Optical waveguide circuit and method for manufacturing the same

Abstract

This optical waveguide circuit (100) has two or more types of optical waveguides (110, 120) formed on a substrate (101), and comprises: an undercladding layer (102) formed on the substrate (101); a core (103) of the second optical waveguide (120), said core being formed on the undercladding layer (102); a core (104) of the first optical waveguide (110), said core being formed on the core (103) of the second optical waveguide (120) and being formed of a material having a higher refractive index than the core (103) of the second optical waveguide (120); and an over-cladding layer (105) that is formed on the undercladding layer (102) in a shape enclosing the core (103) of the second optical waveguide (120) and the core (104) of the first optical waveguide (110), and is formed of a material having a lower refractive index than the core (103) of the second optical waveguide (120).

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates to an optical waveguide circuit, and more particularly to an optical waveguide circuit in which two types of optical waveguides with significantly different mode field sizes are formed on the same substrate, and a method for manufacturing the same. [Background technology]

[0002] With the recent increase in traffic in data centers, the importance of optical wiring technology for devices inside computer chassis is increasing. In particular, silicon photonics technology, which enables the high-density integration of numerous optical circuits, is attracting attention.

[0003] Silicon optical circuits, which serve as the optical transmission medium in silicon photonics technology, are composed of silicon wire waveguides with a Si core and SiO2 cladding. In silicon wire waveguides, the relative refractive index difference between the core and cladding is about 40%, making it possible for light to propagate within an extremely small cross-sectional area of ​​a few hundred nanometers square in the 1550 nm wavelength band used in single-mode communications. The allowable bending radius of the waveguide is also small, on the order of a few micrometers, so by using silicon wire waveguides, it is possible to draw complex wiring patterns within a narrow area. For these reasons, silicon photonics technology is expected to enable large-scale integration of optical circuits.

[0004] Silicon wire waveguides are fabricated using well-known SOI (silicon-on-insulator) substrates. SOI substrates consist of a silicon support substrate, a buried silicon oxide layer (BOX layer) on the silicon support substrate, and a silicon active layer on the BOX layer. A silicon wire waveguide can be fabricated on such an SOI substrate by forming a core on the silicon active layer, with the BOX layer acting as an undercladding, and then forming a silica glass film on top of this core as an overcladding layer. Because silicon wire waveguides can be fabricated on SOI substrates, they can be monolithically integrated with electronic circuits. From a manufacturing perspective, mature semiconductor microfabrication technology can be applied, making it easy to form fine patterns. Furthermore, combining silicon photonics technology with semiconductor technology and electronic circuit technology is expected to lead to the realization of integrated optoelectronic devices.

[0005] On the other hand, silicon wire waveguides have presented a major problem in terms of connection with other optical elements. When connecting optical elements, it is important to match the mode fields of the light propagating within the connected optical elements in order to reduce loss at the connection point. When two optical elements are connected butt-to-butt, the coupling efficiency of the propagating light at the connection point of the optical elements is determined by the overlap integral of the mode fields of both elements. Generally, the mode field diameter (hereinafter referred to as MFD) of a silicon optical circuit is about 300 nm.

[0006] Consider a connection to a single mode fiber (SMF) that is used as an optical transmission medium outside the circuit inside a computer case. The MFD of a typical SMF, which is also used for long-distance transmission, is about 9 μm, and even an SMF with a high relative refractive index difference design developed for connection to optical waveguides with small MFDs has an MFD of about 4 μm. As such, the MFD of a silicon wire waveguide and that of an SMF differ in size by 10 to several tens of times. Therefore, when the two are directly connected, a huge coupling loss occurs due to the difference in MFD. In order to solve this problem regarding the connectivity between silicon optical circuits and SMF, a spot size conversion (SPC) technique has been developed. A method of inserting SSC (Sequential Sequence Conversion) structures has been proposed.

[0007] Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating the configuration of a conventional SSC structure. Fig. 3 shows the structure of a silicon optical circuit 600 including a substrate 601, an undercladding layer 602, and two types of optical waveguides with different MFDs: a silicon wire waveguide 610, a planar optical waveguide 620, a silicon wire waveguide core 603, a planar optical waveguide core 604, and an overcladding layer 605. The SSC structure 630 is designed to mitigate the effects of differences in MFDs. Fig. 3(a) is an XZ plane cross-sectional view of the silicon optical circuit 600 taken along the cross-sectional line IIIa-IIIa in Fig. 3(b) , and Fig. 3(b) is a YZ plane cross-sectional view of the silicon optical circuit 600 taken along the cross-sectional line IIIb-IIIb in Fig. 3(a) , and passing through the centers of the silicon wire waveguide core 603 and the planar optical waveguide core 604. 3(c) is an XY-plane cross-sectional view passing through the cross-sectional line IIIc-IIIc shown in FIG. 3(b), which is the plane where the silicon wire waveguide 603 and the planar optical waveguide 604 of the silicon optical circuit 600 begin to overlap. Referring to the YZ-plane cross-sectional view of FIG. 3(b), an undercladding layer 602 is formed on a silicon substrate 601, and a silicon wire waveguide core 603 with a small MFD is further formed on the undercladding layer 602. The silicon optical circuit 600 is further entirely covered with an overcladding layer 605. The silicon optical circuit 600 is fabricated using an SOI substrate as a common substrate for the silicon substrate 601, undercladding 602, and silicon wire waveguide core (Si core) 603.

[0008] 3(a) to 3(c), in the SSC structure 630 of the silicon optical circuit 600, the tip of the silicon wire waveguide core 603 is tapered to form an inverse tapered section 603-1, and a planar optical waveguide core 604 is arranged to cover the inverse tapered section 603-1. The relative refractive index difference between the planar optical waveguide core 604 and the undercladding layer 602 and the overcladding layer 605 is smaller than the relative refractive index difference between the silicon wire waveguide core 603-2 and the undercladding layer 602 and the overcladding layer 605. The planar optical waveguide core 604 also has a larger core cross-sectional area and MFD than the silicon wire waveguide core 603.

[0009] As the light in core 603-2 of the silicon wire waveguide approaches the tip of inverse tapered section 603-1 of SSC structure 630, it can no longer be confined within the inverse tapered core and leaks into the cladding around inverse tapered section 603-1. Therefore, the light leaking from inverse tapered section 603-1 adiabatically transitions to planar optical waveguide core 604 that covers silicon wire waveguide core 603. Because this light transition process is adiabatic, theoretically no loss of optical energy occurs.

[0010] Silica-based optical waveguides, which use SiOx as the core and SiO2 as the cladding material, and polymer optical waveguides, which use polymer materials as the core and cladding material, are used as planar optical waveguides with a larger MFD than the silicon wire waveguide shown in Figure 3. The relative refractive index difference between the materials of these planar optical waveguides is on the order of 1 to several percent.

[0011] 3, the SSC structure 630 of the silicon optical circuit 600 can expand the core cross section from silicon wire waveguide core 603-2 of about several hundred nanometers square to planar optical waveguide core 604 of about several micrometers square, thereby improving the coupling efficiency with SMF. In particular, if a silica-based optical waveguide, which is made of the same silica-based material as optical fiber, is used as the planar optical waveguide, it is possible to obtain a highly reliable and high-performance optical device with low loss in the communication wavelength band, low temperature dependence, and low polarization dependence.

[0012] As explained above, it has been known that combining a silicon optical circuit with a planar optical waveguide, typically a silica-based optical waveguide, allows for low-loss connection between two types of optical waveguides with different MFDs, thereby improving the connectivity of silicon photonics technology (Non-Patent Document 1). However, problems still remain with conventional optical circuits that integrate silicon wire waveguides and planar optical waveguides, which have significantly different MFDs, on an SOI substrate.

[0013] As described above, the silicon wire waveguide and the planar optical waveguide are fabricated using an SOI substrate as a common substrate, and therefore, in the SSC structure of a silicon optical circuit as shown in Figure 3, the silicon wire waveguide core and the planar optical waveguide core are positioned so that their bottom surfaces are at the same height, and the planar optical waveguide core is formed in a shape that envelops the silicon wire waveguide core from above. The manufacturing process for such an SSC structure involves forming the silicon wire waveguide core, and then depositing and processing a material film that will become the planar optical waveguide core on the silicon wire waveguide core, thereby forming the planar optical waveguide core.

[0014] Silica-based planar optical waveguides are desirable because they offer low loss in the communication wavelength band, low temperature and polarization dependence, and high reliability and performance. When using such silica-based optical waveguides, the deposited glass film is typically subjected to high-temperature treatment exceeding 1000°C to achieve transparency and uniform refractive index. This high-temperature treatment is particularly essential for the core film, whose refractive index control is directly linked to the performance of the optical waveguide. The material film for the planar optical waveguide core 604 of the optical circuit with the SSC structure shown in Figure 3 is deposited after the silicon wire waveguide core 603 is formed. Therefore, when the material film for the planar optical waveguide core 604 is subjected to high-temperature treatment, the silicon wire waveguide core 603 is also exposed to a high-temperature environment. Normally, silicon undergoes oxidation and becomes silicon oxide when heated to 800°C or higher in an environment where oxidizing species are present, such as in the atmosphere. In other words, the high-temperature treatment required for the manufacture of planar optical waveguides causes an oxidation reaction in the silicon optical waveguide core 603, resulting in the generation of silicon oxide along the outer periphery of the silicon wire waveguide core 603, which can cause deterioration of the shape or damage to the silicon wire waveguide core 603.

[0015] In this way, when optical waveguides made of two different materials, such as silicon photonics and silica-based optical waveguides, are integrated on the same substrate, it has been difficult to prevent the high-temperature processing required for manufacturing silica-based optical waveguides from affecting the shape and performance of the silicon wire waveguides. [Prior art documents] [Non-patent literature]

[0016] [Non-Patent Document 1] R. Marchetti, C. Lacava, L. Carroll, K. Gradkowski, and P. Minzioni, “Coupling strategies for silicon photonics integrated chips,” Photonics Research, Vol. 7, Issue 2, pp. 201-239 (2019). Summary of the Invention

[0017] The object of the present invention is to prevent the high-temperature processing required for manufacturing silica-based optical waveguides from deteriorating the shape and performance of silicon photonics circuits in optical waveguide circuits in which two types of optical waveguides with significantly different mode field sizes, such as silicon photonics and silica-based optical waveguides, are formed on the same substrate.

[0018] In order to achieve the above object, the present disclosure is characterized by having the following configuration.

[0020] (composition 1 ) A method for manufacturing an optical waveguide circuit comprising at least two different types of optical waveguides on a substrate, the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide having a core formed of a material having a higher refractive index than the core of the second optical waveguide, the method comprising: A material for forming the core of the second optical waveguide in the substrate Layer Deposition of the film Formed by and The second optical waveguide is made of a material that forms the core of the second optical waveguide. layer a heat treatment step of performing the heat treatment described above; After the heat treatment step, the second optical waveguide The layer of material that forms the core of depositing a layer of material forming the core of the first optical waveguide thereon; and, a step of forming a first optical waveguide core by processing the layer of material that forms the core of the first optical waveguide after the step of forming a film of the material that forms the core of the first optical waveguide; after the step of forming the first optical waveguide core, processing a layer of material forming a second optical waveguide core to form a core of the second optical waveguide; A method for manufacturing an optical waveguide circuit, comprising:

[0021] According to this configuration, in an optical waveguide circuit in which two types of optical waveguides with significantly different mode field sizes are formed on the same substrate, it is possible to prevent the high-temperature treatment that is essential for manufacturing the second optical waveguide from deteriorating the shape and performance of the first optical waveguide. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0022] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an optical waveguide circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a method for manufacturing an optical waveguide circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 3] FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a silicon optical circuit having a conventional SSC structure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0023] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. An optical waveguide circuit 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 1. FIG. 1 illustrates the optical waveguide circuit 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention, and shows the structure of the optical waveguide circuit 100 including a substrate 101, an undercladding layer 102, two optical waveguides 110 and 120 having different MFDs, an optical waveguide core 104 of the optical waveguide 110, an optical waveguide core 103 of the optical waveguide 120, an SSC region 130 for mitigating the effects of the difference in MFDs, and an overcladding layer 105. FIG. 1(a) is an XZ plane cross-sectional view passing through the optical waveguide core 104 of the optical waveguide circuit 100 (passing through the cross-sectional line Ia-Ia in FIG. 1(b)), and FIG. 1(b) is a YZ plane cross-sectional view passing through the centers of the cores 104 and 103 of the two optical waveguides (passing through the cross-sectional line Ib-Ib in FIG. 1(a)). Fig. 1(c) is an XY plane cross-sectional view of the optical waveguide circuit 100 taken along the cross-sectional line Ic-Ic shown in Fig. 1(b), and similarly Fig. 1(d) and Fig. 1(e) are XY plane cross-sectional views taken along the cross-sectional lines Id-Id and Ie-Ie shown in Fig. 1(b), respectively. The optical waveguide circuit 100 in Fig. 1 has a structure in which two different types of optical waveguides, a first optical waveguide 110 and a second optical waveguide 120, formed on a common substrate 101 are optically connected.

[0024] 1(b), an undercladding layer 102 is formed on a substrate 101, and a second optical waveguide core 103 is formed on the undercladding layer 102. A first optical waveguide core 104 is formed on the second optical waveguide core 103. An overcladding layer 105 is formed on the undercladding layer 102 in a shape that encloses the second optical waveguide core 103 and the first optical waveguide core 104.

[0025] For illustrative purposes, each diagram in Figure 1 shows only a cut-out portion of an optical circuit according to the first embodiment in which two optical waveguides 110 and 120 are integrated on a substrate 101, but the number of optical waveguides is not limited to this, and other optical waveguides may also be included in the circuit. Furthermore, although Figure 1 shows a shape in which the top surface of the second optical waveguide core 103 and the bottom surface of the first optical waveguide core 104 are in contact, in this embodiment, the two cores do not need to be in contact with each other as long as the positional relationship in which the first optical waveguide core 104 is positioned above the second optical waveguide core 103 is satisfied.

[0026] The materials constituting the first optical waveguide 110 and the second optical waveguide 120 are not limited as long as they satisfy the relationship of refractive index: core of first optical waveguide > core of second optical waveguide > clad of second optical waveguide. As a specific example for illustrating the present embodiment, the case will be described in which the material of the core of the first optical waveguide is single crystal silicon (Si), the material of the core of the second optical waveguide is SiO2 with a relatively high refractive index, and the material of the clad of the second optical waveguide is SiO2 with a relatively low refractive index, and silica-based glass with SiO2 as the base material, but the materials used are not limited to this. For example, if the material of the core of the first optical waveguide is S, As the material for the second optical waveguide, SiO2, SiOx, polymer, etc. can be used.

[0027] There is no upper limit to the core cross-sectional size of either the first optical waveguide 110 or the second optical waveguide 120, and they can be multi-mode optical waveguides that propagate light of multiple modes for the wavelength of the optical signal used. Also, by reducing the core cross-sectional size, they can be single-mode optical waveguides that propagate only the lowest-order mode.

[0028] The optical waveguide circuit of this embodiment can be formed, for example, with the core 104 of the first optical waveguide 110 being a Si core, the core 103 of the second optical waveguide 120 being a SiO2 core, and the overcladding layer 105 being a SiO2 cladding.

[0029] In this exemplary configuration, the first optical waveguide is formed as a silicon wire waveguide, and the second optical waveguide is formed as a planar optical waveguide. In this case, the refractive index difference between the core and clad of the first optical waveguide 110 is large, so the core cross-sectional size can be reduced to several hundred nanometers square. On the other hand, the second optical waveguide 120, which uses SiO2 for both the core and clad, has a smaller refractive index difference between the core and clad than the first optical waveguide. Therefore, the core cross-sectional size of the second optical waveguide is limited to several micrometers to 10 micrometers square.

[0030] When both the first optical waveguide 110 and the second optical waveguide 120 are single-mode optical waveguides, the core cross-sectional size of the first optical waveguide is about several hundred nanometers square, and the core cross-sectional size of the second optical waveguide is about several hundred nanometers square. Therefore, the size of the mode field (mode field diameter: MFD) propagating through the cores of the two waveguides is significantly different from each other, and the MFD of the second optical waveguide 120 is larger than the MFD of the first optical waveguide 110.

[0031] (Connection method) The connection portion between the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide has an SSC region 130, which is a region having a function of gradually expanding the size of the mode field (mode field diameter: MFD) propagating in the core (Si core) 104 of the first optical waveguide, i.e., a spot size conversion (SSC) function. In this embodiment, any structure can be used to realize the SSC function. For example, the first optical waveguide core (Si core) 104 can be tapered. Alternatively, the first optical waveguide core (Si core) 104 may have a tapered shape in the direction perpendicular to the substrate, in which the height gradually decreases. Alternatively, the first optical waveguide core (Si core) 104 can be segmented in the direction of light propagation. Furthermore, both a tapered shape and a segmented shape may be combined.

[0032] (Connection loss) There are two main methods for connecting single-mode cores. One is adiabatic coupling, in which two cores are placed so that they are in contact with each other in the propagation direction, and one of the cores is tapered to gradually reduce the equivalent refractive index of the mode propagating within it, causing the optical energy of the mode that can no longer be confined to transfer adiabatically to the other adjacent core. The other is butt coupling, in which the cores are placed so that their end faces are butted together, and the coupling efficiency is determined by the overlap integral of the mode profiles that exist in each of the two cores.

[0033] In the SSC region 130, by forming the first optical waveguide core (Si core) 104 into, for example, a tapered shape, it is possible to adiabatically transfer optical energy propagating within the first optical waveguide core (Si core) 104 to the adjacent second optical waveguide core (SiO2 core) 103. In particular, by processing the tip of the first optical waveguide core (Si core) 104, which has a tapered structure, to be sufficiently thin, it is possible to maximize the optical energy that adiabatically transfers. For example, by processing the width of the tapered tip to be 0.1 μm or less, it is possible to adiabatically transfer 90% or more of the optical energy of the polarized wave component in the horizontal direction of the substrate that propagates through the first optical waveguide core (Si core) 104 to the second optical waveguide core (SiO2 core) 103.

[0034] (Manufacturing method) A manufacturing method of the optical waveguide circuit 100 according to the embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. 2. In FIG. 2, FIG. 2(a) is an end view showing the structure as seen from the XY plane, and FIG. 2(b) is a cross-sectional view showing the structure as seen from the YZ plane, passing through the cross-sectional line IIb-IIb shown in FIG. 2(a). Similarly, FIG. 2(c), FIG. 2(e), and FIG. 2(g) are each end views showing the structure as seen from the XY plane, and FIG. 2(d) is a cross-sectional view showing the structure as seen from the YZ plane, passing through the cross-sectional line IId-IId shown in FIG. 2(c), the cross-sectional line IIf-IIf shown in FIG. 2(e), and the cross-sectional line IIh-IIh shown in FIG. 2(g).

[0035] The substrate forming the optical waveguide circuit 100 shown in FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b) is fabricated by the following process. An SiO2 layer 102 is formed on a substrate 101 (e.g., a glass substrate, but a Si substrate is particularly suitable) with a smooth surface on which an SiO2 layer can be formed. The SiO2 layer 102 can be formed by any method as long as it is uniform and smooth enough to allow other layers to be formed directly on top of it. For example, a flame deposition method or other deposition method can be used. An SiO2 layer 203 having a higher refractive index than the SiO2 layer 102 is formed directly on the SiO2 layer 102. The refractive index of the SiO2 layer 203 may be controlled by adding GeO2, ZrO2, HfO2, P2O5, or B2O3. For example, a flame deposition method or other deposition method can be used to form the SiO2 layer 203. After the SiO2 layer 203 is formed, the film is subjected to a heat treatment exceeding 1000°C to make the film transparent and to make the refractive index uniform. The SiO2 layer 203 is then planarized by a method such as CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing), after which a Si layer 204 is formed directly on the SiO2 layer 203 and planarized to produce the multilayer substrate shown in Figures 2(a) and 2(b). The Si layer 204 may be formed by sputtering amorphous silicon, or another Si substrate may be bonded to the top surface of the substrate 101 (on the SiO2 layer 203) to obtain the desired Si film thickness. The multilayer substrates shown in Figures 2(a) and 2(b) are fabricated by using a single SiO2 layer, i.e., a BOX (Burided Oxide) layer, formed under the surface Si layer of a typical SOI (Silicon on Inst.) substrate. It can be said that two SiO2 layers with different refractive indices are formed, namely, the SiO2 layer 102 and the SiO2 layer 203. Note that a material layer with a lower refractive index than the SiO2 layer 203 and the Si layer 204 may be formed between the SiO2 layer 203 and the Si layer 204.

[0036] Next, as shown in Figures 2(c) and 2(d), the Si layer 204 of the multilayer substrate of Figures 2(a) and 2(b) is processed to be capable of propagating light as a first optical waveguide core (104), thereby forming a Si core 104. Although not shown in the figures, a Si photonics optical circuit may be formed in conjunction with the formation of the Si core 104.

[0037] Next, as shown in Figures 2(e) and 2(f), the SiO2 layer 203 is further processed to form the SiO2 core 103 so that it can propagate light as the core 103 of the second optical waveguide. At this time, it is desirable that the width of the SiO2 core 103 be wider than the width of the already processed Si core 104. This prevents the processing of the SiO2 core 103 from affecting the sidewalls of the already processed Si core 104. Finally, as shown in Figures 2(g) and 2(h), an SiO2 layer 105 having a refractive index lower than that of the SiO2 core 103 is formed to fabricate an optical waveguide circuit.

[0038] In the explanation of the manufacturing method here, for the sake of convenience, the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide have been explained as being respectively constituted by an SiO2 core 103, a Si core 104, an SiO2 cladding layer 105, etc. As described above, the materials constituting the first optical waveguide 110 and the second optical waveguide 120 are not limited as long as they satisfy the relationship of refractive index: core of first optical waveguide > core of second optical waveguide > cladding of second optical waveguide.

[0039] According to this manufacturing method, the high-temperature treatment of the SiO2 layer 203, which is an essential step for making the core (SiO2 core) 103 of the second optical waveguide transparent and for uniforming the refractive index, is completed in a step prior to the formation of the Si layer 204 or the formation of the first optical waveguide core (Si core 104) by processing the Si layer 204. Therefore, the Si core 104 is not exposed to the high-temperature treatment essential for forming the SiO2 core 103, and an optical waveguide circuit can be fabricated that maintains the shape and characteristics of the Si core 104 when it is processed.

[0040] (Effects of the Invention) According to this embodiment, in an optical waveguide circuit in which two types of optical waveguides with significantly different mode field sizes are formed on the same substrate, high-temperature processing, which is essential for manufacturing the second optical waveguide, can be prevented from deteriorating the shape and performance of the first optical waveguide. [Industrial Applicability]

[0041] As described above, according to the present invention, in an optical waveguide circuit in which two types of optical waveguides with significantly different mode field sizes, such as silicon photonics and silica-based optical waveguides, are formed on the same substrate, by forming the silicon photonics circuit on top of the silica-based optical waveguide, it is possible to prevent the high-temperature treatment that is essential for manufacturing silica-based optical waveguides from deteriorating the shape and performance of the silicon photonics circuit.

Claims

1. A method for manufacturing an optical waveguide circuit comprising at least two different types of optical waveguides on a substrate, the first optical waveguide having a core formed of a material having a higher refractive index than the core of the second optical waveguide, and the second optical waveguide, forming a layer of material for forming a core of the second optical waveguide on a substrate; a heat treatment step of heat treating a layer made of a material that forms a core of the second optical waveguide; forming a layer of material for forming a core of the first optical waveguide on the layer of material for forming a core of the second optical waveguide after the heat treatment; forming a core of the first optical waveguide by processing the layer of material that forms the core of the first optical waveguide after forming the layer of material that forms the core of the first optical waveguide by film formation; forming a core of the second optical waveguide by processing a layer of material that forms the core of the second optical waveguide after the step of forming the core of the first optical waveguide; A method for manufacturing an optical waveguide circuit, comprising:

2. The material forming the core of the first optical waveguide is single crystal silicon, and the material forming the core of the second optical waveguide is SiO 2 2. The method for manufacturing an optical waveguide circuit according to claim 1, wherein the base material is silica-based glass.

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