Methanol-free organic peroxide emulsion

Abstract

To provide a methanol-free emulsion of dibutyl peroxydicarbonate.SOLUTION: An emulsion includes: a) 25-70 wt.% di-n-butyl peroxydicarbonate or di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate; b) a polyvinyl acetate having a degree of hydrolysis of 50-90 mol%; c) at least one emulsifier; d) at least one cyclohexane dicarboxylate ester; e) ethanol; f) at least one C2-C6 monohydric or polyhydric alcohol different to e); and g) water.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a methanol-free emulsion of dibutyl peroxydicarbonate, a process for its preparation, and its use for the polymerization or copolymerization of one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers. [Background technology]

[0002] As is well known, organic peroxides are thermally unstable compounds. The decomposition of these peroxides is exothermic and therefore dangerous if the heat of decomposition cannot be dissipated, for example, by heat loss to the surrounding area. Heat buildup can lead to uncontrolled decomposition reactions. To avoid this undesirable situation, peroxides are typically formulated with one or more desensitizing agents. An example of a desensitizing agent is water.

[0003] Aqueous organic peroxide emulsions are generally considered safe products because the peroxide is dispersed in the aqueous phase, forming small droplets, and the aqueous phase is suitable for removing heat of decomposition, for example, by convection and / or evaporation. However, many aqueous organic peroxide emulsions are not sufficiently stable during storage. Although emulsion formulations have been well optimized in terms of viscosity and droplet size, droplet growth remains a problem, resulting in a short emulsion shelf life. Droplet growth can (eventually) lead to phase separation of the emulsion, causing the formulation to be considered unsafe.

[0004] Most commercially used aqueous organic peroxide emulsions are stored at low temperatures, typically between -25°C and 0°C. This requires the use of an antifreeze, the most commonly used antifreeze being methanol. Given the high volatility of methanol (which poses regulatory issues, i.e., its use in organic peroxide emulsions is prohibited in the United States because it is a hazardous air pollutant on the EPA-HAP list), it is preferable to produce methanol-free organic peroxide emulsions.

[0005] Organic peroxides which have proven particularly difficult to formulate as stable emulsions are di-n-butyl peroxydicarbonate and di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate, especially di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate.

[0006] Arkema France's International Patent Publication No. 2021 / 234322 discloses stable organic peroxide emulsions containing ethanol. While International Patent Publication No. 2021 / 234322 speculatively lists dibutyl peroxydicarbonate as one of many peroxides that can be stably emulsified by the process disclosed therein, this is not embodied in International Patent Publication No. 2021 / 234322.

[0007] Arkema France's International Patent Publication No. 2022 / 243610 provides one example (Example 1, Composition No. 8) of an "emulsion" of di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate ("Luperox® 225") containing 13.5% ethanol. As shown in Table 4, the emulsion was completely unstable and demulsified within 2 hours.

[0008] Arkema France's WO 2021 / 234311 also provides an example of an emulsion of di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate ("Luperox® 225") with 10% ethanol (Example 1, Emulsion A3). As shown in Table 3, Emulsion A3 was the only emulsion of Luperox 225 that demulsified during the test period. Note that the stability data provided in Table 3 is unreliable because Emulsion A3 (which appears stable for 4 months) is essentially identical (compositionally) to the completely unstable emulsion "Composition No. 8" of WO 2022 / 243610 (same peroxide in the same amount, essentially the same amount of ethoxylated nonionic surfactant, essentially the same amount of propane-1,2-diol, and a similar amount of ethanol). It is not possible for two essentially identical emulsions to have such dramatically different stability profiles, especially in light of what is disclosed in WO 2021 / 234323.

[0009] In this regard, the lack of storage stability of the above-mentioned processing examples of WO 2022 / 243610 and WO 2021 / 234311 is explained in Arkema France's WO 2021 / 234323, where the common author of all of the above-mentioned international patent publications (Arkema France) explicitly states that stable emulsions of di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate ("stable" is defined as stable for more than three months by WO 2021 / 234323) cannot be formed when methanol and / or ethanol are present in the formulation. The inability to form stable emulsions of di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate is further embodied in WO 2021 / 234323, where all of the emulsions containing ethanol (compositions 2, 4, 6, and 10) demulsified in less than two months. Composition No. 6 of WO 2021 / 234323 was also shown to be very similar to Emulsion A3 of WO 2021 / 234311 and to be unstable (demulsifying in less than one month) as was Composition No. 8 of WO 2022 / 243610. The disclosure of WO 2021 / 234323 therefore further calls into question the veracity of the stability data presented in WO 2021 / 234311, filed on the same date as WO 2021 / 234323 and by the same authors (Arkema France) on 20 May 2021, explicitly states and demonstrates through empirical studies that it is not possible to produce a stable emulsion of di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate with ethanol as an antifreeze agent (i.e., stable for more than three months) due to known compatibility issues that exist between methanol / ethanol and di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate.

[0010] Thus, according to International Patent Publication Nos. 2021 / 234322, 2022 / 243610, 2021 / 234311, and the co-author of International Patent Publication No. 2021 / 234311 (Arkema France), it is not possible to form a stable emulsion of dibutyl peroxydicarbonate (i.e., stable for more than three months) when methanol and / or ethanol are present in the formulation (i.e., according to the co-authors of these international patent publications, none of these disclosures enable a person skilled in the art to produce a stable emulsion of dibutyl peroxydicarbonate containing methanol and / or ethanol). The solution proposed in International Patent Publication No. 2022 / 243610 was simply to not use methanol or ethanol in the emulsion (Example 1, Compositions Nos. 6, 7, and 9). The solution proposed in WO 2021 / 234311 is to use a combination of peroxide and di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate (Example 2), which is a minor component (12%) of the emulsion, but this is not a useful technical solution if the goal is to prepare an emulsion of di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate. The solution proposed in WO 2021 / 234323 was also to simply not use ethanol or methanol in the emulsion and instead use a significant amount (>20% by weight) of propylene glycol as an antifreeze.

[0011] Considering the abundance, biorenewability, and (generally) much lower cost of ethanol compared to propylene glycol, it would be highly beneficial from an industrial point of view if it were possible to replace at least a portion of the glycol with ethanol. However, according to Arkema France (WO 2021 / 234322, WO 2022 / 243610, and WO 2021 / 234323), such a substitution would not be possible without significantly compromising the storage stability of the emulsion.

[0012] With this in mind, it is quite surprising that the present inventors have discovered a method (i.e., a specific combination of chemical components) for forming a highly stable aqueous emulsion of dibutyl peroxydicarbonate with ethanol as an antifreeze. Based on the above, this is advantageous because ethanol is a very cheap, abundant, and easily renewable antifreeze. Summary of the Invention

[0013] Thus, in a first aspect, the present disclosure relates to an aqueous organic peroxide emulsion, the aqueous organic peroxide emulsion comprising: a) 25 to 70% by weight of di-n-butyl peroxydicarbonate or di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate; b) polyvinyl acetate having a degree of hydrolysis of 50 to 90 mol %; c) at least one emulsifier; d) at least one cyclohexanedicarboxylate ester; and e) ethanol; f) at least one C2-C6 monohydric or polyhydric alcohol different from e); g) water.

[0014] This formulation not only contains ethanol as an antifreeze agent, but also does not require methanol to form a stable organic peroxide emulsion. Thus, it can be considered a methanol-free aqueous emulsion of dibutyl peroxydicarbonate. According to the technical teachings of International Patent Publication No. 2021 / 234323, it would not have been possible to produce this stable aqueous emulsion.

[0015] Component a) is di-n-butyl peroxydicarbonate (CAS No. 16215-49-9) or di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate (CAS No. 19910-65-7). Preferably, component a) is di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate. The aqueous organic peroxide emulsion contains di-n-butyl peroxydicarbonate or di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate in an amount of 25 to 70 wt % based on the total weight of the emulsion. The amount of organic peroxide in the emulsion is preferably 30 to 65 wt %, more preferably 35 to 60 wt %, and most preferably 40 to 60 wt %.

[0016] Component b) is polyvinyl acetate (PVA) having a degree of hydrolysis of 50 to 90 mol%, preferably 55 to 80 mol%, and most preferably 60 to 70 mol%. The amount of PVA used in emulsions according to the invention can typically be 0.5 to 10 wt%, preferably 0.5 to 5 wt%, and more preferably 1 to 4 wt%, based on the total weight of the emulsion.

[0017] Component c) is at least one emulsifier. Suitable emulsifiers are known to those skilled in the art and include nonionic surfactants, anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, and amphoteric surfactants, as well as mixtures thereof. These may be incorporated in amounts typically ranging from about 0.5% to about 5% by weight. Preferably, nonionic surfactants having an HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) value of 7 or greater, even more preferably 16 or greater, are used.

[0018] Component d) is at least one cyclohexanedicarboxylate ester. Examples of suitable cyclohexanedicarboxylate esters are: Di-alkyl-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylates, such as di-n-octylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, diisooctylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, di-2-ethylhexylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, di-n-nonylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, diisononylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, di-n-decylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, diisodecylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, di-n-undecylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, diisododecylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, di-octadecylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, diisooctadecylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, di-n-eicosylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate , monocyclohexylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, dicyclohexylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, din-hexylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, diisohexylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, di-n-heptylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, diisoheptylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, di-2-propylheptylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, diisoundecylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, di-n-dodecylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, di-n-tridecylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, diisotridecylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, di-n-pentylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, diisopentylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, Di-alkyl-cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylates, such as di-n-octylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, diisooctylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, mono-2-ethylhexylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, di-2-ethylhexylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, di-n-nonylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, diisononylcyclohexane-1,4 -dicarboxylate, di-n-decylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, di-n-undecylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, diisodecylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, diisododecylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, di-n-octadecylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, diisooctadecylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, di-n-eicosylcyclohexa cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, monocyclohexylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, dicyclohexylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, di-n-hexylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, diisohexylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, di-n-heptylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, diisoheptylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, di-2-propylheptylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, diisoundecylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, di-n-dodecylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, di-n-tridecylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, diisotridecylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, din-pentylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, diisopentylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, and Di-alkylcyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylates, such as di-n-octylcyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate, diisooctylcyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate, di-2-ethylhexylcyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate, di-n-nonylcyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate, diisononylcyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate, di-n-decylcyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate, diisodecylcyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate, di-n-undecylcyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate, diisododecylcyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate, di-octadecylcyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate, diisooctadecylcyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate, di-n-eicosylcyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate, monomethyl ... dicyclohexylcyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate, dicyclohexylcyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate, di-hexylcyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate, diisohexylcyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate, di-n-heptylcyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate, diisoheptylcyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate, di-2-propylheptylcyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate, diisoundecylcyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate, di-n-dodecylcyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate, di-n-tridecylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, diisotridecylcyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate, di-n-pentylcyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate, and diisopentylcyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate.

[0019] Preferably, the cyclohexanedicarboxylate ester is a di-alkylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate. Most preferably, it is di-isononyl-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylate (more commonly referred to as "DINCH"). The cyclohexanedicarboxylate ester can typically be used in an amount of 0.1 to 10% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 5% by weight, more preferably 0.5 to 3% by weight, and most preferably 0.5 to 2% by weight, based on the total weight of the emulsion.

[0020] Component e) is ethanol. The aqueous organic peroxide emulsion preferably contains ethanol in an amount of 5 to 20% by weight based on the total weight of the emulsion. The amount of ethanol in the emulsion is preferably 7 to 15% by weight, more preferably 8 to 12% by weight.

[0021] Component f) is at least one C2-C6 monohydric or polyhydric alcohol other than ethanol. Preferred C2-C6 monohydric or polyhydric alcohols are selected from ethylene glycol, 2-propanol, 1-propanol, propane-1,2-diol, propane-1,3-diol, glycerol, butan-1-ol, butan-2-ol, butane-1,3-diol, butane-1,4-diol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, and mixtures thereof. C2-C6 polyhydric alcohols are preferred. Glycerol is most preferred. The aqueous organic peroxide emulsion preferably contains at least one C2-C6 monohydric or polyhydric alcohol (excluding ethanol) in an amount of 5 to 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the emulsion. The amount of C2-C6 monohydric or polyhydric alcohol (excluding ethanol) in the emulsion is preferably 7 to 15% by weight, more preferably 8 to 12% by weight.

[0022] The combined total amount of components e) and f) is preferably 10 to 40% by weight, preferably 12 to 30% by weight, more preferably 15 to 25% by weight, based on the total weight of the emulsion. The weight ratio of components e) to f) is preferably 3:1 to 1:3, preferably 2:1 to 1:2, and more preferably about 1:1.

[0023] The final component g) is water. The amount of water in the emulsion is preferably in the range of 20 to 70% by weight, more preferably 25 to 50% by weight, and most preferably 25 to 40% by weight.

[0024] The aqueous organic peroxide emulsions of the present invention may also optionally contain other additives, including pH adjusters such as phosphate and citrate buffers, sequestrants, biocides such as bactericides, antiozonants, antioxidants, stabilizing agents, UV stabilizers, co-agents, co-monomers, antistatic agents, foaming agents, mold release agents, and process oils. These additives may be added in conventional amounts.

[0025] The emulsion of the present invention can be prepared by conventional methods. Typically, the components of the emulsion are mixed and / or homogenized using well-known devices such as high-speed mixers, colloid mills, pearl mills, ball mills, pressure homogenizers, fluidizers, and ultrasonic homogenizers. Because many of the organic peroxides used in accordance with the present invention are not stable at higher temperatures, it is preferred that the mixing and / or homogenization be carried out at a temperature of less than 15°C, which is well below the self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) of the organic peroxide.

[0026] The present invention also relates to the use of the above-described aqueous organic peroxide emulsions in other reactions involving free radicals, such as polymerization processes, crosslinking reactions, curing of unsaturated polyester resins, polymer modification processes, and the synthesis of certain chemicals.

[0027] The emulsions of the present invention are preferably used in polymerization processes, more preferably in the polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) and copolymerization of VCM with styrene or (meth)acrylates. Most preferred is the use of the emulsions according to the present invention in suspension polymerization processes for preparing PVC.

[0028] The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples. [Example]

[0029] General Procedure In the following examples, aqueous organic peroxide emulsions were made by the following general procedure: Di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate (final content of 50 wt.%, based on the total weight of the emulsion) was added to a cooled vessel (-10°C) containing a pre-prepared PVA alcohol mixture containing PVA (polyvinyl acetate, degree of hydrolysis 62.5-67.5%), emulsifier (C16 / C18 ethoxylated alcohol), di-isononyl-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylate (DINCH), ethanol, glycerol, and water. The amounts of each component are listed in the table below. The organic peroxide was dispersed at full power using an UltraTurrax Type S25N-25GM (2.5 min / kg emulsion) while maintaining the emulsion temperature below 0°C.

[0030] Droplet volume distributions were determined by light scattering techniques using a Malvern Type 3000 instrument. d (in μm) in the table is the 99th percentile of the droplet volume distribution of the organic peroxide in the emulsion, and d (in μm) in the table is the 50th percentile of the droplet volume distribution of the organic peroxide in the emulsion. Emulsion samples were stored at -20°C and data were collected at room temperature.

[0031] Viscosity was measured at -10°C using a Brookfield LVT (spindle 3, 12 RPM and 30 RPM).

[0032] [Table 1]

[0033] [Table 2]

[0034] [Table 3]

[0035] The above data show that the aqueous organic peroxide emulsion was highly stable for at least 12 weeks (a 12-week droplet size D99 value of <10 μm indicates a highly stable aqueous organic peroxide emulsion). The viscosity remained nearly constant, and no phase separation of the aqueous emulsion was observed during the 12-week storage stability test. Thus, in contrast to what was deemed technically possible by International Patent Publication No. 2021 / 234323, the inventors were able to produce a highly stable aqueous emulsion of dibutyl peroxydicarbonate, in which a significant amount of the antifreeze was replaced by ethanol. As mentioned above, this is highly beneficial from a cost and sustainability perspective.

[0036] As used herein, unless expressly indicated otherwise, the term "or" is used in the sense of an operator that returns a true value when either or both of the stated conditions are met, as opposed to the operator "exclusive or," which requires that only one of the conditions be met. The word "comprising" is used in the sense of "including," not "consisting of." All prior teachings identified above are incorporated herein by reference. Admission of any prior-published document herein should not be construed as an admission or representation that its teachings were general knowledge in Europe or elsewhere as of the date hereof. The present invention includes the following aspects. Section 1. An emulsion, a) 25 to 70% by weight of di-n-butyl peroxydicarbonate or di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate; b) polyvinyl acetate having a degree of hydrolysis of 50 to 90 mol %; c) at least one emulsifier; d) at least one cyclohexanedicarboxylate ester; and e) ethanol; f) at least one C2-C6 monohydric or polyhydric alcohol different from e); g) water. Section 2. Item 2. The emulsion according to item 1, wherein a) is di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate. Section 3. Item 3. The emulsion according to item 1 or 2, wherein the at least one emulsifier c) is a nonionic surfactant. Section 4. Item 4. The emulsion according to any one of Items 1 to 3, wherein the at least one cyclohexanedicarboxylate ester d) is di-isononyl-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylate. Section 5. Item 5. The emulsion according to any one of items 1 to 4, wherein the at least one C2-C6 monohydric or polyhydric alcohol f) is selected from ethylene glycol, 2-propanol, 1-propanol, propane-1,2-diol, propane-1,3-diol, glycerol, butan-1-ol, butan-2-ol, butane-1,3-diol, butane-1,4-diol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, or a mixture thereof. Section 6. Item 6. The emulsion according to any one of items 1 to 5, wherein the at least one C2-C6 monohydric or polyhydric alcohol f) is glycerol. Section 7. Item 7. The emulsion according to any one of items 1 to 6, wherein the emulsion contains 30 to 65 wt % of component a) based on the total weight of the emulsion. Section 8. Item 8. The emulsion according to any one of items 1 to 7, wherein the emulsion contains 0.5 to 10 wt % of component b) based on the total weight of the emulsion. Section 9. Item 9. The emulsion according to any one of items 1 to 8, wherein the emulsion contains 0.5 to 5 wt % of component c) based on the total weight of the emulsion. Section 10. Item 10. The emulsion according to any one of items 1 to 9, wherein the emulsion contains 0.1 to 10 wt % of component d) based on the total weight of the emulsion. Section 11. Item 11. The emulsion according to any one of items 1 to 10, wherein the emulsion comprises 5 to 20 wt % of component e) based on the total weight of the emulsion. Section 12. Item 12. The emulsion according to any one of items 1 to 11, wherein the emulsion comprises 5 to 20 wt % of component f) based on the total weight of the emulsion. Section 13. Item 13. The emulsion according to any one of items 1 to 12, wherein the emulsion comprises 20 to 70 wt % of component f) based on the total weight of the emulsion. Section 14. Item 14. Use of the emulsion according to any one of items 1 to 13 for the polymerization or copolymerization of one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers. Section 15. Item 15. Use according to item 14, wherein the unsaturated monomer is a vinyl monomer, preferably a halogenated vinyl monomer, more preferably vinyl chloride.

Claims

1. An emulsion, a) 25 to 70% by weight of di-n-butyl peroxydicarbonate or di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate; b) polyvinyl acetate having a degree of hydrolysis of 50 to 90 mol %; c) at least one emulsifier; d) at least one cyclohexanedicarboxylate ester; and e) ethanol; and f) at least one C2-C6 monohydric or polyhydric alcohol different from e); g) water.

2. 2. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein a) is di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate.

3. 2. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein the at least one emulsifier c) is a non-ionic surfactant.

4. 2. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein the at least one cyclohexanedicarboxylate ester d) is di-isononyl-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylate.

5. 2. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein the at least one C2-C6 monohydric or polyhydric alcohol f) is selected from ethylene glycol, 2-propanol, 1-propanol, propane-1,2-diol, propane-1,3-diol, glycerol, butan-1-ol, butan-2-ol, butane-1,3-diol, butane-1,4-diol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, or mixtures thereof.

6. 2. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein the at least one C2-C6 monohydric or polyhydric alcohol f) is glycerol.

7. 2. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein the emulsion comprises 30 to 65% by weight of component a), based on the total weight of the emulsion.

8. 2. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein the emulsion comprises 0.5 to 10% by weight of component b), based on the total weight of the emulsion.

9. 2. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein the emulsion comprises 0.5 to 5% by weight of component c), based on the total weight of the emulsion.

10. 2. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein the emulsion comprises 0.1 to 10% by weight of component d), based on the total weight of the emulsion.

11. 2. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein the emulsion comprises 5 to 20% by weight of component e), based on the total weight of the emulsion.

12. 2. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein the emulsion comprises 5 to 20% by weight of component f), based on the total weight of the emulsion.

13. 2. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein the emulsion comprises 20 to 70% by weight of component g), based on the total weight of the emulsion.

14. 10. Use of the emulsion according to claim 1 for the polymerization or copolymerization of one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers.

15. 15. The use according to claim 14, wherein the unsaturated monomer is a vinyl monomer, preferably a halogenated vinyl monomer, more preferably vinyl chloride.

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