Novel combinations of nucleic acid regulatory elements and methods and uses thereof

Abstract

The present invention relates to nucleic acid regulatory elements capable of enhancing muscle-specific gene expression, methods of using the regulatory elements, and uses of the elements. Also disclosed are expression cassettes and vectors containing these nucleic acid regulatory elements. The present invention is particularly useful for applications using gene therapy, more particularly muscle-directed gene therapy.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a combination of nucleic acid regulatory elements capable of enhancing muscle-specific gene expression, more particularly, capable of enhancing gene expression in the diaphragm, skeletal muscle, cardiac tissue, and smooth muscle, preferably in the diaphragm, skeletal muscle, and cardiac tissue. The present invention further encompasses methods and uses of this combination of regulatory elements. The present invention also encompasses expression cassettes, vectors, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising this combination of regulatory elements. The present invention is particularly useful for gene therapy, more particularly, muscle-directed gene therapy, even more particularly, gene therapy directed to the diaphragm, skeletal muscle, cardiac tissue, and smooth muscle, and even more particularly, gene therapy directed to the diaphragm, skeletal muscle, and cardiac tissue. [Background technology]

[0002] background Muscle is an attractive target for gene therapy. Gene delivery to muscle can be utilized to enhance the expression of muscle structural proteins, such as dystrophin and sarcoglycan, or secreted proteins, such as follistatin, to treat, for example, muscular dystrophy. Furthermore, muscle can be used as a therapeutic platform to express non-muscle secretory / regulatory pathway proteins for diabetes, atherosclerosis, hemophilia, cancer, etc. Also, genetic diseases resulting from gene defects that impair the function of skeletal muscle, heart, and / or diaphragm, such as lysosomal storage diseases such as Pompe disease, Fabry disease, and Danon disease, may benefit from muscle-specific gene therapy. Pompe disease (also known as glycogen storage disorder type II or GSD II) primarily affects skeletal muscle, the diaphragm, and the heart. GSD II results from a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme (acid) α-glucosidase (GAA), leading to a lysosomal storage defect. In GSD II patients, glycogen cannot be efficiently broken down into glucose. Glycogen accumulation in GSD II patients leads to myopathy with progressive muscle weakness. Without medical intervention, patients with the most severe form of GSD II die of respiratory failure within the first year of life. α-glucosidase enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) using recombinant human GAA (rhGAA ERT) is the only approved treatment for Pompe disease. While α-glucosidase provides compelling clinical benefits, it is not an optimal treatment, primarily due to ERT's poor drug targeting to skeletal muscle. Therefore, the development of effective muscle-specific clinical therapies for Pompe disease is an urgent unmet medical need.

[0003] Gene therapy offers an unprecedented opportunity to simultaneously treat muscle dysfunction and degeneration (e.g., including skeletal, cardiac, diaphragmatic, and smooth muscle) thanks to its ability to deliver therapeutic genes to affected tissues for sustained therapeutic responses. Despite this promise, a drawback is the need for relatively high viral vector doses to achieve the desired therapeutic effect, hindering potential clinical applications. More specifically, muscle gene therapy is relatively inefficient due to limitations in gene delivery and gene expression. Furthermore, immune responses specific to therapeutic gene products reduce the efficiency of gene therapy applications directed at muscle cells and tissues. Challenges hindering clinical application and preventing the development of an effective gene therapy treatment for Pompe disease relate to: (i) insufficient expression of therapeutic transgenes in affected muscle cells and tissues, and (ii) the potential for toxicity and adverse immune responses due to the very high doses of conventional vectors required to reach the major muscle groups affected by this disease (i.e., skeletal muscles, heart, and diaphragm) in order to effectively treat the various clinical symptoms of this life-threatening disease (including myopathy with progressive muscle weakness).

[0004] Efforts to deliver transgenes to muscle cells and tissues have focused on vectors and plasmids derived from adenoviruses, retroviruses, lentiviruses, and adeno-associated viruses (AAV). Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are the most promising gene delivery vehicles for muscle-directed gene therapy. Due to their natural tropism for muscle cells, long-lasting transgene expression, multiple serotypes, and minimal immune response, AAV vectors are suitable for muscle-directed gene therapy. AAV vectors can be delivered to skeletal muscle, diaphragm, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle by local, regional, and systemic administration. Nevertheless, concerns remain regarding the efficacy and safety of some gene delivery approaches. Major limiting factors include insufficient and / or transient transgene expression levels and inappropriate expression of the transgene in unwanted cell types. In particular, inadvertent gene expression in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) has been shown to increase the risk of adverse immune responses against the genetically modified cells and / or therapeutic transgene products, thereby preventing long-term gene expression.

[0005] Previous vector design methods relied on ad hoc trial-and-error approaches to combine transcriptional enhancers with promoters to enhance expression levels. While effective in some cases, this often resulted in unproductive combinations, resulting in little or no increase in expression levels of the gene of interest and / or loss of tissue specificity. Furthermore, these previous approaches did not consider the importance of including evolutionarily conserved regulatory motifs in expression modules, which are particularly relevant for clinical applications. A computational approach relying on a modified distance difference matrix (DDM)-multidimensional scaling (MDS) strategy (De Bleser et al. 2007. Genome Biol 8, R83) has proven useful for the in silico identification of clusters of evolutionarily conserved transcription factor binding site (TFBS) motifs associated with robust tissue-specific expression in the liver (WO 2009 / 130208) and heart (WO 2011 / 051450). These novel and robust human cis-regulatory elements (CREs) were obtained through genome-wide data mining and resulted in robust specific transgene expression levels in the diaphragm or heart and skeletal muscle, while avoiding expression in non-target tissues (WO 2015 / 110449 A1 and WO 2018 / 178067 A1). Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0006] However, simply expressing therapeutic proteins in muscle, heart, or diaphragm using these CREs may not be sufficient, especially since the vector dose needs to be further reduced to a level that does not induce undesirable toxicity (e.g., the well-known liver toxicity that has occurred in most, if not all, gene therapy trials based on high vector doses administered systemically to patients). Thus, there remains a need in the art for safe and efficient gene delivery to muscle. For example, it is essential to further improve the efficacy and safety of tissue-targeted gene therapy applications for Pompe disease, ideally by developing more robust gene therapy vectors that enable high and widespread diaphragm-, heart-, and skeletal muscle-specific expression of GAA transgenes, preferably diaphragm-, heart-, and skeletal muscle-specific expression, at lower, and therefore safer, vector doses. [Means for solving the problem]

[0007] Summary of the Invention To address the challenges of current gene therapy applications, the present inventors have developed novel combinations of transcriptional cis-regulatory modules or elements (CREs) that confer unexpectedly high expression in muscle, particularly skeletal muscle, heart, diaphragm, and / or smooth muscle, more particularly skeletal muscle, heart, and / or diaphragm. More specifically, the present inventors designed expression vectors containing human diaphragm (Dph-CRE) or specific CRE combinations targeting cardiac and skeletal muscle (also referred to herein as CSk-CRE or CSk-SH-CRE or Csk-SH or CSKSH; SK, Sk, or sk are interchangeable; the presence of a hyphen between CSk, SH, and / or CRE is optional), preferably together with a strong muscle-specific promoter. As shown in the experimental section, the inventors have discovered that the use of a novel nucleic acid regulatory element comprising a combination of (i) a diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory element (e.g., Dph-CRE02, previously identified in International Patent Application WO2018 / 178067) comprising a sequence having at least 80% identity to the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO: 1 or a functional fragment of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO: 1, and (ii) a heart- and skeletal muscle-specific nucleic acid regulatory element (e.g., CskSH1, previously identified in International Patent Application WO2015 / 110449) comprising a sequence having at least 80% identity to the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO: 2 or a functional fragment of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO: 2, enables robust, multi-tissue-specific gene expression of a target gene (e.g., GAA) in muscle, particularly skeletal muscle, heart, diaphragm, and smooth muscle, more specifically skeletal muscle, heart, and diaphragm. This approach thus enables the use of lower, and therefore safer, vector doses while maximizing therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, the present invention provides the following aspects.

[0008] Aspect 1: Nucleic acid regulatory elements for enhancing muscle-specific gene expression, comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of (i) a diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory element (e.g., Dph-CRE02) that comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a sequence having at least 95% identity to, or a functional fragment of, the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:1, and (ii) a cardiac and skeletal muscle-specific nucleic acid regulatory element (e.g., CSk-SH1) that comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a sequence having at least 95% identity to, or a functional fragment of, the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:2.

[0009] Aspect 2: a nucleic acid regulatory element according to aspect 1, comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. Aspect 3: a nucleic acid expression cassette comprising a nucleic acid regulatory element according to aspect 1 or 2, operably linked to a promoter. Aspect 4: the nucleic acid expression cassette according to aspect 3, wherein the nucleic acid regulatory element is operably linked to the promoter and the transgene.

[0010] Aspect 5: The promoter is a muscle-specific promoter, preferably a desmin (DES) promoter; a synthetic SPc5-12 promoter (SPc5-12); an alpha-actin 1 promoter (ACTA1); a creatine kinase, muscle (CKM) promoter; a 4.5LIM domain protein 1 (FHL1) promoter; an alpha 2 actinin (ACTN2) promoter; a filamin-C (FLNC) promoter; a sarcoplasmic / endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1 (ATP2A1) promoter; a troponin I type 1 (TNNI1) promoter; a troponin Troponin I type 2 (TNNI2) promoter; troponin T type 3 (TNNT3) promoter; myosin-1 (MYH1) promoter; phosphorylatable fast skeletal myosin light chain (MYLPF) promoter; tropomyosin 1 (TPM1) promoter; tropomyosin 2 (TPM2) promoter; alpha-3 chain tropomyosin (TPM3) promoter; ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 2 (ANKRD2) promoter; myosin heavy chain (MHC) promoter; myosin light chain (MLC) promoter; and muscle creatine kinase (MCK) promoter. promoter; myosin light chain 1 (MYL1) promoter; myosin light chain 2 (MYL2) promoter; myoglobin (MB) promoter; troponin T type 2 cardiac (TNNT2) promoter; troponin C type 2 (fast twitch) (TNNC2) promoter; troponin C type 1 (TNNC2) promoter; titin cap (TCAP) promoter; myosin heavy chain 7 (MYH7) promoter; aldolase A (ALDOA) ​​promoter; dMCK promoter; tMCK promoter; MHCK7 promoter; troponin T type 1 (TN a myosin-binding protein C1 (MYBPC1) promoter; an enolase (EN03) promoter; an alpha myosin heavy chain (MHC) promoter; a carbonic anhydrase 3 (CA3) promoter; a myosin heavy chain 11 (Myh11) promoter; a transgelin (Tagln) promoter; and an actin alpha2 smooth muscle (Acta2) promoter.

[0011] Aspect 6: The nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of aspects 3 to 5, wherein the promoter is the SPc5-12 promoter, preferably the SPc5-12 promoter defined by SEQ ID NO: 4. Aspect 7: The nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of aspects 3 to 5, wherein the promoter is the desmin promoter, preferably the desmin promoter defined by SEQ ID NO: 22. Aspect 8: The nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of aspects 3 to 5, wherein the promoter is the MHCK7 promoter, preferably the MHCK7 promoter defined by SEQ ID NO: 23.

[0012] Aspect 9: The nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of aspects 3 to 8, wherein the transgene encodes a therapeutic protein. Aspect 10: The nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of aspects 3 to 9, wherein the transgene is codon-optimized. Aspect 11: A nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of aspects 3 to 10, wherein the transgene encodes a lysosomal protein, preferably a lysosomal protein selected from the group consisting of acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA), alpha-galactosidase A and LAMP2, preferably human GAA as defined by SEQ ID NO: 5, more preferably codon-optimized human GAA (hGAAco) as defined by SEQ ID NO: 6. Aspect 12: a nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of aspects 3 to 11, further comprising an intron, preferably the minute virus of mice (MVM) intron defined by SEQ ID NO:7. Aspect 13: a nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of aspects 3 to 12, further comprising a polyadenylation signal, preferably a synthetic polyadenylation signal as defined by SEQ ID NO:8.

[0013] Aspect 14: A vector comprising a nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of aspects 3 to 13. Aspect 15: the vector according to aspect 14, which is a viral vector, preferably an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector, more preferably an AAV9 or AAV8 vector. Aspect 16: A vector according to aspect 14 or 15 comprising: (i) a diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory element (e.g., Dph-CRE02) comprising a sequence having at least 95% identity to the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:1, or a functional fragment of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:1; (ii) a heart- and skeletal muscle-specific nucleic acid regulatory element (e.g., CSk-SH1) comprising a sequence having at least 95% identity to the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:2, or a functional fragment of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:2; (iii) an MVM intron defined by SEQ ID NO:7; (iv) an SPc5-12 promoter defined by SEQ ID NO:4; (v) a human GAA transgene defined by SEQ ID NO:5, or a codon-optimized variant thereof defined by SEQ ID NO:6; and (vi) a synthetic polyA site defined by SEQ ID NO:8, preferably a vector comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of a sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:9 or SEQ ID NO:11, preferably the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:9.

[0014] Aspect 17: A pharmaceutical composition comprising a nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of aspects 3 to 13 or a vector according to any one of aspects 14 to 16, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Aspect 18: A nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of aspects 3 to 13, a vector according to any one of aspects 14 to 16, or a pharmaceutical composition according to aspect 17 for use in medicine. Aspect 19: a nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of aspects 3 to 13, a vector according to any one of aspects 14 to 16, or a pharmaceutical composition according to aspect 17, for use in gene therapy, preferably muscle-directed gene therapy. For example, gene therapy can be used to treat glycogen storage disorders (e.g., Pompe disease, glycogen storage disorder (GSD) type II, Danon disease, glycogen storage disorder (GSD) type IIb, GSD III or GSD 3 (also known as Cori disease or Forbes disease), GSD IV or GSD4 (also known as Andersen disease), GSD V or GSD5 (also known as McArdle disease), GSD VII or GSD7 (also known as Tarui disease), GSD X or GSD10, GSD XII or GSD12 (also known as aldolase A deficiency), GSD XIII or GSD13, GSD XV or GSD15) and mucopolysaccharidoses (e.g., Hunter syndrome, Sanfilippo syndrome, mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) I, MPS II, MPS III, MPS IIIA, MPS IIIB, MPS IIIC, MPS IV, MPS VI, MPS VII, MPS Lysosomal storage diseases (e.g., Fabry disease), including IX; mitochondrial disorders (e.g., Barth syndrome); channelopathies (e.g., Brugada syndrome); metabolic disorders; myotubular myopathy (MTM); muscular dystrophies (e.g., Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DM), Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)); myotonic dystrophy; myotonic muscular dystrophy (DM); Miyoshi myopathy; Fukuyama congenital dystrophy; dysferrinopathy; neuromuscular diseases; motor neuron diseases (MND) (e.g., Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), spinal muscular atrophy) (SMA) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)); Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy; facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD); congenital muscular dystrophies; congenital myopathies; limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (e.g., limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2E (LGMD2E), limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2D (LGMD2D), limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2C (LGMD2C), limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B), limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2L (LGMD2L), limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (LGMD2A)); metabolic myopathies;The therapeutic agent may be for a disease or disorder selected from muscle inflammatory diseases; myasthenia; mitochondrial myopathy; ion channel abnormalities; nuclear envelope disease; cardiomyopathy; cardiac hypertrophy; heart failure; distal myopathy, hemophilia (e.g., hemophilia A and B); diabetes; cardiovascular disease, and heart disease.

[0015] Aspect 20: a nucleic acid regulatory element, nucleic acid expression cassette, vector, or pharmaceutical composition for use according to aspect 19, wherein the gene therapy is for treating muscle-related disorders generally, alleviating symptoms of myopathy generally, and / or restoring function of muscle cells generally. Aspect 21: A nucleic acid regulatory element, nucleic acid expression cassette, vector, or pharmaceutical composition for use according to aspect 19, wherein the gene therapy is for treating cardiovascular disease. Non-limiting examples of cardiovascular disease include atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, coronary heart disease, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, heart failure, cardiac insufficiency), myocardial infarction (also known as heart attack), myocardial ischemia, acute coronary syndrome, unstable angina, stable angina, cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, primary cardiomyopathies caused by genetic mutations (e.g., Brugada syndrome, Pompe disease, Danon disease, and Fabry disease), cardiac amyloidosis (also known as stiff heart syndrome), myocarditis (also known as inflammatory cardiomyopathy), valvular heart disease, valvular stenosis, valvular insufficiency, endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, pericarditis (i.e., disease caused by inflammation and / or infection of the pericardium), cardiac tamponade (also known as pericardial tamponade), endocarditis, cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension, hypotension, vascular stenosis, valvular stenosis, or restenosis.

[0016] Aspect 22: a nucleic acid regulatory element according to aspect 1 or 2, a nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of aspects 3 to 13, a vector according to aspect 14 or 15 comprising said nucleic acid expression cassette, wherein the transgene encodes a lysosomal protein, preferably a lysosomal protein selected from the group consisting of acid alpha-galactosidase (GAA), alpha-galactosidase A and LAMP2, for use in treating a lysosomal storage disease, preferably selected from the group consisting of Pompe disease, Fabry disease and Danon disease; or a pharmaceutical composition according to aspect 17 comprising said nucleic acid expression cassette or said vector. Aspect 23: a nucleic acid regulatory element according to aspect 1 or 2, a nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of aspects 3 to 13, a vector according to any one of aspects 14 to 16, or a pharmaceutical composition according to aspect 16, wherein the transgene encodes human GAA as defined by SEQ ID NO: 5, more preferably codon-optimized human GAA (hGAAco) as defined by SEQ ID NO: 6, for use in the treatment of Pompe disease.

[0017] Aspect 24: Use of a nucleic acid regulatory element according to aspect 1 or 2, a nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of aspects 3 to 13 or a vector according to any one of aspects 14 to 16, preferably for in vitro or ex vivo use, for enhancing gene expression in muscle, preferably for enhancing gene expression in the diaphragm, skeletal muscle, cardiac tissue and smooth muscle, more preferably for enhancing gene expression in the diaphragm, skeletal muscle and cardiac tissue. Aspect 25: A method, preferably an in vitro or ex vivo method, for expressing a transgene product in muscle cells, preferably diaphragm, skeletal muscle, cardiac cells and smooth muscle cells, more preferably diaphragm, skeletal muscle and cardiac cells, comprising: - introducing into the cell a nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of aspects 3 to 13 or a vector according to any one of aspects 14 to 16, and - Expressing the transgene product in muscle cells A method comprising: [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0018] [Figure 1] Figure 1: Design and sequence of AAVss-Dph-CRE02-CSk-SH1-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-pA (SEQ ID NO: 9) and AAVss-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-pA (SEQ ID NO: 10) vectors. [Figure 2] Figure 2: GAA activity in GAA KO mice injected with AAVss-Dph-CRE02-CSkSH1-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-pA (SEQ ID NO: 9) ("Dph-CRE02-CSKSH1-SPc5-12"), AAVss-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-pA (SEQ ID NO: 10) ("SPc5-12") or PBS. [Figure 3] Figure 3: mRNA expression in GAA KO mice injected with AAVss-Dph-CRE02-CSKSH1-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-pA (SEQ ID NO: 9) ("Dph-CRE02-CSKSH1-SPc5-12") or AAVss-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-pA (SEQ ID NO: 10) ("SPc5-12"). [Figure 4] Figure 4: Percentage of glycogen accumulation (percentage of PBS-injected mice) in GAA KO mice injected with AAVss-Dph-CRE02-CSkSH1-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-pA (SEQ ID NO: 9) ("Dph-CRE02-CSKSH1-SPc5-12"), AAVss-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-pA (SEQ ID NO: 10) ("SPc5-12"), or PBS. [Figure 5] Figure 5: GAA activity in GAA KO mice injected with AAVss-Dph-CRE02-CSkSH1-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-pA (SEQ ID NO: 9) ("AAV9-Dph-CRE02-CSK-SH1-SPc5-12") or PBS. Uninjected WT GAA+ / + mice served as control mice. [Figure 6]Figure 6: Percentage of glycogen accumulation (percentage relative to PBS-injected mice) in GAA KO or WT GAA+ / + mice injected with AAVss-Dph-CRE02-CSkSH1-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-pA (SEQ ID NO: 9) ("AAV9-Dph-CRE02-CSK-SH1-SPc5-12") or PBS. [Figure 7] Figure 7: GAA activity in GAA KO mice injected with AAVss-Dph-CRE02-CSkSH1-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-pA (SEQ ID NO: 9) ("AAV9-Dph-CRE02-CSkSH1-SPc5-12"), AAVss-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-pA (SEQ ID NO: 10) ("AAV9-SPc5-12"), PBS, and uninjected WT GAA+ / + mice. [Figure 8] Figure 8: mRNA expression in GAA KO mice injected with AAVss-Dph-CRE02-CSkSH1-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-pA (SEQ ID NO: 9) ("AAV9-Dph-CRE02-CSKSH1-SPc5-12"), AAVss-SPc5-12-MM-hGAAco-pA (SEQ ID NO: 10) ("AAV9-SPc5-12"). [Figure 9] Figure 9: Percentage of glycogen accumulation (percentage relative to PBS-injected mice) in GAA KO mice and uninjected WT GAA+ / + mice ("WT") injected with AAVss-Dph-CRE02-CSkSH1-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-pA (SEQ ID NO: 9) ("AAV9-Dph-CRE02-CSkSH1-SPc5-12"), AAVss-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-pA (SEQ ID NO: 10) ("AAV9-SPc5-12"), or PBS. [Figure 10]Figure 10: Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) assay performed on the heart, diaphragm, and gastrocnemius muscle of GAA KO mice injected with AAVss-Dph-CRE02-CSkSH1-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-pA (SEQ ID NO: 9) ("CRE02-CSK-SH1-SPc5-GAAKO"), AAVss-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-pA (SEQ ID NO: 10) ("SPc-GAAKO"), or PBS ("PBS-GAAKO") and uninjected WT GAA+ / + mice ("WT GAA+ / +"). Dark gray / black staining (see arrowheads) indicates PAS positivity as seen in all three organs (heart, diaphragm, gastrocnemius muscle) of PBS-injected GAAKO mice. In contrast, organs injected with AAV vectors (CRE02-CSKSH1-SPc5-12 or SPc) showed neither PAS positivity nor magenta color, an observation similar to that in WT GAA+ / + mice. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0019] explanation As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include both singular and plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. As used herein, the terms "comprise," "comprise," and "consisting of" are synonymous with "include" or "contain," and are inclusive or open-ended terms that do not exclude additional, unrecited elements, components, or method steps. The terms also encompass "consisting of" and "consisting essentially of," which have their established meanings in patent language. The recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all values ​​and subranges subsumed within each range, as well as the recited endpoints. As used herein, the term "about" when referring to a measurable value such as a parameter, amount, duration, etc., means that the term encompasses, as far as is appropriate for the disclosed invention, a variation from / to the specified value, for example, a variation of ±10% or less, preferably ±5% or less, more preferably ±1% or less, and even more preferably ±-0.1% or less from / to the specified value. Values ​​followed by the modifier "about" should be understood as being themselves specifically and preferably disclosed.

[0020] The terms "one or more" or "at least one," as referring to one or more or at least one member of a group of members, are themselves clear, but by way of further example, the terms specifically include reference to any one of said members, or any two or more of said members, for example, any >= 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7, up to all of said members. In another example, "one or more" or "at least one" may refer to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or more. This specification includes a reference to the background of the invention to explain the context of the present invention. This reference should not be construed as an admission that any of the referenced material was published, known, or part of the common general knowledge in any country at the priority date of any claim.

[0021] Throughout this disclosure, various publications, patents, and published patent specifications are referenced by way of specific reference. All documents cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Specifically, the teachings or passages of documents specifically mentioned herein are incorporated by reference. Unless otherwise specified, all terms used in disclosing the present invention, including technical and scientific terms, have the meaning commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. As a further guide, term definitions are included to better understand the teachings of the present invention. When a particular term is defined in connection with a particular aspect or particular embodiment of the present invention, the implication is meant to apply to the entire specification, i.e., also in the context of other aspects or embodiments of the present invention, unless otherwise stated.

[0022] In the following, different aspects or embodiments of the invention are described in more detail. Each described aspect may be combined with any other aspect or embodiment, unless expressly stated otherwise. In particular, any feature indicated as preferred or advantageous may be combined with any one or more other features indicated as preferred or advantageous. References throughout this specification to "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, the appearances of the phrases "in one embodiment" or "in an embodiment" in various places throughout this specification do not necessarily all refer to the same embodiment, but may. Furthermore, particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art from this disclosure, in one or more embodiments. Furthermore, although some embodiments described herein include some features and not other features included in other embodiments, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that combinations of features from different embodiments are within the scope of the present invention and constitute different embodiments. For example, in the appended claims, any of the claimed embodiments may be used in any combination.

[0023] For general methods related to the present invention, reference is made in particular to well-known textbooks, including, for example, "Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 4th Ed." (Green and Sambrook, 2012, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) and "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology" (Ausubel et al., 1987). The inventors have identified two nucleic acid regulatory elements: (i) a diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory element comprising a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 95%, more preferably 100% sequence identity to the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:1 or a functional fragment of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:1 (e.g., Dph-CRE02 previously identified in International Patent Application WO 2018 / 178067, also referred to herein as "Dph-CRE-02" or "DphCRE02" or "CRE02"); and (ii) a heart- and skeletal muscle-specific nucleic acid regulatory element comprising a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 95%, more preferably 100% sequence identity to the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:2 or a functional fragment of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:2 (e.g., Dph-CRE02 previously identified in International Patent Application WO 2018 / 178067, also referred to herein as "Dph-CRE-02" or "DphCRE02" or "CRE02"). We have discovered that the use of a novel nucleic acid regulatory element comprising a combination of CskSH1, previously identified in US Pat. No. 2015 / 110449 (also referred to herein as "CSk-SH1" or "CSkSH1" or "Csk-SH1" or "CSK-SH1" or "CSKSH1"; "SK," "Sk," or "sk" are interchangeable; the presence of a hyphen between "CSk" and "SH1" is optional), enables robust, multi-tissue-specific gene expression of a target gene (e.g., GAA) in muscle, particularly skeletal muscle, heart, and / or diaphragm. More specifically, the inventors have designed an AAV vector expressing the human codon-optimized GAA cDNA (hGAAco) defined by SEQ ID NO:6 using a combination of the diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory element defined by SEQ ID NO:1 and the heart- and skeletal muscle-specific nucleic acid regulatory elements defined by SEQ ID NO:2 in combination with the muscle-specific promoter SPc5-12 defined by SEQ ID NO:4, as a gene therapy strategy for Pompe disease. We validated this novel vector in vivo in a clinically relevant mouse model of Pompe disease (i.e., GAA-deficient mice) and found that it induced unexpectedly high and tissue-specific hGAAco activity in muscles, particularly the heart, skeletal muscle, diaphragm, and smooth muscle, more specifically the heart, skeletal muscle, and diaphragm. Furthermore, increased hGAAco activity correlated with decreased glycogen accumulation, indicating phenotypic correction in Pompe mice.

[0024] Thus, the present specification provides a diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory element comprising (i) a sequence defined by SEQ ID NO: 1; a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, for example 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO: 1; or a functional fragment of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO: 1, or consisting essentially of or consisting of the sequence; and (ii) a sequence defined by SEQ ID NO: 2; a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, for example 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO: 2. or a sequence with 99% identity thereto; or a cardiac- and skeletal muscle-specific nucleic acid regulatory element comprising, or consisting essentially of, or consisting of, a functional fragment of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:2 (i.e., the regulatory element may additionally include sequences used, e.g., for cloning purposes, but the sequence shown constitutes an essential portion of the regulatory element and does not form part of a larger regulatory region such as, e.g., a promoter), or consisting of both.

[0025] As used herein, "nucleic acid regulatory element" or "regulatory element," also referred to as "CRE" (cis-regulatory element), "CRM" (cis-regulatory module), or "SH," refers to a transcriptional control element, particularly a non-coding cis-acting transcriptional control element, that can regulate and / or control the transcription of a gene, particularly the tissue-specific transcription of a gene. A regulatory element contains at least one transcription factor binding site (TFBS), more particularly at least one binding site for a tissue-specific transcription factor, most particularly at least one binding site for a muscle-specific transcription factor. Typically, a regulatory element as used herein increases or enhances promoter-driven gene expression when compared to transcription of the gene from the promoter alone without the regulatory element. Thus, regulatory elements particularly include enhancer sequences, although it is understood that regulatory elements that enhance transcription are not limited to typical far upstream enhancer sequences but can be located at any distance from the gene to be regulated, and can even be located within the gene or open reading frame itself. In fact, it is known in the art that transcription-regulating sequences can be located either upstream (e.g., within the promoter region) or downstream (e.g., within the 3'UTR) of the gene they regulate in vivo, and can be located in close proximity to the gene or further away. While the regulatory elements disclosed herein typically comprise naturally occurring sequences, (portions of) such regulatory elements or combinations of multiple copies of regulatory elements, i.e., regulatory elements comprising non-naturally occurring sequences, are also contemplated as regulatory elements themselves. As used herein, a regulatory element may also comprise a portion of a larger sequence involved in transcriptional control, such as a portion of a promoter sequence. However, a regulatory element alone is typically not sufficient to initiate transcription; a promoter is required for this purpose. The regulatory elements disclosed herein are provided as nucleic acid molecules, i.e., isolated nucleic acids, or isolated nucleic acid molecules. Thus, the nucleic acid regulatory elements are only a portion of a naturally occurring genomic sequence and do not themselves occur in nature, but have a sequence isolated from nature.

[0026] As used herein, the term "nucleic acid" typically refers to an oligomer or polymer (preferably a linear polymer) of any length composed essentially of nucleotides. A nucleotide unit generally comprises a heterocyclic base, a sugar group, and at least one, e.g., one, two, or three, phosphate groups (including modified or substituted phosphate groups). Heterocyclic bases may include, in particular, purine and pyrimidine bases commonly present in naturally occurring nucleic acids (e.g., adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U)), other naturally occurring bases (e.g., xanthine, inosine, hypoxanthine), as well as chemically or biochemically modified (e.g., methylated) non-natural or derivatized bases. Sugar groups may include, inter alia, pentose (pentofuranos) groups common to naturally occurring nucleic acids (preferably ribose and / or 2-deoxyribose), or arabinose, 2-deoxyarabinose, threose, or hexose sugar groups, as well as modified or substituted sugar groups. Nucleic acids as contemplated herein may include naturally occurring nucleotides, modified nucleotides, or mixtures thereof. Modified nucleotides may include modified heterocyclic bases, modified sugar moieties, modified phosphate groups, or combinations thereof. Modifications to the phosphate group or sugar may be introduced to improve stability, resistance to enzymatic degradation, or other useful properties. The term "nucleic acid" further preferably encompasses DNA, RNA, and DNA / RNA hybrid molecules, specifically including hnRNA, pre-mRNA, mRNA, cDNA, genomic DNA, amplification products, oligonucleotides, and synthetic (e.g., chemically synthesized) DNA, RNA, or DNA / RNA hybrids. A nucleic acid can be naturally occurring, e.g., occurring in nature or isolated from nature; or non-naturally occurring, e.g., recombinant, i.e., produced by recombinant DNA technology, and / or partially or wholly chemically or biochemically synthesized. A "nucleic acid" can be double-stranded, partially double-stranded, or single-stranded. When single-stranded, the nucleic acid can be the sense strand or the antisense strand. A nucleic acid can also be circular or linear.

[0027] As used herein, "transcription factor binding site," "transcription factor binding sequence," or "TFBS" refers to the sequence of a nucleic acid region to which a transcription factor binds. Non-limiting examples of TFBS include binding sites for E2A, HNH1, NF1, C / EBP, LRF, MyoD, SREBP, STAT-1, EGR1, EGR2, EGR3, EGR4, TBP, MEF-2A, NFYA, SIN3A, TCF12, PHF8, IRF1, EZH2, SUZ12, TBP, FOLR2A, REST, TEAD4, RBBP5, MSX-1, SRF, and SIN3A. Transcription factor binding sites can be found in databases such as Transfac®. For example, the present specification also discloses a nucleic acid regulatory element (CSk-SH1) for enhancing heart- and skeletal muscle-specific gene expression, which includes binding sites for E2A, HNH1, NF1, C / EBP, LRF, MyoD, SREBP, STAT-1, EGR1, EGR2, EGR3, EGR4, TBP, or MEF-2A, and combinations thereof, such as E2A, HNH1, NF1, C / EBP, LRF, MyoD, SREBP; STAT-1, EGR1, EGR2, EGR3, EGR4, TBP, and MEF-2A. For example, also disclosed herein is a nucleic acid regulatory element (Dph-CRE02) for enhancing diaphragm- and skeletal muscle-specific gene expression, which includes binding sites for NFYA, SIN3A, TCF12, PHF8, IRF1, EZH2, SUZ12, TBP, FOLR2A, REST, TEAD4, RBBP5, MSX-1, or SRF, and combinations thereof, such as NFYA, SIN3A, TCF12, PHF8, IRF1, EZH2, SUZ12, TBP, FOLR2A, REST, TEAD4, RBBP5, MSX-1, and SRF. In some embodiments, these nucleic acid regulatory elements contain at least two, e.g., two, three, four, or more copies of any one or more of the mentioned TFBSs. As used herein, the terms "identity" and "identical" and similar expressions refer to sequence similarity between two polymer molecules, e.g., between two nucleic acid molecules, e.g., between two DNA molecules. Sequence alignment and sequence identity determination can be performed, for example, using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), first described by Altschul et al., 1990 (J Mol Biol 215: 403-10), or the "Blast 2 sequences" algorithm, described by Tatusova and Madden, 1999 (FEMS Microbiol Lett 174: 247-250). Typically, the sequence identity percentage is calculated over the entire length of the sequence. As used herein, the term "substantially identical" refers to at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, such as 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity.

[0028] The term "functional fragment," as used herein with respect to the nucleic acid regulatory elements disclosed herein, refers to a fragment that retains the ability of the regulatory element sequence to regulate muscle-specific expression; i.e., the functional fragment is still capable of conferring tissue specificity and regulating expression of a (trans)gene in the same manner (although potentially not to the same extent) as the original sequence. A functional fragment preferably comprises at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 100, at least 120, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, or at least 450 contiguous nucleotides from the original sequence from which it is derived. Also preferably, a functional fragment comprises at least one, more preferably at least two, at least three, or at least four, and even more preferably at least five, at least 10, or at least 15 transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) present in the original sequence from which it is derived. A functional fragment as defined herein preferably has at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or about 100% of the nucleic acid regulatory ability of the original regulatory element from which it is derived. As used herein, "smooth muscle-specific expression" refers to preferential or predominant expression of a (trans)gene (as RNA and / or polypeptide) in smooth muscle cells relative to other (i.e., non-smooth muscle) cells or tissues. According to certain embodiments, at least 50%, more specifically at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% of the (trans)gene's expression occurs within smooth muscle cells. According to certain embodiments, muscle-specific expression is accompanied by "leakage" of less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 2%, or even less than 1% of the expressed gene product into organs or tissues other than muscle, such as the lung, liver, brain, kidney, and / or spleen.

[0029] As used herein, "diaphragm-specific expression" refers to preferential or predominant expression of a (trans)gene (as RNA and / or polypeptide) in the diaphragm relative to other (i.e., diaphragmatic) cells or tissues. According to certain embodiments, at least 50%, more particularly at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% of the expression of the (trans)gene occurs within the diaphragm. According to certain embodiments, diaphragm-specific expression is accompanied by "leakage" of less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 2%, or even less than 1% of the expressed gene product into organs or tissues other than muscle, such as, for example, the lung, liver, brain, kidney, and / or spleen. As used herein, "diaphragm- and skeletal muscle-specific expression" refers to preferential or predominant expression of a (trans)gene (as RNA or polypeptide) in diaphragm and skeletal muscle cells or tissues relative to other (i.e., non-diaphragm or non-skeletal muscle) cells or tissues. According to certain embodiments, at least 50%, more particularly at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% of the expression of the (trans)gene occurs within diaphragm and / or skeletal muscle cells or tissues. According to certain embodiments, diaphragm- and skeletal muscle-specific expression is accompanied by "leakage" of less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 2%, or even less than 1% of the expressed gene product into organs or tissues other than muscle, such as, for example, the lung, liver, brain, kidney, and / or spleen.

[0030] As used herein, "diaphragm-, skeletal muscle-, and heart-specific expression" or "diaphragm-, skeletal muscle-, and heart-specific expression" refers to preferential or predominant expression of a (trans)gene in diaphragm, cardiac muscle, or skeletal muscle cells or tissues, particularly cardiac muscle. According to certain embodiments, at least 50%, more particularly at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% of the (trans)gene's expression occurs in diaphragm, skeletal muscle cells, and cardiac tissue. Thus, according to certain embodiments, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 2%, or even less than 1% of the (trans)gene's expression occurs in organs or tissues other than the diaphragm, heart, and skeletal muscle, such as the lung, liver, brain, kidney, and / or spleen. As used herein, "diaphragm-, skeletal-, smooth-, and cardiac-specific expression" or "diaphragm-, skeletal-, smooth-, and cardiac-specific expression" refers to preferential or predominant expression of a (trans)gene in the diaphragm, heart, smooth muscle cells, skeletal muscle cells, or tissue, particularly cardiac muscle. According to certain embodiments, at least 50%, more particularly at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% of the (trans)gene expression occurs in the diaphragm, skeletal muscle cells, smooth muscle cells, and cardiac tissue. Thus, according to certain embodiments, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 2%, or even less than 1% of the (trans)gene expression occurs in organs or tissues other than the diaphragm, heart, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle, such as the lung, liver, brain, kidney, and / or spleen.

[0031] As used herein, "muscle-specific expression" refers to preferential or predominant expression of a (trans)gene in muscle cells or tissues. According to certain embodiments, at least 50%, more specifically at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% of the (trans)gene's expression occurs within muscle cells. Thus, according to certain embodiments, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, or even less than 20% of the (trans)gene's expression occurs in organs or tissues other than muscle tissue. The same applies mutatis mutandis to muscle cell-specific and muscle stem / progenitor cell-specific, satellite cell-specific, or myoblast-specific expression (which may be considered specialized forms of muscle-specific expression). Throughout this application, when muscle-specific is mentioned in relation to expression, muscle cell-specific and muscle stem / progenitor cell-specific, satellite cell-specific, or myoblast-specific expression is also expressly contemplated. Similarly, when cardiac and skeletal muscle-specific expression is used herein, cardiomyocyte and skeletal muscle cell-specific expression and cardiac myoblast, cardiac stem / progenitor cell-specific and skeletal myoblast-specific expression are also expressly contemplated. Similarly, when skeletal muscle-specific expression is used herein, skeletal muscle cell-specific and skeletal myoblast-specific expression are also expressly contemplated. As used herein, the term "muscle" refers to all types of muscle known in the art, including diaphragm muscle, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and / or smooth muscle.

[0032] As used herein, the term "cardiac muscle" refers to the autonomically regulated, striated muscle type found in the heart. As used herein, the term "skeletal muscle" refers to a voluntarily controlled striated muscle type that is attached to the skeleton. Non-limiting examples of skeletal muscle include the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, quadriceps femoris, tibialis interna, and gastrocnemius. As used herein, the term "muscle cell" refers to a cell differentiated from a pre-muscle stem / progenitor cell, satellite cell, or myoblast cell such that it can express a muscle-specific phenotype under appropriate conditions. Terminally differentiated muscle cells fuse with each other to form myotubes, the primary components of muscle fibers. The term "muscle cell" also refers to dedifferentiated muscle cells. This term includes in vivo cells and ex vivo cultured cells, whether primary or passaged. As used herein, the terms "muscle stem / progenitor cell," "satellite cell," or "myoblast" refer to embryonic cells in the mesoderm that differentiate to give rise to muscle cells or myocytes. The terms include in vivo and ex vivo cultured cells, whether primary or subcultured.

[0033] Where the regulatory elements are provided as single-stranded nucleic acid, for example when using a single-stranded AAV vector, the complementary strand is considered equivalent to the disclosed sequence. Thus, also disclosed herein is a Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element for enhancing muscle-specific gene expression, comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of the complement of a cardiac- and skeletal muscle-specific nucleic acid regulatory element comprising: (i) a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, for example, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; or a functional fragment of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; and (ii) a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, for example, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; or a functional fragment of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. Preferably, the Dph-CSk regulatory elements described herein are fully functional but of only limited length, allowing them to be used in vectors or nucleic acid expression cassettes without unduly restricting their maximum payload.

[0034] In certain embodiments, the Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of (i) the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO: 1 (also referred to herein as "Dph-CRE02"); and (ii) the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO: 2 (also referred to herein as "CSk-SH1"). The Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory elements described herein can be produced by any method known in the art, for example, by any synthetic DNA synthesis or cloning (e.g., recombinant DNA technology) method known in the art. Furthermore, the diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory elements described herein and the cardiac and skeletal muscle-specific nucleic acid regulatory elements described herein can be combined in any order in the Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element described herein, and the cardiac and skeletal muscle-specific nucleic acid regulatory elements can be located 3' or 5' to the diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory element. In certain embodiments, a cardiac- and skeletal muscle-specific nucleic acid regulatory element comprising a sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:2; a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, for example, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:2; or a functional fragment of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:2 is located 3' to a septum-specific nucleic acid regulatory element comprising a sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:1; a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, for example, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:1; or a functional fragment of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:1.

[0035] The cardiac- and skeletal muscle-specific nucleic acid regulatory element can be located directly 3' or 5' (i.e., in tandem) to the diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory element, or a nucleotide linker comprising one or more nucleotides can be located between the cardiac- and skeletal muscle-specific nucleic acid regulatory element and the diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory element. Thus, in certain embodiments, the Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element for enhancing muscle-specific gene expression described herein comprises a nucleotide linker consisting of at least one nucleotide, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, or at least 50, preferably at least 10, located between the diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory element described herein and the cardiac and skeletal muscle-specific nucleic acid regulatory element described herein. Preferably, the nucleotide linker consists of a sequence of 5 to 30, 5 to 25, 5 to 20, or 10 to 20 nucleotides, preferably 10 to 20 nucleotides. More preferably, the nucleotide linker comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13 (i.e., 5'-GGCGCGCCACGCGT-3'). As used herein, the term "linker" refers to a linking element that serves to link other elements. In certain embodiments, the linker is a covalent linker that achieves a covalent bond. The terms "covalent bond" or "covalent bond" refer to a chemical bond involving the sharing of one or more electron pairs between two atoms. In many molecules, the sharing of electrons allows each atom to acquire the equivalent of an outermost electron shell, which corresponds to a stable electron configuration. Covalent bonds include various types of interactions, including σ-bonds, π-bonds, metal-metal bonds, agostic interactions, bent bonds, and three-center two-electron bonds.

[0036] In certain embodiments, the Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element described herein comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:3. In certain embodiments, no nucleotide linker is introduced between the diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory element described herein and the cardiac and skeletal muscle-specific nucleic acid regulatory element described herein. Thus, in preferred embodiments, the diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory element described herein and the cardiac and skeletal muscle-specific nucleic acid regulatory element described herein are arranged directly (i.e., in tandem). The Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory elements described herein may be used in nucleic acid expression cassettes. Accordingly, the present specification also discloses the use of the Dph-CSk described herein in nucleic acid expression cassettes.

[0037] Further disclosed herein is a nucleic acid expression cassette comprising a Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element described herein operably linked to a promoter. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid expression cassette does not include a transgene. This nucleic acid expression cassette can be used to drive expression of an endogenous gene. In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid expression cassette comprises a promoter and a Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element described herein operably linked to a transgene. As used herein, the term "nucleic acid expression cassette" refers to a nucleic acid molecule comprising one or more transcriptional control elements (e.g., but not limited to, promoters, enhancers and / or regulatory elements, polyadenylation sequences, and introns) that direct the expression of a (trans)gene in one or more desired cell types, tissues, or organs. Typically, nucleic acid expression cassettes comprise a transgene, but are also contemplated as directing the expression of an endogenous gene in a cell into which the nucleic acid expression cassette is inserted.

[0038] As used herein, the term "operably linked" refers to the arrangement of various nucleic acid molecule elements such that the elements are functionally connected and can interact with one another. These elements may include, but are not limited to, promoters, enhancers and / or regulatory elements, polyadenylation sequences, one or more introns and / or exons, and the coding sequence of the gene of interest to be expressed (i.e., the transgene). When properly oriented or operably linked, nucleic acid sequence elements can act together to modulate each other's activity, ultimately affecting the expression level of the transgene. Modulation refers to increasing, decreasing, or maintaining the activity level of a particular element. The position of each element relative to other elements may be expressed in terms of the 5' and 3' ends of each element, and the distance between any particular elements may be referred to in terms of the number of intervening nucleotides or base pairs between the elements. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, "operably linked" refers to functional activity and does not necessarily relate to natural positional relationships. Indeed, when used in a nucleic acid expression cassette, regulatory elements are typically located immediately upstream of the promoter (this is generally true, but should not be construed as limiting or excluding location within the nucleic acid expression cassette), although this need not be the case in vivo. For example, a regulatory element sequence that naturally occurs downstream of a gene and affects the transcription of that gene can function in the same manner when located upstream of a promoter. Thus, according to certain embodiments, the regulatory or enhancing effect of a regulatory element is position-independent.

[0039] In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid expression cassette comprises one Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element described herein. In alternative embodiments, the nucleic acid expression cassette comprises two or more, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory elements described herein. That is, the Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory elements are modularly combined to enhance their regulatory (and / or enhancing) effect. As used herein, the term "promoter" refers to a nucleic acid sequence that either directly or indirectly regulates the transcription of a corresponding nucleic acid coding sequence (e.g., a transgene or endogenous gene) to which it is operably linked. A promoter may function alone to regulate transcription or may function in concert with one or more other regulatory sequences (e.g., enhancers or silencers, or regulatory elements). A promoter may be tissue-specific or ubiquitously expressed. A promoter may be a promoter of an intracellular gene or a promoter of a viral gene. A promoter may be a polymerase II promoter. Alternatively, a polymerase III (pol III) promoter (e.g., U6) or a chimeric pol III promoter (e.g., for expressing a non-coding RNA) may be considered. Synthetic muscle promoters may also be considered.

[0040] In the context of the present application, a promoter is typically operably linked to a Dph-CSk regulatory element as taught herein to regulate transcription of a (trans)gene. When the Dph-CSk regulatory element described herein is operably linked to both a promoter and a transgene, the regulatory element can (1) confer a significant degree of muscle-specific, preferably diaphragm-, cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle-specific, more preferably diaphragm-, cardiac, and skeletal muscle-specific, expression of the transgene in vivo (and / or in vitro in muscle cells or tissues, preferably cardiac, diaphragm, smooth, and skeletal muscle cells or tissues, more preferably cardiac, diaphragm, and skeletal muscle cells or tissues), and / or (2) increase the expression level of the transgene in muscle, preferably diaphragm-, cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle, more preferably diaphragm-, cardiac, and skeletal muscle, in vivo (and / or in vitro in muscle cells or tissues, preferably cardiac, diaphragm, smooth, and skeletal muscle cells or tissues, more preferably cardiac, diaphragm, and skeletal muscle cells or tissues). The promoter may be homologous (i.e., derived from the same species as the animal, particularly a mammal, into which the nucleic acid expression cassette is transfected) or heterologous (i.e., derived from a source other than the species of the animal, particularly a mammal, into which the expression cassette is transfected). Thus, the source of the promoter may be any virus (e.g., cytomegalovirus (CMV)), any unicellular prokaryote or eukaryote, any vertebrate or invertebrate organism, or any plant, or may be a synthetic promoter (i.e., a promoter having a sequence that does not occur in nature), so long as it functions in combination with the regulatory elements described herein. In a preferred embodiment, the promoter is a mammalian promoter, particularly a murine or human promoter.

[0041] The promoter may be an inducible promoter or a constitutive promoter. The abundance of muscle-specific TFBSs in the nucleic acid regulatory elements disclosed herein, in principle, enables the regulatory elements to direct muscle-specific expression even from promoters that are not themselves muscle-specific (e.g., CAG promoter, CMV promoter). Thus, the regulatory elements disclosed herein can be used in nucleic acid expression cassettes in combination with any promoter; specifically, the promoter may be tissue-specific, e.g., muscle-specific, or ubiquitously expressed. Non-limiting examples of ubiquitously expressed promoters include polymerase II (pol II) promoters, polymerase III (pol III) promoters (e.g., U6), and chimeric pol III promoters. Preferably, the nucleic acid expression cassettes disclosed herein include muscle-specific promoters, specifically diaphragm, smooth muscle, heart, and / or skeletal muscle-specific promoters, more specifically diaphragm, smooth muscle, heart, and / or skeletal muscle-specific promoters, to increase muscle specificity, specifically diaphragm, smooth muscle, heart, and / or skeletal muscle-specificity, more specifically diaphragm, heart, and / or skeletal muscle-specificity, and / or to reduce leakage of expression in other tissues. Non-limiting examples of muscle-specific promoters include the desmin (DES) promoter, the synthetic SPc-5-12 promoter (SPc5-12), the alpha-actin 1 promoter (ACTA1), the creatine kinase, muscle (CKM) promoter, and 4.5 LIM domain protein 1 (FHL1) promoter, alpha 2 actinin (ACTN2) promoter, filamin-C (FLNC) promoter, sarcoplasmic / endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1 (ATP2A1) promoter, troponin I type 1 (TNNI1) promoter, troponin I type 2 (TNNI2) promoter, troponin T type 3 (TNNT3) promoter, myosin-1 (MYH1) promoter, phosphorylatable fast skeletal myosin light chain (MYLPF) promoter, tropomyosin 2 (TPM2) promoter, alpha-3 chain tropomyosin (TPM3) promoter, ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 2 (ANKRD2) promoter, myosin heavy chain (MHC) promoter, myosin light chain (MLC) promoter, muscle creatine kinase (MCK) promoter, myosin light chain 2 (MYL2) promoter, myoglobin (MB) promoter, titin-cap (TCAP) promoter promoter, myosin heavy chain 7 (MYH7) promoter, aldolase A (ALDOA) ​​promoter, tropomyosin 1 (TPM1) promoter, troponin T type 2 cardiac (TNNT2) promoter, troponin C type 2 (fast twitch) (TNNC2) promoter, troponin C type 1 (TNNC1) promoter, myosin light chain 1 (MYL1) promoter, troponin T type 1 (TNNT1) promoter, myosin-2 (MYH2) promoter, sarcolipin (SLN) promoter, myosin-binding protein C1 (MYBPC1) promoter, enolase (EN03) promoter, alpha myosin heavy chain promoter (αMHC), carbonic anhydrase 3 (CA3) promoter, myosin heavy chain 11 (Myh11) promoter, transgelin (Tagln) promoter (also known as SM22α promoter), actin α2, smooth muscle (Acta2) promoter, and Li et al. (1999, Nat Biotechnol.Examples of such promoters include the synthetic muscle promoters described in (17:241-245), such as the SPc5-12 promoter, the dMCK promoter, and the tMCK promoter (each consisting of a double or triple tandem of the MCK enhancer and MCK basal promoter described in Wang et al. (2008, Gene Ther, 15:1489-1499)), or the synthetic skeletal and cardiac muscle-specific synthetic promoter MHCK7 described in Salva et al. (2007, Mol Ther, 15:320-9).

[0042] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the promoter is a mammalian promoter, in particular a mouse or human promoter. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the promoter is a muscle-specific promoter selected from the group consisting of the SPc5-12 promoter, the DES promoter, and the MHCK7 promoter. In particularly preferred embodiments, the promoter is the SPc5-12 promoter, the desmin promoter or the MHCK7 promoter, preferably the SPc5-12 promoter defined by SEQ ID NO: 4, the desmin promoter defined by SEQ ID NO: 22 or the MHCK7 promoter defined by SEQ ID NO: 23. In a further preferred embodiment, the promoter is the SPc5 promoter, preferably the SPc5 promoter defined in SEQ ID NO:4. To minimize the length of the nucleic acid expression cassette, the regulatory elements may be linked to a minimal promoter or a shortened version of a promoter as described herein. As used herein, a "minimal promoter" (also called a basal promoter or core promoter) is a portion of a full-length promoter that is still capable of driving expression, but lacks at least some of the sequences that contribute to regulating (e.g., tissue-specific) expression. This definition covers both promoters that have deleted (tissue-specific) regulatory elements and are capable of driving expression of a gene but have lost the ability to express the gene in a tissue-specific manner, and promoters that have deleted (tissue-specific) regulatory elements and are capable of driving (possibly reduced) expression of a gene but have not necessarily lost the ability to express the gene in a tissue-specific manner.

[0043] As used herein, the term "transgene" refers to a specific nucleic acid sequence that encodes a polypeptide or a portion of a polypeptide to be expressed in a cell into which the nucleic acid sequence is introduced. However, a transgene can also be expressed as RNA, typically to control (e.g., reduce) the amount of a specific polypeptide in a cell into which the nucleic acid sequence is inserted. These RNA molecules include, but are not limited to, molecules that exert their function through RNA interference (shRNA, RNAi), microRNA regulatory (miR) (which can be used to control the expression of specific genes), non-coding RNA (ncRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), guide RNA (gRNA), catalytic RNA, antisense RNA, RNA aptamer, etc. The method by which a nucleic acid sequence is introduced into a cell is not essential to the present invention; for example, the nucleic acid sequence may be introduced by integration into the genome or as an episomal plasmid. Notably, expression of a transgene can be limited to a subset of cells into which the nucleic acid sequence is introduced. The term "transgene" is intended to include (1) a nucleic acid sequence that is not naturally found in a cell (i.e., a heterologous nucleic acid sequence); (2) a nucleic acid sequence that is a variant of a nucleic acid sequence naturally found in the cell into which it is introduced; (3) a nucleic acid sequence that serves to add additional copies of the same (i.e., homologous) or similar nucleic acid sequence naturally found in the cell into which it is introduced; or (4) a silent naturally occurring or homologous nucleic acid sequence the expression of which is induced in the cell into which it is introduced. The transgene may be homologous or heterologous to the promoter (and / or to the animal, particularly a mammal or human, into which the transgene is to be introduced (e.g., if the nucleic acid expression cassette is used in gene therapy).

[0044] A transgene may be a full-length cDNA or genomic DNA sequence, or any fragment, subunit, or variant that retains at least some biological activity. Specifically, a transgene may be a minigene, i.e., a gene sequence lacking some, most, or all intron sequences. Thus, a transgene may optionally contain intron sequences. In some cases, a transgene may be a hybrid nucleic acid sequence, i.e., constructed from homologous and / or heterologous cDNA and / or genomic DNA fragments. "Variant" refers to a nucleic acid sequence that contains one or more nucleotides that differ from the wild-type or naturally occurring sequence; i.e., a variant nucleic acid sequence contains one or more nucleotide substitutions, deletions, and / or insertions. Nucleotide substitutions, deletions, and / or insertions can result in a gene product (i.e., protein or nucleic acid) whose amino acid / nucleic acid sequence differs from the wild-type amino acid / nucleic acid sequence. The production of such variants is well known in the art. In some cases, a transgene may also contain a sequence encoding a leader peptide or signal sequence to enable secretion of the transgene product from the cell. A transgene that can be included in a nucleic acid expression cassette described herein can encode a member of a CRISPR / Cas system, such as Cas and / or one or more gRNAs. A transgene that can be included in the nucleic acid expression cassettes described herein typically encodes a gene product such as an RNA or a polypeptide (protein). In an embodiment, the transgene encodes a therapeutic or immunogenic protein, preferably a therapeutic protein.

[0045] Therapeutic proteins may be secreted proteins, for example, secreted proteins that are deleted or defective as a result of a single gene disorder, or may be non-secreted proteins. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic protein is a secretable protein, preferably a secretable therapeutic protein, such as acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA), alpha-galactosidase A, follistatin, a clotting factor such as factor VIII or factor IX, insulin, erythropoietin, lipoprotein lipase, an antibody or nanobody, a growth factor, an angiogenic factor, a cytokine, a chemokine, a plasma factor, etc. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic protein is a non-secreted protein, such as a metabolic enzyme (e.g., tafazzin), a lysosomal protein, a nuclear protein, or the like. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic protein is a structural protein. Non-limiting examples of structural proteins, particularly therapeutic structural proteins, include myotubularin, dysferlin, microdystrophin 1, dystrophin, and sarcoglycan.

[0046] A non-exhaustive, non-limiting list of transgenes contemplated herein includes angiogenic factors for therapeutic angiogenesis (e.g., VEGF, PlGF, or guidance molecules such as ephrins, semaphorins, sulitz, and netrins or their cognate receptors); clotting factors (e.g., Factor VIII or Factor IX), insulin, lipoprotein lipase, plasma factors, cytokines, chemokines, and / or growth factors (e.g., erythropoietin (EPO), interferon-α, interferon-β, Interferon-γ, interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 3 (IL-3), interleukin 4 (IL-4), interleukin 5 (IL-5), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 7 (IL-7), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 9 (IL-9), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 11 (IL-11), interleukin 12 (IL-12), chemokine (CXC motif) Ligand 5 (CXCL5), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), stem cell factor (SCF), keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), proteins involved in calcium handling (e.g., SERCA: sarcoplasmic / endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, phospholamban, calsequestrin, sodium-calcium exchanger , L-type calcium channels, ryanodine receptors), calcineurin, microdystrophin (MD); follistatin (FST); myotubularin 1 (MTM1); dysferlin; dystrophin; metabolic enzymes, nuclear proteins; mitochondrial proteins (e.g., tafazzin); lysosomal proteins (e.g., acid α-glucosidase (GAA) (secreted or native), α-galactosidase A, or lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2)); ion channels (e.g., SCN5A);Enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism (e.g., glycogen synthase (GYS2), glycogen debranching enzyme (AGL), glycogen branching enzyme (GBE1), muscle glycogen phosphorylase (PYGM), muscle phosphofructokinase (PKFM), phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM2), aldolase A (ALDOA), β-enolase (ENO3), or glycogenin 1 (GYG1)); enzymes deficient in mucopolysaccharidoses (e.g., α-L-iduronidase, iduronate sulfatase, heparan sulfamidase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, heparan sulfamidase, transgenes encoding α-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase, N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase, galactose-6-sulfatase, β-galactosidase, N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase, β-glucuronidase, or hyaluronidase; sarcoglycans (e.g., α-sarcoglycan, β-sarcoglycan, and γ-sarcoglycan); anoctamin 5; calpain 3; antibodies; nanobodies; antiviral dominant-negative proteins; and transgenes encoding fragments, subunits, or variants thereof;

[0047] In further particular embodiments, the transgene is selected from the group consisting of a transgene encoding acid alpha-glucosidase or GAA (e.g., as a secreted or native form), a transgene encoding alpha-galactosidase A, a transgene encoding LAMP2, a transgene encoding microdystrophin, a transgene encoding follistatin (FST), a transgene encoding myotubularin 1 (MTM1), a transgene encoding sarcoglycan (SG), and a transgene encoding tafazzin. In a further particular embodiment, the transgene encodes a lysosomal protein, preferably selected from the group consisting of acid α-glucosidase (e.g., as a secreted or native form), galactosidase A and LAMP2. In a more particular embodiment, the transgene encodes GAA, such as that set forth in SEQ ID NO:5, or a codon-optimized variant thereof, such as that set forth in SEQ ID NO:6. In a further particular embodiment, the transgene encodes a non-lysosomal protein, preferably selected from the group consisting of microdystrophin, follistatin (FST), myotubularin 1 (MTM1), sarcoglycan (SG) and tafazzin.

[0048] The transgene may also be a reporter gene, ie, the transgene may encode a reporter such as a luciferase enzyme. The transgene may also encode an immunogenic protein, non-limiting examples of which include epitopes and antigens derived from pathogens. As used herein, the term "immunogenic" refers to a substance or composition that is capable of eliciting an immune response. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid expression cassettes taught herein may contain more than one transgene, for example, two, three, four, or five transgenes. Other sequences (e.g., introns and / or polyadenylation sequences) can also be incorporated into the nucleic acid expression cassettes taught herein, typically to further increase or stabilize expression of the transgene product. Any intron can be utilized in the expression cassettes described herein. The term "intron" encompasses a portion of an entire intron that is large enough for the nuclear splicing machinery to recognize and splice. Typically, short, functional intron sequences are preferred to minimize the size of the expression cassette and facilitate its construction and manipulation. In some embodiments, the intron is obtained from a gene encoding the protein encoded by the coding sequence in the expression cassette. The intron can be located 5' to the coding sequence, 3' to the coding sequence, or within the coding sequence. An advantage of placing the intron 5' to the coding sequence is that it minimizes the possibility of the intron interfering with the function of the polyadenylation signal. In embodiments, the nucleic acid expression cassettes taught herein further comprise an intron. Non-limiting examples of suitable introns include the minute virus of mice (MVM) intron, beta globin intron (betaIVS-II), factor IX (FIX) intron A, simian virus 40 (SV40) small t intron, and beta actin intron.

[0049] Preferably, the intron is an MVM intron, more preferably the MVM intron set forth in SEQ ID NO:7. Any polyadenylation signal that directs the synthesis of a polyA tail is useful in the expression cassettes described herein, examples of which are well known to those of skill in the art. Exemplary polyadenylation signals include, but are not limited to, the polyA sequence derived from the simian virus 40 (SV40) late gene, the bovine growth hormone (BGH) polyadenylation signal, the minimal rabbit β-globin (mRBG) gene, and the synthetic polyAs (SPA) described by Levitt et al. (1989, Genes Dev 3:1019-1025). In certain embodiments, the polyadenylation signal is a synthetic polyadenylation signal or a Simian Virus 40 (SV40) polyadenylation signal, and more preferably, the polyadenylation signal is the synthetic polyadenylation signal set forth in SEQ ID NO:8.

[0050] In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid expression cassette comprises: (i) a diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory element comprising a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 95%, identity to the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:1 or a functional fragment of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:1; (ii) a cardiac- and skeletal muscle-specific nucleic acid regulatory element comprising a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 95%, identity to the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:2 or a functional fragment of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:2; (iii) a muscle-specific promoter, preferably the SPc5-12 promoter, more preferably the SPc5-12 promoter defined by SEQ ID NO: 4; (iv) a transgene, preferably a transgene encoding GAA (e.g., as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5) or a codon-optimized variant thereof (e.g., as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6). and optionally, a nucleotide linker is present between the diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory element and the cardiac and skeletal muscle-specific nucleic acid regulatory element; (v) optionally comprising an MVM intron, preferably the MVM intron as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7; (vi) optionally, a synthetic polyadenylation signal, preferably the synthetic polyadenylation signal set forth in SEQ ID NO:8.

[0051] In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid expression cassette comprises: (i) a Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element comprising the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO: 3; (ii) the SPc5-12 promoter, preferably the SPc5-12 promoter defined by SEQ ID NO: 4; (iii) a transgene, preferably encoding GAA (e.g., as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5) or a codon-optimized variant thereof (e.g., as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6); Including, (iv) optionally comprising an MVM intron, preferably the MVM intron set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3; (v) optionally, a synthetic polyadenylation signal, preferably the synthetic polyadenylation signal set forth in SEQ ID NO:8.

[0052] The Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory elements and nucleic acid expression cassettes taught herein can be used directly or, typically, can be part of a nucleic acid vector. Thus, further disclosed herein is the use of a Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element described herein or a nucleic acid expression cassette described herein in a vector, particularly a nucleic acid vector. Also disclosed herein are vectors that include the Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory elements taught herein. In a further embodiment, the vectors include the nucleic acid expression cassettes taught herein. As used herein, the term "vector" refers to a nucleic acid molecule, e.g., double-stranded DNA, into which another nucleic acid molecule (insert nucleic acid molecule), such as, but not limited to, a cDNA molecule, may be inserted. A vector is used to transport the insert nucleic acid molecule into an appropriate host cell. A vector can contain the necessary elements that allow the insert nucleic acid molecule to be transcribed and, optionally, the transcript to be translated into a polypeptide. The insert nucleic acid molecule may be native to the host cell or may be derived from a different cell or organism. Once inside the host cell, the vector can replicate independently of or simultaneously with the host's chromosomal DNA, and several copies of the vector and its insert nucleic acid molecule may be generated. A vector may be an episomal vector (i.e., one that does not integrate into the genome of the host cell) or a vector that integrates into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the term "vector" may be defined as a gene delivery vehicle that facilitates gene transfer into a target cell. This definition includes both non-viral and viral vectors. Non-viral vectors include, but are not limited to, cationic lipids, liposomes, nanoparticles, PEG, PEI, plasmid vectors (e.g., pUC vectors, Bluescript vectors (pBS), and pBR322, or their derivatives lacking bacterial sequences (minicircles)), transposon-based vectors (e.g., piggyBac (PB) vectors or Sleeping Beauty (SB) vectors), etc. Viral vectors are derived from viruses and include, but are not limited to, retroviral vectors, lentiviral vectors, adeno-associated virus vectors, adenoviral vectors, herpes virus vectors, hepatitis virus vectors, etc. Typically (but not necessarily), viral vectors are replication-deficient because viral genes essential for replication have been removed, rendering them incapable of replicating in a given cell. However, some viral vectors can be adapted to replicate specifically in a given cell (e.g., cancer cells) and are typically used to induce (cancer) cell-specific (tumor) lysis.Virosomes are a non-limiting example of a vector that contains both viral and non-viral elements. Specifically, virosomes combine liposomes with inactivated HIV or influenza viruses (Yamada et al., 2003). Another example includes viral vectors mixed with cationic lipids.

[0053] In a preferred embodiment, the vector is a viral vector, such as a retroviral vector, a lentiviral vector, an adenoviral vector, or an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector, more preferably an AAV vector. The AAV vector is preferably used as a self-complementary double-stranded AAV vector (scAAV) to overcome one of the limiting steps in AAV transduction (i.e., the conversion of single-stranded AAV to double-stranded AAV) (McCarty, 2001, 2003; Nathwani et al., 2002, 2006, 2011; Wu et al., 2008), although the use of single-stranded AAV vectors (ssAAV) is also encompassed herein. The vector may be an AAV vector in which the AAV capsid belongs to one of the naturally occurring AAV serotypes (e.g., AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV rh74), or it may be an AAV vector in which the AAV capsid has been engineered to specifically direct the vector to muscle cells. For example, the vector may be the AAVpoI vector described in Tulalamba W et al. (Tulalamba W et al. Distinct transduction of muscle tissue in mice after systemic delivery of AAVpoI vectors. Gene Ther. (2019) https: / / doi.org / 10.1038 / s41434-019-0106-3). AAV serotype 9 (AAV9) and AAV serotype 8 (AAV8) are suitable for achieving efficient transduction in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Thus, in a particularly preferred embodiment, the vector is an AAV9 or AAV8 vector, preferably a self-complementary AAV8 vector (scAAV9) or a single-stranded AAV8 vector (ssAAV8).

[0054] AAV vector particles can be produced by transient transfection of suspension-adapted mammalian HEK293 cells, as described, for example (Chahal et al., "Production of adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes by transient transfection of HEK293 cell suspension cultures for gene delivery," Journal of Virological Methods. 196: 163-173 (2014); Grieger et al., "Production of recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors using suspension HEK293 cells and continuous harvest of vector from the culture media for GMP FIX and FLT1 clinical vector," Molecular Therapy. 24: 287-297 (2016); Blessing et al., "Scalable Production of AAV Vectors in Orbitally Shaken HEK293 Cells," Molecular Therapy Methods & Clinical Development. 13: 14-26 (2019)) or by transient transfection of suspension-adapted mammalian HEK293 cells, as described (Kotin et al., "Manufacturing Clinical Grade AAV Vectors," Journal of Virological Methods. 2016). Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Using Invertebrate Cell Lines. Human Gene Therapy.28: 350-360 (2017)), which can be achieved by infection of Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells with a baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS), followed by a purification step that can be based on cesium chloride (CsCl) density gradient ultracentrifugation, as described (Vanden Driessche et al., 2007), or can be performed using chromatographic techniques or columns, or by immunoaffinity as known in the art.

[0055] In other embodiments, the vector is also a non-viral vector, preferably a plasmid, vector, minicircle, episomal vector or transposon-based vector, such as a Sleeping Beauty (SB)-based vector or a piggyBac (PB)-based vector. In yet other embodiments, the vector comprises viral and non-viral elements. Those skilled in the art will understand that the maximum length of the CRE or Dph-CSk CRE, promoter, transgene, intron and / or polyadenylation signal will depend on the cloning capacity of the type of vector used.

[0056] In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a method for treating a cancer comprising: (i) a diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory element comprising a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 95%, identity to the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:1, or a functional fragment of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:1; (ii) a cardiac- and skeletal muscle-specific nucleic acid regulatory element comprising a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 95%, identity to the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:2, or a functional fragment of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:2; (iii) a muscle-specific promoter, preferably the SPc5-12 promoter, more preferably the SPc5-12 promoter defined in SEQ ID NO: 4; (iv) a transgene, preferably a transgene encoding GAA, e.g., as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5, or a codon-optimized variant thereof, e.g., as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6; (v) optionally, an MVM intron, preferably the MVM intron defined by SEQ ID NO: 7; and (vi) optionally, a synthetic polyadenylation signal, preferably a synthetic polyadenylation signal defined by SEQ ID NO: 8 The present invention provides a vector comprising a nucleic acid expression cassette comprising:

[0057] In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a method for treating a cancer comprising: (i) a Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element comprising the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:3; (ii) SPc5-12, preferably the SPc5-12 promoter defined in SEQ ID NO: 4; (iii) a transgene, preferably a transgene encoding GAA, e.g., as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5, or a codon-optimized variant thereof, e.g., as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6; (iv) optionally, an MVM intron, preferably the MVM intron defined by SEQ ID NO: 7; and (v) optionally, a synthetic polyadenylation signal, preferably a synthetic polyadenylation signal defined by SEQ ID NO: 8; (vi) optionally, a synthetic polyadenylation signal, preferably a synthetic polyadenylation signal defined by SEQ ID NO: 8 The present invention provides a vector comprising a nucleic acid expression cassette comprising: In a more particular embodiment, the vector comprises, consists essentially of or consists of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:9 or SEQ ID NO:11, preferably SEQ ID NO:9.

[0058] The nucleic acid expression cassettes and vectors taught herein can be used, for example, to express proteins normally expressed and utilized in muscle (i.e., structural proteins), or to express proteins expressed in muscle and then exported to the bloodstream for transport to other parts of the body (i.e., secretable proteins). For example, the expression cassettes and vectors taught herein can be used to express therapeutic amounts of a gene product (e.g., a polypeptide, particularly a therapeutic protein, or RNA) for therapeutic purposes, particularly gene therapy. Typically, the gene product is encoded by a transgene within the expression cassette or vector, although, in principle, it is also possible to increase expression of an endogenous gene for therapeutic purposes. In an alternative example, the expression cassettes and vectors taught herein can be used to express immunological amounts of a gene product (e.g., a polypeptide, particularly an immunogenic protein, or RNA) for vaccination purposes. The nucleic acid expression cassettes and vectors taught herein may be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions together with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, i.e., one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier substances and / or additives, such as buffers, carriers, excipients, stabilizers, etc. The pharmaceutical compositions may be provided in the form of a kit.

[0059] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable" as used herein, consistent with the art, means compatible with the other ingredients of a pharmaceutical composition and not deleterious to the recipient thereof. Accordingly, disclosed herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the nucleic acid expression cassettes or vectors described herein. Also disclosed herein is the use of the nucleic acid regulatory elements described herein for the manufacture of these pharmaceutical compositions. In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition may be a vaccine. The vaccine may further comprise one or more adjuvants to enhance the immune response. Suitable adjuvants include, but are not limited to, saponin, mineral gels such as aluminum hydroxide, surfactants such as lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil or hydrocarbon emulsions, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), Corynebacterium parvum, and the synthetic adjuvant QS-21. Optionally, the vaccine may further comprise one or more immunostimulatory molecules. Non-limiting examples of immune stimulatory molecules include various cytokines, lymphokines, and chemokines that have immune stimulatory, immune enhancing, and pro-inflammatory activities, such as interleukins (e.g., IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-12, IL-13); growth factors (e.g., granulocyte macrophage (GM)-colony stimulating factor (CSF)); and other immune stimulatory molecules, such as macrophage inflammatory factor, Flt3 ligand, B7.1; B7.2, and the like.

[0060] Further disclosed herein are Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory elements, nucleic acid expression cassettes, vectors, or pharmaceutical compositions taught herein for use in medicine. As used herein, the term "treat" or "treatment" refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic measures. Beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, prevention of an undesirable clinical condition or disorder, whether detectable or undetectable, reduction in the incidence of the disorder, alleviation of symptoms associated with the disorder, reduction in the extent of the disorder, stable state of the disorder (i.e., a state where the disorder does not worsen), delay or slowing of progression of the disorder, improvement or palliation of the disorder state, remission (partial or total), or a combination thereof. "Treatment" can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment. As used herein, the terms "therapeutic treatment" or "therapy" and similar expressions refer to treatment the purpose of which is to restore a subject's body or elements thereof from an undesired physiological change or disorder to a desirable state, e.g., a less severe or less unpleasant state (e.g., ameliorate or alleviate) or to a normal, healthy state (e.g., restore the subject's health, physical integrity, and physical well-being), or to stop (e.g., stabilize or not worsen) the undesired physiological change or disorder, or to prevent or delay the progression of the undesired physiological change or disorder to a more severe or worse state compared to the undesired physiological change or disorder.

[0061] As used herein, the terms "prevention" or "prophylactic treatment" and similar expressions include preventing the onset of a disease or disorder (including reducing the severity of a disease or disorder or associated symptoms before onset). Such pre-onset prevention or reduction refers to administering a nucleic acid regulatory element, nucleic acid expression cassette, vector, or pharmaceutical composition described herein to a patient who does not exhibit overt symptoms of the disease or disorder at the time of administration. "Preventing" includes preventing a disease or disorder from recurring, for example, after a period of improvement. In embodiments, the Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element taught herein, preferably a Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, nucleic acid expression cassette, vector or pharmaceutical composition may be for use in gene therapy, particularly muscle-directed gene therapy, preferably diaphragm-, skeletal muscle-, smooth muscle- and heart-directed gene therapy, more preferably diaphragm-, skeletal muscle- and heart-directed gene therapy. Also disclosed herein is the use of a Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element taught herein, preferably a Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, a nucleic acid expression cassette, a vector, or a pharmaceutical composition, for the manufacture of a medicament for gene therapy, particularly muscle-directed gene therapy, preferably diaphragm-, skeletal muscle-, smooth muscle-, and heart-directed gene therapy, more preferably diaphragm-, skeletal muscle-, and heart-directed gene therapy.

[0062] Also provided herein is a method of treating a subject with gene therapy, in particular muscle-directed gene therapy, preferably diaphragm-, skeletal muscle-, smooth muscle- and heart-directed gene therapy, more preferably diaphragm-, skeletal muscle- and heart-directed gene therapy, wherein the subject is in need of said gene therapy and comprises: - introducing into a subject, in particular into muscle tissue or cells of the subject, preferably into diaphragm, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac tissue or cells of the subject, more preferably into diaphragm, skeletal muscle and cardiac tissue or cells of the subject, a Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element as taught herein, preferably having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, nucleic acid expression cassette, vector or pharmaceutical composition; and - expressing a therapeutically effective amount of the transgene product in a subject, particularly in muscle tissue or cells of the subject, preferably in diaphragm, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac tissue or cells of the subject, more preferably in diaphragm, skeletal muscle and cardiac tissue or cells of the subject. Also disclosed is a method comprising:

[0063] The transgene product may be any of the following transgenes described herein; preferably, the transgene is a transgene encoding a lysosomal protein, more preferably, the transgene is a transgene encoding a lysosomal protein selected from the group consisting of acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) (e.g., GAA as a secreted or native form), alpha-galactosidase A, and LAMP2. In particular embodiments, the transgene is a transgene encoding GAA, preferably human GAA (hGAA) or its codon-optimized variant (hGAAco). In more particular embodiments, the transgene is a transgene encoding hGAA having the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:5 or hGAAco having the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:6. Alternatively, the transgene product may be a transgene that encodes an RNA, such as an siRNA or a non-coding RNA (ncRNA).

[0064] Exemplary diseases and disorders that can benefit from gene therapy using the nucleic acid regulatory elements, nucleic acid expression cassettes, vectors, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein include the following: glycogen storage disorders (e.g., Pompe disease, glycogen storage disorder (GSD) type II, Danon disease, glycogen storage disorder (GSD) type IIb, GSD III or GSD 3 (also known as Cori disease or Forbes disease), GSD IV or GSD 4 (also known as Andersen disease), GSD V or GSD 5 (also known as McArdle disease), GSD VII or GSD 7 (also known as Tarui disease), GSD X or GSD 10, GSD XII or GSD 12 (also known as aldolase A deficiency), GSD XIII or GSD 13, GSD XV or GSD 15) and mucopolysaccharidoses (e.g., Hunter syndrome, Sanfilippo syndrome, mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) I, MPS II, MPS III, MPS IIIA, MPS IIIB, MPS IIIC, MPS IV, MPS VI, MPS VII, MPS lysosomal storage diseases (e.g., Fabry disease), including IX; mitochondrial diseases (e.g., Barth syndrome); - Mitochondrial diseases (e.g., Barth syndrome); - Channelopathies (e.g. Brugada syndrome); - metabolic disorders; - Myotubular myopathy (MTM); - Muscular dystrophy (e.g. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)); - myotonic dystrophy; - Myotonic muscular dystrophy (DM); - Miyoshi myopathy: - Fukuyama type congenital dystrophy; - Dysferlinopathy; - Neuromuscular diseases; - Motor neuron diseases (MND) (e.g. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)); - Emery-Dreyfus muscular dystrophy; - Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD); - congenital muscular dystrophy; - congenital myopathy; - Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (e.g., limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2E (LGMD2E), limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2D (LGMD2D), limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2C (LGMD2C), limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B), limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2L (LGMD2L), limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (LGMD2A)); - metabolic myopathy; - muscle inflammatory diseases; - myasthenia; - mitochondrial myopathy; - Ion channel abnormalities; - Nuclear envelope diseases; - cardiomyopathy; - cardiac hypertrophy; - Heart failure; - distal myopathy; - Hemophilia (e.g., hemophilia A and B); - diabetes, and - cardiovascular and / or heart disease (e.g. atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, coronary heart disease, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, heart failure, myocardial infarction (also known as heart attack), myocardial ischemia, acute coronary syndrome, unstable angina, stable angina, cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, primary cardiomyopathies caused by genetic mutations (e.g. Brugada syndrome, Pompe disease, Danon disease and Fabry disease), cardiac amyloidosis (also known as stiff heart syndrome), myocarditis (also known as inflammatory cardiomyopathy), valvular heart disease, valvular stenosis, valvular regurgitation, endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, pericarditis (i.e. disease caused by inflammation and / or infection of the pericardium), cardiac tamponade (also known as pericardial tamponade), cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension, hypotension, vascular stenosis, valvular stenosis, or restenosis).

[0065] Additionally, many neuromuscular diseases affect respiratory function due to weakening of the diaphragm and respiratory muscles (www.medscape.com / viewarticle / 805299_3) Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Jun;23(3):191-200). Diaphragm disorders have various causes, but may be due to genetic defects that directly affect diaphragm function. In particular, there are several genetic disorders resulting from mutations in genes affecting diaphragm function, combined with abnormalities at the skeletal muscle and / or cardiac level. For example, myotubular myopathy (MTM) results from mutations in the myotubularin gene and affects skeletal muscle and the diaphragm. Patients with MTM typically present at birth with hypotension, generalized muscle weakness, and respiratory failure. Survival beyond the postnatal period requires intensive support, often including gastrostomy feeding and mechanical ventilation. Due to severe respiratory distress, MTM patients typically do not survive beyond the age of two. Muscle-directed gene therapy is currently the only clinical option for MTM. Alternatively, Pompe disease (also known as glycogen storage disorder type II or GSD II) primarily affects skeletal muscle, the diaphragm, and the heart. GSD II results from a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme acid α-glucosidase (GAA), leading to a lysosomal storage defect. In GSD II patients, glycogen cannot be efficiently broken down into glucose. Glycogen accumulation in GSD II patients leads to myopathy with progressive muscle weakness. Patients with the most severe form of GSD II die of respiratory failure within the first year of life without medical intervention. Other muscle diseases, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), affect approximately 1 in 3,500 male births. This disease leads to the progressive destruction of skeletal muscle, including the diaphragm, and most affected individuals die of respiratory failure by the age of 30. Many other myopathies also affect lung function, including but not limited to polymyositis / dermatomyositis, inherited channelopathies, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, acid maltase deficiency and congenital myopathies, disuse atrophy.Other diseases affecting the diaphragm include congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD), Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD), myotonic muscular dystrophy (DM), Miyoshi myopathy, Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy, and dysferlinopathy (DFS). Numerous neuropathies also weaken the diaphragm and respiratory muscles. These include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, poliomyelitis, post-polio syndrome, Kennedy syndrome, stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, syringomyelia, radiculopathy, and motor neuron disease. Brachial plexitis and isolated unilateral or bilateral phrenic neuropathy can also significantly weaken the diaphragm. Peripheral neuropathies affecting breathing are primarily acute conditions, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, porphyria, and severe neuropathy. However, chronic conditions, such as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), can also cause respiratory failure. Neuromuscular transmission disorders, such as Lambert-Eaton syndrome and myasthenia gravis, often affect breathing. Alternatively, diaphragmatic dysfunction can result from congenital defects (e.g., Arnold-Chiari malformation) or acquired defects resulting from injury, trauma, infection (e.g., West Nile virus, botulinum), exposure to organophosphates, radiation therapy, malnutrition, tumor compression, or surgery. The cold cardiopulmonary bypass used in cardiac surgery is another common cause of phrenic nerve injury. Furthermore, radiation therapy can affect the phrenic nerve and cause diaphragmatic dysfunction. Obstructive airway diseases affecting the lungs, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, can cause significant hyperinflation, leading to diaphragm impairment and weakness. Finally, lupus and thyroid disorders are also known to contribute to diaphragm dysfunction.

[0066] Further exemplary diseases and disorders that can benefit from gene therapy using the nucleic acid regulatory elements, nucleic acid expression cassettes, vectors, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein are single gene disorders affecting skeletal muscle, heart, diaphragm, and / or smooth muscle, and single gene disorders that can be corrected by secreted proteins expressed from skeletal muscle, heart, diaphragm, and / or smooth muscle. Gene therapy protocols have been extensively described in the art. These include, but are not limited to, intramuscular injection of plasmids (naked or in liposomes), hydrodynamic gene delivery to various tissues including muscle, interstitial injection, airway infusion, endothelial application, and intraparenchymal, intravenous, or intra-arterial administration. Various devices have been developed to enhance the delivery of DNA to target cells. A simple method involves physically contacting the target cells with a catheter or implantable material containing DNA. Another approach utilizes a needleless jet injection device that propels a column of liquid under high pressure directly into the target tissue. These delivery paradigms can also be used for vector delivery. Another approach to targeted gene delivery is the use of molecular conjugates consisting of proteins or synthetic ligands bound to nucleic acids or DNA-binding substances for specific targeting of nucleic acids to cells.

[0067] Also disclosed herein is a Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element, preferably having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, nucleic acid expression cassette, vector or pharmaceutical composition, wherein the transgene encodes a lysosomal protein, preferably selected from the group consisting of acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA), alpha-galactosidase A and LAMP2, for use in treating a lysosomal storage disease, preferably selected from the group consisting of Pompe disease, Danon disease and Fabry disease. Also disclosed herein is a Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element, preferably having the sequence defined in SEQ ID NO: 3, nucleic acid expression cassette, vector or pharmaceutical, wherein the transgene encodes an acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) defined in SEQ ID NO: 5, more preferably a codon-optimized human acid alpha-glucosidase gene (hGAAco) defined in SEQ ID NO: 6, for use in treating Pompe disease.

[0068] Also disclosed herein is a Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element, preferably having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, a nucleic acid expression cassette, a vector or a pharmaceutical composition, wherein the transgene encodes α-galactosidase A, for use in treating Danon disease. Also disclosed herein is a Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element, preferably having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, nucleic acid expression cassette, vector or pharmaceutical composition, wherein the transgene encodes LAMP2, for use in the treatment of Fabry disease. Also disclosed herein is the use of a Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element taught herein, preferably having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, nucleic acid expression cassette, vector or pharmaceutical composition, wherein the transgene encodes a lysosomal protein, preferably a lysosomal protein selected from the group consisting of acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA), alpha-galactosidase A and LAMP2, for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a lysosomal storage disease, preferably selected from the group consisting of Pompe disease, Fabry disease and Danon disease.

[0069] Also disclosed herein is the use of a Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element taught herein, preferably having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, nucleic acid expression cassette, vector or pharmaceutical composition, wherein the transgene encodes an acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5, more preferably a codon-optimized human acid alpha-glucosidase gene (hGAAco) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, for the manufacture of a medicament for treating Pompe disease. Also, the present specification includes the following: - introducing into a subject, in particular into muscle tissue or cells of the subject, preferably into diaphragm, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and heart tissue or cells of the subject, more preferably into diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart tissue or cells of the subject, a Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element as taught herein, preferably having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, nucleic acid expression cassette, vector or pharmaceutical composition, wherein the transgene encodes a lysosomal protein, preferably a lysosomal protein selected from the group consisting of acid α-glucosidase (GAA), α-galactosidase A and LAMP2; and - expressing a therapeutically effective amount of a lysosomal protein, preferably a lysosomal protein selected from the group consisting of acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA), alpha-galactosidase A, and LAMP2, in a subject, particularly in muscle tissue or cells of the subject, preferably in diaphragm, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and heart tissue or cells of the subject, more preferably in diaphragm, skeletal muscle, and heart tissue or cells of the subject. Also disclosed is a method for treating a lysosomal storage disease in a subject, preferably a lysosomal storage disease selected from the group consisting of Pompe disease, Fabry disease, and Danon disease, comprising:

[0070] Also, the present specification includes the following: - introducing into a subject, in particular into muscle tissue or cells of the subject, preferably into diaphragm, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and heart tissue or cells of the subject, more preferably into diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart tissue or cells of the subject, a Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element as taught herein, a Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element having a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, a nucleic acid expression cassette, a vector or a pharmaceutical composition, wherein the transgene encodes an acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5, more preferably the codon-optimized human acid alpha-glucosidase gene (hGAAco) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6; and - expressing a therapeutically effective amount of GAA, preferably hGAAco, in a subject, in particular in muscle tissue or cells of the subject, preferably in diaphragm, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac tissue or cells of the subject, more preferably in diaphragm, skeletal muscle and cardiac tissue or cells of the subject; Also disclosed is a method for treating Pompe disease in a subject, comprising: In embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory elements, nucleic acid expression cassettes, vectors or pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be for use as vaccines, more particularly for use as prophylactic vaccines.

[0071] Also disclosed herein is the use of a nucleic acid regulatory element, a nucleic acid expression cassette, a vector or a pharmaceutical composition as described herein for the manufacture of a medicament or a vaccine, in particular for the manufacture of a prophylactic vaccine. Also provided herein is a method of vaccination, in particular prophylactic vaccination, of a subject in need thereof, comprising: - introducing into a subject, particularly into muscle tissue or cells of the subject, preferably into diaphragm, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, and cardiac tissue or cells of the subject, a nucleic acid expression cassette, vector, or pharmaceutical composition taught herein, comprising a Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element taught herein operably linked to a promoter and a transgene; and - expressing an immunologically effective amount of the transgene product in a subject, in particular in muscle cells or tissues of the subject, preferably in diaphragm, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle and / or cardiac cells or tissues of the subject; A method is disclosed that includes:

[0072] As used herein, the phrase "subject in need of treatment" and the like includes subjects who would benefit from treatment of the referenced disease or disorder. Such subjects may include, but are not limited to, those diagnosed with the disease or disorder, those susceptible to or suffering from the disease or disorder, and / or those in whom the disease or disorder is to be prevented. The terms "subject" and "patient" are used interchangeably herein and refer to animals, preferably vertebrates, more preferably mammals, specifically including human patients and non-human mammals. "Mammalian" subjects include, but are not limited to, humans, livestock animals, commercial animals, agricultural animals, zoo animals, sport animals, pets, and laboratory animals, such as dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rabbits, rats, mice, horses, and cows; primates, such as apes, monkeys, orangutans, and chimpanzees; canines, such as dogs and wolves; felines, such as cats, lions, and tigers; equines, such as horses, donkeys, and zebras; food animals, such as cattle, pigs, and sheep; cloven-hoofed animals, such as deer and giraffes; and rodents, such as mice, rats, hamsters, and guinea pigs. Preferred patients or subjects are human subjects.

[0073] As used herein, a "therapeutic amount" or "therapeutically effective amount" refers to an amount of a gene product effective to treat a disease or disorder in a subject, i.e., to produce a desired local or systemic effect. Thus, the term refers to an amount of a gene product that will elicit the biological or medical response in a tissue, system, animal, or human that is desired by a researcher, veterinarian, physician, or other clinician. Such an amount will typically depend on the gene product and the severity of the disease, but can be determined by one of skill in the art, perhaps through routine experimentation. As used herein, "immunologically effective amount" refers to an amount of a (trans)gene product effective to enhance a subject's immune response to subsequent exposure to the immunogen encoded by the (trans)gene. The level of induced immunity can be determined, for example, by measuring the amount of secreted neutralizing antibodies and / or serum antibodies, for example, by plaque neutralization, complement fixation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent, or microneutralization assays.

[0074] Typically, the amount of (introduced) gene product expressed when using an expression cassette or vector described herein (i.e., one having at least one nucleic acid regulatory element) is higher than when using an identical expression cassette or vector except that it does not contain a nucleic acid regulatory element or contains only (i) a diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory element having at least 80%, preferably at least 95%, identity to the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:1 or a functional fragment of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:1, or (ii) a cardiac- and skeletal muscle-specific nucleic acid regulatory element having at least 80%, preferably at least 95%, identity to the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:2 or a functional fragment of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:2. More specifically, expression is at least 2-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 10-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 30-fold, at least 40-fold, at least 50-fold, or at least 100-fold higher when compared to the same nucleic acid expression cassette or vector except that it does not contain any nucleic acid regulatory elements or contains only (i) a diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory element comprising a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 95%, identity to the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:1 or a functional fragment of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:1, or (ii) a heart- and skeletal muscle-specific nucleic acid regulatory element comprising a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 95%, identity to the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:2 or a functional fragment of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:2.

[0075] Preferably, this high expression remains specific to muscle tissue or cells, more preferably diaphragm, heart, smooth muscle and skeletal muscle tissue or cells, even more preferably diaphragm, heart and skeletal muscle tissue or cells. Furthermore, the expression cassettes and vectors described herein direct long-term expression of therapeutic amounts of a gene product. Typically, therapeutic expression is contemplated to last for at least 20 days, at least 50 days, at least 100 days, at least 200 days, or at least 300 days or more, e.g., at least 1 year, at least 2 years, at least 3 years, at least 5 years, at least 6 years, at least 7 years, at least 8 years, at least 9 years, or at least 10 years or more. Expression of a gene product (e.g., a polypeptide) can be measured by any art-recognized means, such as by antibody-based assays, e.g., Western blots or ELISA assays, to assess whether therapeutic expression of the gene product has been achieved. Expression of a gene product can also be measured by bioassays that detect enzymatic or biological activity of the gene product. Alternatively, for example, if the gene product is an enzyme, expression of enzymatic activity can be determined by measuring the amount of the enzyme's target protein, polypeptide, or peptide. For example, if the transgene encodes GAA, enzyme activity can be measured by any means known in the art, such as using a Lysosomal Acid α-Glucosidase Activity Assay Kit (Fluorometric) (Kit Information: Abcam, ab252887). Alternatively, to measure GAA activity, glycogen accumulation can be measured using a Glycogen Assay Kit II (Colorimetric) (Kit Information: ab169558; Abcam UK) or a PAS Stain Kit (Mucin Stain) Catalog Number ab150680; Abcam UK).

[0076] Also disclosed herein is the use of a Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory element, nucleic acid expression cassette, or vector taught herein to transfect or transduce muscle cells (e.g., diaphragm, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and / or cardiac cells, preferably diaphragm, skeletal muscle, and / or cardiac cells). Further provided herein is a method for expressing a transgene product in muscle cells (e.g., diaphragm, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and / or cardiac cells, preferably diaphragm, skeletal muscle and / or cardiac cells), comprising: - transfecting or transducing said cells with a nucleic acid expression cassette or vector taught herein; and - expressing the transgene product in said cell. Also disclosed is a method comprising:

[0077] Non-viral transfection or viral vector-mediated transduction of muscle cells (e.g., diaphragm, skeletal, smooth, and / or cardiac cells, preferably diaphragm, cardiac, and / or skeletal muscle cells) can be performed by in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo procedures. In vitro approaches involve in vitro transfection or transduction of muscle cells (e.g., diaphragm, skeletal, smooth, and / or cardiac cells, preferably diaphragm, cardiac, and / or skeletal muscle cells), e.g., cells previously harvested from a subject, cell lines, or cells differentiated from, e.g., induced pluripotent stem cells or embryonic cells. Ex vivo approaches involve harvesting muscle cells (e.g., diaphragm, skeletal, smooth, and / or cardiac cells, preferably diaphragm, cardiac, and / or skeletal muscle cells) from a subject, in vitro transfection or transduction, and optionally reintroducing the transfected cells back into the subject. In vivo approaches involve administration of a nucleic acid expression cassette or vector taught herein to a subject. In a preferred embodiment, transfection of muscle cells (eg, diaphragm, skeletal, smooth and / or cardiac cells, preferably diaphragm, cardiac and / or skeletal muscle cells) is carried out in vitro or ex vivo. Those skilled in the art will understand that the use of the Dph-CSk nucleic acid regulatory elements, nucleic acid expression cassettes, and vectors taught herein has implications other than gene therapy, such as directed differentiation of stem cells into muscle cells or tissues (e.g., diaphragm, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and / or cardiac cells, preferably diaphragm, skeletal muscle, and / or cardiac cells), transgenic models for overexpression of proteins in muscle cells or tissues (e.g., diaphragm, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and / or cardiac cells, preferably diaphragm, skeletal muscle, and cardiac cells), etc. The present invention is further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples. [Example]

[0078] Example Example 1: Increased GAA activity and mRNA transcription in different muscle groups of adult mice by injection of AAVss-Dph-CRE02-CSkSH1-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-SynthpA Materials and Methods 1.1) Construction of an AAV vector encoding the therapeutic gene hGAAco Cloning of a new AAV vector designated AAVss-Dph-CRE02-CSk-SH1-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-pA A new adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector (designated AAVss-Dph-CRE02-CSk-SH1-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-pA for the AAV vector and pAAVss-Dph-CRE02-CSk-SH1-SPc5-12-MM-hGAAco-pA for the corresponding plasmid DNA) (SEQ ID NO: 9; Figure 1 ) was constructed containing a new CRE element combination consisting of (i) a diaphragm-specific regulatory element designated Dph-CRE02 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and (ii) a muscle-specific regulatory element designated CSk-SH1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) in a single-stranded AAV (ssAAV) backbone. This particular new combination of diaphragm- and muscle-specific regulatory elements (designated Dph-CRE02-CSk-SH1) (SEQ ID NO: 3) was cloned upstream of and operably linked to the muscle-specific human SPc5-12 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 4). To generate the pAAVss-Dph-CRE02-CSk-SH1-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-SynthpA plasmid vector, the Dph-CRE02-CSk-SH1 fragment was synthesized by GeneArt (Germany) and flanked by AgeI and Acc65I restriction sites and cloned upstream of the corresponding restriction sites of the SPc5-12 promoter. The promoter drives expression of a codon-optimized human acid α-glucosidase gene (hGAAco). The ssAAV vector backbone also contained a minute virus of mice (MVM) intron (SEQ ID NO: 7) downstream of SPc5-12 and a synthetic polyadenylation site (pA) (SEQ ID NO: 8). A control vector (designated AAVss-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-pA (SEQ ID NO: 10; Figure 1) was generated that lacked a new combination of diaphragm- and muscle-specific regulatory elements (designated Dph-CRE02-CSk-SH1) (SEQ ID NO: 3).

[0079] 1.2) AAV production and titer determination AAV vector particle production was achieved by transient cotransfection of HEK293 cells with an AAV vector and an AAV helper DNA construct (encoding the AAV serotype 9 capsid), followed by a purification step based on cesium chloride (CsCI) density gradient ultracentrifugation, as previously described (Vanden Driessche et al., 2007 J Thromb Haemost 5: 16-24). Briefly, two days after transfection, cells were harvested, and vector particles were purified using isopycnic centrifugation. Harvested cells were lysed by sequential freeze / thaw cycles and sonication, treated with benzonase (Novagen, Madison, WI) and deoxycholate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then subjected to three successive rounds of cesium chloride (Invitrogen Corp, Carlsbad, CA) density gradient ultracentrifugation. Fractions containing AAV vectors were collected, concentrated in 1 mM MgCl2 in Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (Gibco, BRL), and stored at -80°C. In addition to in-house AAV production according to the protocol, AAV production was also outsourced (SignaGen Laboratories, Gaithersburg, US). Vector titers (units: viral genomes (vg) / ml) were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) using SYBR Green mix (containing SYBR Green dye, TaqMan polymerase, ROX, and dNTPs) and vector-specific primers on an ABI 7500 Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The forward and reverse primers used for AAV vector titer determination were 5'-AGGGATGGTTGGTTGGTGG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 14) and 5'-GGCAGGTGCTCCAGGTAAT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 15), respectively. Additionally, another primer set for titer determination was also used: forward: 5'-CCATCCTCACGACACCCAA-3' (SEQ ID NO: 16) and reverse: 5' GTCCaccATCCTCCGCT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 17).Typically, titers in the range of approximately 10E11 to 10E12 vector genomes (vg) / ml were achieved for all vectors from small production batches of 30 Petri dishes of producer cells. When more Petri dishes, e.g., 30 Petri dishes of producer cells, were used, higher titers of AAV particles, typically in the range of 10E12 to 10E13 vg / ml, were achieved. Standard curves were generated using known copy numbers (10E2 to 10E7) of each vector plasmid used to generate the corresponding AAV vector with the appropriate cDNA.

[0080] 1.3) Animal Experiments: GAA Activity, % Glycogen Accumulation, and PAS Assay All animal procedures were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB) (Brussels, Belgium). All mice were housed under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions and had free access to food and water. Purified AAV vectors were injected intravenously (i.v.) into 36-48 hour-old neonatal GAAKO mice via retroorbital injection or into adult mice via tail vein injection, according to the protocol. Mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation and immediately dissected to collect muscle tissues (quadriceps, gastrocnemius, tibialis, biceps brachii, triceps surae, diaphragm, heart) and non-muscle tissues (liver, kidney, spleen, lung, and brain). Tissues were obtained from Gibco TMAfter washing with DPBS buffer (Life Technologies, UK) to remove blood, the tissues were immediately flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen for 20 seconds and stored on dry ice. Frozen tissues were stored at -80°C until further analysis. Glycogen assays were performed using the Glycogen Assay Kit II (Colorimetric) (Kit Information: ab169558) purchased from Abcam (UK). Similarly, GAA activity was measured using the Lysosomal acid alpha-Glucosidase Activity Assay Kit (Fluorometric) (Kit Information: ab252887) also purchased from Abcam. The Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) assay was performed according to the instructions provided by Abcam (UK) for the PAS Stain Kit (Mucin Stain), catalog number ab150680.

[0081] 1.4) mRNA quantification RNA was extracted using the AllPrep DNA / RNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions. TM cDNA was synthesized from 200 ng of total RNA using the IV First-Strand Synthesis System kit (Invitrogen, USA) with oligo(dT)20 primers according to the manufacturer's instructions. The cDNA was amplified by PCR using several primers in a StepOne Plus Real-time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, USA): hGAAco forward primer: 5'-ACCCCTTCATGCCTCCTTAT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 18) hGAAco reverse primer: 5'-TCCATGTAGTCCAGGTCGTT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 19) GAPDH forward primer: 5'-TGTCCGTCGTGGATCTGA-3' (SEQ ID NO: 20) GAPDH reverse primer: 5'-GCCTGCTTCACCACCCTTCTTGA-3' (SEQ ID NO: 21)

[0082] [Table 1]

[0083] The qPCR cycling conditions used were 95°C for 10 minutes, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 seconds and 60°C for 1 minute. Each sample was run in triplicate. ΔCt was calculated for each tissue by subtracting the Ct of the control gene GAPDH from the Ct of the gene of interest, hGAAco. The ΔCt of the control tissue sample (PBS) was subtracted from the ΔCt of the corresponding experimental tissue sample to obtain the ΔCt of each tissue in the different treatment groups. Relative expression was calculated using a 2 -ΔΔCt was calculated and plotted on a graph.

[0084] 1.5) Experimental Design The experimental design consisted of three groups of mice: Group 1) injected with (AAVss-Dph-CRE02-CSkSH1-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-pA) (SEQ ID NO: 9) Group 2) injected with (AAVss-SPc5-12-MMM-hGAAco-pA) (SEQ ID NO: 10) Group 3) injected with PBS (negative control mice). Adult B6;129-GAAtm1Rabn / J mice aged 1.3 months were administered the above-mentioned AAV9 vectors or PBS (Groups 1–3) via tail vein injection at a standardized vector dose of 1×10E12 vector genomes per mouse. AAV vector titration was performed by qPCR using the following primers: forward: 5′-CCATCCTCACGACCCAA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 16) and reverse: 5′-GTCCACCATCCTCCGCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 17). 1.8 months after AAV vector injection, mice from the three groups were sacrificed, and individual organs were isolated and frozen for subsequent analysis. GAA activity, % glycogen, and mRNA quantification were measured in different tissues; two mice per cohort were analyzed.

[0085] 1.6) Results and conclusions: The results (Figures 2 and 3) demonstrate that incorporating the CRE combination (i.e., Dph-CRE02-CSk-SH1) into the AAV-hGAAco vector (i.e., AAVss-SPc5-12-MM-hGAAco-pA) enhances vector performance, resulting in increased GAA activity and mRNA expression, particularly in different muscle groups, including the diaphragm, heart, gastrocnemius, quadriceps, tibialis, biceps brachii, and triceps surae. Furthermore, GAA activity correlates with decreased glycogen accumulation in transduced tissues (Figure 4).

[0086] Example 2: Increased GAA activity in different muscle groups of neonatal mice by injection of AAVss-Dph-CRE02-CSkSH1-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-SynthpA 2.1)-2.4) Construction of AAV vectors encoding the therapeutic gene hGAAco, AAV production and titration, animal testing (GAA activity, % glycogen accumulation, and PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) assay), and mRNA quantification were performed as described in Example 1. 2.5) Experimental Design: The experimental design consisted of three groups of mice: Group 1) injected with AAVss-Dph-CRE02-CSkSH1-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-SynthpA (SEQ ID NO: 9) Group 2) PBS-injected (negative control mice) Group 3) WT without injection (positive control mice, GAA+ / +). Neonatal B6;129-GAAtm1Rabn / J mice (36-48 hours after birth) were injected with AAV9 vector (Group 1) or PBS (Group 2) via retroorbital injection at a standardized dose of 2 x 10E11 vector genomes per neonatal mouse (AAV vectors manufactured by SignaGen Laboratories, Gaithersburg, USA). AAV vector titration by qPCR was performed using the following primers: forward: 5'-CCATCCTCACGACCCAA-3' (SEQ ID NO: 16) and reverse: 5'-GTCCaccATCCTCCGCT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 17). Twenty-two days after injection, mice from the three groups were sacrificed, and individual organs were isolated and frozen for subsequent analysis. GAA activity and % glycogen were measured in different tissues, with one mouse analyzed per cohort.

[0087] 2.6) Results and conclusions: The results in Figure 5 demonstrate that integration of the CRE combination (i.e., Dph-CRE02-CSk-SH1) into the AAV-hGAAco vector (i.e., AAVss-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-pA) enhances vector potency and results in increased GAA activity (within the supraphysiological range, i.e., >wild-type) specifically in different muscle groups, including the diaphragm, heart, gastrocnemius, quadriceps, tibialis, biceps, and triceps. Furthermore, GAA activity correlates with decreased glycogen accumulation in transduced tissues (Figure 6).

[0088] Example 3: Increased GAA activity and mRNA expression in different muscle groups of neonatal mice injected with AAVss-Dph-CRE02-CSkSH1-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-SynthpA. 3.1-3.4) Construction of AAV vectors encoding the therapeutic gene hGAAco, AAV production and titration, animal testing (GAA activity, % glycogen accumulation, and PAS (Piracy Acid Schiff) assay), and mRNA quantification were performed as described in Example 1. 3.5) The experimental design consisted of four groups of mice: Group 1) injected with AAVss-Dph-CRE02-CSkSH1-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-SynthpA (SEQ ID NO: 9) Group 2) injected with AAVss-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-SynthpA (SEQ ID NO: 10) Group 3) PBS injection (negative control mice) Group 4) Non-injected WT (positive control mice, GAA+ / +) Neonatal B6;129-GAAtm1Rabn / J mice (36-48 hours after birth) were injected with AAV9 vectors (Groups 1 and 2) or PBS (Group 3) via retroorbital injection at a standardized dose of 1.5 x 10E11 vector genome (vg) copies per newborn mouse (AAV vectors were produced in-house). AAV vector titration by qPCR was performed using the following primers: forward primer 5'-AGGGATGGTTGGTTGGTGG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 14) and reverse primer 5'-GGCAGGTGCTCCAGGTAAT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 15). 1.5 months after injection, mice from the four groups were sacrificed, and individual organs were isolated and frozen for subsequent analysis. GAA activity, mRNA expression, % glycogen, and Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) assay were measured in different tissues. One mouse per cohort was analyzed.

[0089] 3.6) Results and conclusions: The results in Figures 7 and 8 demonstrate that integration of the CRE combination (i.e., Dph-CRE02-CSk-SH1) into the AAV-hGAAco vector (i.e., AAVss-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-pA) enhances vector efficacy, resulting in increased GAA activity and mRNA expression, particularly in different muscle groups, including the diaphragm, heart, gastrocnemius, quadriceps, tibialis, biceps, and triceps. Furthermore, GAA activity correlates with decreased glycogen accumulation in transduced tissues (Figure 9). The reduction in glycogen by this gene therapy approach was further confirmed by a substantial decrease in PAS+ staining (Figure 10).

[0090] Example 4: Increased GAA activity and mRNA expression in different muscle groups of adult and / or neonatal mice by injection of AAVss-Dph-CRE02-CSkSH1-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAwt-SynthpA. 4.1-4.4) Construction of AAV vectors encoding the therapeutic gene hGAAwt, AAV production and titration, animal testing (GAA activity, % glycogen accumulation, and PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) assay), and mRNA quantification were performed as described in Example 1. In particular, hGAAco from AAVss-Dph-CRE02-CSkSH1-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco-SynthpA was restricted with the enzymes BsiWI and AvrII and then ligated with the hGAAwt fragment obtained by restriction digestion of the plasmid AAVss-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAwt-SynthpA with the enzymes BsiWI and AvrII.

[0091] 4.5) The experimental design consisted of four groups of mice, namely: Group 1) injected with AAVss-Dph-CRE02-CSkSH1-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAwt-SynthpA (SEQ ID NO: 11) Group 2) injected with AAVss-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAwt-SynthpA (SEQ ID NO: 12) Group 3) PBS injection (negative control mice) Group 4) WT mice without injection (positive control mice, GAA+ / +) 1.3-month-old adult B6;129-GAAtm1Rabn / J and / or neonatal B6;129-GAAtm1Rabn / J mice (36-48 hours after birth) were injected with AAV9 vectors (Groups 1 and 2) or PBS (Group 3) via retroorbital injection at a standardized dose of 1 x 10E12 vector genomes per adult mouse or 1.5 x 10E11 vector genome (vg) copies per neonatal mouse (in-house produced AAV vector). At least 1.5 months after injection, mice from the four groups were sacrificed, and individual organs were isolated and frozen for subsequent analysis. GAA activity, mRNA expression, % glycogen, and PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) assay were measured in different tissues, with one mouse analyzed per cohort.

Claims

1. (i) a diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory element comprising a sequence having at least 95% identity to the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:1 or a functional fragment of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:1; and (ii) a cardiac- and skeletal muscle-specific nucleic acid regulatory element comprising a sequence having at least 95% identity to the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:2 or a functional fragment of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:

2. A nucleic acid regulatory element for enhancing muscle-specific gene expression, comprising:

2. The nucleic acid regulatory element of claim 1, comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:

3.

3. A nucleic acid expression cassette comprising the nucleic acid regulatory element of claim 1 or 2 operably linked to a promoter.

4. The promoter is selected from the group consisting of desmin (DES) promoter, synthetic SPc5-12 promoter (SPc5-12); alpha-actin 1 promoter (ACTA1); creatine kinase, muscle (CKM) promoter; 4.5LIM domain protein 1 (FHL1) promoter; alpha 2 actinin (ACTN2) promoter; filamin-C (FLNC) promoter; sarcoplasmic / endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1 (ATP2A1) promoter; troponin I type 1 (TNNI1) promoter; troponin I type 2 (TNNI2) promoter. promoter; troponin T type 3 (TNNT3) promoter; myosin-1 (MYH1) promoter; phosphorylatable fast skeletal myosin light chain (MYLPF) promoter; tropomyosin 1 (TPM1) promoter; tropomyosin 2 (TPM2) promoter; alpha-3 chain tropomyosin (TPM3) promoter; ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 2 (ANKRD2) promoter; myosin heavy chain (MHC) promoter; myosin light chain (MLC) promoter; muscle creatine kinase (MCK) promoter; myosin light chain 1 (MYL1) promoter; myosin light chain 2 (MYL2) promoter; myoglobin (MB) promoter; troponin T type 2 cardiac (TNNT2) promoter; troponin C type 2 (fast twitch) (TNNC2) promoter; troponin C type 1 (TNNC1) promoter; titin-cap (TCAP) promoter; myosin heavy chain 7 (MYH7) promoter; aldolase A (ALDOA) ​​promoter; dMCK promoter; tMCK promoter; MHCK7 promoter; troponin T type 1 (TN 4. The nucleic acid expression cassette of claim 3, wherein the muscle-specific promoter is selected from the group consisting of the NT1 promoter, myosin-2 (MYH2) promoter, sarcolipin (SLN) promoter, myosin-binding protein C1 (MYBPC1) promoter, enolase (EN03) promoter, alpha myosin heavy chain promoter (αMHC) promoter, carbonic anhydrase 3 (CA3) promoter, myosin heavy chain 11 (Myh11) promoter, transgelin (Tagln), and actin alpha2 smooth muscle (Acta2) promoter.

5. A nucleic acid expression cassette described in claim 3 or 4, wherein the promoter is an Spc5-12 promoter.

6. The nucleic acid expression cassette of any one of claims 3 to 5, wherein the nucleic acid regulatory element is operably linked to a promoter and a transgene.

7. A nucleic acid expression cassette as described in claim 6, wherein the introduced gene encodes a lysosomal protein.

8. A nucleic acid expression cassette as described in claim 7, wherein the introduced gene encodes a lysosomal protein selected from the group consisting of acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA), alpha-galactosidase A, and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2).

9. The nucleic acid expression cassette of any one of claims 3 to 8, further comprising an intron.

10. The nucleic acid expression cassette of any one of claims 3 to 9, further comprising a polyadenylation signal.

11. A vector comprising the nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of claims 3 to 10.

12. The vector of claim 11, comprising: (i) a diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory element comprising a sequence having at least 95% identity to the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO: 1 or a functional fragment of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO: 1; (ii) a heart and skeletal muscle-specific nucleic acid regulatory element comprising a sequence having at least 95% identity to the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO: 2 or a functional fragment of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO: 2; (iii) an MVM intron defined by SEQ ID NO: 7; (iv) an SPc5-12 promoter defined by SEQ ID NO: 4; (v) a human GAA transgene defined by SEQ ID NO: 5 or a codon-optimized variant thereof defined by SEQ ID NO: 6; and (vi) a synthetic polyA site defined by SEQ ID NO:

8.

13. A vector described in claim 12, comprising an array defined by SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO:

11.

14. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of claims 3 to 10 or the vector according to any one of claims 11 to 13, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

15. A nucleic acid expression cassette described in any one of claims 3 to 10, a vector described in any one of claims 11 to 13, or a pharmaceutical composition described in claim 14, for use in gene therapy.

16. A nucleic acid expression cassette described in any one of claims 3 to 10, a vector described in any one of claims 11 to 13, or a pharmaceutical composition described in claim 14 for use in muscle-directed gene therapy.

17. A nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of claims 3 to 10, a vector according to any one of claims 11 to 13 or a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14 for use in treating a lysosomal storage disease.

18. The nucleic acid expression cassette described in claim 17, the vector described in claim 17, or the pharmaceutical composition described in claim 17, wherein the lysosomal storage disease is selected from the group consisting of Pompe disease, Fabry disease, and Danon disease.

19. 14. Use of a nucleic acid regulatory element according to claim 1 or 2, a nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of claims 3 to 10, or a vector according to any one of claims 11 to 13, in vitro or ex vivo, to enhance gene expression in the diaphragm, skeletal muscle, cardiac tissue and / or smooth muscle.

20. - introducing into said muscle cells a nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of claims 3 to 10 or a vector according to any one of claims 11 to 13; - Expressing the transgene product in muscle cells 1. An in vitro or ex vivo method for expressing a transgene product in diaphragm, smooth muscle, cardiac cells, and / or skeletal muscle cells, comprising:

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