How to install a roof drain

Abstract

To provide a roof drain with high drainage performance at low water flow rates, a roof drain construction jig, and a roof drain construction method.SOLUTION: A roof drain 100 comprises: a base plate 10 having a drop port 11 including a connecting pipe that can be connected to a drain pipe E and a sloping portion 12 that expands conically from the periphery of the drop port 11; a clamp ring 20 installed above the base plate 10; and a lid 31 located above the drop port 11; and a baffle 30 having longitudinal ribs 32 provided around the lid section 31. The upper surface of the inclined portion 12 is inclined in a range from 10° to 60° with respect to a plane perpendicular to the pipe axis of the connecting pipe.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a roof drain installation jig and a roof drain installation method. [Background technology]

[0002] Conventionally, there has been a roof drain provided on the upper surface of a floor structure and having an opening that can be connected to a drain pipe extending downward. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0003] [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Publication No. 2020-153224 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0004] However, conventional roof drains have room for improvement in terms of drainage performance at low water volumes.

[0005] The present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide a roof drain having high drainage performance even with a small amount of water. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] In order to solve the above problems, the present invention proposes the following aspects.

[0007] (1) A roof drain according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises a base plate having a drop opening including a connecting pipe connectable to a drain pipe, and a sloping portion extending conically from the periphery of the drop opening; a clamp ring installed above the base plate; a lid portion disposed above the drop opening; and a baffle having vertical ribs provided around the lid portion, wherein the upper surface of the sloping portion is inclined at an angle of 10° to 60° relative to a plane perpendicular to the axis of the connecting pipe.

[0008] This allows the water to be accelerated by gravity even if the flow rate of the water collected above the slope is low, and then it reaches the outlet and flows into the drain pipe at a high flow rate, thereby improving drainage performance even with low water volumes.

[0009] (2) In the above (1), the lower end of the vertical rib may be shaped to fit along the upper surface of the clamp ring.

[0010] As a result, even if the water flowing along the upper surface of the clamp ring below the upper surface of the roof slab is at a low flow rate, the lower ends of the vertical ribs act on the flowing water, ensuring that the water is straightened to prevent the generation of vortices.

[0011] (3) In the above (1) or (2), the transition portion from the connecting pipe to the inclined portion in the drop opening portion may be tapered.

[0012] This effectively accelerates the water at the outlet, allowing it to quickly flow from the outlet to the drain pipe.

[0013] (4) A roof drain construction jig according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises a guide pipe that is installed above a deck plate and supports a base plate, a support stand that is placed at the lower end of the guide pipe, a bolt that is connected at its lower end to the support stand and extends upward through the guide pipe, and an upper cover through which the bolt passes and which sandwiches the base plate between the upper cover and the guide pipe, and the upper cover has a baffle support column through-hole through which a baffle support column provided on the base plate passes.

[0014] This ensures reliable positioning of the base plate relative to the pedestal.

[0015] (5) A method of constructing a roof drain according to one embodiment of the present invention includes a base installation step of installing a base above a deck plate, a guide pipe installation step of installing a guide pipe above the deck plate while surrounding the base, a base plate installation step of installing a base plate above the guide pipe, and an upper cover installation step of connecting a bolt passed through an upper cover that covers the upper end of the guide pipe to the base plate and the guide pipe, wherein in the upper cover installation step, a baffle support post provided on the base plate is passed through a baffle support post through hole provided in the upper cover.

[0016] This allows the base plate to be reliably positioned relative to the position of the pedestal. [Effects of the Invention]

[0017] According to the roof drain, roof drain installation jig, and roof drain installation method of the present invention, drainage performance can be improved even with low water volumes. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0018] [Figure 1] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a roof slab including a roof drain according to an embodiment. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a base plate according to the embodiment. [Figure 3] FIG. 4 is a detailed cross-sectional view showing the relationship between the vertical rib, the clamp ring, and the base plate according to the embodiment. [Figure 4] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a base plate according to a first modified example of the embodiment. [Figure 5] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a base plate according to a second modified example of the embodiment. [Figure 6] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a base plate according to a third modified example of the embodiment. [Figure 7] FIG. 10 is an assembly diagram when applying the roof drain construction jig according to the embodiment to a base plate. [Figure 8]FIG. 10 is an exploded view of the roof drain construction jig according to the embodiment when applied to a base plate. [Figure 9] This is a schematic diagram of an experiment comparing the drainage performance of roof drains with respect to inflow volume. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the relationship between the flow rate of water flowing in at inflow point P and the water level at position a. [Figure 11] FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the relationship between the flow rate of water flowing in at inflow point P and the water level at position b. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0019] An example of a roof drain 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to Figs. 1 to 3. Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a roof slab S including a roof drain 100 according to the embodiment. Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a base plate 10 according to the embodiment. Fig. 3 is a detailed cross-sectional view showing the relationship between a vertical rib, a clamp ring, and a base plate according to the embodiment. Figs. 1 to 8 are cross-sectional views passing through the pipe axis Y of the connecting pipe 11c.

[0020] (roof drain) The roof drain 100 according to this embodiment can be applied to drainage of the roof of a building such as a building or an apartment building. As shown in Figure 1, the roof drain 100 is installed in a hole Sa in the roof slab S. A drain pipe E that extends downward through the interior of the building is connected to the lower end of the roof drain 100. The roof drain 100 is installed integrally with the roof slab S by appropriately fixing anchors 14 installed on a base plate in a state where they are embedded in the roof slab S.

[0021] The roof drain 100 includes a base plate 10, a clamp ring 20, and a baffle 30.

[0022] The base plate 10 is a member having the function of positioning the drain pipe E and the roof drain 100 relative to the extraction hole Sa of the roof slab S, and the function of connecting the drain pipe E and the roof drain 100. The base plate 10 has a drop opening 11 including a connecting pipe 11c that can be connected to the drain pipe E, a sloped portion 12 that expands conically from the periphery of the drop opening 11, and a baffle support column 13. The base plate 10 has anchors 14 that are embedded in the roof slab S as appropriate. The anchors 14 are provided so as to protrude downward from the bottom surface of the base plate 10.

[0023] The drop port portion 11 has a connecting pipe 11c that can be connected to the drain pipe E, and a transition portion 11t between the connecting pipe 11c and the inclined portion 12. The connecting pipe 11c is an annular body having an opening D. The connecting pipe 11c has a female thread that can be threaded onto a male thread provided on the drain pipe E. A transition portion 11t is joined to the upper end of the connecting pipe 11c. The lower end or inner edge of the transition portion 11t is joined to the upper end of the connecting pipe 11c, and the upper end or outer edge is connected to the lower end or inner edge of the inclined portion 12. The transition portion 11t and the inclined portion 12 are integrally formed.

[0024] The transition section 11t from the connecting pipe 11c to the inclined section 12 has a tapered shape. That is, the transition section 11t has an inner diameter that gradually widens from bottom to top. This effectively accelerates the water in the drop port section 11, allowing it to quickly flow from the drop port section 11 to the drain pipe E. The transition section 11t may include an inner section that curves in an arc-like shape convexly toward the inside, and a flat outer section that is integrally connected to the outer periphery of the inner section and follows the horizontal plane.

[0025] The inclined portion 12 is annular. The inclined portion 12 is shaped to follow a conical surface. The lower end or inner edge of the inclined portion 12 is integrally connected to the drop-off portion 11. The upper end or outer edge of the inclined portion 12 is circular and is arranged along a plane HL perpendicular to the pipe axis Y of the connecting pipe 11c, and along the upper surface or horizontal plane of the roof slab S. The inclined portion 12 has an inner diameter that gradually widens from the bottom to the top.

[0026] 1 and 2, the upper surface of the inclined portion 12 is inclined at an inclination angle θ of 10° to 60° with respect to a plane HL perpendicular to the pipe axis Y of the connecting pipe 11c. As a result, even if the flow rate (volume) of water collecting above the inclined portion 12 is low, the water can be accelerated by gravity to reach the outlet portion 11 and flow into the drain pipe E at a high flow rate. This improves drainage performance even with a low water volume. The plane HL perpendicular to the pipe axis Y of the connecting pipe 11c may be a horizontal plane. The inclination angle θ is more preferably 10° to 45°, and most preferably 12° to 30°.

[0027] The baffle support column 13 is a rod-shaped body that protrudes upward from the upper surface of the drop opening 11. The lower end of the baffle support column 13 is supported on the upper surface of the drop opening 11. The lower end of the baffle support column 13 is, for example, welded to the drop opening 11. The baffle support column 13 passes through the through-hole 21g of the clamp ring 20 and the through-hole 31g of the baffle 30, and its upper portion is fastened to the upper surface of the baffle 30 via an appropriate fastening device (not shown), such as a washer and nut. The upper end of the baffle support column 13 may be provided with a female thread. The baffle support column 13 may be, for example, a bolt.

[0028] The clamp ring 20 is a member having the function of sandwiching and fixing a waterproof sheet (not shown) between itself and the base plate 10 . The clamp ring 20 is installed above the base plate 10. The clamp ring 20 has a lower surface that is shaped to match the shape of the upper surface of the base plate 10. This makes it easier to position the clamp ring 20 relative to the base plate 10. The clamp ring 20 has an annular, plate-shaped clamp base 21 and a lip 22 extending upward from the entire circumference of the outer circumferential edge 21e of the clamp base 21. Because the clamp ring 20 has the lip 22 extending upward from the entire circumference of the outer circumferential edge 21e of the clamp base 21, the rigidity of the clamp ring 20 can be increased.

[0029] The clamp base 21 has an opening 21a in the center. Water flowing on the roof slab S passes through this opening 21a and flows into the drain pipe E. The clamp base 21 has two or more (four in this embodiment) through-holes 21g for passing the baffle support columns 13 through. This ensures that the clamp ring 20 is positioned relative to the base plate 10.

[0030] The baffle 30 has a lid portion 31 arranged above the drop opening portion 11 and a vertical rib 32 provided around the periphery of the lid portion 31.

[0031] The lid portion 31 is a component that functions to make it difficult for air to be taken in from above the drop opening portion 11, thereby enhancing the siphon effect of the drain pipe E. The lid portion 31 covers the upper part of the opening D of the connecting pipe 11c. The lid portion 31 is disk-shaped and centered on the pipe axis Y. The lid portion 31 is provided spaced above the drop opening portion 11. The lid portion 31 is large enough to completely cover the transition portion 11t of the drop opening portion 11 from above. The diameter of the outer peripheral edge of the lid portion 31 is larger than the diameter of the outer peripheral edge of the transition portion 11t of the drop opening portion 11.

[0032] The vertical ribs 32 are members that have the function of rectifying the water that collects around the base plate 10, making it less likely that vortices that take in air will be generated, and enhancing the siphon effect of the drain pipe E. The vertical ribs 32 are plate-like bodies that extend radially from the pipe axis Y along a plane that passes through the pipe axis Y. Multiple vertical ribs 32 are provided radially from the pipe axis Y at equal intervals.

[0033] 3, the lower ends 32d of the vertical ribs 32 are shaped to follow the upper surface 20u of the clamp ring 20 in a cross-sectional view passing through the pipe axis Y. As a result, even if the water flowing along the upper surface of the clamp ring 20 below the upper surface of the roof slab S is at a low flow rate, the lower ends of the vertical ribs 32 act on the flowing water, reliably rectifying it to suppress the generation of vortices. Note that the lower ends 32d of the vertical ribs 32 may also be shaped to follow the upper surface 10u of the base plate 10.

[0034] (Variation 1) Next, a first modification of the base plate 10 will be described. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the base plate 10 of the first modification of the embodiment. As shown in FIG. 4, the base plate 10 of the first modification has a drop opening portion 11, an inclined portion 12, a baffle support column 13, and appropriate anchors (not shown), similar to the base plate 10 described above. Here, the transition section 11t of the drop port section 11 of the base plate 10 of Modification 1 includes an inner section 11ta whose lower end is connected to the connecting pipe 11c, and an outer section 11tb between the inner section 11ta and the inclined section 12. The inner section 11ta is curved in an arc-like shape that convexly extends inward in a cross-sectional view passing through the pipe axis Y. The outer section 11tb is tapered, with its inner diameter widening from bottom to top. This smooths the flow of water above the drop port section 11, and even if the flow rate of water collecting above the inclined section 12 is low, it can be accelerated by gravity to reach the drop port section 11 and flow into the drain pipe E at a high flow rate.

[0035] (Variation 2) Next, a second modification of the base plate 10 will be described. FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the base plate 10 of the second modification of the embodiment. As shown in FIG. 5, the base plate 10 of the second modification has a drop opening portion 11, an inclined portion 12, a baffle support column 13, and appropriate anchors (not shown), similar to the base plate 10 described above. Here, the transition portion 11t in the drop port portion 11 of the base plate 10 of Modification 2 includes an inner portion 11ta whose lower end is connected to the connecting pipe 11c, and an outer portion 11tb between the inner portion 11ta and the inclined portion 12. In a cross-sectional view passing through the pipe axis Y, the inner portion 11ta slopes linearly from bottom to top. The outer portion 11tb is flat along the horizontal plane. This smooths the flow of water above the drop port portion 11, and even if the flow rate of water collecting above the inclined portion 12 is low, it can be accelerated by gravity to reach the drop port portion 11 and flow into the drain pipe E at a high flow rate.

[0036] (Variation 3) Next, a third modification of the base plate 10 will be described. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the base plate 10 of the third modification of the embodiment. As shown in FIG. 6, the base plate 10 of the third modification has a drop opening portion 11, an inclined portion 12, a baffle support column 13, and appropriate anchors (not shown), similar to the base plate 10 described above. Here, the transition portion 11t in the drop port portion 11 of the base plate 10 of Modification 3 includes an inner portion 11ta whose lower end is connected to the connecting pipe 11c, and an outer portion 11tb between the inner portion 11ta and the inclined portion 12. The inner portion 11ta is linearly inclined from bottom to top in a cross-sectional view passing through the pipe axis Y. The outer portion 11tb is linearly inclined from bottom to top in a cross-sectional view passing through the pipe axis Y. In this manner, the transition portion 11t in the drop port portion 11 may be inclined in stages. This smooths the flow of water above the drop port portion 11, and even if the flow rate of water collecting above the inclined portion 12 is low, it can be accelerated by gravity to reach the drop port portion 11 and flow into the drain pipe E at a high flow rate.

[0037] (Roof drain construction jig) Next, the roof drain construction jig 200 will be described. Fig. 7 is an assembly view when the roof drain construction jig 200 according to the embodiment is applied to the base plate 10. Fig. 8 is an exploded view when the roof drain construction jig 200 according to the embodiment is applied to the base plate 10.

[0038] 7 and 8, the roof drain construction jig 200 is installed above the deck plate DP and includes a guide pipe 210 that supports the base plate 10, a receiving stand 220 that is arranged at the lower end of the guide pipe 210, a bolt 230 that is connected at its lower end to the receiving stand 220 and extends upward through the guide pipe 210, and an upper cover 240 through which the bolt 230 passes and which sandwiches the base plate 10 between the roof drain construction jig 200 and the guide pipe 210. The roof drain construction jig 200 also includes a nut that can be threaded onto the bolt 230 in order to hold down the upper cover 240 from above as needed.

[0039] The guide pipe 210 is a component that acts as a dam when concrete or the like for the roof slab S is poured around it, and that also functions as a formwork for forming holes in the roof slab S after the concrete or the like has hardened, and as a component for positioning the base plate 10. The guide pipe 210 is hollow and cylindrical. The height of the guide pipe 210 is adjusted to a height corresponding to the installation position of the base plate 10. The inner diameter of the guide pipe 210 is large enough to accommodate the connecting pipe 11c of the base plate 10.

[0040] The receiving base 220 is disk-shaped. The receiving base 220 has a main body 222 and a bolt support portion 221 that can support the lower end of the bolt 230. The main body 222 is disk-shaped. The bolt support portion 221 is formed in the center of the main body 222. The bolt support portion 221 is fixed to the main body 222 by welding or the like, and may be a nut having an internal thread into which the lower end of the bolt 230 can be threaded. The bolt support portion 221 may be supported by being directly threaded into the main body 222.

[0041] The bolt 230 is a rod-shaped body that presses the upper cover 240 from above the base plate 10 and has a function of providing a water-stopping effect during construction before the roof drain 100 is completed. The bolt 230 has a length that is at least longer than the height of the guide pipe 210. The bolt 230 has a nut 231 that can be screwed onto a male thread provided on the bolt 230 to press the upper cover 240.

[0042] The upper cover 240 has a bolt insertion hole 242 through which the bolt 230 passes. Here, the upper cover 240 has a through-hole 241 for the baffle support column through which the baffle support column 13 provided on the base plate 10 passes. The through-hole 241 for the baffle support column is provided at a position corresponding to the position where the baffle support column 13 is arranged on the base plate 10. The deck plate DP is a member that is later integrally formed with concrete or the like placed upward to form the roof slab S. Thus, since the upper cover 240 has the through-hole 241 for the baffle support column through which the baffle support column 13 provided on the base plate 10 passes, the positioning of the base plate 10 with respect to the receiving base 220 can be ensured.

[0043] (Construction Method) Next, the construction method of the roof drain 100 will be described. FIG. 7 is an assembly view when the roof drain construction jig 200 according to the embodiment is applied to the base plate 10. FIG. 8 is an exploded view when the roof drain construction jig 200 according to the embodiment is applied to the base plate 10.

[0044] The construction method of the roof drain 100 according to the present embodiment includes a receiving base installation step S1, a guide pipe installation step S2, a base plate installation step S3, and an upper cover installation step S4. Specifically, it is as follows. (1) First, the receiving base 220 is installed above the deck plate DP (receiving base installation step S1). (2) Next, the guide pipes 210 are installed above the deck plate DP in a state in which they surround the receiving base 220 (guide pipe installation step S2). (3) Next, the base plate 10 is installed above the guide pipe 210 (base plate installation step S3). Here, the baffle support columns 13 provided on the base plate 10 are passed through the baffle support column through holes 241 provided in the upper cover 240. This allows the base plate 10 to be reliably positioned relative to the position of the receiving stand 220. (4) Next, the bolt 230 passed through the top cover 240 that closes the top end of the guide pipe 210 is passed through the base plate 10 and the guide pipe 210, and connected to the receiving base 220 (top cover installation step S4). (5) Tighten the nuts 231 and press the top cover 240 against the top surface of the base plate 10. After this, a protective sheet B is appropriately laid from the top surface of the top cover 240 to the top surface of the base plate. (6) After this, concrete or the like that constitutes the roof slab S is poured above the deck plate DP around the guide pipes 210. Then, the anchors 14 of the base plate 10 are embedded and fixed in the poured concrete or the like, and the base plate 10 is securely positioned and installed relative to the holes in the roof slab S formed by the guide pipes 210. (7) After this, the clamp ring 20 and the baffle 30 that constitute the roof drain 100 are inserted into the baffle support column 13 in order and attached. In this way, the base plate 10 can be positioned reliably, and the roof drain 100 can be easily installed.

[0045] (Drainage performance test) Next, the drainage performance experiment will be described. Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of an experiment comparing the drainage performance of the roof drain 100 with respect to the inflow amount. Fig. 10 is a diagram showing the relationship between the flow rate of water flowing in at inflow point P and the water level at position a. Fig. 11 is a diagram showing the relationship between the flow rate of water flowing in at inflow point P and the water level at position b. In Figs. 10 and 11, the horizontal axis represents the flow rate (L / s) of water flowing in at inflow point P. In Figs. 10 and 11, the vertical axis represents the water level (mm) at position a or position b.

[0046] As shown in FIG. 9, the roof drain 100 according to the example and the roof drain according to the comparative example were placed at installation point Q on the upper surface of the roof slab S. Water was allowed to flow from inlet point P at different flow rates. Position a was set 300 mm away from installation point Q. Position b was set 700 mm away from installation point Q. The water levels at positions a and b were measured. The inclination angle θ of the inclined portion 12 in the roof drain according to the example was 15°, and the inclination angle θ of the inclined portion in the roof drain according to the comparative example was 5°.

[0047] As a result of the experiment, when the roof drain 100 according to the embodiment was installed at position a, the water level was significantly lower, especially at low flow rates, compared to when the roof drain according to the comparative example was installed, as shown in Figure 10. The lower water level indicates that the roof drain 100 has high drainage performance. Furthermore, as shown in Figure 11, when the roof drain 100 according to the embodiment was installed at position b, the water level was significantly lower, especially at low flow rates, compared to when the roof drain according to the comparative example was installed. In this way, it was confirmed that the roof drain 100 according to the embodiment has high drainage performance even at low water volumes.

[0048] The technical scope of the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention.

[0049] In addition, within the scope of the spirit of the present invention, the components in the above-described embodiments may be replaced with well-known components as appropriate, and the above-described modifications may be combined as appropriate. [Explanation of symbols]

[0050] 10 Base Plate Top of 10u (base plate) 11 Drop opening 11c connecting pipe 11t transition section 11ta inner part 11tb outer part 12 Slope 13 Baffle support column 14 Anchor 20 Clamp ring Top of 20u (clamp ring) 21 Clamp base 21a opening 21e outer edge 21g through hole 22 Lip 30 Baffle 31 Lid 31g through hole 32 Vertical ribs 32d bottom edge 100 Roof drain 200 Roof drain construction jig 210 Guide pipe 220 Receiving stand 221 Bolt support 222 Main body 230 volts 231 Nut 240 Top lid 241 Baffle support column through hole 242 Bolt insertion hole a,b position B. Curing sheet D opening DP Deck Plate E Drain pipe HL side P inflow point Q Installation point S roof slab Sa Drill hole Y tube axis θ Tilt angle

Claims

1. a support installation process of installing a support above the deck plate; a guide pipe installation step of installing a guide pipe above the deck plate in a state in which the support base is surrounded; a base plate installation step of installing a base plate above the guide pipe; and an upper cover installation step of connecting a bolt passed through an upper cover that closes an upper end of the guide pipe to the base plate and the guide pipe, and the bolt passing through the upper cover and the guide pipe to the support base, In the upper cover installation step, a baffle support post provided on the base plate is passed through a baffle support post through hole provided on the upper cover. A method for constructing a roof drain.

2. A roof drain construction method using a roof drain construction jig, The roof drain construction jig is a guide pipe installed above the deck plate and supporting the base plate; a support placed at a lower end of the guide pipe; a bolt whose lower end is connected to the pedestal and extends upward through the guide pipe; an upper cover through which the bolt passes and which sandwiches the base plate between the upper cover and the guide pipe; the upper cover has a baffle support column through-hole through which a baffle support column provided on the base plate passes, The method for installing the roof drain comprises: a pedestal installation process for installing the pedestal above the deck plate; a guide pipe installation process of installing the guide pipe above the deck plate in a state in which the support base is surrounded; a base plate installation step of installing the base plate above the guide pipe; and an upper cover installation step of connecting a bolt passed through the upper cover, which closes the upper end of the guide pipe, to the base plate and the guide pipe, and the bolt passing through the upper cover and the guide pipe, and the bolt connecting the upper cover and the guide pipe to the base, In the upper cover installation step, the baffle support column is passed through the baffle support column through hole. A method for constructing a roof drain.

3. The roof drain installation method according to claim 2 , wherein the baffle support column passes through a hole provided in a lid portion disposed above the base plate.

4. The base plate includes a drop opening portion including a connecting pipe connectable to a drain pipe, and an inclined portion expanding in a conical shape from a periphery of the drop opening portion, 4. The roof drain installation method according to claim 2, wherein the baffle support column is disposed at a transition section from the connecting pipe to the inclined section in the drop opening section.

5. The roof drain installation method according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the baffle support pillars are bolts.

6. The roof drain installation method according to claim 2 , wherein the baffle support post through-holes are located on an outer peripheral edge side of the upper cover relative to the receiving base.

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