuged. The weight percentage of the remaining material (yield) was calculated. Vacuum filtration was performed using a glass fiber filter (Advantec GS-25, pore size: approximately 1 μm) (gauge pressure: -0.07 to -0.10 MPa), and centrifugal dehydration was performed using a centrifugal dehydrator (Himac CR22E) (rotation speed: 4830 rpm, 15 minutes, 20°C). After vacuum filtration and centrifugal dehydration, each sample was placed in an aluminum cup and dried in a dryer at 105°C for 2 hours. The weight of the sample after the treatment was measured, and the weight percentage of the remaining material (yield) was calculated using the following formula. ■ Yield (%) = (weight of sample after processing) / (weight of sample before processing) x 100

[0046] [Table 1]

[0047] Compared to Sample 7 (apple pomace only), the yield was significantly improved by mixing kraft pulp with apple pomace (Samples 1 to 3). Compared to Sample 9 (tomato pomace only), the yield of tomato pomace was improved by mixing kraft pulp with tomato pomace (Sample 4). Compared to Samples 5 and 6, the yield was improved by mixing kraft pulp with okara or amazake.

[0048] As described above, it was revealed that by mixing food waste or fermentation residue with wood-derived kraft pulp, the kraft pulp effectively retains the components contained in the feed and prevents the components from leaking out. Furthermore, the feed of the present invention was easy to drain and handle.

[0049] 3. Evaluation of feed composition (nutrient loss) In typical free-stall barns, feed troughs are often integrated with the floor, and liquid feed will flow out of the trough when given (Figure 1). In this experiment, samples (samples 1-8) were placed on a flat plate that simulated a feed trough, and the outflow of nutrients was measured using the following procedure (Figure 2).

[0050] Specifically, 100g of sample was placed on a 15cm x 30cm metal plate tilted at 1 degree and left to stand for 120 minutes. The amount of nutrients in the sample before being placed on the metal plate and the sample after being left to stand for 120 minutes were analyzed, and the percentage of nutrients that had leaked out was calculated using the following formula. ■ Outflow rate = (amount of each component before the experiment - amount of each component after the experiment) ÷ amount of each component before the experiment × 100 Crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) were analyzed according to the feed analysis standards of the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Materials and Consumer Care Center (FAMIC).

[0051] [Table 2]

[0052] In the examples of the present invention (samples 1 to 6), the incorporation of kraft pulp into the feed almost completely eliminated the loss of nutrients. On the other hand, many of the nutrients were lost from Samples 7 and 8, partly due to their liquid form. Also, although NDF was not lost from Sample 10 (kraft pulp alone), since it contained almost no crude protein, crude fat, or NFC before the experiment, nutrients other than NDF were insufficient.

Claims

1. A solid feed composition having a moisture content of 88% or less, (a) food residues and / or fermentation residues; (b) wood-derived kraft pulp having a kappa number of 5 to 30; wherein the weight ratio of the contents of a and b (a / b) is 10 / 90 to 60 / 40.

2. The feed composition according to claim 1, wherein the food residue is a plant residue.

3. The feed composition according to claim 2, which is for ruminants.

4. The feed composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the electric conductivity of a liquid squeezed from the feed composition is 250 mS / m or less.

5. The feed composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a liquid squeezed from the feed composition has a pH of 5.0 or higher.

6. 4. The feed composition according to claim 1, wherein the wood kraft pulp has a size of 50 mm or less.

7. A method for producing a solid feed composition having a moisture content of 88% or less, comprising the steps of: (a) food residues and / or fermentation residues; (b) wood-derived kraft pulp having a kappa number of 5 to 30; wherein the weight ratio of a to b (a / b) contained in the feed composition is 10 / 90 to 60 / 40.

8. A method for suppressing leaching of nutritional components from a feed composition, comprising: (a) food residues and / or fermentation residues; (b) wood-derived kraft pulp having a kappa number of 5 to 30; and mixing the above ingredients to prepare a solid feed composition having a moisture content of 88% or less, wherein the weight ratio of a to b (a / b) contained in the feed composition is 10 / 90 to 60 / 40.

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