Narrow Space Personal Transportation System

Abstract

The personal transportation system includes a plurality of personal transportation vehicles (PTVs) traveling on a track network having a series of track sections. The PTV's main section has a width adapted to accommodate a single occupant. The PTV drive mechanism propels the PTV and includes track-engaging elements that protrude downward from the main section and have a narrow width that makes the main section prone to tipping when the PTV is stationary. The space between the width of the main section and the track-engaging elements can be occupied by public infrastructure. Each track section includes a ground portion minimally adapted to accommodate the width of the track-engaging elements and a clear space above the ground portion minimally adapted to accommodate the width of the main section that is free of non-transient obstacles. The guidance mechanism guides the PTV along the track network and prevents the PTV from deviating from the track section. The stabilization mechanism stabilizes the PTV along the track network and prevents the PTV from tipping over when turning, merging, or branching.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates generally to the field of transportation, and more particularly to autonomous personal transportation integrated with existing public transportation infrastructure. [Background technology]

[0002] A fundamental requirement of modern society is the ability to efficiently and safely transport people and cargo to designated destinations. Existing transportation mechanisms suffer from several drawbacks. Private cars and other personally owned vehicles occupy significant space on public roads, causing road congestion and traffic jams (with associated fuel and time waste and significant economic costs) and increased environmental pollution. Private cars also require parking or idling space when not in use, consuming valuable land resources. Vehicles adapted to transport multiple passengers and cargo, such as buses, vans, or taxis, are often inefficient in that they generally require multiple stops or stations to pick up or drop off passengers, significantly lengthening the overall journey time. Furthermore, passengers (and / or cargo) must travel from their initial location to a designated pickup point and then proceed from a designated drop-off point to their intended destination, adding additional time and inconvenience to the journey. Many times, especially in congested areas such as inner cities, even public multi-passenger vehicles get stuck in traffic jams alongside private cars, often occupying a significant amount of wasted road space, especially at the beginning and end of a journey when the vehicles are relatively empty.

[0003] Trains, subways, and other forms of rail transportation, which operate on dedicated lanes separated from public roads, can alleviate road congestion and provide relatively short transportation times for large numbers of passengers and / or other cargo. However, rail transportation requires significant investment in supporting infrastructure, such as tracks, bridges and tunnels, and stations, which is costly, time-consuming, and takes up valuable real estate. Rail transportation is also characterized by additional constraints, such as the relatively small number of stations on a given route that passengers must reach to board and disembark, as well as fixed departure and arrival times that passengers must adhere to.

[0004] Another type of public transportation system is personal rapid transit (PRT), which operates a series of small, autonomous vehicles along a network of dedicated tracks or guideways located above ground, typically in urban areas. Several PRT systems have been designed and implemented, such as the Morgantown PRT and SkyCube. However, dedicated guideways require significant investment in planning and infrastructure. Also, because PRT stations are typically few in number, PRT systems are primarily suited to situations that provide rapid transportation between a few stations within a limited area, such as a university campus or an airport terminal (e.g., Heathrow Airport PRT).

[0005] To provide more flexibility to railroad or track-based transportation systems, whether underground or aboveground, several solutions and approaches for moving vehicles between tracks, such as junction and merge techniques, have been proposed. These solutions generally do not provide sufficient flexibility or operate quickly enough to accommodate large numbers of small, discrete rail vehicles. Examples of such solutions are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,389,982 to Evensen, entitled "Transport system," U.S. Patent No. 7,624,685 to Andreasson et al., entitled "Guideway and chassis system for wheel-based rail running vehicle," U.S. Patent No. 7,966,943 to Brigham, entitled "Mass transit vehicle system," U.S. Patent No. 8,950,337 to Davis, entitled "Personal transportation rail system," and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011 / 0196561 to Jorgensen, entitled "Patent for a personal transportation network - PTN." However, these approaches require expensive ground infrastructure and / or require configurations of sufficient width and weight to reduce the risk of rollover, and are therefore not suitable for small personal rail vehicles.

[0006] Smaller personal transportation vehicles, such as motorcycles, mopeds, bicycles, and scooters, are generally dangerous to both their drivers and nearby strangers. They are accident-prone, easily flip over or roll over, and move quickly and unexpectedly through traffic, potentially colliding with other drivers and pedestrians. Furthermore, small personal vehicles are generally suitable for use only under certain weather conditions (e.g., good visibility and low precipitation), by certain types of users (e.g., generally young individuals), and in certain geographic areas (e.g., urban environments with adequate supporting infrastructure). Small personal vehicles can also become a public nuisance when parked or idled in an improper or reckless manner.

[0007] There are also smaller vehicles, such as subcompacts or minicompacts, designed for one or two occupants at most. These vehicles take up less space when parked or idling, but travel on regular roads and lanes and therefore contribute little to easing road congestion.

[0008] Additionally, air pollution and noise emissions are major negative aspects of automobiles. This applies not only to private vehicles such as cars and trucks, but also to public transportation vehicles such as buses and trains. In recent years, the development and widespread use of electric vehicles (EVs) has progressed. EVs are propelled by electric motors, which reduce pollutant emissions compared to conventional diesel-engine vehicles. However, many issues remain to be resolved for EVs, including improving efficiency and reducing costs, the need for regular visits to charging stations and / or the installation of home charging infrastructure, and indirect pollution associated with power generation and battery disposal.

[0009] Recently, there has been growing interest in autonomous vehicles (AVs), or "self-driving cars," which can operate without human intervention, and companies are investing significant resources in advancing this technology. These AVs, equipped with complex sensor and control systems, aim to minimize traffic accidents caused by human error and increase transportation efficiency by freeing up travel time for tasks other than driving. However, significant challenges remain in integrating AVs into existing transportation infrastructure in a safe and reliable manner. While widespread adoption of AVs could help alleviate parking issues, they likely will not address the problems of traffic congestion and road congestion and may even exacerbate congestion if personal use of AVs (e.g., single-seater vehicles) becomes more prevalent than public transportation options. AVs are also susceptible to security threats, such as cyberattacks, which could have enormous damaging and detrimental effects.

[0010] Several alternative transportation methods have been proposed, but they tend to be inflexible, unable to adapt to different road conditions or terrain types, or require relatively large spaces, occupying significant sections of public roads or sidewalks, especially at curves or intersections; have complex infrastructure, requiring high precision and time investments similar to rail construction; are difficult to operate in locations with many additional conventional transportation vehicles, such as at crosswalks and intersections; and have safety limitations, especially at intersections, crosswalks, bus stops, and obstacles encroaching on transportation-only lanes.

[0011] U.S. Patent No. 7,302,319 to Wu, entitled "Personal transportation system," relates to an automated personal transportation system for moving passengers and light cargo. Small vehicles, or autocars, are used on a railway-like track system that includes a pair of side rails and a center rail. The side rails engage the vehicle's rigid wheels to support the vehicle, while the center rail engages the vehicle's guide wheels to center the vehicle on the track and reduce noise associated with lateral vehicle vibration. The width of the vehicles is limited to the dimensions of one seat. The vehicles can be statically and dynamically coupled to form trains. Multiple loading and unloading stops are provided on side tracks off the main track of the track system. A central control system is responsible for system-wide functions such as vehicle registration, user registration, and traffic control. A wayside control system is responsible for controlling station and stop operations, branching and merging operations. A vehicle control system is responsible for controlling vehicle operation-related operations such as speed, braking, coupling and uncoupling procedures, and collision avoidance.

[0012] U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009 / 0320713 by Amiri, entitled "People and cargo transit systems and vehicles," relates to a transportation system including several lanes or tracks along roadways and vehicles traveling within the lanes. The vehicles may be narrow, single-occupancy vehicles. The lanes may be dedicated narrow lanes adjacent to the curb of an existing urban roadway or may be the limits of the urban roadway. The vehicles and lanes include anti-rollover means to stabilize the vehicles and eliminate swaying. The anti-rollover means may be claws or hooks attached to the vehicles that grip rails along the lane, magnets that slide on steel strips along the lane surface, or walls on at least one side of the vehicle and along the lane. The lanes also include structures to allow and resist crossing by vehicles, and at several intersections and entrances and exits along the lanes, crossing vehicles ride over portions of the structures, as opposed to flying over them.

[0013] U.S. Patent No. 4,671,185 to Anderson et al., entitled "Switch mechanism," relates to a vehicle-mounted switch mechanism for use in a transportation system having a wheeled vehicle supported by a fixed guideway. The vehicle includes a bogie located below a body portion. The bogie includes a main frame and wheels for rolling the vehicle along the guideway. The switching mechanism has a first elongated upper switch arm pivotally attached to the main frame of the bogie near the midpoint of the first arm. The upper switch arm includes first and second switch wheels fixedly attached to ends of the arm, the switch wheels having intersecting axes of rotation. The upper switch arm is switchable between a first position and a second position. The first position places the first switch wheel in engagement with a first switch channel located in the guideway and the second switch wheel spaced apart from the second switch channel. The second position places the second switch wheel in engagement with the second switch channel and the first switch wheel spaced apart from the first switch channel. The first and second positions of the upper switch arm cause the vehicle to select the desired path within the guideway, left or right. The shape of the upper switch arm is designed so that the line of application of force to the switch wheel is perpendicular to the switch channel and passes directly through the pivot point of the switch arm. The lower switch arm is similarly shaped so that the line of application of force thereto passes directly through the pivot point of the lower arm. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0014] [Patent Document 1] U.S. Patent No. 6,389,982 [Patent Document 2] U.S. Patent No. 7,624,685 [Patent Document 3] U.S. Patent No. 7,966,943 [Patent Document 4] U.S. Patent No. 8,950,337 [Patent Document 5] US Patent Application Publication No. 2011 / 0196561 [Patent Document 6] U.S. Patent No. 7,302,319 [Patent Document 7] US Patent Application Publication No. 2009 / 0320713 [Patent Document 8] U.S. Patent No. 4,671,185 Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0015] Thus, according to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a personal transportation system including a plurality of personal transportation vehicles, a track network, a guidance mechanism, and a stabilization mechanism. Each personal transportation vehicle (PTV) includes a main section and a drive mechanism. The main section defines a lateral width adapted to accommodate a single occupant. The drive mechanism is configured to propel the PTV and includes at least one track-engaging element projecting downwardly from the main section and defining a lateral width narrower than the lateral width of the main section such that the main section is prone to tipping when the PTV is stationary, thereby allowing a space between the lateral width of the main section and the lateral width of the track-engaging element to be occupied by public infrastructure. The track network includes a series of track sections along which the plurality of PTVs are driven. Each track section includes a ground portion defining a lateral width minimally adapted to accommodate the lateral width of the track-engaging element. Each track section further includes a clear space above the ground portion, the clear space being free of non-transient obstacles, and the clear space defining a lateral width minimally adapted to accommodate the lateral width of the main section. The guidance mechanism is configured to guide the PTV as it travels along the track network and prevent the PTV from deviating from the track section using at least one outer rail configured to engage coupling elements of the PTV and maintain the PTV on the current track section, and / or an internal guidance control system configured to detect boundaries or centerlines of the current track section and control steering of the PTV to maintain the PTV within the detected boundaries or align with the detected centerline. The stabilization mechanism is configured to stabilize the PTV as it travels along the track network and prevent the PTV from tipping over when turning, merging, or branching.The stabilization mechanism may include at least one of: at least one connector arm including a coupling element engageable with a stabilization rail fixedly mounted along a track section of the track network; at least one stabilization rail fixedly mounted along the track section of the track network and configured to engage a portion of the PTV; at least one side wheel extending below the main section and configured to engage with the track section and apply a complementary lateral force to the track section; at least one weight sensor configured to detect a weight carried by the PTV; at least one angle sensor configured to detect tilt of the PTV; and an internal weight located within the PTV and configured to provide a reaction force to stabilize the PTV during movement. At least a portion of the stabilization rail may be located below ground level or at a low elevation above ground. The connector arm may be detachable, and at least one detachable connector arm on a selected side of the PTV may be detachable to guide the PTV in a selected direction on the track network. The PTV may further include a vehicle control unit configured to guide and direct the PTV on the track network. The vehicle control unit may include at least one detector, such as: a detector configured to detect markers indicative of at least one characteristic related to the track section; a detector configured to detect potential hazards near the track section; and / or a location detection unit configured to provide information regarding at least one of the PTV's position, direction, and speed. The drive mechanism may include: a wheel array including a plurality of wheels aligned along a single lateral central axis of the PTV below the main section; at least one electric propulsion mechanism; and / or at least one magnetic propulsion mechanism. The track section may include track integrated with at least a portion of public transportation infrastructure, including: a road; a shoulder; a road edge; a road median; a sidewalk; a pedestrian walkway; a driving lane; a bicycle lane; a traveling lane; a dividing barrier; a bridge; and / or a tunnel. The track section may include track adjacent to a road or sidewalk such that at least a portion of the PTV's main section extends over the road or sidewalk when traveling on the track.The number of lanes in a track section may be selectively allocated according to requirements or constraints related to: the PTV; the location of the track section; and / or time requirements. The PTV may be configured to selectively increase or decrease the lateral width of the track-engaging elements to conform to the width requirements of the track section. The lateral width of the track-engaging elements may be less than half the lateral width of the main section. The lateral width of the track-engaging elements may be less than 35 cm, and the lateral width of the main section may be in the range of 60-100 cm. The main section may include: a wide upper portion adapted to accommodate the upper body of a passenger; and a narrow lower portion adapted to accommodate the lower body of a passenger, and the stabilizing rail may be configured to engage with the narrow lower portion of the main section such that the lateral width of the narrow lower portion, together with the stabilizing rail, does not exceed the lateral width of the wider upper portion of the main section.

[0016] Thus, according to another aspect of the present invention, a method for personal transportation is provided. The method includes providing a plurality of personal transportation vehicles (PTVs), each PTV including a main section and a drive mechanism. The main section defines a lateral width adapted to accommodate a single occupant. The drive mechanism is configured to propel the PTV and includes at least one track-engaging element projecting downwardly from the main section and defining a lateral width narrower than the lateral width of the main section such that the main section is prone to tipping when the PTV is stationary, whereby a space between the lateral width of the main section and the lateral width of the track-engaging element can be occupied by public infrastructure. The method further includes providing a track network including a series of track sections along which the plurality of PTVs are driven. Each track section includes a ground portion defining a lateral width minimally adapted to accommodate the lateral width of the track-engaging element. Each track section further includes a clear space above the ground portion, the clear space being free of non-transient obstacles, and the clear space defining a lateral width adapted to minimally accommodate the lateral width of the main section. The method further includes using a guidance mechanism to guide the PTV as it travels along the track network and prevent the PTV from deviating from the track section, the guidance mechanism utilizing: at least one outer rail configured to engage coupling elements of the PTV and maintain the PTV on the current track section, and / or an internal guidance and control system configured to detect a boundary or centerline of the current track section and control steering of the PTV to maintain the PTV within the detected boundary or aligned with the detected centerline. The method further includes using a stabilization mechanism to stabilize the PTV as it travels along the track network and prevent the PTV from tipping over when turning or merging.The stabilization mechanism may include at least one of: at least one connector arm including a coupling element engageable with a stabilization rail fixedly mounted along a track section of the track network; at least one stabilization rail fixedly mounted along the track section of the track network and configured to engage a portion of the PTV; at least one side wheel extending below the main section and configured to engage with and apply a complementary lateral force to the track section; at least one weight sensor configured to detect a weight carried by the PTV; at least one angle sensor configured to detect tilt of the PTV; and an internal weight located within the PTV and configured to provide a reaction force to stabilize the PTV during movement. At least a portion of the stabilization rail may be located below ground level or at a low height above ground. The connector arm may be a detachable connector arm, and at least one detachable connector arm on a selected side of the PTV may be detachable to guide the PTV in a selected direction along the track network. The track section may include a track integrated with at least a portion of public transportation infrastructure, including: a road; a shoulder; a road edge; a road median; a sidewalk; a pedestrian walkway; a driving lane; a bicycle lane; a traveling lane; a dividing barrier; a bridge; and / or a tunnel. The track section may include a track adjacent to a road or a sidewalk such that at least a portion of the main section of the PTV extends above the road or sidewalk as it travels on the track. The method may further include guiding the PTV through a branch junction such that, when approaching the branch junction, a connecting arm on one side of the PTV is detached from the respective stabilizing rail, thereby guiding the PTV toward the opposite side by maintaining the PTV connected only to the opposite stabilizing rail. The method may further include guiding the PTV through a merge junction such that, when approaching the junction from the opposite side, a connecting arm on one side of the PTV is detached from the respective stabilizing rail, thereby maintaining the PTV connected to the opposite stabilizing rail until the merge is complete.The number of lanes in a track section may be selectively allocated according to requirements or limitations regarding: PTV; location of the track section; and / or time requirements. The lateral width of the track-engaging element may be less than half the lateral width of the main section. The lateral width of the track-engaging element may be less than 35 cm, and the lateral width of the main section may be in the range of 60-100 cm. The main section may include: a wide upper portion adapted to accommodate a passenger's upper body; and a narrow lower portion adapted to accommodate a passenger's lower body, and the stabilizing rail may be configured to engage with the narrow lower portion of the main section such that the lateral width of the narrow lower portion, together with the stabilizing rail, does not exceed the lateral width of the wider upper portion of the main section.

[0017] The present invention will be more fully appreciated and understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the drawings in which: [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0018] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a personal transportation system constructed and operable in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 2A] FIG. 2A is a schematic rear view of a personal transportation vehicle having stabilizing rails on both sides, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 2B] FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram of the right side of the PTV and stabilizing rail of FIG. 2A. [Figure 3A] FIG. 3A is a schematic front view of a personal transportation vehicle and stabilization mechanism having exemplary dimensions, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 3B] FIG. 3B is a schematic front view of the personal transportation vehicle of FIG. 3A separated from the stabilizing rails. [Figure 3C] FIG. 3C is a schematic rear view of the personal transportation vehicle of FIG. 3B. [Figure 3D] FIG. 3D is a schematic view of the right side of the personal transportation vehicle of FIG. 3B. [Figure 4A]FIG. 4A is a schematic front view of an exemplary personal transportation system deployment in which personal transportation vehicles travel or partially travel on public sidewalks, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 4B] FIG. 4B is a top-view schematic diagram of an exemplary personal transportation system deployment having a dedicated track positioned between a public road and a public sidewalk, constructed and operative in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 4C] FIG. 4C is a rear-top perspective schematic illustration of an exemplary personal transportation system deployment in which personal transportation vehicles travel over a roadway divider, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 5] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary two-wheeled personal transportation vehicle traveling along a section of track, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 6A] FIG. 6A is a schematic rear cross-sectional view of a detachable connecting arm having a mechanical linkage, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 6B] FIG. 6B is a schematic rear cross-sectional view of a detachable connecting arm having a magnetic coupling, constructed and operative in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 7A] FIG. 7A is a schematic diagram of a section of track having a lane branching intersection constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 7B] FIG. 7B is a schematic diagram of a track section having a lane merging intersection constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 7C] FIG. 7C is a schematic illustration of a section of track having a stopping zone, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 8A] FIG. 8A is a schematic side cross-sectional view of a PTV having a detachable connecting arm in a transitional lowering stage, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 8B] FIG. 8B is a schematic cross-sectional rear view of a PTV with a mechanically coupled detachable connecting arm lowered into the subsurface, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 8C]FIG. 8C is a schematic cross-sectional rear view of a PTV having a magnetically coupled detachable connection arm lowered underground, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 8D] FIG. 8D is a schematic aft cross-sectional view of the PTV of FIG. 8A with connecting arms positioned on dedicated stabilizing rails on the ground, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 9] FIG. 9 is a schematic top view of a multi-lane dedicated track constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a top view schematic diagram of a PTV track network integrated with a public road section and including ground level stabilized rails, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 11] FIG. 11 is a top view schematic diagram of a PTV track network including ground level stabilized rails constructed and operative in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, the track network being integrated with a public road section to which multiple PTV lanes are allocated from regular vehicle lanes. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0019] The present invention overcomes the shortcomings of the prior art by providing a personal transportation system and method that provides efficient, safe, and convenient transportation, utilizes limited road space, and is easily adapted to various types of environments and public road configurations. Designated personal transportation vehicles, narrow in width and adapted to accommodate a single occupant or cargo, are guided on a rail network along their respective travel paths. The personal transportation vehicles are stabilized to prevent rollovers, and potential hazards along the rail network can be detected and eliminated. The personal transportation vehicles can be characterized by a space between a wider main vehicle section and narrower vehicle-track engaging elements that can be occupied by public infrastructure. The disclosed personal transportation system substantially reduces road congestion and helps reduce air and noise pollution from conventional personal transportation vehicles and public transportation vehicles. The disclosed personal transportation system can also be integrated into existing public transportation infrastructure at reasonable cost and with minimal interference to other vehicles or pedestrians. The disclosed personal transportation system can also enable seamless travel with lane changes and merging and diverging operations for high-capacity personal transportation vehicles on multi-lane and multi-junction rail networks.

[0020] Reference is now made to Figure 1, which is a schematic illustration of a personal transportation system, generally referenced 100, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. System 100 includes a plurality of personal transportation vehicles (PTVs) 120, a track network 110, a stabilization mechanism 130, a guidance mechanism 140, a central controller 102, at least one long-range track sensor 104, and at least one short-range track sensor 106. Each PTV 120 is communicatively coupled to central controller 102, track sensors 104 and 106, and the other PTVs 120. PTVs 120 are driven along track network 110.

[0021] Each PTV 120 is characterized by a main section 122 and a drive mechanism 124. The main section 122 is configured to accommodate a single passenger with minimal personal belongings. Alternatively, the main section 122 may accommodate cargo or loads having a size and weight no greater than that of a typical single passenger. The terms “user,” “operator,” and “passenger” are used interchangeably herein to refer to any individual or group of people using the personal transportation vehicle of the system of the present invention. The main section 122 may include a seat for seating the user. Alternatively, the user may stand during operation, and the main section 122 may include a footrest for the user to stand on and configured to support the user's weight. The size of the main section 122, particularly its width, is preferably as small as possible while still being large enough to accommodate a single passenger. For example, the dimensions of section 122 may be approximately 60-100 cm (e.g., 70 cm) wide, approximately 120-180 cm (e.g., 160 cm) long, and approximately 115-200 cm (e.g., 165 cm) high. It is understood that main section 122 is not necessarily configured as an enclosed compartment, but may instead be an open area such as is commonly found on two-wheeled vehicles such as motorcycles, scooters, mopeds, etc.

[0022] The drive mechanism 124 includes components for enabling the PTV 120 to be propelled along the track network 110. The drive mechanism 124 includes track-engaging elements extending below the main section 122, which may be embodied by one or more wheels and wheel axles (e.g., for a four-wheeled vehicle such as an automobile; a two-wheeled vehicle such as a motorcycle or moped; or even a single-wheeled vehicle such as a unicycle). The wheels may be propelled using a conventional automotive propulsion system, such as an internal combustion engine, which may be fueled using fossil fuels or alternative fuel types (e.g., ethanol, biodiesel, natural gas). The PTV 120 may alternatively or additionally be propelled using electric power, such that the drive mechanism 124 includes an electric motor, a power source (e.g., a battery or fuel cell), and associated electric vehicle (EV) components. The PTV 120 can also obtain power from sources located on or adjacent to the track network, such as conductor rails and pickup shoes embedded within at least a portion of the track (e.g., as used in many train and subway systems), underground power cables, overhead power lines (e.g., as used in trams and trolleybuses), and / or electric charging stations. The PTV 120 may alternatively be propelled using magnetic or electromagnetic propulsion, similar to, for example, a magnetic levitation (maglev) train, and the drive mechanism 124 (and / or the track network 110) may include elements configured to generate magnetic levitation (e.g., via electromagnetic or electrodynamic suspension), such as linear induction motors. Other propulsion technologies, such as solar or wind power, are also applicable, and multiple propulsion mechanisms may be integrated in a “hybrid” type model. The drive mechanism 124 may also include vehicle propulsion elements located at least partially in the main section 122 of the PTV 120. The PTV 120 may be an autonomous or self-driving vehicle, or may be manually operated. The lateral width of the track-engaging elements of the drive mechanism 124 may be less than half the lateral width of the main section 122. For example, the width of the main section 122 may be in the range of 60-100 cm (e.g., 70 cm), and the width of the track-engaging elements may be less than 35 cm (e.g., 30 cm).More generally, the lateral width of the track engaging element may be narrower than the lateral width of the main section so that the main section is more likely to tip or roll over when the PTV is stationary (e.g., due to inherent instability).

[0023] Each PTV 120 also includes a vehicle control unit 126 and a location detection unit 128. The vehicle control unit 126 is configured to guide and direct the PTV 120 over the track network 110, such as ensuring that the PTV 120 remains on the correct track, follows the proper driving path, and operates within predetermined speed and acceleration limits for a given track section. The vehicle control unit 126 may include at least one detector or scanner, such as: a camera, a radio frequency identification (RFID) device, an optical detector, a laser detector (e.g., a laser range finder or LIDAR), or a radar detector. The detector may be configured to detect and identify optical markers positioned along the track network, such as lane markings that may have distinctive colors or patterns reflecting particular track characteristics (e.g., lane direction, lane boundaries, turn intersections, merges, branch or stop locations, etc.). The vehicle control unit 126 may be further configured to prevent accidents and collisions. For example, the vehicle control unit detector may detect obstacles or other potential hazards on or approaching the track along the path of the PTV 120 and instruct the PTV 120 to detour or slow down to avoid the detected obstacle. The vehicle control units 126 of each PTV 120 may also communicate with each other to provide warnings of obstacles or incoming vehicular traffic and to prevent collisions with each other.

[0024] The PTV 120 also includes a location detection unit 128, which may include components and / or applications related to a global navigation satellite system (GNSS), such as a global positioning system (GPS). Thus, the location detection unit 128 may be embodied by a GPS receiver configured to receive geolocation information from the GNSS satellites 108, but may also include additional components configured to provide information related to the position, orientation, and / or velocity of a moving object, such as motion sensors (e.g., accelerometers), rotation sensors (e.g., gyroscopes), inertial measurement units (IMUs), or other navigation devices known in the art.

[0025] PTV 120 may further include additional vehicle accessories, such as basic components commonly found in many standard vehicles, which may be located on or within main section 122. For example, PTV 120 may include: drive and braking components (e.g., steering wheel, accelerator pedal, brake pedal, motor, suspension, transmission or gearbox, indicators); instrument panel (e.g., odometer, speedometer, fuel and temperature gauge, navigation information such as maps or driving routes); headlights; windshield wipers; air conditioning / heating unit; communication tools; safety features (e.g., seat belts, airbags); collision avoidance systems; etc.

[0026] The PTV 120 may further include a user interface (not shown) to allow a vehicle operator or passenger to control parameters or settings associated with components of the system 100, such as by providing instructions to the vehicle control unit 126, or to enable manual control of selected driving operations. For example, the PTV 120 may include devices or components adapted to perform standard vehicle operations, such as a joystick or manual controller adapted to control selected driving maneuvers such as initiating driving, braking, accelerating, decelerating, turning, route selection, etc. The user interface may be a cursor or touchscreen menu interface to enable manual entry of instructions or data, and / or an audio interface to enable audible instructions or voice commands. The user interface may also be used to present relevant information to the vehicle operator, such as information detected by the track sensors 104, 106 (e.g., current vehicle location, speed, driving route, estimated time of arrival, potential obstacles, other PTVs in the vicinity). For example, a display or graphical interface may be used to visually display information, and an audio speaker may be used to audibly present information.

[0027] The track network 110 includes a series of tracks or driving paths along which the PTV 120 can be driven. The track may include or be integrated with at least a portion of existing public transportation infrastructure, including, but not limited to: a road, a shoulder, a curb, a road centerline, a sidewalk or footpath, a driving lane, a cycling lane, a traveling lane, a dividing barrier, a bridge; and / or a tunnel. For example, a track section may be embodied by an existing transportation path or driving lane along which a wheel-propelled PTV can be driven, such as a shoulder, a section of sidewalk, or a dividing barrier. Alternatively, a track section may be a narrow PTV passageway between a road and a sidewalk, or a dedicated lane specifically designed for PTV transportation, such as a dedicated PTV bridge or tunnel. 1 , a first PTV 120A (shown on the left side of the figure) is driven on a first track section 111 defined by a portion of the sidewalk curb referenced 115 so that the wheels of the first PTV 120A pass over the sidewalk curb 115, with a main segment 122 of the first PTV 120A extending laterally on either side of the sidewalk curb 115. A second PTV 120B (shown on the right side of the figure, behind the first PTV 120A) is driven on a second track section 112 defined by a portion of the road adjacent the sidewalk curb 115, with one side of the main segment 122 of the second PTV 120B extending laterally over the sidewalk curb 115 so that the wheels of the second PTV 120B pass over the road lane. When the second PTV 120B reaches the first track section 111, the wheels of the second PTV 120B may transition to driving on the sidewalk curb 115 and continue along the track section 111 (i.e., similar to PTV 120A).

[0028] A track section may be characterized by a paved surface to facilitate vehicle propulsion, particularly that of wheeled vehicles. A track section may also include railroad track, fasteners, ballast, and / or infrastructure for supporting electric or magnetically powered vehicles, such as linear induction motors. A track section may include boundary elements, such as physical dividers (e.g., divider fences, barriers, a series of bollards) or simple lane markings, to separate a PTV driving path from an adjacent path, such as a regular vehicle driving lane or a pedestrian walkway. More generally, a track section may be embodied physically (e.g., by a paved surface, lane markings, railroad track infrastructure, etc.) or virtually (e.g., a simple path, such as a portion of an existing sidewalk or shoulder, not necessarily having a symbol or physical feature defining it as such). Exemplary configurations of track network 110 are provided below (e.g., with reference to Figures 9-11).

[0029] The track network 110 may generally be characterized by a ground track segment and an empty space above the ground track segment. The ground track segment defines a lateral width adapted to minimally accommodate the lateral width of the track-engaging propulsion elements of the drive mechanism 124 of the PTV 120. For example, if the propulsion elements of the drive mechanism 124 are embodied by one or more wheels, the lateral width of the ground track segment may be approximately 3-40 cm (e.g., 10 cm) to accommodate the width of the PTV wheels and wheel axles, occupying minimal additional space beyond what is necessary. Correspondingly, the empty space of the track network 110 defines a lateral width above the ground track segment adapted to minimally accommodate the lateral width of the main section 122 of the PTV 120. For example, if the width of the main section 122 is approximately 70 cm, the lateral width of the empty space may be minimally greater than 70 cm to fully accommodate the main section 122 of the PTV 120 while still ensuring that the main section 122 does not interfere with surrounding man-made structures adjacent to the track. The clear space can be considered to begin at a height directly above the track-engaging propulsion elements of the drive mechanism 124 or at the bottom of the main section 122. For example, if the main section 122 is 70 cm wide and begins 30 cm above ground level, and the propulsion elements have dimensions of 10 cm wide and 30 cm high, then the ground track section (defining a lateral width minimally greater than 10 cm) occupies the area below the 30 cm height, while the empty space section (defining a lateral width minimally greater than 70 cm) occupies the region above the 30 cm height (and extending upward to at least the top of the main section 122). The clear space is preferably free of permanent or fixed obstacles and obstructions to allow clear and safe passage of the PTV 120 along the track network 110, but may include transient objects due to uncontrollable natural phenomena or human activity (e.g., windblown debris, waste, small animals), which can be detected and removed to allow clear and safe passage.

[0030] The system further includes at least one stabilizing mechanism 130 for stabilizing the PTV 120 during actuation and / or rest. The stabilizing mechanism 130 may be coupled to the PTV 120 and / or to a fixed structure on or near the track network 110. For example, the stabilizing mechanism 130 may include one or more stabilizing rails 131 and 132, which may be integrated with or connected to a fixed mounting structure, such as a wall, fence, or post, along the PTV track. The stabilizing rails may be aligned laterally and configured to support the PTV 120, such as by engaging with respective connector arms coupled to each side of the PTV main section 122. Coupling elements, such as mechanical or magnetic coupling mechanisms, may be mounted on the ends of the connector arms and configured to removably engage with the stabilizing rails. Alternatively, the coupling elements may be positioned directly on the PTV 120, such as a magnetic coupling mechanism mounted on an interior or exterior surface of the PTV main section 122. See FIGS. 2A and 2B. FIG. 2A is a rear schematic view of a personal transport vehicle, generally referenced 135, having stabilizing rails on each side, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2B is a right-side schematic view of the PTV and stabilizing rails of FIG. 2A. PTV 135 includes a left stabilizing rail 136 and a right stabilizing rail 141 configured to support and stabilize PTV 135. Left stabilizing rail 136 is coupled to PTV 135 via at least one connector arm and at least one respective coupling element (e.g., mechanical bearing). For example, a front-left connector arm (not shown), located on the front-left side of the PTV main section, is coupled to left stabilizing rail 136 via a front-left coupling element (not shown), and a rear-left connector arm 137, aligned with and positioned rearward of the front-left connector arm, is coupled to left stabilizing rail 136 via a rear-left coupling element 139. Correspondingly, a front right connector arm (not shown) located on the front right side of the PTV main section is coupled to the right stabilizing rail 141 via a front right coupling element 144 (shown in FIG. 2B) and is aligned with the front right connector arm, and a rear right connector arm 142 located behind it is coupled to the right stabilizing rail 141 via a rear right coupling element 145.The left stabilizing rail 136 is mounted on a first fixation post 138 (or other mounting structure) positioned on the left side of the PTV track, and the right stabilizing rail 141 is mounted on a second fixation post 143 (or other mounting structure) positioned on the right side of the PTV track. As used herein, the term "connector arm" should be broadly interpreted to refer to any element or portion of an element that protrudes externally from the PTV and is configured to engage (directly or indirectly) with a stabilizing rail, such as via a coupling element thereof. Similarly, the term "stabilizing rail" as used herein should be broadly interpreted to refer to any element or portion of an element that is mounted externally to the PTV (e.g., on another mounting structure) and is configured to engage (directly or indirectly) with a connector arm of the PTV, such as via a coupling element thereof.

[0031] The stabilization rails can be elevated above ground level to facilitate the passage of two-wheeled PTVs by allowing such vehicles to travel along the edges of tracks that are part of existing public transportation lanes, such as sidewalks or road shoulders, while occupying minimal space (track width). Furthermore, the elevated stabilization rails substantially engage the PTV near its center of mass, ensuring protection against potential rollover even for relatively unstable PTV types (e.g., narrow-body vehicles) or unstable driving scenarios (e.g., high speeds and / or sharp curves). The stabilization rails may be configured to engage with a narrower area (e.g., below the passenger hand rest) on the lower side of the PTV main section 122 so as not to protrude relative to a wider area on the upper side of the main section 122. For example, when a passenger's arms are placed on the side arm rests, the upper part of the passenger's body (i.e., above the arms / shoulders) may occupy a greater width than the lower part of the passenger's body (i.e., below the arms / shoulders). Thus, the main section 122 can be configured with a wider upper portion (to accommodate a wider upper body of a passenger) having a lateral width of, for example, approximately 70 cm, and a narrower lower portion (to accommodate a narrower lower body of a passenger) having a lateral width of, for example, approximately 50 cm. In this case, the stabilizing rails can engage the narrower lower portion of the main section such that the lateral projection of the rails on either side of the narrower lower portion does not exceed the lateral width of the upper, wider portion of the main section. For example, if the rails project 10 cm on either side, the overall width of the narrow lower portion together with the two rails will be 70 cm, as will the wider upper portion. It will be further understood that the space below the PTV main section on either side of the track-engaging elements below the main section (resulting from the difference in lateral width of the main section relative to the lateral width of the narrow track-engaging elements) will be occupied by public infrastructure (e.g., sidewalks or road sections) that allows the PTV to effectively maneuver along a narrow track adjacent to existing road infrastructure. See Figures 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D. FIG. 3A is a schematic front view of a personal transportation vehicle, generally designated 150, and stabilization mechanism having exemplary dimensions, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.Figure 3B is a schematic front view of PTV 150 separated from the stabilizing rails, Figure 3C is a schematic rear view of PTV 150, and Figure 3D is a schematic right side view of PTV 150.

[0032] While a single stabilization rail on one side of the PTV is sufficient to provide basic support and stabilization, a pair of stabilization rails, one on each side, or two on each side, can provide enhanced support and stabilization. Alternatively, two pairs of stabilization rails, with two rails on each side of the PTV, may provide additional capabilities, such as allowing PTVs to merge and diverge (discussed in more detail below), while still maintaining support and stabilization during travel. The stabilization rails 131, 132 can be attached to poles or support structures (depicted as vertical dashed lines in FIG. 1 ) adjacent to the track sections, or can be embedded in a partition barrier or wall. The stabilization rails can be positioned at a sufficient height to ensure that the rails provide effective stabilization, such as preventing the PTV from rolling over, while also providing transportation flexibility in certain track locations and terrain, such as near sidewalks, trees, or other natural or man-made objects that may interfere with PTV traffic. For example, the stabilizing rails may be positioned approximately 20-70 cm above the ground (as depicted in FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C). In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1, the two stabilizing rails 131, 132 are configured such that the upper rail 131 engages the main portion 122 of the PTV 120 above its center of mass and the lower rail 132 engages the main portion 122 below its center of mass, thereby significantly reducing the likelihood of the PTV rolling over, even during sharp turns or at high speeds. Alternatively, in some environments (e.g., for the location or terrain of a certain track section, such as with minimal nearby interference), one stabilizing rail per side may be sufficient. Conversely, in other situations, multiple stabilizing rails on each side may be required. Note that if the PTV connector arm is rigidly coupled to the PTV, the PTV's range of motion, particularly its maneuverability during sharp turns (i.e., at low radius turn angles), may be limited. Thus, the PTV connector arm that engages with the stabilizing rail can feature a flexible or non-rigid connection to the PTV to provide enhanced PTV maneuverability during turning maneuvers, particularly to facilitate the execution of sharp turns.Such sharp turns may also be severely restricted when the PTV is coupled to side stabilizing rails (located on either side of the PTV main section); therefore, only bottom stabilizing rails located directly below the PTV main section may be used to stabilize and guide the PTV during sharp turns, allowing a greater range of movement during sharp turns.

[0033] The stabilizing mechanism 130 may be configured to mechanically engage with the wheels of a wheel-propelled vehicle or electromagnetically engage with the magnetic elements of an electromagnetically propelled vehicle to stabilize such a vehicle (although not necessarily in direct contact). The stabilizing mechanism 130 may alternatively be configured to engage with at least one side of the PTV, such as the right or left side of the main section 122, such as using a stabilizing rail and connector arm. The stabilizing mechanism 130 may further alternatively be configured to engage with an upper portion of the PTV 120, such as the upper portion (e.g., roof) of the main section 122. The stabilizing mechanism 130 may also be located below the PTV 120, above or below a track section, e.g., underground. A further example of the stabilizing mechanism 130 may be a weight embedded within a portion of the PTV 120, such as a balance weight configured to provide enhanced stability to vehicles prone to instability or poor balance (e.g., two-wheeled or one-wheeled vehicles).

[0034] The system further includes at least one guidance mechanism 140 for guiding the PTV 120 along the track network 110 and preventing the PTV 120 from straying from the appropriate track section. The guidance mechanism 140 may be embodied by guardrails, such as the stabilizing rails 131, 132 of the stabilizing mechanism 130, which may be configured to engage with mechanical or magnetic coupling elements at the end of each connector arm of the PTV 120 to maintain the PTV on the current track section. Thus, at least some of the same elements or components may be used for both stabilization and guidance. The guidance mechanism 140 may be configured to engage with the bottom of the PTV 120 (e.g., the wheels of a wheel-propelled PTV), or with at least one side of the PTV 120 (e.g., one or both sides of the main section 122), or with the top of the PTV 120 (e.g., the top of the main section 122). The guidance mechanism 140 may include an internal guidance control system configured to prevent the PTV 120 from deviating from a designated path and / or maintain the PTV 120 along the centerline of the track network 110, using techniques known in the art of vehicle guidance. For example, the internal guidance control system may include detection components, such as one or more optical sensors, that operate to detect boundaries on each side (i.e., right and left) of the current track section, and processing components that operatively control (e.g., automatically and continuously) the vehicle steering mechanism to steer the PTV 120 to remain at least within the detected track section boundaries, such as by maintaining the PTV 120 substantially aligned with the track section centerline. Such internal guidance control systems may be utilized in combination with clear delineation of track section boundaries or track centerlines using well-defined markings that can be detected by appropriate (e.g., optically-based) detection components, such as selectively colored markings.The internal guidance control system may modify or terminate vehicle movement (e.g., by controlling the vehicle steering mechanism) when certain conditions are met, such as when the vehicle deviates from the track centerline by at least a preselected threshold amount, which may be specified according to the characteristics and features of the particular PTV. The internal guidance control system may include or be integrated with at least a portion of the vehicle control unit 126, such as by utilizing at least one of the detectors of the vehicle control unit 126.

[0035] The central controller 102 is responsible for controlling the overall operation of the system 100. For example, the central controller 102 may manage functions such as: traffic control and route management (e.g., monitoring PTV locations in real time and establishing driving paths and driving speeds for each PTV along each track network section), detecting and removing obstacles within the track network, collision avoidance, monitoring and managing system component failures and malfunctions, and managing PTV reservations, including user authentication and payment. Note that PTV reservations, user authentication, and payments may be implemented through a variety of platforms, including, but not limited to, smartphone applications, websites, smart cards, and dedicated terminals. The central controller 102 may manage the distribution of PTVs along the track network and the establishment of driving paths and speeds by utilizing machine learning tools known in the art (e.g., neural networks, deep learning algorithms, regression models) to identify traffic patterns and PTV operating characteristics, and by incorporating historical data (e.g., related to previous PTV movements) to help optimize the current operation of the system 100. The central controller 102 may be distributed among multiple computing devices or components, which may reside in a single location or multiple locations. Information may be communicated between components of the system 100, such as between the central controller 102 and the PTV 120, over any suitable data communication channel or network, using any type of channel or network model and any data transmission protocol (e.g., wired, wireless, radio, WiFi, Bluetooth, etc.).

[0036] Each of the track sensors 104, 106 is configured to detect relevant information in the vicinity of the track network 110 to monitor and guide the movement of the PTV 120 and help prevent collisions or accidents. For example, the track sensors 104, 106 may include at least one sensor configured to detect information related to vehicle movement, such as the position, direction, and / or speed of a moving PTV. The track sensors 104, 106 may be further configured to identify obstacles within or approaching a track section. The track sensors 104, 106 may further include at least one sensor for detecting ambient light levels or for detecting weather or climate conditions (e.g., rain, snow, precipitation, fog, high winds, extreme heat). The track sensors 104, 106 may be further configured to understand track conditions, such as by detecting faults or malfunctions along the track network 110. Information detected by the track sensors 104, 106 may be transmitted to the central controller 102 for processing, or may be actively or passively transmitted (e.g., via the vehicle control unit 126) to one or more PTVs 120 and indicated to the vehicle operator. For example, the track sensor 104 or 106 may signal that the PTV 120 is approaching or has arrived at a particular type of track network junction, such as: an intersection, an interchange, a merging or diverging lane, a stop or yield line, a traffic signal, or a roundabout. The track sensors 104, 106 may generally include one or more sensors operable to detect electromagnetic radiation in any range of wavelengths (e.g., visible or non-visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, radar, microwave, RF), which may be converted into an electronic signal for subsequent processing and / or transmission. For example, the track sensor 104 may be embodied by at least one optical sensor, such as an IR sensor or a high-resolution camera, operable to capture images of the vicinity of the track network 110 over a relatively long distance. Thus, the track sensor 104 may be positioned at an elevated location, such as mounted on a pole or support structure adjacent to a section of the track 111, to facilitate long-range imaging.For example, the long-range track sensors 104 may be configured to detect obstacles or other potential hazards in the path of the PTV 120, as well as the position and velocity of the PTV 120, and forward the detected information to the central controller 102 and / or the vehicle control unit 126. The short-range track sensors 106 may be located on or adjacent to a track section of the track network 110 and may be embodied by passive detection elements, such as radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, that can be detected by a corresponding RFID reader on the PTV 120 from a short range (e.g., a few meters away), allowing the PTV 120 to obtain information, such as the vehicle's position or distance in relation to an approaching track section, directly from the short-range track sensors 106. Alternatively, the track sensors 106 may be RFID readers configured to detect corresponding RFID tags on the PTV 120. More generally, the detection tags and readers may operate using any suitable form of signal transmission, such as electromagnetic radiation or magnetic force.

[0037] It should be noted that the functionality associated with each element of system 100 may be distributed among multiple devices or components or may be performed by other elements of system 100. For example, the functionality described with respect to vehicle control unit 126 or location detection unit 128 may alternatively or additionally be performed by other sensors or detectors, such as track sensor 104 or track sensor 106.

[0038] A personal transportation system's track network may be integrated with existing public transportation infrastructure in a variety of ways. See FIG. 4A , which is a front-view schematic diagram of an exemplary personal transportation system deployment in which personal transportation vehicles, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, travel on or partially over a public sidewalk. A first PTV, referenced 151, operates on track 152 defined at the edge of a public roadway 159 adjacent the curb of sidewalk 153 and next to a road lane 154 along which conventional vehicles are driven. Track 152 also extends over a small segment of sidewalk 153. In particular, track-engaging elements (e.g., wheels) of PTV 151 abut the edge of sidewalk 153, but the PTV main segment extends partially over the sidewalk segment such that operation of PTV 151 does not interfere with or impede the path of conventional vehicles on road lane 154 or interfere with pedestrians on sidewalk 153. A second PTV, referenced 155, is defined by a small segment of sidewalk 157 (positioned opposite sidewalk 153) and is driven on another track 156 that extends onto a small section of roadway 159 adjacent to road lane 158. In particular, the track-engaging elements (e.g., wheels) of PTV 155 ride on the curb edge of sidewalk 157, but the main section of PTV 155 extends partially onto the small segment of roadway 159 between road lane 158 and sidewalk 157 so that operation of PTV 155 does not interfere with or impede the normal path of vehicles on road lane 158 or interfere with pedestrians on sidewalk 157.

[0039] Alternatively, the tracks may be completely separate from adjacent road lanes and sidewalks. See FIG. 4B, which is a top-view schematic illustration of an exemplary personal transportation system deployment having dedicated tracks positioned between a public road and a public sidewalk, constructed and operative in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. A first PTV 161 is driven in one traffic direction on a first track 162, and a second PTV 163 is driven in the opposite traffic direction on a second track 164. Each track 162, 164 follows a dedicated lane positioned between the road lane and the adjacent sidewalk, such that the PTVs 161, 163 are completely enclosed within their respective tracks 162, 164 without extending beyond any portion of the road or sidewalk, thereby completely avoiding interference with existing road and sidewalk operations. It will be appreciated that allocating dedicated PTV tracks between roads and sidewalks helps to alleviate road congestion and traffic by effectively providing additional transportation lanes within a given space, thereby increasing transportation capacity.

[0040] As yet another alternative, the PTV may be configured to travel directly over a wall, fence, or barrier. See FIG. 4C, which is a rear-top perspective schematic illustration of an exemplary personal transportation system deployment, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, in which a personal transportation vehicle travels over a roadway separation wall. The PTV, generally referenced 165, is configured to travel over a roadway separation wall 166 adjacent to a public road. For example, the roadway separation wall 166 may be a concrete barrier positioned along a highway (e.g., between guardrails) and may traverse unpaved surfaces. The separation wall 166 is configured with a pair of extension members 167, 168 extending laterally outward and vertically upward from the upper ledge of the separation wall 166. Each extension member 167, 168 is coupled to a respective stabilizing rail of the PTV 165. In particular, the left extension member 167 extends from the left side of the separation wall 166 and is coupled to the left stabilizing rail 169. Left stabilizing rail 169 is coupled to a left coupling element located at the end of the left connector arm of PTV 165. Correspondingly, right extension member 168 extends from the right side of separation wall 166 and is coupled to right stabilizing rail 170. Right stabilizing rail 170 is coupled to a right coupling element located at the end of the right connector arm of PTV 165. Extension members 167, 168 therefore support respective stabilizing rails 169, 170 that stabilize PTV 165 as PTV wheels 173 roll over the upper ledge of wall 166. PTV 165 may, for safety reasons, be designed to carry load or cargo rather than human passengers.

[0041] It is understood that track sections may be integrated with roads, sidewalks, or other existing public transportation infrastructure in additional configurations according to other embodiments of the present invention. Furthermore, a PTV path may travel over multiple track sections incorporating different types of integration with public transportation infrastructure. For example, a PTV travel path may begin on a dedicated path between a road lane and a sidewalk, transition to traveling over a sidewalk curb, and then travel over a road divider.

[0042] Reference is now made to FIG. 5, which is a schematic diagram of exemplary two-wheeled personal transportation vehicles, referenced 180 and 181, traveling along a track section, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Each PTV 180, 181 is a two-wheeled transportation vehicle resembling a scooter or moped. Alternative two-wheeled vehicle configurations, such as resembling a bicycle, are also possible. PTV 180 includes a platform 182 for a passenger to stand on and handlebars 183 for the passenger to hold on to. PTV 180 further includes a lead wheel 184 that engages with track section 188 defined by a portion of the sidewalk such that lead wheel 184 travels over sidewalk curb 189 when PTV 180 is operated. PTV 180 further includes a control unit 186 configured to control operation and provide guidance for PTV 180. Control unit 186 may include at least one detector, such as for detecting obstacles or track markers or for identifying track characteristics (e.g., similar to control unit 126 of PTV 120). The PTV 180 may include an optional user interface 187 that allows the vehicle operator to control selected driving actions (e.g., initiating driving, braking, accelerating, decelerating, turning, route selection) or override default or automatic control of driving actions by pressing buttons or operating input devices mounted on or beside the handlebars 183. For example, a user may override default controls to allow the PTV 180 to pass another PTV on track section 188 or to initiate an emergency stop of the PTV 180. Overriding default controls may be allowed for a specified period of time (e.g., seconds) or a specified number of times in a given trip. The user interface 187 may also allow the PTV 180 to establish one or more preset actions when certain conditions are met, such as automatically stopping the PTV when the default controls have been overridden for a selected period of time.Depending on the detected location of the PTV 180, the control unit 186 may be instructed to ensure that the PTV 180 is kept on the driving path in selected situations, for example, only in certain areas, such as track sections (e.g., on highways) that have infrastructure capable of supporting a two-wheeled PTV.

[0043] The PTV 180 may optionally include a stabilization mechanism to provide balance and stabilization. For example, the stabilization mechanism may include at least one side wheel 185 mounted on the lower end of the platform 182 and extending outward, which engages the side of the track (sidewalk curb 189) and applies a complementary lateral force according to the angular orientation of the vehicle. The stabilization mechanism may include a weight sensor configured to detect the weight carried by the PTV 180 and an angle sensor (e.g., a gyroscope-based sensor) configured to detect the tilt or lean angle (e.g., in six degrees of freedom or three rotational axes) of the PTV 180. For example, a complementary force may be applied to the side wheel 185 (e.g., through a connecting member connecting the side wheel 185 to the PTV 180) in a selected direction and magnitude according to the detected weight and lean angle to maintain the PTV 180 in a stable upright position and prevent rollover. The stabilization mechanism may alternatively or additionally include internal weights configured to provide complementary force loading to balance and stabilize the PTV 180 as it travels, such as by using an internal electrical or magnetic mechanism that repositions the weight in a selected direction to balance and maintain the PTV's upright position. Note that elements of the PTV 180, such as the side wheels 185, control unit 186, and user interface 187, may be built into or integrally formed with the PTV, or may be configured to couple to an existing PTV via fixed or detachable coupling (e.g., PTV elements may be obtained and assembled for a selected period of time, such as temporary rental).

[0044] In accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention, the PTV connecting arms may be configured to be temporarily detached or separated from the stabilizing rails to facilitate merging and diverging movements. In particular, by detaching a connecting arm from its respective stabilizing rail on one side and leaving the connecting arm on the other side attached to its respective stabilizing arm, the PTV can be guided in a selected direction. Reference is now made to FIGS. 6A and 6B. FIG. 6A is a rear cross-sectional schematic view of a detachable connecting arm with a mechanical coupling, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6B is a rear cross-sectional schematic view of a detachable connecting arm with a magnetic coupling, constructed and operative in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. The PTV (not shown) includes multiple connecting arms, such as at least one connecting arm on the right side and at least one connecting arm on the left side. For example, the PTV may include two connecting arms on each side (i.e., two left connecting arms and two right connecting arms), one positioned above the center of gravity of the PTV and the other positioned below the center of gravity of the PTV. In another example, the PTV may include four connecting arms on each side (i.e., four left connecting arms and four right connecting arms), two positioned above the center of gravity of the PTV and two positioned below the center of gravity of the PTV. In the example provided in Figures 6A and 6B, connecting arms 192 and 196 (Figure 6A) and connecting arms 202 and 206 (Figure 6B) represent a pair of right connecting arms, with the upper right connecting arm (192, 202) located above the center of gravity of the PTV and the lower right connecting arm (196, 206) located below the center of gravity of the PTV.

[0045] 6A , connecting arms 192, 196 are removably attached to a stabilizing rail 198, which may be attached to a fixed mounting structure (not shown), such as a wall or post affixed to the ground. Each connecting arm 192, 196 includes a respective mechanical coupling element 193, 197, which may be embodied by an arrangement of mechanical bearings. In particular, the upper right connecting arm 192 includes an upper right mechanical coupling element 193, and the lower right connecting arm 196 includes a lower right mechanical coupling element 197. In a first state or “support mode,” generally referred to as 190, coupling elements 193, 197 are removably attached to the right stabilizing rail 198 such that connecting arms 192, 196 are rigidly held and prevented from movement. In particular, the upper right coupling element 193 releasably engages the upper part of the right stabilizing rail 198 from below and is recessed within a first recess 191 in the right stabilizing rail 198 to prevent displacement of the upper right connecting arm 192, while the lower right coupling element 197 releasably engages the lower part of the right stabilizing rail 198 from above and is recessed within a second recess 194 in the right stabilizing rail 198 to prevent displacement of the right connecting arm 196. In state 190, both connecting arms 192, 196 are rigidly attached to the right stabilizing rail 198, thereby constraining the PTV to maintain a rightward path of travel while stabilizing it. In a second state or "unsupported mode," generally referenced 195, the coupling elements 193, 197 are detached or uncoupled from the right stabilizing rail 198 such that the connecting arms 192, 196 have freedom of movement and cease to support or stabilize the PTV. In particular, the upper right coupling element 193 is removed from a recess 191 in the top of the stabilizing rail 198, allowing displacement of the upper right connecting arm 192, while the lower right coupling element 197 is removed from a second recess 194 in the bottom of the stabilizing rail 198, allowing displacement of the lower right connecting arm 196. In state 195, both connecting arms are effectively removed from the right stabilizing rail 198 such that the PTV is no longer constrained to maintain a rightward travel path by the right connecting arms 192, 196.

[0046] FIG. 6B depicts a configuration similar to that shown in FIG. 6A, but for connection arms having magnetic rather than mechanical coupling elements. In particular, upper right connection arm 202 includes upper right magnetic coupling element 203 configured to magnetically couple with complementary magnetic element 201 on the top of right stabilizing rail 208. Lower right connection arm 206 includes lower right magnetic coupling element 207 configured to magnetically couple with complementary magnetic element 204 on the bottom of right stabilizing rail 208. In a first state or "support mode," generally referenced 200, magnetic coupling elements 203, 207 magnetically couple to respective magnetic elements 201, 204, e.g., by applying multi-directional magnetic repulsion forces, thereby achieving positional equilibrium. As a result, connection arms 202, 206 are rigidly held and prevented from movement, forcing the PTV to maintain a rightward traveling path and avoid rollover. In a second state or "unsupported mode," generally referenced 205, the magnetic coupling elements 203, 207 are detached or decoupled from their respective magnetic elements 201, 204 (e.g., the balancing magnetic force is no longer applied), which effectively detaches the right connecting arms 202, 206 from the right stabilizing rail 208 so that the PTV is no longer forced to maintain a rightward traveling path by the right connecting arms 202, 206.

[0047] When the connecting arm on one side of the PTV is removed while the connecting arm on the other side remains attached, the PTV is guided toward a selected direction, thereby facilitating operational operations such as merging and switching. For example, if the left connecting arm is removed, allowing complete freedom of movement, and the right connecting arm remains attached, holding it rigidly and preventing movement, the PTV is effectively urged toward the right. Conversely, if the right connecting arm is removed while the left connecting arm remains attached, the PTV is effectively urged toward the left. In this manner, PTV guidance can be provided at track network junctions, intersections, or stopping zones, such as managing merging, switching, and stopping operations, without utilizing dedicated track guidance mechanisms such as railway switches or switches.

[0048] Reference is now made to Figures 7A, 7B, and 7C. Figure 7A is a schematic diagram of a track section, referenced 211, having a lane diverging junction, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Multiple PTVs 212, 213, and 214 travel along the diverging track section 211. As the PTVs reach the diverging junction, a connecting arm on one side of the PTV may detach from the respective stabilizing rail on that side to guide the vehicle toward the opposite direction. Each PTV 212, 213, and 214 is depicted in a different operating state. In particular, PTV 212 is in a normal operating state in which both the left and right connecting arms are attached to their respective left and right stabilizing rails, thus maintaining PTV 212 on a substantially straight path. For PTV 213, the right connecting arm is detached (i.e., in an unsupported mode), while the left connecting arm remains attached (i.e., in a supported mode), forcing PTV 213 to move leftward, effectively guiding PTV 213 to follow the left diverging lane 218. On PTV 214, the right connecting arm remains attached (i.e., in supported mode), while the left connecting arm is removed (i.e., in unsupported mode), forcing PTV 214 to move to the right, effectively guiding PTV 214 to follow right diverging lane 219. Diverging lane markers 217 positioned alongside track section 211 provide indication of an approaching diverging lane junction and signal the PTV to remove the applicable connecting arm depending on the direction the vehicle should be guided in. In this way, each vehicle is directed to follow its respective driving path while maintaining traffic flow and avoiding collisions.

[0049] A similar protocol can also be applied to managing merging operations, as shown in FIG. 7B, which is a schematic illustration of a track section, generally referenced 221, having a lane merge junction, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. When one of PTVs 222, 223, 224 reaches the merge junction of track section 221, a connecting arm on one side of the PTV can be detached to guide the vehicle along the merge junction. PTV 222 is shown with its left and right connecting arms attached to respective left and right stabilizing rails, so that PTV 222 maintains a straight path along merged lane 226. PTV 223 enters the merge junction from left merging lane 228 of track section 221. The right connecting arm of PTV 223 is detached (i.e., unsupported mode), while the left connecting arm of PTV 223 remains attached (i.e., supported mode), coupling PTV 223 to the left stabilizing rail and guiding PTV 223 along left margin lane 228. Once PTV 223 has completed the merge and exited the merge junction, the right connecting arm reattaches to the right stabilizing rail, allowing PTV 223 to continue traveling straight along post-merging lane 226. PTV 224 enters the merge junction from right merging lane 229 of track section 221. The right connecting arm of PTV 224 remains attached (i.e., in the supported mode), while the left connecting arm of PTV 224 is detached (i.e., in the unsupported mode), keeping PTV 224 coupled to the right stabilizing rail and guiding PTV 224 along right merging lane 229. Once PTV 224 has completed the merge and exited the merge junction, the left connecting arm reattaches to the left stabilizing rail, allowing PTV 224 to continue traveling straight along post-merging lane 226. Merge lane markers 227 positioned alongside track section 221 provide an indication of an approaching merge junction and signal PTVs 222, 223, 224 to detach one of their connecting arms depending on which direction the vehicle is approaching.

[0050] Similar protocols may be applied to manage the stopping of vehicles at designated stopping zones, such as that shown in FIG. 7C, which is a schematic illustration of a track section generally referenced 231 with stopping zones referenced 236, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Stopping zone 236 may be a designated area for a PTV to stop in the course of its travel, such as to allow passengers to embark or disembark and / or to allow cargo or baggage to be loaded or unloaded. For example, stopping zone 236 may be part of a publicly accessible transportation terminal or station located underground or above ground.

[0051] When one of PTVs 232, 233, 234 reaches the entrance to stopping zone 236 of track section 231, a connecting arm on one side can be removed to guide the PTV in a respective direction, such as into or out of stopping zone 236. PTV 232 is shown with left and right connecting arms attached to respective left and right stabilizing rails to maintain a straight path along operating lane 238 of track network 221. For PTV 233, the left connecting arm is attached while the right connecting arm is removed, leaving PTV 233 coupled to the left stabilizing rail and forcing PTV 233 to follow the path of the left stabilizing rail around (and beyond) stopping zone 236 and toward operating lane 235. On PTV 234, the right connecting arm is attached while the left connecting arm is detached, leaving PTV 234 coupled to the right stabilizing rail and guiding PTV 234 rightward into incoming driving lane 238 and into stopping zone 236. After PTV 234 completes its stop and exits stopping zone 236, the left connecting arm is reattached to the left stabilizing rail, allowing PTV 234 to continue straight along driving lane 235. Stop zone lane markers 237 positioned alongside track section 231 provide indication that a stop zone is approaching or has ended and signal PTVs 232, 233, 234 to detach or reattach the connecting arms on their respective sides as needed, such as to guide the approaching PTV into the stop zone or to allow lane merging after exiting the stop zone.

[0052] The separation of the PTV connecting arms may be performed manually by a passenger on the PTV (such as via a user control interface) or automatically using an automatic control mechanism upon detection of an associated lane marker (217, 227, 237), such as upon detection by an optical scanning device of the vehicle controller 126.

[0053] It will be appreciated that the use of detachable connecting arms for PTV guidance may enable the coordinated progression of large numbers of PTVs of different types by guiding such PTVs in the appropriate direction along their travel paths, without the need for physical mechanisms on track sections to control route changes, such as railway switches or turnovers. Such physical mechanisms would inherently create large gaps between traveling PTVs, wasting valuable transportation space and potentially limiting the number of vehicles and passengers within a track network at a given time. Furthermore, detachable connecting arms may facilitate operational maneuvers such as merging, branching, and entering or exiting designated stopping zones, while stabilizing mechanisms (e.g., connecting arms and stabilizing rails) may maintain PTV stability and prevent rollovers, thereby preventing collisions or accidents (e.g., preventing the PTV from straying from its designated travel path and coming into contact with other vehicles or pedestrians).

[0054] At least a portion of the PTV stabilization mechanism may be positioned at ground level (i.e., below ground level or at a low elevation above ground level) rather than at an elevated location. The ground-level stabilization mechanism may be applied at least some of the time and / or in at least some circumstances, such as to avoid interference with other vehicles or pedestrians. For example, the connecting arms may typically be elevated so that the PTV's center of gravity is supported between them (e.g., one connecting arm above the center of gravity and another connecting arm below) to minimize the risk of rollover even at high speeds or around sharp curves. When the PTV reaches a track section involving a possible encounter with other vehicles or pedestrians (e.g., an intersection with a public road or sidewalk, a pedestrian crossing, a public bus stop, or a sidewalk crossing), the stabilization rail may be moved to ground level (to a lower elevation below ground level or above ground level), and the PTV connecting arm may correspondingly shift downward to follow the ground-level stabilization rail so as not to interfere with the path of other vehicles or pedestrians.

[0055] Reference is now made to Figures 8A, 8B, 8C, and 8D. Figure 8A is a schematic side cross-sectional view of a PTV, referenced 250, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, with its detachable connecting arms in a transitional lowering stage. Figure 8A illustrates the transition of the connecting arms from a normal raised state to a ground-level state, with the front connecting arm 251 on the right side of the PTV 250 already lowered, while the corresponding rear connecting arm 252 has not yet been lowered. Figure 8B is a schematic rear cross-sectional view of a PTV, referenced 253, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, with its mechanically coupled detachable connecting arms lowered to the ground. PTV 253 includes a left connecting arm assembly 254 and a right connecting arm assembly 255. Both connecting arm assemblies 254, 255 are fully lowered and positioned at ground level, allowing free movement and passage of other vehicles or pedestrians above ground level. FIG. 8C is a schematic rear cross-sectional view of a PTV, referenced 256, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, with its magnetically coupled, detachable connection arms lowered to ground level. PTV 256 includes a left connection arm assembly 257 and a right connection arm assembly 258. Both connection arm assemblies 257, 258 are fully lowered and positioned at ground level, allowing free movement and overhead passage for other vehicles or pedestrians. FIG. 8D is a schematic rear cross-sectional view of the PTV of FIG. 8B, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, with its connection arms positioned on dedicated stabilizing rails above ground. FIG. 8D is a schematic rear cross-sectional view of a PTV 253 with connection arm assemblies 254, 255 positioned on dedicated rails or horizontal members, referenced 259, positioned at a low elevation above ground. While this arrangement may cause some interference with other vehicle or pedestrian traffic, it may also avoid the need for underground excavation and the associated costs of developing infrastructure for an underground connection arm configuration. The ground level connecting arm may correspond to a connecting arm that connects to an elevated stabilizing rail (e.g., arms 192, 196 in FIG. 6A), and the connection to the lowering stabilizing rail can force the corresponding connecting arm to also lower to ground level.Alternatively, the ground level connection arm may be a separate component that is different from the connection arm that connects to the elevated stabilization rail.

[0056] According to other embodiments of the present invention, the stabilization and / or guidance mechanisms may have alternative configurations designed to provide stability and safety for the PTV during turning or merging maneuvers while remaining positioned at ground level to allow free movement of other vehicles and pedestrians. For example, the stabilization and guidance mechanisms may be embodied by at least one connecting arm on each side of the PTV, with a magnetic (or electromagnetic) element located near the ground at the distal end of each arm; a respective arrangement of mechanical bearings below each magnetic element configured to roll along the ground in the direction of travel of the PTV; and respective rails on the ground along the track on either side of the PTV, the rails being composed of thin strips of ferromagnetic material (e.g., iron). When the PTV travels straight, the bearings magnetically engage the ferromagnetic rails on either side of the PTV, providing stability and preventing the PTV from rolling over or drifting to the left or right. When the PTV reaches a branch junction, the ferromagnetic rails travel along one branch lane, while a magnetic rail with the same polarity as the magnetic elements is positioned along a second branch lane (starting slightly before the branch junction). For example, a strong magnetic rail is placed in the left branch lane from the branch junction, and a magnetic rail of the same magnetic polarity as the magnetic elements on the PTV connection arm is placed in the right branch lane from the branch junction. When the PTV needs to travel along the left branch lane, it deploys its connection arm so that the magnetic elements engage their respective bearings with the strong magnetic rail of the left branch lane and repel (due to their common polarity) from the rail of the right branch lane, thereby guiding the PTV leftward. When the PTV needs to travel along the right branch lane, the PTV can switch the magnetic polarity of the magnetic element on the tip of the connection arm, or deploy another connection arm with the opposite magnetic polarity and engage the magnetic element with the rail of the right branch lane, thereby guiding the PTV rightward. A similar protocol is achieved for the merge junction. After the branch / merge junction, the magnetic rail ends and continues as a strong magnetic rail along the straight track section.While such embodiments may provide reduced stabilization and guidance (e.g., compared to the embodiments described in Figures 7A-7C and 8A-8D), they can still provide sufficient stabilization and guidance for PTV travel, including low speeds and non-sharp (wide-angle) turns. Alternative embodiments may be based on electromagnetic elements that activate depending on distance from the ground; for example, when a mechanical bearing is in contact with the ground, the resulting pressure can prevent current from flowing and deactivate the electromagnetic elements, but when the bearing is positioned above the ground and not under physical pressure, current can flow and activate the electromagnetic elements. Additional mechanisms can be deployed to obtain weight stabilization while minimizing friction with the ground or external surfaces, using electrical, magnetic, optical, and / or mechanical elements or techniques known in the art. The particular stabilization and / or guidance mechanisms utilized by the PTV can be adapted to accommodate the particular terrain or road conditions the PTV will encounter along a given travel path.

[0057] A track network may include dedicated track sections having multiple lanes and different track junctions and track characteristics. Reference is now made to FIG. 9, which is a top-view schematic diagram of a multi-lane dedicated track constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Track section 271 includes multiple lanes designed for PTV travel, with the lanes connecting through different junctions. For example, track section 271 includes merge junction 273 leading to merge lane 274 and diverge junction 275 leading to diverge lanes 278 and 279. Track section 271 also includes stop zone 276 for designated PTV stops. Lane markers 277 are positioned at relevant locations along the lanes to indicate upcoming junctions or zones.

[0058] According to one aspect of the present invention, a personal transportation system may enable seamless progression through lane changes and merging and diverging maneuvers for large volumes of PTVs in a multi-lane and multi-junction track network, such as track section 271, while providing effective stabilization that substantially prevents rollover of the PTV. In particular, guidance and direction of the PTV through different lanes between various track junctions is provided by a guidance mechanism described herein, such as at least one stabilizing rail configured to apply a selective force to each side of the PTV via respective detachable connecting arms and coupling elements, as it approaches a junction or intersection. Stabilization of the PTV is provided by a stabilizing mechanism described herein, such as at least one stabilizing rail configured to apply a selective force to each side of the PTV via at least two connecting arms configured to support the PTV on opposite sides of its center of gravity (e.g., above and below the center of gravity) as depicted in FIGS. 6A and 6B . Thus, a multi-lane and multi-junction track network, such as track section 271, may support efficient navigation and lane-changing operations of multiple narrow-width PTVs (i.e., each PTV characterized by a main section defining a lateral width adapted to accommodate a single occupant) by providing guidance and stabilization mechanisms configured to apply complementary forces, such as above and below, to support the PTV's center of gravity as it approaches a lane junction. In this manner, the applied forces are essentially horizontal, and torque or rotational forces that might otherwise cause the PTV to roll over are substantially avoided, even when the PTV is traveling at high speeds or executing sharp turns, despite the PTV's inherent characteristics (e.g., narrow lateral width adapted to a single occupant, and relatively high center of gravity).

[0059] Track section 271 represents a dedicated track located adjacent to public roadway 280 on which regular vehicles operate. For example, track section 271 may be allocated from at least a portion of existing roadway 280, such as by allocating one of its roadway lanes (or a portion thereof) to serve as a PTV track dedicated to PTV transportation. The allocation of PTV track from within a public roadway may be a direct result of commuters transitioning from regular vehicle transportation to PTV transportation. Additionally, the removal of a public roadway lane (or a portion thereof) can significantly reduce the total number of passenger cars on the public roadway, thereby alleviating road congestion and other traffic problems, while providing multiple PTV lanes to increase the number of PTVs and maintain the same overall transportation capacity. For example, tripling the number of PTVs by providing three PTV lanes on the allocated PTV track section can replace regular private cars and maintain existing transportation capacity for the same number of commuters within one-third of the original area. It is noted that such multi-lane and multi-junction track sections may support PTVs whose track-engaging elements (e.g., wheel arrays) are not necessarily narrower than the main section, to minimize integration constraints with existing public transportation in various locations and terrains.

[0060] Additionally, lanes may be selectively allocated to track sections 271 according to the needs and requirements of particular PTVs (e.g., a four-wheeled PTV may require multiple lanes or a wider single lane, as opposed to a narrower two-wheeled PTV) and / or limitations arising from specific locations or terrain or timing, thereby providing greater flexibility to accommodate different configurations. The allocation of PTV track sections from existing road or public transportation infrastructure (i.e., determining the extent of public road lanes to designate for PTV transportation) may also be determined according to local requirements and limitations (e.g., related to location and / or timing). For example, existing infrastructure may limit a track section to only one lane, while an adjacent track section may allow multiple lanes. As another example, the number of allocated PTV lanes may be selectively reduced or expanded during certain times by increasing the number of PTV lanes during peak traffic hours and reallocating some of these lanes to regular vehicles or pedestrians during off-peak hours, or by restricting PTV lanes during a construction project involving nearby road infrastructure and then expanding the PTV track section to include additional lanes after the construction project is completed. If a given PTV track section includes lanes or tracks that require maneuvering at narrow widths, such as tracks positioned along a narrow road shoulder or sidewalk curb or bulkhead, the PTV may be configured to expand or contract the lateral width of its track-engaging elements as needed. For example, if the right-most lane is adjacent to a sidewalk curb (creating an obstacle below), while the remaining lane on the left is below and clear of obstacles, the PTV may travel using four wheels (i.e., a pair of wheel arrays distributed under each side of the PTV in a standard four-wheel configuration) in the left lane for increased stability, but transition to a two-wheel configuration (e.g., by combining the front pair of wheels into a single unit and the rear pair of wheels into a single unit) to be able to maneuver adjacent to the sidewalk curb when traveling in the right lane.

[0061] Additionally, personal transportation systems may combine elevated and ground-level stabilized rails for optimal integration with existing public transportation facilities and roadway layouts. Reference is now made to FIG. 10, which is a top-view schematic illustration of a PTV track network, including ground-level stabilized rails, integrated with public road sections, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The PTV track network, generally referenced 310, is integrated with intersecting public roads 302 and 304. PTV track network 310 includes multiple elevated rail segments, including track sections 311, 313, 314, 316, 318, 319, 321, and 323 (depicted in solid gray lines), and multiple ground rail segments (i.e., where the stabilized rails pass below ground level or at a low elevation above ground level), including track sections 312, 315, 317, and 322 (depicted in dashed gray lines). In particular, elevated rail track section 311 is followed by ground-level rail track section 312 (which passes next to public bus station 312), which is then followed by a pair of branch lanes at track sections 313 and 314. In the ground-level rail track section, the PTV main section travels above ground, but external components coupled to the PTV, such as parts of the stabilization or guidance mechanism (e.g., stabilization rail, PTV connecting arm), may be lowered to ground level (as shown in FIGS. 8A-8D ) to avoid interference with other vehicles or pedestrians. If a PTV approaching from track section 312 needs to make a right turn (i.e., perpendicular to road 302 and parallel to road 304), the PTV can continue along track sections 313, 315, and 316. If a PTV approaching from track section 312 needs to travel straight ahead (i.e., in a direction parallel to roadway 302), the PTV can travel along track section 314, then through ground level track section 317 (where the stabilizing rail passes under roadway 304 next to above-ground public crosswalk 308), and continue on track sections 318, 319, and 321.If a PTV approaching from track section 312 needs to make a left turn (i.e., perpendicular to roadway 302 and parallel to roadway 304), the PTV can proceed along track sections 314, 317, 318, and 319, and then through track sections 322 and 323. Thus, a right turn can be performed before the highway intersection, while a left turn is performed after the intersection and requires additional travel. Nevertheless, the configuration of track network 310 provides routing flexibility by incorporating different track types, track geometries, and lane junctions (e.g., merge and diverge lanes) without having to allocate PTV routes from the operating lanes of roadways 302 and 304, while minimizing disruption of the existing public transportation infrastructure by regular vehicles and pedestrians.

[0062] 11 is a top-view schematic diagram of a PTV track section including ground-level stabilized rails, constructed and operative in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, where the track network is integrated with public road sections to which multiple PTV lanes are allocated from normal vehicle lanes. PTV track network 340, generally referenced 340, is integrated with intersecting public roads 332 and 334. PTV track network 340 includes track sections allocated from operating lanes of road 332, e.g., track sections 341, 345, 346, 351, and 352, each of which includes multiple PTV lanes. PTV track network 340 includes multiple elevated rail segments, including track sections 341, 342, 344, 346, 348, 351, and 354 (depicted in solid gray lines), and multiple ground-level rail segments (i.e., where the stabilized rails pass below ground level or at a low elevation above ground level), including track sections 343, 345, 347, 352, and 353 (depicted in dashed gray lines). If a PTV approaching from track section 341 (i.e., "northbound" travel) needs to turn right, it can continue along track sections 342, 343, and 344. If a PTV approaching from track section 341 needs to go straight, it can go along track sections 345 and 346. If a PTV approaching from track section 341 needs to turn left, it can go along the diverging lane at the left end of track section 345 and then continue through track sections 347 and 348. A similar arrangement provides routing flexibility for PTVs traveling from the opposite direction. For example, if a PTV approaching from track section 351 (i.e., "southbound" travel) needs to continue straight, it can go through track sections 352 and 354, but if a PTV approaching from track section 351 needs to turn left, it can go along the diverging lane at the left end of track section 352 and then continue through track sections 353, 343, and 344.In this way, the configuration of track network 340 integrates multiple PTV routes incorporating multiple lanes of different directions into and around public road intersections, providing routing flexibility while minimizing disruption to existing public transportation infrastructure by general vehicular and pedestrian traffic.

[0063] Multiple PTVs may be coupled together to form a series of interconnected vehicles configured to travel together on a track network similar to a train. The coupling between PTVs may be achieved by any suitable coupling mechanism and technique known in the art that provides sufficient connection strength and flexibility to maintain a minimum travel speed and does not significantly limit the number of vehicles in the series. For example, a PTV may be comprised of a front section and a rear section, each of which may open to form a detachable coupling with the front or rear section of another PTV. For example, the rear section of the PTV may be configured similar to an articulated vehicle, such as an articulated bus, with bendable side walls and upper and lower connecting joints. When a user submits a reservation for a two-seater PTV, the two individual PTVs may be interconnected such that the connectable rear section of the first PTV couples with the connectable front section of the second PTV to accommodate two passengers. The coupled PTVs arrive at the designated pickup location already connected and can then be disconnected at the desired location upon completion of the journey. In another exemplary configuration of a connectable PTV, the seats or standing platform of the PTV main section may be folded or rearranged to allow two passengers to sit or stand facing each other. Multiple PTV sections can be connected in a similar manner.

[0064] According to one aspect of the present invention, one or more PTVs can be temporarily incorporated into or integrated with another PTV for mutual travel. For example, at least one “local transportation” PTV designed for short-distance travel (e.g., local transportation within a city) can be incorporated into a larger “regional transportation” PTV designed for long-distance travel (e.g., intercity transportation). A local transportation PTV (e.g., a short-length single-passenger vehicle such as a motorcycle PTV) may be housed within the main section of a regional transportation PTV (e.g., a larger multi-passenger PTV such as a truck or bus with capacity to accommodate multiple single-passenger PTVs, such as up to 30). In this manner, occupants of a local transportation PTV can be transported to a long-distance destination via a regional transportation PTV, which may be autonomous (self-driving) or manually operated by a user.

[0065] The track of a PTV may include notches or drainage openings to allow for proper drainage. In general, track sections or other personal transportation system components that contact the ground may be configured with drainage openings and / or otherwise integrated with underground drainage treatment systems so as not to interfere with drainage operations.

[0066] The PTV may include additional components to facilitate travel. For example, the PTV may include tools adapted to clear track debris and remove or relocate obstacles along the PTV travel path. The tools may include blades or scrapers positioned forward of the PTV main section and configured to collect and push aside relatively small obstacles in the PTV's path. The obstacle removal tools may be manually controlled by a PTV passenger or by a remote operator. As another example, the PTV may include tools adapted to remove or melt snow or ice on track sections or stabilizing rails by pushing the snow / ice aside or by dispersing substances such as salt to enable travel of the PCT in snowy or icy weather conditions.

[0067] The PTV may further include an image sensor or camera configured to capture images of the vehicle interior, such as images depicting passengers and / or cargo being carried. The captured images may be transmitted to a user associated with the PTV reservation (e.g., a parent of a child traveling on the PTV) or to a remote location, such as a system control operator, and may be utilized for security purposes (e.g., to ensure the safety, security, or integrity of passengers and / or cargo). The PTV or track section may further include at least one sensor or indicator configured to detect or indicate proper PTV linkage (e.g., for coupled or interconnected PTVs) or maintenance requirements. PTV inspection stations located along the PTV track network may provide selected inspection services, such as evaluation of PTV elements and components to confirm proper function and make repairs or replacements as necessary.

[0068] According to one aspect of the present invention, a computer-implemented application executable on a computing device in communication with a computer network, such as a smartphone application, is provided to allow a user to reserve a personal transportation vehicle. Using the application, a user can order a PTV for a specified time and location according to current availability and requirements, pending an initial user authentication and approval process. The application can also incorporate various features, such as user preferences and history, common routes or destinations, etc. PTV reservations may also be performed at dedicated PTV ordering stations, which may be distributed at different locations, such as near the PTV track network.

[0069] According to another aspect of the present invention, PTVs may be utilized to facilitate delivery of cargo to a destination without the need for a user present on the PTV. For example, there may be at least one local assistant, which may be embodied by a person or robotic machine (e.g., similar to an autonomous delivery drone), present at the delivery location to retrieve the cargo from the PTV and deliver the cargo to the final destination, eliminating the need for a passenger in each PTV to accompany the cargo during transport.

[0070] According to a further aspect of the present invention, cargo transported by a PTV may be secured by a security mechanism, which may be applied by a first designated user (e.g., the cargo sender) at the origin of the journey. The security mechanism may then be deactivated by a second designated user (e.g., the cargo recipient) at the destination of the journey via a security deactivation procedure, such as a numeric code or other authentication process. The security mechanism and / or security deactivation procedure may be applied remotely, such as via a computer-implemented application executable on a computing device belonging to the cargo sender or cargo recipient.

[0071] While specific embodiments of the disclosed subject matter have been described to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, the foregoing description is intended to be illustrative only and should not be used to limit the scope of the disclosed subject matter, which should be determined by reference to the claims that follow.

Claims

1. a plurality of personal transportation vehicles (PTVs) (120), each PTV (120) including a main section (122) defining a width adapted to accommodate one occupant and a drive mechanism (124); a track network (110) including a series of track sections (111, 112) along which a plurality of PTVs are driven, the track network (110) including a plurality of lanes, intersections and junctions, the track network (110) being suitable for integration with existing public transportation infrastructure such that at least one public road or pedestrian path passes through at least one of the track sections; a stabilizing mechanism (130) configured to stabilize a PTV (120) as it travels along a track network (110) and prevent the PTV (120) from tipping over when turning or merging or branching off, the stabilizing mechanism (130) comprising stabilizing rails (131, 132) configured to engage a portion of the PTV (120) and mounted along track sections (111, 112) of the track network (110); A guide mechanism (140) configured to guide a PTV (120) through intersections and junctions between a plurality of lanes and to prevent the PTV (120) from deviating from a track section (111, 112), the guide mechanism comprising: a stabilizing rail (131, 132) comprising at least one of: i) respective rails on the ground along a track section on either side of the PTV that allow free movement of other vehicles and pedestrians; and ii) elevated rail segments and ground level rail segments configured to guide the PTV to ground level along a track section that passes over a public road or sidewalk while allowing ground-level passage of vehicles and pedestrians; connecting arms, each including a coupling element configured to apply a selected force to each side of the PTV (120) and releasably engage a respective one of the stabilizing rails to maintain the PTV (120) on a designated track section upon approaching a junction or intersection; The guide mechanism (140) comprises: A personal transportation system (100) comprising:

2. the coupling element being at least one magnetic / electromagnetic coupling element (203, 207) located at a distal end of each connecting arm (202, 206), the magnetic / electromagnetic coupling element (203, 207) being configured to change its magnetic polarity; the guide mechanism (140) further comprises at least one arrangement of mechanical bearings located below each magnetic / electromagnetic coupling element (203, 207) and configured to roll along the ground in the direction of travel of the PTV; The stabilization rail comprises a stabilization rail (208) on the ground along a track section on at least one side of the PTV, the rail including a strip of ferromagnetic material; When the PTV is traveling straight, the bearing magnetically engages the stabilizing rail to provide stability and prevent the PTV from tipping over or deviating from the designated track section; 10. The personal transportation system of claim 1, wherein when the PTV reaches a junction or branch junction, at least one of the magnetic elements is directed to selectively switch its magnetic polarity to engage a selected stabilizing rail of opposite magnetic polarity to guide the PTV in a selected direction.

3. Stabilizing rails (131, 132) a left stabilizing rail located along the left track section of the PTV; a right stabilizing rail located along the right track section of the PTV; The connecting arm at least one upper left connecting arm extending from a left side of the PTV, the upper left connecting arm including at least one upper left coupling element and configured to releasably engage an upper portion of the left stabilizing rail from below; at least one left lower connecting arm extending from a left side of the PTV, the left lower connecting arm including at least one left lower coupling element and configured to releasably engage a lower portion of the left stabilizing rail from above; at least one right upper connecting arm (192) extending from the right side of the PTV, the right upper connecting arm (192) including at least one right upper coupling element (193) and configured to releasably engage an upper portion of the right stabilizing rail (198) from below; at least one right lower connecting arm extending from the right side of the PTV, the right lower connecting arm (196) including at least one right lower coupling element (197) and configured to releasably engage from above with a lower portion of a right stabilizing rail (198); When the PTV travels straight, each of the left and right sides of the PTV is in a support mode (190) such that the left upper and left lower coupling elements are each coupled to the left stabilizing rail, and the right upper and right lower coupling elements (193) and right lower coupling elements (197) are each coupled to the right stabilizing rail (198) to provide stability and prevent the PTV from tipping over or deviating leftward or rightward from the designated track section; When the PTV reaches a junction or branch junction, each side of the PTV enters an unsupported mode (195) to guide the PTV in a selected direction, and the unsupported mode a left-side unsupported mode in which each of the left upper and lower coupling elements is detached from the left stabilizing rail, while each of the right upper and lower coupling elements (193) and (197) remains coupled to the right stabilizing rail (198) to guide the PTV in a rightward direction; and a right-side unsupported mode in which each of the upper right coupling element (193) and the lower right coupling element (197) are detached from the right stabilizing rail (198), while each of the upper left coupling element and the lower left coupling element remains coupled to the left stabilizing rail to guide the PTV leftward; selected from the group consisting of The personal transportation system of claim 1 .

4. providing a plurality of personal transportation vehicles (PTVs) (120), each PTV (PTV) (120) including a main section (122) defining a width adapted to accommodate one occupant and a drive mechanism (124); providing a track network (110) including a series of track sections (111, 112) on which a plurality of PTVs operate, the track network (110) including a plurality of lanes and intersections and junctions, the track network (110) being suitable for integration with existing public transportation infrastructure such that at least one public road or footpath passes through at least one of the track sections; using a stabilization mechanism (130) configured to engage a portion of the PTV (120) and including stabilization rails (131, 132) mounted along the track sections (111, 112) of the track network (110) to stabilize the PTV as it travels along the track network and prevent the PTV from tipping over when turning or merging or branching off; A procedure for guiding a PTV (120) through intersections and junctions between multiple lanes using a guide mechanism (140) to prevent the PTV (120) from deviating from a track section (111, 112), the procedure comprising: a stabilizing rail (131, 132) comprising at least one of: i) respective rails on the ground along a track section on either side of the PTV that allow free movement of other vehicles and pedestrians; and ii) elevated rail segments and ground level rail segments configured to guide the PTV to ground level along a track section that passes over a public road or sidewalk while allowing ground-level passage of vehicles and pedestrians; connecting arms, each including a coupling element configured to apply a selected force to each side of the PTV (120) and releasably engage a respective one of the stabilizing rails to maintain the PTV (120) on a designated track section upon approaching a junction or intersection; and 1. A method for personal transportation, including:

5. the coupling elements comprise at least one magnetic / electromagnetic coupling element (203, 207) located at a distal end of each connecting arm (202, 206), the magnetic / electromagnetic coupling element (203, 207) being configured to change its magnetic polarity; the guide mechanism (140) further comprises at least one arrangement of mechanical bearings located below each magnetic / electromagnetic coupling element (203, 207) and configured to roll along the ground in the direction of travel of the PTV; the stabilizing rails comprise respective stabilizing rails (208) on the ground along the track section on at least one side of the PTV, the rails including strips of ferromagnetic material; When the PTV is traveling straight, the bearing magnetically engages the stabilizing rail to provide stability and prevent the PTV from tipping over or deviating from the designated track section; 5. The method of claim 4, wherein when the PTV reaches a junction or branch junction, at least one of the magnetic elements is directed to selectively switch its magnetic polarity to engage a selected stabilizing rail of opposite magnetic polarity to guide the PTV in a selected direction.

6. Stabilizing rails (131, 132) a left stabilizing rail located along the left track section of the PTV; a right stabilizing rail located along the right track section of the PTV; The connecting arm at least one upper left connecting arm extending from a left side of the PTV, the upper left connecting arm including at least one upper left coupling element and configured to releasably engage an upper portion of the left stabilizing rail from below; at least one left lower connecting arm extending from a left side of the PTV, the left lower connecting arm including at least one left lower coupling element and configured to releasably engage a lower portion of the left stabilizing rail from above; at least one right upper connecting arm (192) extending from the right side of the PTV, the right upper connecting arm (192) including at least one right upper coupling element (193) and configured to releasably engage an upper portion of the right stabilizing rail (198) from below; at least one right lower connecting arm extending from the right side of the PTV, the right lower connecting arm (196) including at least one right lower coupling element (197) and configured to releasably engage from above with a lower portion of a right stabilizing rail (198); When the PTV travels straight, each of the left and right sides of the PTV is in a support mode (190) such that the left upper and left lower coupling elements are each coupled to the left stabilizing rail, and the right upper and right lower coupling elements (193) and right lower coupling elements (197) are each coupled to the right stabilizing rail (198) to provide stability and prevent the PTV from tipping over or deviating leftward or rightward from the designated track section; When the PTV reaches a junction or branch junction, each side of the PTV enters an unsupported mode (195) to guide the PTV in a selected direction, and the unsupported mode a left-side unsupported mode in which each of the left upper and lower coupling elements is detached from the left stabilizing rail, while each of the right upper and lower coupling elements (193) and (197) remains coupled to the right stabilizing rail (198) to guide the PTV in a rightward direction; and a right-side unsupported mode, in which each of the right upper coupling element (193) and right lower coupling element (197) are detached from the right stabilizing rail (198), while each of the left upper coupling element and left lower coupling element remains coupled to the left stabilizing rail to guide the PTV leftward; The method of claim 4.

7. A plurality of personal transportation vehicles (PTVs), each PTV (120) comprising: a main section (122) defining a width adapted to accommodate one occupant; and a plurality of personal transportation vehicles (120) including a drive mechanism (124) configured to propel the PTV (120), the drive mechanism (124) including at least one track-engaging element that projects downwardly from the main section (122) and defines a lateral width that is narrower than the lateral width of the main section (122), such that the main section (122) is prone to tipping when the PTV (120) is stationary, whereby a space between the lateral width of the main section (122) and the lateral width of the track-engaging element can be occupied by public infrastructure; A track network including a series of track sections (111, 112) on which a plurality of PTVs are driven, each track section comprising: a ground portion defining a lateral width minimally adapted to accommodate the lateral width of the track-engaging element; and a track network (110) including a clear space above the ground portion, the clear space being free of non-transient obstructions, the clear space defining a lateral width adapted to minimally accommodate the lateral width of the main section; a guide mechanism configured to guide the PTV (120) as it travels along the track network (110) at ground level and to prevent the PTV (120) from deviating from the track sections (111, 112), a guidance mechanism (140) utilizing an internal guidance control system configured to detect a boundary or centerline of the current track section and control the steering of the PTV (120) to maintain the PTV (120) within the detected boundary or aligned with the detected centerline; A stabilizing mechanism configured to stabilize a PTV (120) as it travels along a track network (110) and prevent the PTV (120) from tipping over when turning or merging or branching, the stabilizing mechanism (130) comprising: at least one side wheel (185) extending below the main section (122) and configured to engage the track section and apply a complementary lateral force to the track section (188); at least one weight sensor configured to detect a weight carried by the PTV (120); at least one angle sensor configured to detect tilt of the PTV (120); and an internal weight located inside the PTV (120) and configured to provide a reaction force to stabilize the PTV (120) during movement of the PTV; a stabilization mechanism (130) including at least one of: A personal transportation system (100) comprising:

8. 8. The personal transportation system of claim 7, wherein the track section includes a track (152) adjacent to a road (159) or a sidewalk (153) such that at least a portion of a main section of the PTV (151, 155) extends over the road (159) or sidewalk (153) when traveling on the track (152).

9. 8. The personal transportation system of claim 7, wherein the PTV (120) is configured to selectively expand or contract a lateral width of a track-engaging element of the PTV to conform to width requirements of the track section.

10. A method for providing a plurality of personal transportation vehicles (120), each of which comprises: a main section (122) defining a width adapted to accommodate one occupant; and a drive mechanism configured to propel the PTV (120), the drive mechanism (124) including at least one track-engaging element that projects downwardly from the main section (122) and defines a lateral width that is narrower than the lateral width of the main section (122), such that the main section (122) is prone to tipping when the PTV (120) is stationary, whereby a space between the lateral width of the main section (122) and the lateral width of the track-engaging element can be occupied by public infrastructure; A procedure for providing a track network (110) comprising a series of track sections (111, 112) on which a plurality of PTVs are driven, each track comprising: a ground portion defining a lateral width minimally adapted to accommodate the lateral width of the track-engaging element; and a clear space above the ground portion, the clear space being free of non-transient obstructions and defining a lateral width adapted to minimally accommodate the lateral width of the main section; A procedure for using a guide mechanism (140) to guide a PTV (120) as it travels along a track network (110) at ground level and to prevent the PTV (120) from deviating from a track section (111, 112), the procedure comprising: utilizing an internal guidance and control system configured to detect a boundary or centerline of a current track section and control the steering of the PTV (120) to maintain the PTV (120) within the detected boundary or aligned with the detected centerline; A procedure for using a stabilizing mechanism to stabilize a PTV (120) as it travels along a track network (110) and prevent the PTV (120) from tipping over when turning or merging or branching, the stabilizing mechanism (130) comprising: at least one side wheel (185) extending below the main section (122) and configured to engage the track section and apply a complementary lateral force to the track section (188); at least one weight sensor configured to detect a weight carried by the PTV (120); at least one angle sensor configured to detect tilt of the PTV (120); and an internal weight located inside the PTV (120) and configured to provide a reaction force to stabilize the PTV (120) during movement of the PTV; at least one of: The procedure; 1. A method for personal transportation, including:

11. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the track section includes a track (152) adjacent to a road (159) or a sidewalk (153) such that at least a portion of the main section of the PTV (151, 155) extends over the road (159) or sidewalk (153) when traveling on the track (152).

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