Polycrystalline diamond radial bearings

Abstract

A radial bearing assembly including a polycrystalline diamond element is provided. The radial bearing assembly includes polycrystalline diamond elements, each having an engagement surface in sliding engagement with an opposing engagement surface. The opposing engagement surfaces include a diamond reactive material. The radial bearing assembly can be deployed in a variety of components and applications, including within rotor and stator assemblies. Methods for using the radial bearing assembly and methods for designing the radial bearing assembly are also provided. [Selected Figure] Figure 1

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE The present disclosure relates to radial bearings, devices and systems including radial bearings, and methods of use thereof.

[0002] (CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS) This application claims the benefit of U.S. Patent Application No. 16 / 049,608, filed July 30, 2018 (pending), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0003] This application is a related application to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15 / 430,254, entitled "Drilling Machine," filed February 10, 2017, and having the same assignee as this application, which is incorporated herein in its entirety as if fully set forth. This application is also a related application to a concurrently filed U.S. patent application entitled "Roller Ball Assembly with Superhard Elements," a concurrently filed U.S. patent application entitled "Cam Follower with Polycrystalline Diamond Engagement Element," and a concurrently filed U.S. patent application entitled "Polycrystalline Diamond Thrust Bearing and Element Thereof," each of which is assigned to the same assignee as this application and is incorporated herein in its entirety as if fully set forth.

[0004] (STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT) Not applicable. [Background technology]

[0005] Radial bearings are used in tools, machines, and load-bearing components. Thermally stable polycrystalline diamond (TSP) and sintered polycrystalline diamond (PDC or PCD), with or without a tungsten carbide support, have been considered contraindicated for use in machining diamond-reactive materials, including iron-based metals and other metals, metal alloys, composites, hardfacings, coatings, or platings containing more than trace amounts of diamond catalyst or solvent elements, including cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, chromium, manganese, copper, titanium, or tantalum. Furthermore, this traditional contraindication to the use of polycrystalline diamond extends to so-called "superalloys," including iron-based, cobalt-based, and nickel-based superalloys, which contain more than trace amounts of diamond catalyst or solvent elements. Surface speeds commonly used in machining such materials typically range from about 0.2 m / s to about 5 m / s. Although these surface speeds are not particularly high, the loads and associated temperatures generated at cutting tips and the like often exceed the graphitization temperature of diamond (i.e., about 700°C), which can lead to rapid component wear and failure if diamond catalyst or solvent elements are present. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that certain failure mechanisms result from the chemical interaction of carbon-containing diamond with the carbon-attracting material being machined. An exemplary reference regarding the contraindications for polycrystalline diamond for diamond-catalyzed or solvent-based machining of metals or alloys is U.S. Pat. No. 3,745,623, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The contraindications for polycrystalline diamond for machining diamond-catalyzed or diamond-solvent-containing materials have long led to the avoidance of polycrystalline diamond in all contact applications with such materials.

[0006] Polycrystalline diamond radial bearings have been developed, with surfaces comprising polycrystalline diamond mating with non-ferrous superhard materials or, more generally, with closely fitted complementary polycrystalline diamond surfaces. As used herein, a "superhard material" is a material at least as hard as tungsten carbide (e.g., superhard tungsten carbide tiles or tungsten carbide tiles). An exemplary reference for polycrystalline diamond radial bearings in contact with superhard materials or compatible polycrystalline diamond is U.S. Patent No. 4,764,036 issued to McPherson and assigned to Smith International, Inc., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, hardness can be determined using the Brinell scale, such as according to ASTM E10-14.

[0007] So-called high-performance polycrystalline diamond bearings are specifically designed for harsh environments, such as downhole drilling and pumping environments or wind turbine energy units, and utilize overlapping, sliding, mating polycrystalline diamond elements. This requires a large number of polycrystalline diamond elements, each shaped with a precise outer contour. For example, the rotor-mounted polycrystalline diamond elements are shaped with a convex outer contour substantially matching the rotor's outer diameter. The stator polycrystalline diamond elements are shaped with a concave outer contour substantially matching the stator's inner diameter. This shaping of the polycrystalline diamond elements requires strict precision and is expensive, requiring cutting using, for example, electrical discharge machining (EDM), laser, or diamond grinding. Therefore, the polycrystalline diamond elements must be mounted in a precise location, with precise alignment, and with a precisely defined height or exposure to ensure mating sliding engagement. The goal for such components is full-surface contact of the polycrystalline diamond elements as the bearing area. Therefore, the process used to fabricate such polycrystalline diamond elements is expensive and time-consuming, with significant opportunities for variation resulting in scrapped parts. Poor alignment and / or exposure can cause so-called "edge strikes" as the polycrystalline diamond elements rotate against one another, creating broken elements and ultimately bearing failure.

[0008] An inexpensive radial bearing utilizing polycrystalline diamond has been proposed, in which a nearly complete circumferential array of contoured polycrystalline diamond elements is mounted on the rotor, and an ultra-hard material is mounted on the stator. This approach requires fewer polycrystalline diamond elements than the previous approach, but still requires contouring of the rotor-mounted elements. In addition, these so-called ultra-hard materials are more brittle and susceptible to impact damage than the diamond reactive materials disclosed herein.

[0009] Additional important references providing information on the background of the technology of the present application are provided by the International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 46 and 47, entitled "Polishing of polycrystalline diamond by the technique of dynamic friction, part 1: Prediction of the interface temperature rise" and "Part 2, Material removal mechanism" (2005 and 2006). These references report on dynamic friction polishing of PDC surfaces using a carbon-loaded steel disc in dry sliding contact under load. The key findings of these references show that the polishing rate is more sensitive to sliding speed than load, and that the rate of the thermochemical reaction between the steel disc and the diamond surface decreases significantly as the surface finish of the diamond surface improves. The authors refer to Iwai, Manabu & Uematsu, T & Suzuki, K & Yasunaga, N. (2001), "High Efficiency Polishing of PCD with Rotating Metal Disc," Proceedings of ISAAT2001, pp. 231-238, which concludes that the thermochemical reaction between the steel disc and the PCD surface does not occur at sliding speeds below 10.5 m / s at a pressure of 27 MPa. These references are incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth. It should be emphasized that the above figures are based on dry operation in air. Clearly, when operating in a liquid-cooled, lubricated environment, higher speeds and loads can be achieved without initiating a thermochemical reaction. It is also noteworthy that the thermochemical response of polished polycrystalline diamond surfaces is low. Copper and titanium were not typically mentioned in early General Electric literature on diamond synthesis but were later added.Relevant references include "Diamond Synthesis from Graphite in the Presence of Water and SiO2," Dobrzhinetskaya and Green, II International Geology Review Vol. 49, 2007, and "Non-metallic catalysts for diamond synthesis under high pressure and high temperature," Sun et al., Science in China August 1999. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0010] [Patent Document 1] U.S. Patent No. 3,745,623 [Patent Document 2] U.S. Patent No. 4,764,036 [Patent Document 3] U.S. Patent No. 8,881,849 [Patent Document 4] U.S. Patent No. 5,447,208 [Patent Document 5] U.S. Patent No. 5,653,300 [Non-patent literature]

[0011] [Non-Patent Document 1] Iwai, Manabu & Uematsu, T & Suzuki, K & Yasunaga, N. (2001), "High efficiency polishing of PCD with rotating metal disc", Proceedings of ISAAT2001, 231-238 [Non-patent document 2] "Diamond Synthesis from Graphite in the Presence of Water and SiO2", Dobrzhinetskaya and Green, II International Geology Review Vol.49, 2007 [Non-patent document 3] "Non-metallic catalysts for diamond synthesis under high pressure and high temperature", Sun et al, Science in China August 1999 Summary of the Invention

[0012] Some aspects of the present disclosure include a radial bearing assembly including polycrystalline diamond elements, each including an engagement surface in sliding engagement with an opposing engagement surface, the opposing engagement surfaces being formed of or including at least some diamond reactive material.

[0013] Another aspect of the present disclosure includes a method of interfacing engagement between components, including between a rotor and a stator. The method includes providing a radial bearing assembly including polycrystalline diamond elements, each having an engagement surface. The method includes interfacing the engagement between the rotor and the stator having the polycrystalline diamond elements such that the engagement surfaces are in sliding engagement with opposing engagement surfaces including at least some diamond reactive material.

[0014] A further aspect of the present disclosure includes a method for designing a radial bearing assembly for a rotor and a stator. The radial bearing assembly includes polycrystalline diamond elements, each including an engagement surface in sliding engagement with an opposing engagement surface formed of or including at least some diamond reactive material. The method includes determining whether a maximum sliding speed of the rotor and stator is less than a predetermined limit (e.g., 10.5 m / s). If the maximum sliding speed is less than the predetermined limit, the method includes selecting a configuration of the radial bearing assembly in the stator and rotor. The method includes calculating a maximum contact pressure per polycrystalline diamond element based on a selected number of polycrystalline diamond elements in the selected configuration of the radial bearing assembly in the stator and rotor and based on an expected load. The calculated maximum contact pressure is optionally divided by a safety factor. The method includes determining whether the calculated maximum contact pressure, optionally divided by the safety factor, is less than a predetermined maximum allowable pressure. If the calculated maximum contact pressure is determined to be less than the predetermined maximum allowable pressure, the method includes deploying at least a minimum number of polycrystalline diamond elements in a selected configuration of radial bearing assemblies in the stator and rotor, and if this number of polycrystalline diamond elements is compatible with the selected configuration of radial bearing assemblies in the stator and rotor, the method includes fabricating an assembly of the radial bearing assemblies, rotor, and stator.

[0015] So that the features and advantages of the systems, apparatus, and / or methods of the present disclosure may be more fully understood, a more particular description, broadly summarized above, has been made by reference to the embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings, which form a part of this specification. It should be noted, however, that the drawings illustrate various exemplary embodiments only, and therefore should not be considered as limiting the disclosed concepts, as other effective embodiments may also be included. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0016] [Figure 1]1 is a flowchart illustrating generalized evaluation criteria for use of the techniques disclosed herein. [Figure 2A] FIG. 1 is a partial side view of a rotor and stator radial bearing assembly according to one embodiment of the present technology. [Figure 2B] 2B is a cross-sectional view of the rotor and stator radial bearing assembly of FIG. 2A taken along line AA. [Figure 3A] FIG. 1 is a partial side view of a rotor and stator radial bearing assembly according to one embodiment of the present technology. [Figure 3B] 3B is a cross-sectional view of the assembly of FIG. 3A taken along line BB. [Figure 4A] FIG. 1 is a partial side view of a rotor and stator radial bearing assembly according to one embodiment of the present technology. [Figure 4B] 4B is a cross-sectional view of the assembly of FIG. 4A taken along line CC. [Figure 5A] FIG. 1 is a partial side view of a rotor and stator radial bearing assembly according to one embodiment of the present technology. [Figure 5B] FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view of the assembly of FIG. 5A taken along line DD. [Figure 6A] FIG. 1 is a partial side view of a rotor and stator radial bearing assembly according to one embodiment of the present technology. [Figure 6B] FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional view of the assembly of FIG. 6A taken along line EE. [Figure 7A] FIG. 1 is a partial side view of a rotor and stator radial bearing assembly according to one embodiment of the present technology. [Figure 7B] 7B is a cross-sectional view of the assembly of FIG. 7A taken along line FF. [Figure 8A] FIG. 1 is a partial side view of a rotor and stator radial bearing assembly according to one embodiment of the present technology. [Figure 8B] 8B is a cross-sectional view of the assembly of FIG. 8A taken along line GG. [Figure 9A] FIG. 1 is a partial side view of a rotor and stator radial bearing assembly according to one embodiment of the present technology. [Figure 9B]FIG. 9B is a cross-sectional view of the assembly of FIG. 9A taken along line HH. [Figure 10A] FIG. 1 is a partial side view of a rotor and stator radial bearing assembly according to one embodiment of the present technology. [Figure 10B] 10B is a cross-sectional top view of the assembly of FIG. 10A taken along line II. [Figure 11A] FIG. 1 is a partial side view of a rotor and stator radial bearing assembly according to one embodiment of the present technology. [Figure 11B] FIG. 11B is a cross-sectional view of the assembly of FIG. 11A taken along line JJ. [Figure 12A] FIG. 1 is a partial side view of a rotor and stator radial bearing assembly according to one embodiment of the present technology. [Figure 12B] FIG. 12B is a cross-sectional view of the assembly of FIG. 12A taken along line KK. [Figure 13A] FIG. 1 is a partial side view of a rotor and stator radial bearing assembly according to one embodiment of the present technology. [Figure 13B] FIG. 13B is a cross-sectional view of the assembly of FIG. 13A taken along line LL. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0017] Systems, apparatus, and methods according to the present disclosure will be more fully described with reference to the accompanying drawings, which show various exemplary embodiments. However, the concepts according to the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited by the exemplary embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the various concepts to those skilled in the art and the best and preferred methods of implementing them.

[0018] Certain aspects of the present disclosure include radial bearings and radial bearing assemblies, devices and systems including the same, and methods of using the same. For convenience, the following description shows outer stator and inner rotor components. However, those skilled in the art will understand that in each of the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein, the inner components can be held stationary and the outer components can rotate. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will understand that while the description of the present disclosure relates to rotor and stator configurations, the technology disclosed herein is not limited to such applications and can be applied to a variety of other applications, including individual bearings having inner and outer races, where both the outer and inner races rotate, or where one or the other of the outer and inner races is held stationary.

[0019] (Diamond reactive materials) As used herein, a "diamond reactive material" is a material that contains more than a trace amount of diamond catalyst or diamond solvent. As used herein, a "diamond reactive material" is a material that contains more than a trace amount of diamond catalyst or diamond solvent. As used herein, a diamond reactive material that contains more than a "trace" amount of diamond catalyst or diamond solvent is at least 2 weight percent (wt.%) Diamond catalyst or diamond solventIn some embodiments, the diamond reactive material disclosed herein comprises 2-100 wt.%, or 5-95 wt.%, or 10-90 wt.%, or 15-85 wt.%, or 20-80 wt.%, or 25-75 wt.%, or 25-70 wt.%, or 30-65 wt.%, or 35-60 wt.%, or 40-55 wt.%, or 45-50 wt.% diamond catalyst or diamond solvent. As used herein, a "diamond catalyst" is a chemical element, compound, or material that can catalyze the graphitization of polycrystalline diamond, such as under load and at a temperature above the graphitization temperature of diamond (i.e., about 700°C). As used herein, a "diamond solvent" is a chemical element, compound, or material that can solubilize polycrystalline diamond, such as under load and at a temperature above the graphitization temperature of diamond. Diamond reactive materials therefore include materials that, under load and at temperatures above the graphitization temperature of diamond, can lead to wear, and in some cases rapid wear, and failure of components formed from or including at least some polycrystalline diamond, such as diamond-tipped tools.

[0020] Diamond reactive materials include, but are not limited to, metals, metal alloys, and composites containing more than trace amounts of diamond catalyst or solvent elements. In some embodiments, the diamond reactive material is in the form of a hardened surface, coating, or plating. For example, but not limited to, the diamond reactive material can be iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, chromium, manganese, copper, titanium, tantalum, or alloys thereof. In some embodiments, the diamond reactive material is a superalloy, including, but not limited to, an iron-based superalloy, a cobalt-based superalloy, or a nickel-based superalloy. In certain embodiments, the diamond reactive material is not a so-called "ultra-hard material" and / or does not include (i.e., specifically excludes) a diamond reactive material. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, "ultra-hard material" is a category of materials defined by the hardness of the material, which can be determined according to the Brinell scale, Rockwell scale, Knoop scale, and / or Vickers scale. For example, ultra-hard materials include materials having a hardness value of greater than 40 gigapascals (GPa) when measured by a Vickers scale test. As used herein, superhard materials include materials at least as hard as tungsten carbide tiles and / or ultrahard tungsten carbide, as determined according to one of these hardness scales, such as the Brinell scale. Those skilled in the art will understand that, for example, Brinell scale testing can be performed according to ASTM E10-14, Vickers hardness testing can be performed according to ASTM E384, Rockwell hardness testing can be performed according to ASTM E18, and Knoop hardness testing can be performed according to ASTM E384. "Superhard materials" disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, tungsten carbide (e.g., tile or ultrahard), infiltrated tungsten carbide matrix, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, cubic boron nitride, and polycrystalline diamond.Thus, in some embodiments, a "diamond reactive material" is composed partially or entirely of a material (e.g., a metal, metal alloy, composite) that is softer (less hard) than a superhard material, such as less hard than tungsten carbide (e.g., tile or superhard) when determined according to one of these hardness tests, such as the Brinell scale.

[0021] (Interface between polycrystalline diamond and diamond reactive material) In some aspects, the present disclosure provides for a polycrystalline diamond element in contact with a diamond reactive material to interface engagement between a rotor and a stator. For example, the polycrystalline diamond element can be positioned and arranged on a stator to make sliding contact with the rotor, where the rotor is formed of or includes at least some diamond reactive material. Alternatively, the polycrystalline diamond element can be positioned and arranged on a rotor to make sliding contact with the stator, where the stator is formed of or includes at least some diamond reactive material. The polycrystalline diamond element can have an engagement surface for engaging with an opposing engagement surface of the diamond reactive material. As used herein, "engagement surface" refers to a surface of a material (e.g., polycrystalline diamond or diamond reactive material) that is positioned and arranged within a bearing assembly such that the engagement surface interfaces contact between two components (e.g., between a stator and a rotor) during operation of the bearing assembly. An "engagement surface" can also be referred to herein as a "bearing surface."

[0022] In some embodiments, the opposing engagement surfaces comprise or consist of at least 2 wt. % diamond reactive material, or 2-100 wt. %, or 5-95 wt. %, or 10-90 wt. %, or 15-85 wt. %, or 20-80 wt. %, or 25-75 wt. %, or 25-70 wt. %, or 30-65 wt. %, or 35-60 wt. %, or 40 to 55 wt. %, or 45 to 50 wt. % diamond reactive material. In certain applications, the polycrystalline diamond elements, or at least their engagement surfaces, are lapped or polished, and optionally highly lapped or polished. While highly polished polycrystalline diamond elements are preferred in at least some applications, the scope of the present disclosure is not limited to highly polished polycrystalline diamond elements, but includes highly lapped or polished polycrystalline diamond elements. As used herein, a surface is defined as "highly lapped" if it has a surface finish of 20 μin or about 20 μin, such as a surface finish ranging from about 18 to about 22 μin. As used herein, a surface is defined as "polished" if it has a surface finish of less than about 10 μin or from about 2 to about 10 μin. As used herein, a surface is defined as "highly polished" if it has a surface finish of less than about 2 μin, or from about 0.5 μin to less than about 2 μin. In some embodiments, the mating surface has a surface finish of 0.5 μin to 40 μin, 2 μin to 30 μin, 5 μin to 20 μin, 8 μin to 15 μin, or less than 20 μin, or less than 10 μin, less than 2 μin, or any range therebetween. Polycrystalline diamond polished to a 0.5 μin surface finish has a coefficient of friction that is about half that of a standard lapped polycrystalline diamond with a surface finish of 20 to 40 μin. U.S. Patent Nos. 5,447,208 and 5,653,300 to Lund et al., which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, provide disclosures regarding the polishing of polycrystalline diamond. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, surface finish can be measured with a profilometer or atomic force microscopy.

[0023] Table 1 below shows a summary of the coefficients of friction of various materials, including polished polycrystalline diamond, in both dry and lubricated static conditions, where a "first material" is moved against a "second material" to determine the CoF of the first material. Table 1 * TIFF0007750737000001.tif51155 *References include Machinery's Handbook; Sexton TN, Cooley CH, Downhole Oil and Gas Drilling Tools, Wear 2009;267:1041-5.

[0024] (Evaluation criteria) 1 shows a flowchart 100 of a symbolic generalized set of evaluation criteria for use of the technology of the present application in a dry, unlubricated environment. As indicated by box 101, first evaluate whether the maximum sliding speed in an application is less than 10.5 m / s. As used herein, "sliding speed," also known as "sliding interface speed," is the speed at which two contacting components move relative to one another (e.g., the speed at which a rotor contacts and moves relative to a stator).

[0025] If it is determined that the maximum sliding speed is not less than 10.5 m / s, then it is determined that the evaluated application is not a candidate for the use of polycrystalline diamond elements in sliding engagement with diamond reactive material, as the sliding speed is too high, as indicated by box 102. Those skilled in the art will understand that in a lubricated or wet environment, the sliding interface speed may be significantly higher than in a dry, unlubricated environment (as evaluated herein).

[0026] If the maximum sliding speed is determined to be less than 10.5 m / s, the configuration (e.g., shape, size, and arrangement) of the polycrystalline diamond elements is selected depending on the particular application, as indicated by box 103. Box 103 lists various non-limiting polycrystalline diamond element configurations for sliding engagement with diamond reactive material in various bearing configurations. For example, planar polycrystalline diamond elements can be selected for use on a stator engaged with a cylindrical rotor formed of or including at least some diamond reactive material, convex polycrystalline diamond elements can be selected for use on a stator engaged with a cylindrical rotor formed of or including at least some diamond reactive material, polycrystalline diamond elements having concave or at least slightly concave surfaces can be selected for use on a stator engaged with a cylindrical rotor formed of or including at least some diamond reactive material, polycrystalline diamond elements having convex or at least slightly convex surfaces can be selected for use on a rotor engaged with a cylindrical stator formed of or including at least some diamond reactive material, and chisel-shaped polycrystalline diamond elements can be selected for use on a stator engaged with a grooved rotor formed from or including at least some diamond reactive material, domed or hemispherical polycrystalline diamond elements can be selected for use on a stator engaged with a grooved rotor formed from or including at least some diamond reactive material, planar polycrystalline diamond elements can be selected for use on a conical stator engaged with a conical rotor formed from or including at least some diamond reactive material, polycrystalline diamond elements having a convex or at least slightly convex surface can be selected for use on a conical stator engaged with a conical rotor formed from or including at least some diamond reactive material, polycrystalline diamond elements having a convex or at least slightly convex surfacePolycrystalline diamond elements having concave or at least slightly concave surfaces can be selected for use on a conical rotor engaged with a conical stator formed from or including at least some diamond reactive material, polycrystalline diamond elements having convex or at least slightly convex surfaces can be selected for use on a spherical rotor engaged with a spherical stator formed from or including at least some diamond reactive material, or polycrystalline diamond elements having planar convex or at least slightly convex surfaces can be selected for use on a spherical stator engaged with a spherical rotor formed from or including at least some diamond reactive material. Those skilled in the art will understand that the present disclosure is not limited to these particular selected shapes and contours, and that shapes, including the contouring of the surfaces of the rotor, stator, polycrystalline diamond elements, and other application-specific components, can vary depending on the particular application.

[0027] After selecting the configuration, the maximum contact pressure per polycrystalline diamond element is calculated as described in box 103. The maximum contact pressure per polycrystalline diamond element is calculated based on the number of polycrystalline diamond elements and the expected loads, including radial, axial, bending or other loads, as described in box 104. The maximum contact pressure can be determined by methods known to those skilled in the art.

[0028] After calculating the maximum contact pressure per polycrystalline diamond element, the calculated maximum pressure per polycrystalline diamond element is divided by a safety factor, as described in box 105. The application of the safety factor in addition to the maximum pressure determined in box 104 can be set and applied, for example, at the discretion of the designer. Thus, the safety factor, when applied, provides a reduction in pressure per polycrystalline diamond element relative to the maximum contact pressure per polycrystalline diamond element.

[0029] In box 106, it is determined whether the calculated maximum pressure is less than the maximum allowable pressure for the expected cycle of the device. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, fatigue acting on the diamond reactive material is the limiting factor. The load is at the diamond / diamond reactive material (e.g., metal) interface. The more PDC elements in the assembly, the smaller the current load on the metal. The SN curve (contact stress versus cycle) can be used to facilitate this determination in box 106.

[0030] If, according to box 106, it is determined that the calculated pressure is not less than the maximum allowable pressure, then further polycrystalline diamond elements are deployed to the design configuration selected in box 103, as shown in box 107. After these further polycrystalline diamond elements are deployed, this modified design configuration is evaluated according to boxes 104 and 105, and then again according to the criteria of box 106.

[0031] If, according to box 106, it is determined that the calculated pressure is less than the maximum allowable pressure, then, as shown in box 108, a proposed design configuration is created by deploying at least the minimum number of polycrystalline diamond elements as indicated as necessary by the previous boxes 101 through 106 onto the components of the selected design configuration of box 103 (e.g., by mounting the minimum number of polycrystalline diamond elements on the stator or rotor).

[0032] In box 109, it is determined whether the minimum number of polycrystalline diamond elements will fit the configuration selected in box 103 according to box 108. If it is determined that the minimum number of polycrystalline diamond elements will fit the configuration selected in box 103, the bearing assemblies in the rotor and stator are manufactured as shown in box 110. If it is determined that the minimum number of polycrystalline diamond elements will not fit the configuration selected in box 103, it is determined that the configuration selected in box 103 is not a candidate for use of polycrystalline diamond elements in sliding engagement with the diamond reactive material according to box 102.

[0033] The designer of the bearing configuration also has the option (not shown) of selecting an alternative bearing configuration from box 103 if the required minimum number of polycrystalline diamond elements is not compatible with the originally selected design configuration. Alternatively, a safety factor can be reduced to reduce the minimum number of polycrystalline diamond elements required. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the criteria set forth in Figure 1 are exemplary only, that other criteria can be evaluated depending on the particular application, and that in at least some applications, some of the criteria set forth in Figure 1 can be omitted without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0034] Various exemplary rotor and stator radial bearing assemblies will now be described with reference to Figures 2A-13B. Like reference numbers refer to like elements in Figures 2A-13B. For example, an exemplary assembly is identified by the reference number "200" in Figures 2A and 2B and by the reference number "300" in Figures 3A and 3B.

[0035] (Stator with planar polycrystalline diamond elements) Figure 2A is a partial side view of a rotor and stator radial bearing assembly, and Figure 2B is a cross-sectional view of the rotor and stator radial bearing assembly of Figure 2A taken along line AA. Rotor and stator radial bearing assembly 200 will be described with reference to both Figures 2A and 2B.

[0036] The rotor and stator radial bearing assembly 200 includes a stator 202 engaged with a rotor 203. Four planar polycrystalline diamond elements 201 are fitted into the stator 202 to provide a sliding engagement between the stator 202 and the rotor 203, the rotor 203 being formed of or including at least some diamond-reactive material. The polycrystalline diamond elements 201 are deployed (e.g., mechanically fitted) to the stator 202 within loading ports 204, which are ports formed and / or positioned within the stator body 211. For example, without limitation, each polycrystalline diamond element 201 may be press-fit, glued, brazed, threaded, or otherwise mounted onto the stator 202 (or rotor in other applications) by methods known to those skilled in the art. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present disclosure is not limited to these particular mounting methods or the use of ports within the stator body, and that the polycrystalline diamond elements may be mounted to the stator or rotor by any of a variety of methods. Furthermore, although shown as including evenly spaced planar polycrystalline diamond elements, one skilled in the art will understand that the number, spacing, arrangement, shape and size of the polycrystalline diamond elements may vary depending on any number of design criteria, including but not limited to those set forth in Figure 1. In some embodiments, the polycrystalline diamond elements are comprised of thermally stable polycrystalline diamond or polycrystalline diamond sintered bodies, with or without a tungsten carbide support.

[0037] Each polycrystalline diamond element 201 includes an engagement surface 213 (illustrated herein as a flat surface), and the rotor 203 includes an opposing engagement surface 215. The polycrystalline diamond elements 201 are positioned on the stator 202 in firm contact with the rotor 203 to limit lateral movement of the rotor 203 while allowing free sliding rotation of the rotor 203 during operation. The polycrystalline diamond elements 201 are positioned and arranged such that the engagement surface 213 contacts (e.g., is in sliding contact with) the opposing engagement surface 215. Thus, the engagement surface 213 and the opposing engagement surface 215 interface the sliding contact between the rotor 203 and the stator 202.

[0038] 2A and 2B illustrate a rotor and stator such as those used in a downhole pump or motor. However, those skilled in the art will understand that radial bearings for other applications, as well as separate radial bearings, can be designed and manufactured in the same or similar manner according to the present disclosure. Non-limiting proximal and distal dimensions of such separate bearings are indicated by dashed lines 205 shown in FIG. 2A. Optionally, as shown in FIG. 2B, through-holes 207 are provided in rotor 203, which may be used, for example, in separate bearings. As can be seen in FIG. 2B, polycrystalline diamond elements 201 are deployed within stator 202 to radially support and provide sliding engagement with rotor 203.

[0039] 2A and 2B show an assembly including four polycrystalline diamond elements 201, those skilled in the art will understand that fewer than four polycrystalline diamond elements, such as three polycrystalline diamond elements, or more than four polycrystalline diamond elements can be used depending on the particular application and configuration, such as the space available for such polycrystalline diamond elements on the stator or rotor. Furthermore, while Figures 2A and 2B show a single circumferential set of polycrystalline diamond elements 201, those skilled in the art will understand that one or more additional circumferential sets of polycrystalline diamond elements can be deployed within the stator (or rotor) to increase the lateral bearing and lateral load taking capabilities of the bearing assembly.

[0040] (Stator with convex polycrystalline diamond elements) Figures 3A and 3B show a rotor and stator radial bearing assembly 300 that is substantially similar to Figures 2A and 2B, except that the polycrystalline diamond element 301 has a convex engagement surface 313 rather than the flat, planar engagement surface of Figures 2A and 2B.

[0041] 3A and 3B, rotor and stator radial bearing assembly 300 includes a convex polycrystalline diamond element 301 fitted into stator body 311 of stator 302 to provide sliding engagement with rotor 303, which is formed of or includes at least some diamond-reactive material. Polycrystalline diamond element 301 is deployed within stator 302 via loading port 304 and can be press-fit, glued, brazed, screwed, or otherwise attached using methods known to those skilled in the art. Polycrystalline diamond element 301 is positioned for secure contact with rotor 303 to limit lateral movement of rotor 303 while allowing free sliding rotation of rotor 303 during operation. As apparent from FIG. 3B, polycrystalline diamond element 301 is deployed within stator 302 to radially support and provide sliding engagement with rotor 303. FIG. 3B also shows an optional through-bore 307, which may be used in a separate bearing.

[0042] While Figures 3A and 3B illustrate a rotor and stator such as those used in a downhole pump or motor, other assemblies, including separate radial bearing assemblies, can be designed and manufactured in the same or substantially the same manner. Non-limiting proximal and distal dimensions of such separate bearings are indicated by dashed lines 305. Furthermore, while Figures 3A and 3B illustrate four polycrystalline diamond elements 301, those skilled in the art will understand that fewer (e.g., three) or more polycrystalline diamond elements can be deployed within the stator 302. Furthermore, while Figures 3A and 3B illustrate a single circumferential set of polycrystalline diamond elements 301, those skilled in the art will understand that one or more additional circumferential sets of polycrystalline diamond elements can be deployed within the stator to increase the lateral support and lateral load taking capabilities of the bearing assembly.

[0043] Similar to assembly 200 , in operation, engagement surface 313 interfaces with opposing engagement surface 315 to carry the load between rotor 303 and stator 302 .

[0044] (Stator with concave polycrystalline diamond elements) Figures 4A and 4B show a rotor and stator radial bearing assembly 400 that is substantially similar to Figures 2A-3B, except that the polycrystalline diamond element 401 has a concave or at least slightly concave surface 413 rather than the flat, planar engagement surface of Figures 2A and 2B or the convex engagement surface of Figures 3A and 3B.

[0045] Slightly concave polycrystalline diamond elements 401 are fitted into the stator body 411 of the stator 402 to provide sliding engagement with the rotor 403. The polycrystalline diamond elements 401 are deployed within the stator 402 via loading ports 404. The polycrystalline diamond elements 401 may be press-fit, glued, brazed, screwed, or otherwise attached using methods known to those skilled in the art. The polycrystalline diamond elements 401 are positioned in firm contact with the rotor 403 to limit lateral movement of the rotor 403 while allowing free sliding rotation of the rotor 403 during operation.

[0046] As with assembly 300, in operation, engagement surface 413 interfaces with opposing engagement surface 415 to carry the load between rotor 403 and stator 402. At least a slight recess in each polycrystalline diamond element 401 is oriented with the axis of the recess in line with the circumferential rotation of rotor 403, thereby ensuring no edge contact between polycrystalline diamond element 401 and rotor 403 and providing linear area contact between polycrystalline diamond element 401 and rotor 403, generally with the deepest portion of the recess. That is, engagement between polycrystalline diamond element 401 and rotor 403 is bounded only by engagement surface 413 and opposing engagement surface 415, and edges or points 417 of polycrystalline diamond element 401 do not contact rotor 403. Thus, only linear area contact occurs between polycrystalline diamond element 401 and rotor 403, and no edge or point contact occurs. As can be seen in Figure 4B, polycrystalline diamond elements 401 are deployed within stator 402 to radially carry and provide sliding engagement with rotor 403. Figure 4B shows an optional through bore 407, such as may be used in a separate bearing.

[0047] While Figures 4A and 4B depict a rotor and stator such as those used in a downhole pump or motor, the assembly, including the separate radial bearing assembly, can be designed and manufactured in the same or substantially the same manner. Non-limiting proximal and distal dimensions of such separate bearings are indicated by dashed lines 405. Furthermore, while Figures 4A and 4B depict four polycrystalline diamond elements 401, those skilled in the art will understand that fewer (e.g., three) or more polycrystalline diamond elements can be deployed within the stator 402. Furthermore, while Figures 4A and 4B depict a single circumferential set of polycrystalline diamond elements 401, those skilled in the art will understand that one or more additional circumferential sets of polycrystalline diamond elements can be deployed within the stator to increase the lateral support and lateral load taking capabilities of the bearing assembly.

[0048] (Rotor with convex polycrystalline diamond elements) Figures 5A and 5B show a rotor and stator radial bearing assembly 500 that is substantially similar to Figures 3A and 3B, except that a polycrystalline diamond element 501 having a convex dome-shaped engagement surface 513 is mounted on the rotor 503 rather than on the stator.

[0049] Convex polycrystalline diamond elements 501 are fitted into a rotor body 523 of a rotor 503 to provide sliding engagement with a stator 502, which is formed of or includes at least some diamond-reactive material. The polycrystalline diamond elements 501 are deployed within the rotor 503 in sockets 504 formed and / or positioned within the rotor body 523. The polycrystalline diamond elements 501 may be press-fit, glued, brazed, screwed, or otherwise attached using methods known to those skilled in the art. The polycrystalline diamond elements 501 are positioned in secure contact with the stator 502 to limit lateral movement of the rotor 503 while allowing free sliding rotation of the rotor 503 during operation. As is evident from FIG. 5B, the polycrystalline diamond elements 501 are deployed within the rotor 503 to radially support and provide sliding engagement with the stator 502. FIG. 5B also shows an optional through-bore 507, such as may be used in a separate bearing.

[0050] While Figures 5A and 5B illustrate a rotor and stator such as those used in a downhole pump or motor, other assemblies including separate radial bearing assemblies can be designed and manufactured in the same or similar manner. Non-limiting proximal and distal dimensions of such separate bearings are indicated by dashed lines 505. Furthermore, while Figures 5A and 5B illustrate four polycrystalline diamond elements 501, those skilled in the art will understand that fewer (e.g., three) or more polycrystalline diamond elements can be deployed within the rotor 503. Furthermore, while Figures 5A and 5B illustrate a single circumferential set of polycrystalline diamond elements 501, those skilled in the art will understand that one or more additional circumferential sets of polycrystalline diamond elements can be deployed within the rotor to increase the lateral support and lateral load taking capabilities of the bearing assembly.

[0051] 2A-4B, in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, an engagement surface 513 is on rotor 503 and an opposing engagement surface 515 is on stator 502. In the embodiment shown in FIGS.

[0052] (Stator with chisel-shaped polycrystalline diamond elements) 6A and 6B show a rotor and stator radial bearing assembly 600 having chisel-shaped polycrystalline diamond elements 601 fitted into a stator body 611 of a stator 602 to provide sliding engagement with a rotor 603 formed of or including at least some diamond reactive material. The polycrystalline diamond elements 601 are deployed within the stator 602 via load ports 604 formed and / or positioned within the stator body 611. The polycrystalline diamond elements 601 may be press-fit, glued, brazed, screwed, or otherwise attached using methods known to those skilled in the art.

[0053] The polycrystalline diamond elements 601 are positioned in positive contact within the radial / thrust face grooves 606 of the rotor 603 so as to limit lateral and axial movement of the rotor 603 while allowing free sliding rotation of the rotor 603 during operation. The chisel-shaped polycrystalline diamond elements 601 are located, arranged, shaped, sized, and oriented for sliding engagement with the radial / thrust mating face grooves 606 of the rotor 603. The chisel-shaped polycrystalline diamond elements 601 include engagement surfaces (defined by the chisel-shaped polycrystalline diamond elements 601) that contact and interface with an opposing engagement surface, here the surface of the radial / thrust face grooves 606. It is apparent from FIG. 6B that the chisel-shaped polycrystalline diamond elements 601 are deployed within the stator 602 to support and provide sliding engagement with the rotor 603 radially and axially. FIG. 6B also shows an optional through bore 607, such as may be used in a separate bearing. The embodiment shown in Figures 6A and 6B can also act as a rotor catch.

[0054] While Figures 6A and 6B illustrate a rotor and stator such as those used in a downhole pump or motor, other assemblies, including separate radial bearing assemblies, can be designed and manufactured in the same or similar manner. Non-limiting proximal and distal dimensions of such separate bearings are indicated by dashed lines 605. Furthermore, while Figures 6A and 6B illustrate four polycrystalline diamond elements 601, those skilled in the art will understand that fewer (e.g., three) or more polycrystalline diamond elements 601 can be deployed within the stator 602. Furthermore, while Figures 6A and 6B illustrate a single circumferential set of polycrystalline diamond elements 601, those skilled in the art will understand that one or more additional circumferential sets of polycrystalline diamond elements can be deployed within the stator to increase the lateral and axial support and lateral and axial load taking capabilities of the bearing assembly.

[0055] (Stator with dome-shaped or hemispherical polycrystalline diamond elements) Figures 7A and 7B show a rotor and stator radial bearing assembly 700 that is substantially similar to Figures 6A and 6B, except that the polycrystalline diamond element 701 has a dome-shaped or hemispherical engagement surface 713 rather than a chisel-shaped polycrystalline diamond element.

[0056] Dome-shaped or hemispherical polycrystalline diamond elements 701 are fitted into a stator housing 711 of a stator 702 to provide sliding engagement with a rotor 703. The polycrystalline diamond elements 701 are deployed within the stator 702 via loading ports 704 formed and / or positioned within the stator body 711. The polycrystalline diamond elements 701 may be press-fit, glued, brazed, threaded, or otherwise attached using methods known to those skilled in the art. The polycrystalline diamond elements 701 are positioned in firm contact with radial / thrust face grooves 706 of the rotor 703 to limit lateral and axial movement of the rotor 703 while allowing free sliding rotation of the rotor 703 during operation. The dome-shaped or hemispherical polycrystalline diamond elements 701 slidingly engage the radial / thrust mating face grooves 706 of the rotor 703. The domed or hemispherical polycrystalline diamond elements 701 define engagement surfaces that contact and interface with opposing engagement surfaces, here the surfaces of the radial / thrust face grooves 706. As can be seen in Figure 7B, the domed or hemispherical polycrystalline diamond elements 701 are deployed within a stator 702 to support and provide sliding engagement with a rotor 703 radially and axially. Figure 7B also shows an optional through bore 707 such as may be used in a separate bearing. The embodiment shown in Figures 7A and 7B may also act as a rotor catch.

[0057] While Figures 7A and 7B illustrate a rotor and stator such as those used in a downhole pump or motor, other assemblies including separate radial bearing assemblies can be designed and manufactured in the same or similar manner. Non-limiting proximal and distal dimensions of such separate bearings are indicated by dashed lines 705. Furthermore, while Figures 7A and 7B illustrate four polycrystalline diamond elements 701, those skilled in the art will understand that fewer (e.g., three) or more polycrystalline diamond elements can be deployed within the stator 702. Furthermore, while Figures 7A and 7B illustrate a single circumferential set of polycrystalline diamond elements, those skilled in the art will understand that one or more additional circumferential sets of polycrystalline diamond elements can be deployed within the stator to increase the lateral and axial support and lateral and axial load taking capabilities of the bearing assembly.

[0058] (Stator with planar polycrystalline diamond elements) 8A and 8B show a rotor and stator radial bearing assembly 800 including planar polycrystalline diamond elements 801 fitted into a stator body 811 of a stator 802 to provide sliding engagement with a rotor 803 formed of or including at least some diamond reactive material. The polycrystalline diamond elements 801 are deployed within the stator 802 via loading ports 804 formed and / or positioned within the stator body 811. The polycrystalline diamond elements 801 may be press-fit, glued, brazed, screwed, or otherwise attached using methods known to those skilled in the art.

[0059] The polycrystalline diamond element 801 is positioned in firm contact with the radial / thrust face 806 of the rotor 803 to restrict lateral and upward axial movement of the rotor 803 while allowing free sliding rotation of the rotor 803 during operation.

[0060] The planar polycrystalline diamond elements 801 are in sliding engagement with the radial / thrust mating conical surface of the rotor 803 such that the engagement surface 813 contacts and interfaces with the opposing engagement surface 806. As can be seen in Figure 8B, the polycrystalline diamond elements 801 are deployed within the stator 802 to support and provide sliding engagement with the rotor 803 radially and axially.

[0061] 8A and 8B show four polycrystalline diamond elements 801, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that fewer (e.g., three) or more polycrystalline diamond elements can be deployed within the stator 802. Furthermore, while Figures 8A and 8B show a single circumferential set of polycrystalline diamond elements 801, it will be understood that one or more additional circumferential sets of polycrystalline diamond elements can be deployed within the stator to increase the lateral and axial support and lateral and axial load taking into account the bearing assembly's capabilities.

[0062] (Stator with convex polycrystalline diamond elements) 9A and 9B show a rotor and stator radial bearing assembly 900 that is substantially similar to that of FIGS. 8A and 8B, except that the polycrystalline diamond element 901 has a convex engagement surface 913 rather than a planar engagement surface.

[0063] Convex polycrystalline diamond elements 901 are fitted into a stator body 911 of a stator 902 to provide sliding engagement with a rotor 903. The polycrystalline diamond elements 901 are deployed within the stator 902 via load ports 904 formed and / or positioned within the stator body 911. The polycrystalline diamond elements 901 may be press-fit, glued, brazed, screwed, or otherwise attached using methods known to those skilled in the art.

[0064] The convex polycrystalline diamond element 901 is positioned in firm contact with the radial / thrust surface 906 of the rotor 903 so as to restrict lateral and upward axial movement of the rotor 903 while allowing free sliding rotation of the rotor 903 during operation. The polycrystalline diamond element 901 slidingly engages the radial / thrust mating conical surface of the rotor 903 such that the engagement surface 913 contacts and aligns with the opposing engagement surface 906.

[0065] As can be seen in FIG. 9B, convex polycrystalline diamond elements 901 are deployed within stator 902 to support and provide sliding engagement with rotor 903 radially and axially.

[0066] 9A and 9B show four polycrystalline diamond elements 901, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that fewer (e.g., three) or more polycrystalline diamond elements can be deployed within the stator 902. Furthermore, while Figures 9A and 9B show a single circumferential set of polycrystalline diamond elements 901, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that one or more additional circumferential sets of polycrystalline diamond elements can be deployed within the stator to increase the lateral and axial support and lateral and axial load taking into account the bearing assembly's capabilities.

[0067] 10A and 10B show a rotor and radial stator and thrust bearing assembly 1000 including a convex polycrystalline diamond element 1001 fitted into a rotor body 1023 of a rotor 1003 to provide sliding engagement with a stator 1002 formed of or including at least some diamond reactive material. The polycrystalline diamond element 1001 is deployed within the rotor 1003 in a socket 1004 formed and / or positioned within the rotor body 1023. The polycrystalline diamond element 1001 may be press-fit, glued, brazed, screwed, or otherwise attached using methods known to those skilled in the art.

[0068] The convex polycrystalline diamond elements 1001 are positioned in a positive contact position within the radial / thrust surface 1006 of the stator 1002 to restrict lateral and upward axial movement of the rotor 1003 while allowing free sliding rotation of the rotor 1003 during operation. The convex polycrystalline diamond elements 1001 slidingly engage the radial / thrust mating conical surface of the stator 1002 such that the engagement surface 1013 contacts and interfaces with the opposing engagement surface 1006. As is evident from FIG. 10B , the convex polycrystalline diamond elements 1001 are deployed within the rotor 1003 to support and provide sliding engagement with the stator 1002 of the target material in both the radial and axial directions.

[0069] 10A and 10B show four polycrystalline diamond elements 1001, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that fewer (e.g., three) or more polycrystalline diamond elements may be deployed within the rotor 1003. Furthermore, while Figures 10A and 10B show a single circumferential set of polycrystalline diamond elements 1001, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that one or more additional circumferential sets of polycrystalline diamond elements may be deployed within the rotor to increase the lateral and axial bearing and lateral and axial load taking into account the bearing assembly's capabilities.

[0070] (Stator with planar polycrystalline diamond elements) 11A and 11B show a rotor and radial stator and thrust bearing assembly 1100 including recessed or at least slightly recessed polycrystalline diamond elements 1101 fitted into a stator body 1111 of a stator 1102 to provide sliding engagement with a rotor 1103 formed of or including at least some diamond reactive material. The polycrystalline diamond elements 1101 are deployed within the stator 1102 via load ports 1104 formed and / or positioned therethrough. The polycrystalline diamond elements 1101 may be press-fit, glued, brazed, screwed, or otherwise attached using methods known to those skilled in the art.

[0071] The polycrystalline diamond element 1101 is positioned in a positive contact position within the radial / thrust face 1106 of the rotor 1103 to limit lateral and upward axial movement of the rotor 1103 while allowing free sliding rotation of the rotor 1103 during operation. The polycrystalline diamond element 1101 is oriented with respect to the axis of the recess in line with the circumferential rotation of the rotor 1103 to ensure no edge or point contact and therefore only linear area contact with the innermost portion of the recess. The slightly concave polycrystalline diamond element 1101 slidingly engages the radial / thrust conical face of the rotor 1103 such that the engagement surface 1113 contacts and interfaces with the opposing engagement surface 1106.

[0072] As can be seen in FIG. 11B, slightly concave polycrystalline diamond elements 1101 are deployed within stator 1102 to support and provide sliding engagement with rotor 1103 radially and axially.

[0073] 11A and 11B show four polycrystalline diamond elements 1101, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that fewer (e.g., three) or more polycrystalline diamond elements can be deployed within the stator 1102. Furthermore, while Figures 11A and 11B show a single circumferential set of polycrystalline diamond elements 1101, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that one or more additional circumferential sets of polycrystalline diamond elements can be deployed within the stator to increase the lateral and axial support and lateral and axial load taking into account the bearing assembly's capabilities.

[0074] (Rotor with convex polycrystalline diamond elements) 12A and 12B show a rotor and stator radial and thrust bearing assembly 1200 including a convex polycrystalline diamond element 1201 fitted into a rotor body 1223 of a rotor 1203 to provide sliding engagement with a stator 1202. The polycrystalline diamond element 1201 is deployed within the rotor 1203 in a socket 1204 formed and / or positioned within the rotor body 1223. The polycrystalline diamond element 1201 may be press-fit, glued, brazed, screwed, or otherwise attached using methods known to those skilled in the art.

[0075] The convex polycrystalline diamond element 1201 is positioned in a positive contact position within the radial / thrust concave curved surface 1206 of the stator 1202 so as to restrict lateral and upward axial movement of the rotor 1203 while allowing free sliding rotation of the rotor 1203 during operation. The convex polycrystalline diamond element 1201 slidingly engages the radial / thrust mating concave curved surface of the stator 1202 such that the engagement surface 1213 engages the radial / thrust concave curved surface 1206. In the embodiment of FIGS. 12A and 12B, the radial / thrust concave curved surface 1206 is or forms the opposing engagement surface. In the assembly 1200, the contact area on the convex polycrystalline diamond element 1201 is generally circular. However, one skilled in the art will understand that the polycrystalline diamond element is not limited to having such a contact area.

[0076] As can be seen in FIG. 12B, convex polycrystalline diamond elements 1201 are deployed within rotor 1203 to support and provide sliding engagement with stator 1202 radially and axially.

[0077] 12A and 12B show four polycrystalline diamond elements 1201, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that fewer (e.g., three) or more polycrystalline diamond elements can be deployed within the rotor 1203. Furthermore, while Figures 12A and 12B show a single circumferential set of polycrystalline diamond elements 1201, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that one or more additional circumferential sets of polycrystalline diamond elements can be deployed within the rotor to increase the lateral and axial bearing and lateral and axial load taking capabilities of the bearing assembly.

[0078] (Stator with planar polycrystalline diamond elements) 13A and 13B show partial side views of a rotor and stator radial and thrust assembly 1300 including flat (or dome-shaped, not shown) polycrystalline diamond elements 1301 fitted into a stator body 1311 of a stator 1302 to provide sliding engagement with a rotor 1303 formed of or including at least some diamond reactive material. The polycrystalline diamond elements 1301 are deployed within the stator 1302 via load ports 1304 formed and / or positioned within the stator body 1311. The polycrystalline diamond elements 1301 may be press-fit, glued, brazed, screwed, or otherwise attached using methods known to those skilled in the art.

[0079] The polycrystalline diamond element 1301 is positioned in firm contact with the radial / thrust convex curved surface 1306 of the rotor 1303 to limit lateral and upward axial movement of the rotor 1303 while allowing free sliding rotation of the rotor 1303 during operation. The radial / thrust convex curved surface 1306 is or forms an opposing engagement surface. The polycrystalline diamond element 1301 slidingly engages the radial / thrust convex curved surface 1306 of the rotor 1403 such that the engagement surface 1313 is engaged with the opposing engagement surface (i.e., the radial / thrust convex curved surface 1306). In the assembly 1300, the contact area on the flat or dome-shaped polycrystalline diamond element is typically circular. However, one skilled in the art will understand that the polycrystalline diamond element can have a different contact area.

[0080] As can be seen in FIG. 13B, planar polycrystalline diamond elements 1301 are deployed within a stator 1302 to support and provide sliding engagement with a rotor 1303 radially and axially.

[0081] 13A and 13B show four polycrystalline diamond elements 1301, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that fewer (e.g., three) or more polycrystalline diamond elements can be deployed within the stator 1302. Furthermore, while Figures 13A and 13B show a single circumferential set of polycrystalline diamond elements 1301, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that one or more additional circumferential sets of polycrystalline diamond elements can be deployed within the stator to increase the lateral and axial bearing and lateral and axial load taking capabilities of the bearing assembly.

[0082] As evident from the diagrams in Figures 2A-13B, some embodiments of the present disclosure include high-performance radial bearings incorporating polycrystalline diamond elements in sliding engagement with curved or cylindrical surfaces formed of or including at least some diamond reactive material. Some such embodiments include high-performance radial bearings in which a rotor including diamond reactive material is in sliding contact with, preferably three or more polycrystalline diamond elements mounted on a stator. The polycrystalline diamond elements of the stator preferably have planar faces, but can also be slightly concave, convex, or any combination of the three. The face contours of the polycrystalline diamond elements of the stator need not, and preferably do not, conform to the curved surface of the stator's circumference. While three or more polycrystalline diamond elements are preferred, the technology of the present application can be implemented with as few as one or two polycrystalline diamond elements, such as when the polycrystalline diamond elements are used to reduce wear and friction on the low-gravity side of a stator in a horizontally oriented positive displacement pump or opposite the scribe side of a directional drilling assembly.

[0083] In certain applications, the bearing assemblies disclosed herein are configured to resist thrust loads, and at least some embodiments of the bearing assemblies disclosed herein are capable of handling both radial and thrust load components simultaneously.

[0084] At least some embodiments of the disclosed bearing assemblies are economically viable and relatively large diameter.

[0085] (Edge radius processing) In some aspects, the polycrystalline diamond elements undergo edge radius treatment. Edge radius treatment of polycrystalline diamond elements is well known in the art. In some embodiments of the technology of the present application that utilize flat or concave polycrystalline diamond elements, it is preferable to utilize edge radius treatment of such polycrystalline diamond elements. One purpose of utilizing edge radius treatment is to reduce or eliminate the possibility of cutting or scribing the outer edge at the outer limit of the linear engagement area of ​​a given polycrystalline diamond element with an opposing engagement surface (e.g., a curved surface).

[0086] (polycrystalline diamond element) In certain applications, the polycrystalline diamond elements disclosed herein have an increased cobalt content transition layer between the outer polycrystalline diamond surface and the supporting tungsten carbide slug, as is known in the art.

[0087] The polycrystalline diamond elements may be supported by tungsten carbide or may be unsupported "stand alone" polycrystalline diamond elements attached directly to the bearing component.

[0088] The polycrystalline diamond elements may be unleached, leached, leached and backfilled, thermally stable, coated by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), or treated in a variety of ways known in the art.

[0089] (Polycrystalline Diamond Elements - Shape, Size, and Arrangement) The polycrystalline diamond elements can have diameters as small as 3 mm (about 1 / 8 inch) or as large as 75 mm (about 3 inches), depending on the application of the bearing and the configuration and diameter. Typically, polycrystalline diamond elements have diameters of 8 mm (about 5 / 16 inch) to 25 mm (about 1 inch).

[0090] While polycrystalline diamond elements are most commonly available in cylindrical shapes, it will be understood that the techniques of the present application can be practiced with polycrystalline diamond elements that are square, rectangular, oval, any of the shapes described herein with reference to the figures, or any other suitable shape known in the art. In some applications, the radial bearing has one or more convexly curved polycrystalline diamond elements mounted on a rotor (or stator) in sliding contact with the stator (or rotor).

[0091] In some applications, the polycrystalline diamond elements are deployed in rings along the bearing component. A non-limiting example is a ring of five flat-faced polycrystalline diamond elements deployed on the distal portion of the stator and another ring of five flat-faced polycrystalline diamond elements deployed on the proximal portion of the stator. Thus, a high-performance polycrystalline diamond element bearing assembly can be deployed to ensure stable operation along the length of the stator / rotor interface while requiring a smaller total number of polycrystalline diamond elements than used in conventional existing assemblies.

[0092] The polycrystalline diamond elements can be arranged in any pattern, layout, spacing or staggering within the bearing assembly to provide the desired support without concern for the need for overlapping contact with polycrystalline diamond element mating surfaces on opposing bearing components.

[0093] (Polycrystalline diamond element - contact area of ​​mating surfaces) In some embodiments, the polycrystalline diamond elements disclosed herein are not shaped to precisely conform to the opposing engagement surface. In certain embodiments, the sliding interface contact area of ​​the engagement surface of the polycrystalline diamond element is less than 80%, or less than 75%, or less than 70%, or less than 60% of the total surface area of ​​the polycrystalline diamond element. As used herein, the "contact area" of the engagement surface refers to the surface area of ​​the engagement surface that is in contact with the opposing engagement surface.

[0094] An important performance criterion is that the polycrystalline diamond elements be configured and positioned to eliminate edge or point contact with the opposing mating surface or component. For planar-facing polycrystalline diamond elements mounted on a stator, such polycrystalline diamond elements typically make less than full-surface contact with the rotor. That is, when the rotor rotates against the polycrystalline diamond element, the mating surface contact area is less than full-surface. For polycrystalline diamond elements mounted on either a rotor or stator that are at least slightly dome-shaped or convex, such polycrystalline diamond elements exhibit a small, generally circular mating surface contact area. For convex polycrystalline diamond elements mounted on either a rotor or stator that are saddle-shaped, the polycrystalline diamond elements exhibit a small, linear area of ​​mating surface contact area. For slightly concave polycrystalline diamond elements deployed on a stator, a somewhat smaller linear mating surface contact area is exhibited on each polycrystalline diamond element.

[0095] (Polycrystalline Diamond Element - Mounting) As previously mentioned, the polycrystalline diamond elements can be attached directly to the bearing element (e.g., stator or rotor) via methods known in the art, including, but not limited to, brazing, adhesive bonding, press fitting, shrink fitting, or threaded fastening. Additionally, the polycrystalline diamond elements can be attached as a separate ring or rings, which can then be deployed onto the bearing element (rotor or stator) via methods known in the art, including, but not limited to, adhesive bonding, press fitting, thread locking, or brazing.

[0096] The planar or dome-shaped polycrystalline diamond elements can be mounted to allow them to rotate about their own axes. U.S. Patent No. 8,881,849 to Shen et al. is described as a non-limiting example of a method for allowing polycrystalline diamond elements to rotate about their own axes while in face-to-face contact with a workpiece.

[0097] (Treatment of opposing engagement surfaces) In some embodiments, the opposing mating surfaces of the diamond reactive material are pre-saturated with carbon (e.g., before mating with the mating surfaces). Such pre-saturation reduces the diamond reactive material's ability to attract carbon through graphitization of the surface of the polycrystalline diamond. Pre-saturation of the diamond reactive material surface contact area can be achieved by any method known in the art.

[0098] (Solid lubricant supply source) In certain applications, a solid lubricant source, for example, graphite or hexagonal boron nitride sticks or inclusions, whether excited or unexcited, is in contact with an opposing mating surface formed of or including at least a portion of diamond reactive material.

[0099] (Application) The bearing assemblies disclosed herein can be part of a machine or other device or system. In some such embodiments, the proximal end of the stator can be connected to another component, such as a drill string or a motor housing, by a threaded connection, welding, or other connection means known in the art. In some embodiments, when the bearing assembly is used in a downhole application, the distal end of the rotor can be augmented by a thrust bearing and can hold a threaded connection for attachment of a drill bit, or the distal end of the rotor can be a drill bit formed and / or positioned directly on the end of the rotor mandrel. The component connections are not limited to downhole applications and can be applied to other applications, such as wind turbine energy generation devices or marine applications.

[0100] Additionally, different variations of the bearing assemblies described herein can be used in a wide range of other applications, including, but not limited to, heavy equipment, automobiles, turbines, transmissions, rail cars, computer hard drives, centrifuges, medical equipment, pumps, and motors.

[0101] In certain aspects, the bearing assemblies disclosed herein are suitable for deployment and use in harsh environments (e.g., downhole). In some such aspects, the bearing assemblies are less susceptible to fracture than bearing assemblies in which a polycrystalline diamond engagement surface engages another polycrystalline diamond engagement surface. In certain aspects, such harsh environments suitable for radial bearings provide increased service value compared to bearing assemblies including a polycrystalline diamond engagement surface engaged with another polycrystalline diamond engagement surface. Furthermore, the bearing assemblies disclosed herein can be spaced apart at greater distances than would be required when using a bearing assembly including a polycrystalline diamond engagement surface engaged with another polycrystalline diamond engagement surface.

[0102] In certain applications, the bearing assemblies disclosed herein can act as rotor catches, such as in downhole applications. In a lubricated environment, the bearing assemblies can benefit from the hydrodynamic effects of the lubricating oil to create clearance between the moving and stationary elements of the bearing assembly.

[0103] (Exemplary Test) In an effort to develop a robust cam follower interface for use in the "Drilling Machine" of Applicants' previously referenced U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15 / 430,254 (the "'254 Application"), Applicants designed and constructed an advanced test bench. The test bench employed a 200 RPM electric gear motor driving a hard-faced iron rotor mandrel within a hard-faced iron stator housing. The mandrel incorporated a non-hard-faced offset cam cylinder midway along its length. The rotor / stator assembly was supplied with circulating fluid using a positive displacement pump. Candidate cam follower interface mechanisms were placed under load and in sealing contact with the rotor mandrel's cam cylinder. Using the test bench, the candidate interface mechanisms were tested for survivability and wear under loads ranging from 500 to 3000 lbf in either clean water or sand-blended drilling fluid.

[0104] Applicants have conducted tests of iron cam cylinders in sliding contact with polished polycrystalline diamond surfaces without any deleterious effects or apparent chemical interactions. Iron materials are attractive for bearing applications due to their ready availability, ease of forming and machining, high modulus, and lower cost than so-called superhard materials.

[0105] A testing program conducted by applicants has demonstrated that a successful load interface between polycrystalline diamond and diamond reactive materials can be utilized in bearing applications, even at relatively high loads and high RPM speeds.

[0106] The key finding is that unless the polycrystalline diamond element is in edge or point contact with the diamond reactive material, which could lead to machining and chemical interactions, the polycrystalline diamond can make sliding contact with the diamond reactive material at typical bearing loads and speeds required in many applications. This unexpected and surprising success of Applicants' tests led to the development of a new high performance radial bearing.

[0107] The test program included testing a curved iron surface in high-load, face-to-face linear area contact with a planar polycrystalline diamond under rotation. This test produced a slightly discolored Hertzian contact area on the face of the PDC approximately 0.250 inches wide along the entire 1 / 2-inch wide face of the polycrystalline diamond. The width of the contact area can be explained by cam offset, vibrations within the system, and slight deformation of the iron metal under load. The total contact area of ​​the 1 / 2-inch polycrystalline diamond element face at a given time is estimated to be approximately 7% or less of the total area of ​​the polycrystalline diamond element face. The configuration employed in the test demonstrates that even a small surface area on the face of a polycrystalline diamond element can support a large load.

[0108] Further testing of a spherical iron ball under load and rotation against a planar polycrystalline diamond face produced a small, discolored Hertzian contact area approximately 0.030 in diameter in the center of the polycrystalline diamond element. As with the contact description above, without being bound by theory, it is believed that the diameter of the discoloration is the result of slight vibrations of the test apparatus and slight deformation of the iron metal under load.

[0109] Table 2 below provides data summarizing tests performed by applicant on various configurations of sliding interfaces. Table 2 TIFF0007750737000002.tif187149 TIFF0007750737000003.tif68149

[0110] Tests 1 and 2 summarize the test failures of individual steel balls rolling under load within a steel cup. Test 3 summarizes the test pass of a steel ball supported by a single polished PDC element in a steel cup. Test 4 summarizes the high pass rate of a single steel ball supported by an array of three polished polycrystalline diamond elements in a steel cup. Tests 5 through 9 each summarize more severe tests of a single polished polycrystalline diamond element in sliding contact with a rotating steel cam surface. Test 10 each summarizes comparative tests of a single unpolished polycrystalline diamond element versus a single polished polycrystalline diamond element in sliding contact with a rotating steel cam surface. The final test demonstrates a significant increase in the coefficient of friction when an unpolished polycrystalline diamond element is used. The conditions and results presented in Table 2 are representative of the potential use of polycrystalline diamond on diamond-reactive materials and should not be considered limiting or completely encompassing the technology of this application.

[0111] (Test conclusion) It has been found that the use of polycrystalline diamond elements in radial bearings can result in much less utilization of the entire surface of the element, yet still be subject to significant loads.This discovery means that effective polycrystalline diamond elements, including radial bearings, can be designed and manufactured without the need for full surface contact of the polycrystalline diamond element with the opposing surface.Using this discovery in the technology of the present application means that radial bearings can be manufactured with much less processing of polycrystalline diamond elements, substantially reducing the risk of edge collisions or driving the machining of the diamond reactive material opposing surface.

[0112] Without being bound by theory, in operation, running the cam and cam follower in a liquid-cooled, lubricated environment allows for high speeds and loads to be achieved without initiating thermochemical reactions. Furthermore, the polished polycrystalline diamond surface, among other things, provides a reduced thermochemical response.

[0113] From the description and figures provided above, it can be readily understood that the bearing assembly technology of the present application can be used in a wide range of applications, including applications in downhole environments. In addition, the technology provided herein has a wide range of application in other industrial applications.

[0114] Furthermore, although shown and described in relation to engagement of surfaces within a radial bearing assembly, those skilled in the art will understand that the present disclosure is not limited to this particular application and that the concepts disclosed herein may be applied to engagement between any diamond reactive material surface engaged with a diamond material surface.

[0115] While the present embodiments and advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions, and alterations can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, and steps described herein. Those skilled in the art will readily understand from this disclosure that any now existing or later developed processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same results as the corresponding embodiments described herein can be utilized in accordance with the present disclosure. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.

Claims

1. 1. A method of designing a radial bearing assembly for a rotor and a stator in a system, comprising: the radial bearing assembly includes polycrystalline diamond elements, each of the polycrystalline diamond elements including a diamond engagement surface in sliding engagement with an opposing engagement surface, the opposing engagement surfaces including at least some diamond reactive material; The method comprises: determining whether a maximum sliding velocity of the rotor and the stator is less than a preset limit; selecting a configuration of the radial bearing assemblies within the rotor and the stator; calculating a maximum contact pressure per polycrystalline diamond element based on a selected number of polycrystalline diamond elements in the selected configuration of the radial bearing assemblies in the rotor and the stator and based on an expected load, the calculated maximum contact pressure being divided by a safety factor; determining that the calculated maximum contact pressure divided by the safety factor is less than a preset maximum allowable pressure; if it is determined that the calculated maximum contact pressure is less than the predetermined maximum allowable pressure, deploying at least a minimum number of the selected number of polycrystalline diamond elements on the selected configuration of the radial bearing assemblies in the rotor and the stator, such that the number of polycrystalline diamond elements matches the selected configuration of the radial bearing assemblies in the rotor and the stator; fabricating the radial bearing assembly for the rotor and the stator; Including, The system including the radial bearing assembly comprises: the polycrystalline diamond element including the diamond engagement surface; the opposing mating surface being a metal surface comprising a metal or metal alloy, the metal or metal alloy comprising at least 2 wt. % diamond catalyst or diamond solvent based on the total weight of the metal or metal alloy; The method wherein the diamond engagement surface of the polycrystalline diamond element is in sliding engagement with the opposing engagement surface.

2. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the contact area between the diamond engagement surface and the opposing engagement surface is less than 75% of the total surface area of ​​the polycrystalline diamond element.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the diamond catalyst or diamond solvent is chromium or titanium.

4. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the diamond catalyst or diamond solvent comprises iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, manganese, copper, or tantalum.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal surface is in the form of a hardface, coating, or plating.

6. The method of claim 1 further comprising a stator engaged with the rotor, wherein the diamond engagement surface and the opposing engagement surface are in sliding contact between the rotor and the stator.

7. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the polycrystalline diamond element is positioned and disposed on the stator in sliding contact with the rotor, the rotor including the opposing engagement surface.

8. a first plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements including the polycrystalline diamond elements, the first plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements being arranged in an array around a circumference of the stator, each of the first plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements having a diamond engagement surface in sliding contact with the metal surface; a second plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements arranged in a circumferential array on the stator, each of the second plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements having a diamond engagement surface in sliding contact with the metal surface; The method of claim 7 , wherein the second plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements are spaced apart from the first plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements.

9. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: a drill string coupled to the stator; a motor housing coupled to the stator; a drill bit coupled to the rotor; a positive displacement pump including the rotor and stator; a downhole motor including the rotor and stator; or a turbine including the rotor and stator.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the system is a directional drilling assembly.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal is softer than the superhard material.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal is a metal alloy.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal is steel.

14. 10. The method of claim 1, comprising providing a plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements including diamond engagement surfaces, each of said diamond engagement surfaces in sliding engagement with an opposing engagement surface.

15. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements are equally spaced apart.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein the spacing between the polycrystalline diamond elements varies.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the diamond engagement surface has a surface finish of 20 μin or less.

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