Heat transfer fluids and corrosion inhibitor formulations for their use

Abstract

The heat transfer fluid concentrate comprises (a) a freezing point depressant; and (b) (i) a corrosion inhibitor for copper and copper alloys and (ii) a nonionic surfactant including a polyalkylene glycol. The heat transfer fluid concentrate has a conductivity of about 100 μS / cm or less. Ready-to-use heat transfer fluids and methods for inhibiting corrosion in heat transfer systems are described.

Description

Technical Field

[0001]

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 815,747, filed Mar. 8, 2019. The disclosure set forth in the referenced application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0002]

[0002] The present invention relates generally to heat transfer fluids, and in some embodiments, to heat transfer fluids for suppressing corrosion in heat transfer systems.

Background Art

[0003]

[0003] Heat transfer systems in thermal communication with a power source are used to regulate the heat generated during operation of the power source. For example, motor vehicles use a heat transfer fluid and cooling system to transfer and dissipate the heat generated as a byproduct of a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine.

[0004]

[0004] Alternative power sources such as batteries, fuel cells, solar cells, and internal combustion engines powered by the condensation of steam, natural gas, diesel, hydrogen, etc. may also utilize heat transfer systems and heat transfer fluids to maintain optimal operating conditions, particularly with respect to temperature.

[0005]

[0005] Conventional internal combustion cooling systems and heat transfer fluids may not be suitable and / or optimal for use with alternative power sources, particularly those that use electricity or charge. For example, conventional heat transfer fluids are typically characterized by having a very high conductivity in the range of 3000 μS / cm or more. Using a highly conductive heat transfer fluid with an alternative power source, particularly an electric-based alternative power source, can cause electric shock, increased corrosion, and / or short circuit of the current.

Summary of the Invention

[0006]

[0006] The scope of the present invention is defined solely by the appended claims and is not affected in any way by the descriptions in this summary.

[0007] As a preliminary point, the heat transfer fluid concentrate according to the present invention for use in heat transfer fluids comprises (a) a freezing point depressant; and (b) (i) a corrosion inhibitor for copper and copper alloys and (ii) a nonionic surfactant containing polyalkylene glycol. The conductivity of the heat transfer fluid concentrate is about 100 μS / cm or less.

[0007]

[0008] The heat transfer fluid according to the present invention comprises (a) water; (b) a freezing point depressant in an amount of about 10% to about 99.85% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid; and (c) a nonionic surfactant in an amount of about 0.001% to about 2% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid. The nonionic surfactant comprises (i) an azole compound and (ii) a polyalkylene glycol. The conductivity of the heat transfer fluid concentrate is about 50 μS / cm or less.

[0008]

[0009] A method according to the present invention for suppressing corrosion in a heat transfer system includes bringing at least a portion of the heat transfer system into contact with a heat transfer fluid of the above type. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0009] [Figure 1]

[0010] Figure 1 shows a plot of average corrosion rate versus time in the first example demonstrating the effect of adding a corrosion inhibitor. [Figure 2]

[0011] Figure 2 shows a plot of average corrosion rate versus time in the first example demonstrating the effect of adding a corrosion inhibitor. [Figure 3]

[0012] Figure 3 shows a plot of average corrosion rate versus time in the first example demonstrating the effect of adding a corrosion inhibitor. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0010]

[0013] According to the present invention, heat transfer fluid concentrates and ready-to-use heat transfer fluids obtained from heat transfer fluid concentrates (by dilution with water, for example) have been found and described herein, which (a) have low conductivity, (b) provide effective heat transfer, (c) provide excellent corrosion protection for metals (including, but not limited to, magnesium and magnesium alloys) in the cooling system, (d) protect against freezing and boil-over, (e) have a low foaming tendency, and / or (f) comply with the requirements of applicable ASTM-D3306 (or the coolant specifications of the automotive manufacturer for the corresponding electric vehicle). According to the present invention, low-conductivity or non-conductivity corrosion-inhibiting glycol / water-based compositions can be used as coolants for vehicle cooling systems. In some embodiments, the conductivity of the coolant is less than about 100 μS / cm, less than about 25 μS / cm in some embodiments, and less than about 10 μS / cm in some embodiments. In some embodiments, in order to prevent depletion of corrosion inhibitors and / or colorants and to maintain a low conductivity level of the coolant during vehicle operation, the heat transfer fluid concentrate and the heat transfer fluid obtained therefrom may use an ion exchange resin pretreated with inhibitors and / or colorants to remove undesirable ion species from the coolant.

[0011]

[0014] As a general introduction, a fuel cell is an electrochemical device that generates electricity from an electrochemical reaction between a fuel, such as hydrogen, and an oxidizer, such as oxygen. Water is generally produced as a byproduct of this electrochemical reaction. Fuel cells are a clean and efficient power source that can be used as an alternative to the internal combustion engines of conventional automobiles. A fuel cell assembly typically includes an anode (a negatively charged electrode where the oxidation reaction of the fuel occurs), a cathode (a positively charged electrode where the reduction of the oxidizer, such as oxygen, occurs), and an electrolyte interposed between the two electrodes. To generate enough power for use in a vehicle engine, a fuel cell-based engine can include many fuel cells connected in series to form a fuel cell stack. Each individual cell can operate at a voltage of 0.6–1.0V-DC. A fuel cell stack for use in a vehicle may have more than 100 cells connected in series. Therefore, the DC voltage through the fuel cell stack can be very high. The voltage of a typical battery can range from approximately 125V to approximately 450V DC in an automotive fuel cell stack.

[0012]

[0015] In addition to generating electricity, fuel cell assemblies also generate heat due to the exothermic nature of the electrochemical reactions and current flow involved. Therefore, fuel cell stacks may also include coolant channels for circulating coolant to remove heat from the stack. Circulating coolant through these channels allows the temperature of the fuel cell stack to be controlled within a desirable range for optimal operating conditions.

[0013]

[0016] The cooling system surrounding the fuel cell stack is exposed to the same voltage as the fuel cell stack itself. Therefore, to prevent or minimize electric shock, the coolant must have very low conductivity. For example, the upper limit of the coolant's conductivity can be set to less than approximately 5 μS / cm. Furthermore, low conductivity of the fuel cell coolant may be desirable to reduce shunt current within the coolant system and minimize the decrease in system efficiency.

[0014]

[0017] Fuel cell coolant systems can contain many metal components. For example, stainless steel, aluminum, aluminum alloys, magnesium, magnesium alloys, brass and brass alloys, yellow metal, and other ferrous or non-ferrous alloys may be included in fuel cell coolant systems. Since these metals are susceptible to corrosion under operating conditions, corrosion inhibitors may be required in the fuel cell coolant to minimize corrosion and extend the system's service life. However, most conventional corrosion inhibitors are ionic species (e.g., silicates, nitrites, molybdates, nitrates, carboxylates, phosphates, borates, etc.). Therefore, using these ionic corrosion inhibitors, commonly used to provide corrosion protection in engine cooling systems, at sufficiently high concentrations can significantly exceed the conductivity limits of the fuel cell coolant. Thus, providing effective corrosion protection for metals in fuel cell coolant systems, particularly more corrosive metals such as carbon steel, aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys, and yellow metal (but not limited to these), is a critical challenge. The ability to protect metals from corrosion in the cooling system of fuel cell-powered vehicles can facilitate the use of lower-cost materials in the cooling system, helping to reduce the manufacturing cost of fuel cell-powered vehicles.

[0015]

[0018] In addition to providing reliable corrosion protection for various metal components within the cooling system, engine coolants must also possess the following characteristics to meet their requirements for year-round functional use in a vehicle: high thermal conductivity; high heat capacity or high specific heat; good fluidity within the operating temperature range; high boiling point; low freezing point; low viscosity; low toxicity and safety in use; cost-effectiveness and sufficient supply; chemical stability across operating temperatures and conditions; low foaming tendency; low boil-over tendency; and good material compatibility (i.e., not corroding, eroding, or degrading system materials, including both metallic and non-metallic materials). One or more of the above characteristics can be obtained by using the heat transfer fluid concentrates and heat transfer fluids obtained therefrom described herein.

[0016]

[0019] Among commonly available engineering alloys, magnesium alloys have the highest strength-to-weight ratio. As a result, the use of magnesium alloys in automobiles is increasing due to the need for improved fuel economy, reduced pollution, and decreased reliance on petroleum. However, the use of magnesium alloys in vehicle powertrain systems (e.g., engine blocks) has been limited until now. One reason for the limited use of magnesium alloys in powertrain systems is the material's poor corrosion resistance, particularly when in contact with water / glycol-based coolants commonly used in vehicle cooling systems.

[0017]

[0020] Conventional corrosion inhibitor formulations used in water / glycol-based coolants typically contain silicates, nitrites, and carboxylates (e.g., C4-C) to provide corrosion protection to various metals in the cooling system. 18These coolants contain high concentrations of ionic species such as mono- or dicarboxylates (benzoates), molybdates, nitrates, phosphates, phosphonates, and borates. While many of these suppressed coolants can provide satisfactory corrosion protection to several metal components used in vehicle cooling systems (e.g., aluminum, cast iron, steel, copper, brass, solder, etc.), their corrosion protection to magnesium alloy-based components is inferior. The corrosion rate of magnesium alloys is particularly high at high operating temperatures when the magnesium alloy is in galvanic contact with other metals and / or when exposed to various commercially available coolants designed for use in vehicle cooling systems that do not contain magnesium alloys.

[0018]

[0021] Therefore, there is a need for new corrosion-inhibiting coolants and corrosion protection methods for vehicle cooling systems containing magnesium and / or magnesium alloys.

[0022] In this specification and throughout the appended claims, the following definitions should be understood:

[0019]

[0023] The term "heteroatom" refers to any atom other than carbon and hydrogen. Typical examples of heteroatoms according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.

[0020]

[0024] The term "alkyl" refers in some embodiments to a linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon chain, substituted or unsubstituted, containing 1 to 24 carbon atoms. Representative examples of unsubstituted alkyl groups according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, cyclobutyl, pentyl, cyclopentyl, hexyl, and cyclohexyl.

[0021]

[0025] The term "alkenyl" refers to a substituted or unsubstituted, linear, branched, or cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon chain containing at least one double bond and, in some embodiments, 2 to 24 carbon atoms. Representative unsubstituted alkenyl groups according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, ethenyl or vinyl (-CH=CH2), 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl or allyl (-CH2-CH=CH2), 1,3-butadienyl (-CH=CHCH=CH2), 1-butenyl (-CH=CHCH2CH3), hexenyl, pentenyl, and 1,3,5-hexatrienyl. In some embodiments, the cycloalkenyl group has 5 to 8 carbon atoms and at least one double bond. Representative cycloalkenyl groups according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, cyclohexadienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptadienyl, and cyclooctatrienyl.

[0022]

[0026] The term "alkoxy" refers to a substituted or unsubstituted -O-alkyl group. Representative unsubstituted alkoxy groups according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, and tert-butoxy.

[0023]

[0027] The terms "siloxy" and "silyloxy" refer to silicon-substituted oxygen groups. The silicon-containing portion of the siloxy group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Representative siloxy groups according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, trimethylsilyloxy (-OSi(CH3)3), triethylsilyloxy (-OSi(CH2CH3)3), triisopropylsiloxy (-OSi(i-Pr)3), and tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy (-OSi(tert-Bu)(CH3)2).

[0024]

[0028] The term "alkynyl" refers to a substituted or unsubstituted, linear, branched, or cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon chain containing at least one triple bond and, in some embodiments, 2 to 20 carbon atoms.

[0025]

[0029] The term "aryl" refers to a substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic, bicyclic, or polycyclic aromatic ring system comprising 4 to 20 carbon atoms. Representative aryl groups according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, benzene, substituted benzenes (e.g., toluene, xylenes, styrene), naphthalene, anthracene, and biphenyl.

[0026]

[0030] The term "amino" refers to an unsubstituted or substituted amino (-NH2) group. Amines are classified into primary (-NH2) and secondary (-NH2) groups. a ), or Class 3 (-NR) a R b )(Here, R a and R b These may be the same or different. Representative substituted amino groups according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, methylamino, dimethylamino, ethylamino, diethylamino, 2-propylamino, 1-propylamino, di(n-propyl)amino, di(isopropyl)amino, methyl-n-propylamino, and tert-butylamino.

[0027]

[0031] The term "halogen" refers to fluorine, chlorine, iodine, or bromine.

[0032] The term “heterocyclic” refers to a saturated, partially saturated, or aromatic cyclic system containing 3 to 24 carbon atoms (4 to 22 carbon atoms in some embodiments; 6 to 20 carbon atoms in other embodiments) and at least one heteroatom (1 to 3 heteroatoms in some embodiments). The ring may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents. Furthermore, the ring may be monocyclic, bicyclic, or polycyclic. As used herein, the term “heterocyclic” encompasses the term “heteroaryl.” Typical heteroatoms included in the ring are, but are not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.Typical heterocyclic groups according to the present invention include aziridine, azirine, oxirane, oxylene, thiirane, thiylene, diaziridine, oxaziridine, dioxirane, azetidine, azeto, oxetane, oxeto, thietane, thieto, diazetidine, dioxetane, dioxeto, dithietane, dithieto, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuran, thiolane, imidazolidine, pyrazolidene, oxazolidine, isoxazolidine, thiazolidine, isothiazolidene, dioxolane, dithiolane, furazan, oxadiazole, dithiazole, tetrazole, piperidine, oxane, pyran, thiane, thiopyran, piperazine, diazine, morpholine, oxazine, thiomorpholine, thiazine, dioxane, dioxine, dithiane, dithiin, trioxane, trithiane, tetrazine, azepane, azepine, oxepane, oxepine, thiepane, thiepine, homopiperazine, diazepine, thiazepine, azocane, azocine, acridine, benzothiazoline, benzimidazole, benzofuran, benzothiapene, benzthiazole, benzothiophenyl, carbazole, cinnoline, furan, imidazole, 1H-indazole, indole, isoindole, isoquinoline, isothiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, oxadiazoles (e.g., 1,2,3-oxadiazole), phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, phthalazine, pteridine, purine, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyridazine, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, quinazoline, quinoline, quinoxaline, thiazole, thiadiazoles (e.g., 1,3,4-thiadiazole), thiophene, triazine (e.g., 1,3,5-triazine), triazoles (e.g., 1,2,3-triazole), etc., but are not limited thereto.

[0028]

[0033] The term "substituted" refers to the optional attachment of one or more substituents to a skeletal structure (e.g., an alkyl skeleton, an alkenyl skeleton, a heterocyclic skeleton, etc.). Representative substituents for use according to the present invention include hydroxyl, amino (-NH2, -NHR a , -NR a R bExamples of substituents include, but are not limited to, oxy(-O-), carbonyl(-CO-), thiol, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, halo, nitrile, nitro, aryl, and heterocyclyl groups. These substituents may be further substituted with 1 to 3 substituents. Examples of substituted substituents include, but are not limited to, carboxamide, alkyl mercapto, alkyl sulfonyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, carboxylate, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaryl, aralkyl, alkyl heterocyclyl, heterocyclylaryl, and haloalkyl. The substituents must not substantially interfere with the reaction of the present invention (e.g., they must not cause cross-reaction with reactants or termination of the reaction).

[0029]

[0034] The phrase “fuel cell” refers to any type of fuel cell, including but not limited to polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells, direct methanol fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, phosphate fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, and any combination thereof. Furthermore, as used herein, the phrase “fuel cell” includes one or more individual fuel cells and one or more individual “stacks” (i.e., electrically coupled combinations) of fuel cells.

[0030]

[0035] It should be understood that the components and features of the various representative embodiments described below can be combined in different ways to generate new embodiments that are similarly within the scope of the present invention.

[0031]

[0036] As a general introduction, the heat transfer fluid concentrate according to the present invention comprises the following components: (a) a freezing point depressant; and (b) (i) a corrosion inhibitor for copper and copper alloys and (ii) a nonionic surfactant comprising polyalkylene glycol; or, in some embodiments, essentially composed of these; or, in further embodiments, essentially composed of these. The conductivity of the heat transfer fluid concentrate is about 100 μS / cm or less.

[0032]

[0037] The conductivity of the heat transfer fluid concentrate and the ready-to-use heat transfer fluid obtained from the heat transfer fluid concentrate (for example, by diluting with water) according to the present invention may be one of several different values ​​or may be within one of several different ranges. For example, the conductivity of the heat transfer fluid concentrate or the ready-to-use heat transfer fluid obtained therefrom may be the following values: approximately 90 μS / cm, 89 μS / cm, 88 μS / cm, 87 μS / cm, 86 μS / cm, 85 μS / cm, 84 μS / cm, 83 μS / cm, 82 μS / cm, 81 μS / cm, 80 μS / cm, 79 μS / cm, 78 μS / cm, 77 μS / cm, 76 μS / cm, 75 μS / cm, 74 μS / cm, 73 μS / cm, 72 μS / cm, 71μS / cm, 70μS / cm, 69μS / cm, 68μS / cm, 67μS / cm, 66μS / cm, 65μS / cm, 64μS / cm, 63μS / cm, 62μS / cm, 61μS / cm, 60μS / cm, 59μS / cm, 58μS / cm, 57μS / cm, 56μS / cm, 55μS / cm, 54μS / cm, 53μS / cm, 52μS / cm, 51μS / cm, 50μS / cm, 49μS / cm , 48μS / cm, 47μS / cm, 46μS / cm, 45μS / cm, 44μS / cm, 43μS / cm, 42μS / cm, 41μS / cm, 40μS / cm, 39μS / cm, 38μS / cm, 37μS / cm, 36μS / cm, 35μS / cm, 34μS / cm, 33μS / cm, 32μS / cm, 31μS / cm, 30μS / cm, 29μS / cm, 28μS / cm, 27μS / cm, 26μS / cm, 25μ Having a conductivity of one or less of S / cm, 24μS / cm, 23μS / cm, 22μS / cm, 21μS / cm, 20μS / cm, 19μS / cm, 18μS / cm, 17μS / cm, 16μS / cm, 15μS / cm, 14μS / cm, 13μS / cm, 12μS / cm, 11μS / cm, 10μS / cm, 9μS / cm, 8μS / cm, 7μS / cm, 6μS / cm, or 5μS / cm is within the scope of the present invention.

[0033]

[0038] Furthermore, the conductivity of the heat transfer fluid concentrate or the ready-to-use heat transfer fluid obtained therefrom falls within one of many ranges, which is also within the scope of the present invention. In the first set of ranges, the conductivity of the heat transfer fluid concentrate and / or the ready-to-use heat transfer fluid obtained therefrom is within the following ranges: approximately 1 μS / cm to 99 μS / cm, 2 μS / cm to 98 μS / cm, 3 μS / cm to 97 μS / cm, 4 μS / cm to 96 μS / cm, 5 μS / cm to 95 μS / cm, 6 μS / cm to 94 μS / cm, 7 μS / cm to 93 μS / cm, 8 μS / cm to 92 μS / cm, 9 μS / cm to 91 μS / cm, 10 μS / cm to 90 μS / cm, 11μS / cm~89μS / cm, 12μS / cm~88μS / cm, 13μS / cm~87μS / cm, 14μS / cm~86μS / cm, 15μS / cm~85μS / cm, 16μS / cm~84μS / cm17μS / cm~83 μS / cm, 18μS / cm~82μS / cm, 19μS / cm~81μS / cm, 20μS / cm~80μS / cm, 21μS / cm~79μS / cm, 22μS / cm~78μS / cm, 23μS / cm~77μS / cm, 24μS / cm~76μS / cm, 25μS / cm~75μS / cm, 26μS / cm~74μS / cm, 27μS / cm~73μS / cm, 28μS / cm~72μS / cm, 29μS / cm~71μS / cm, 30μS / cm~70μS / cm, 31μS / cm~69μS / cm, 32μS / cm~68μS / cm, 33μS / cm~67μS / cm, 34μS / cm~66μS / cm, 35μS / cm~65μS / cm, 36μS / cm~64μS / cm, 37μS~6 The conductivity is within one of the following ranges: 3 μS / cm, 38 μS / cm to 62 μS / cm, 39 μS / cm to 61 μS / cm, 40 μS / cm to 60 μS / cm, 41 μS / cm to 59 μS / cm, 42 μS / cm to 58 μS / cm, 43 μS / cm to 57 μS / cm, 44 μS / cm to 56 μS / cm, 45 μS / cm to 55 μS / cm, 46 μS / cm to 54 μS / cm, 47 μS / cm to 53 μS / cm, 48 μS / cm to 52 μS / cm, or 49 μS / cm to 51 μS / cm. In the second set of ranges, the conductivity of the heat transfer fluid concentrate and / or the ready-to-use heat transfer fluid obtained therefrom is within the following range: approximately 1 μS / cm to 100 μS / cm.2μS / cm~100μS / cm、3μS / cm~100μS / cm、4μS / cm~100μS / cm、5μS / cm~100μS / cm、6μS / cm~100μS / cm、7μS / cm~100μS / cm、8μS / cm~100μS / cm、9μS / cm~100μS / cm、10μS / cm~100μS / cm、11μS / cm~100μS / cm、12μS / cm~100μS / cm、13μS / cm~100μS / cm、14μS / cm~100μS / cm、15μS / cm~100μS / cm、16μS / cm~100μS / cm、17μS / cm~100μS / cm、18μS / cm~100μS / cm、19μS / cm~100μS / cm、20μS / cm~100μS / cm、21μS / cm~100μS / cm、22μS / cm~100μS / cm、23μS / cm~100μS / cm、24μS / cm~100μS / cm、25μS / cm~100μS / cm、26μS / cm~100μS / cm、27μS / cm~100μS / cm、28μS / cm~100μS / cm、29μS / cm~100μS / cm、30μS / cm~100μS / cm、31μS / cm~100μS / cm、32μS / cm~100μS / cm、33μS / cm~100μS / cm、34μS / cm~100μS / cm、35μS / cm~100μS / cm、36μS / cm~100μS / cm、37μS / cm~100μS / cm、38μS / cm~100μS / cm、39μS / cm~100μS / cm、40μS / cm~100μS / cm、41μS / cm~100μS / cm、42μS / cm~100μS / cm、43μS / cm~100μS / cm、44μS / cm~100μS / cm、45μS / cm~100μS / cm、46μS / cm~100μS / cm、47μS / cm~100μS / cm、48μS / cm~100μS / cm、49μS / cm~100μS / cm、50μS / cm~100μS / cm、51μS / cm~100μS / cm、52μS / cm~100μS / cm、53μS / cm~100μS / cm、54μS / cm~100μS / cm、55μS / cm~100μS / cm、56μS / cm~100μS / cm、57μS / cm~100μS / cm、58μS / cm~100μS / cm、59μS / cm~100μS / cm,60μS / cm~100μS / cm、61μS / cm~100μS / cm, 62μS / cm~100μS / cm, 63μS / cm~100μS / cm, 64μS / cm~100μS / cm, 65μS / cm~100μS / cm , 66μS / cm~100μS / cm, 67μS / cm~100μS / cm, 68μS / cm~100μS / cm, 69μS / cm~100μS / cm, 70μS / cm~100μS / c m, 71μS / cm~100μS / cm, 72μS / cm~100μS / cm, 73μS / cm~100μS / cm, 74μS / cm~100μS / cm, 75μS / cm~100μS / cm, 76μS / cm~100μS / cm, 77μS / cm~100μS / cm, 78μS / cm~100μS / cm, 79μS / cm~100μS / cm, 80μS / cm~100μS / cm, 81μS / cm~100μS / cm, 82μS / cm~100μS / cm, 83μS / cm~100μS / cm, 84μS / cm~100μS / cm, 85μS / cm~100μS / cm, 86μS / cm~100μS / cm, 87μS / cm~100μS / cm, 88μS / cm~100μS / cm, 89μS / cm~100μS / cm, 90μS / cm~100μS It is within one of the following ranges: / cm, 91μS / cm~100μS / cm, 92μS / cm~100μS / cm, 93μS / cm~100μS / cm, 94μS / cm~100μS / cm, 95μS / cm~100μS / cm, 96μS / cm~100μS / cm, 97μS / cm~100μS / cm, 98μS / cm~100μS / cm, or 99μS / cm~100μS / cm. In the third set of ranges, the conductivity of the heat transfer fluid concentrate and / or the ready-to-use heat transfer fluid obtained therefrom is in the following ranges: 1 μS / cm to 99 μS / cm, 1 μS / cm to 98 μS / cm, 1 μS / cm to 97 μS / cm, 1 μS / cm to 96 μS / cm, 1 μS / cm to 95 μS / cm, 1 μS / cm to 94 μS / cm, 1 μS / cm to 9 3μS / cm, 1μS / cm~92μS / cm, 1μS / cm~91μS / cm, 1μS / cm~90μS / cm, 1μS / cm~89μS / cm, 1μS / cm~88μS / cm, 1μS / cm~87μS / cm, 1μS / cm~86μS / cm, 1μS / cm~85μS / cm, 1μS / cm~84μS / cm, 1μS / cm~83μS / cm,1μS / cm~82μS / cm、1μS / cm~81μS / cm、1μS / cm~80μS / cm、1μS / cm~79μS / cm、1μS / cm~78μS / cm、1μS / cm~77μS / cm、1μS / cm~76μS / cm、1μS / cm~75μS / cm、1μS / cm~74μS / cm、1μS / cm~73μS / cm、1μS / cm~72μS / cm、1μS / cm~71μS / cm、1μS / cm~70μS / cm、1μS / cm~69μS / cm、1μS / cm~68μS / cm、1μS / cm~67μS / cm、1μS / cm~66μS / cm、1μS / cm~65μS / cm、1μS / cm~64μS / cm、1μS / cm~63μS / cm、1μS / cm~62μS / cm、1μS / cm~61μS / cm、1μS / cm~60μS / cm、1μS / cm~59μS / cm、1μS / cm~58μS / cm、1μS / cm~57μS / cm、1μS / cm~56μS / cm、1μS / cm~55μS / cm、1μS / cm~54μS / cm、1μS / cm~53μS / cm、1μS / cm~52μS / cm、1μS / cm~51μS / cm、1μS / cm~50μS / cm、1μS / cm~49μS / cm、1μS / cm~48μS / cm、1μS / cm~47μS / cm、1μS / cm~46μS / cm、1μS / cm~45μS / cm、1μS / cm~44μS / cm、1μS / cm~43μS / cm、1μS / cm~42μS / cm、1μS / cm~41μS / cm、1μS / cm~40μS / cm、1μS / cm~39μS / cm、1μS / cm~38μS / cm、1μS / cm~37μS / cm、1μS / cm~36μS / cm、1μS / cm~35μS / cm、1μS / cm~34μS / cm、1μS / cm~33μS / cm、1μS / cm~32μS / cm、1μS / cm~31μS / cm、1μS / cm~30μS / cm、1μS / cm~29μS / cm、1μS / cm~28μS / cm、1μS / cm~27μS / cm、1μS / cm~26μS / cm、1μS / cm~25μS / cm、1μS / cm~24μS / cm、1μS / cm~23μS / cm、1μS / cm~22μS / cm、1μS / cm~21μS / cm、1μS / cm~20μS / cm、1μS / cm~19μS / cm、1μS / cm~18μS / cm、1μS / cm~17μS / cm、It falls within one of the following ranges: 1 μS / cm to 16 μS / cm, 1 μS / cm to 15 μS / cm, 1 μS / cm to 14 μS / cm, 1 μS / cm to 13 μS / cm, 1 μS / cm to 12 μS / cm, 1 μS / cm to 11 μS / cm, 1 μS / cm to 10 μS / cm, 1 μS / cm to 9 μS / cm, 1 μS / cm to 8 μS / cm, 1 μS / cm to 7 μS / cm, 1 μS / cm to 6 μS / cm, or 1 μS / cm to 5 μS / cm.

[0034]

[0039] The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to the present invention contains a freezing point depressant. Suitable and representative freezing point depressants suitable for use in the heat transfer fluid concentrate according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, alcohols and mixtures of alcohols (e.g., monohydric alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, and mixtures thereof). Typical alcohols for use as freezing point depressants include, but are not limited to, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, furfurol, furfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, ethoxylated furfuryl alcohol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol), 1,3-propylene glycol (1,3-propanediol), dipropylene glycol, butylene glycol, glycerol, glycerol-1,2-dimethyl ether, glycerol-1,3-dimethyl ether, glycerol monoethyl ether, sorbitol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, trimethylolpropane, C1-C4 alkoxy alkanols (e.g., methoxyethanol), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the freezing point depressant includes, but is not limited to, alcohols selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, glycerol, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid concentrate according to the present invention contains a glycol freezing point depressant.

[0035]

[0040] The concentration of the freezing point depressant can be varied depending on the application. In some embodiments, the concentration of the freezing point depressant is in the range of about 10% by weight to about 99.85% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. Within this range, the freezing point depressant may be present in an amount of about 30% by weight or more, and in some embodiments, about 40% by weight or more, based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. Also within this range, the freezing point depressant may be present in an amount of about 99.5% by weight or less, and in some embodiments, about 99% by weight or less. In other embodiments, the concentration of the freezing point depressant is in the range of about 30% by weight to about 99.5% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. In other embodiments, the concentration of the freezing point depressant is in the range of about 40% by weight to about 99% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. In other embodiments, the concentration of the freezing point depressant is in the range of about 15% by weight to about 99% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. In other embodiments, the concentration of the freezing point depressant is in the range of about 20% to about 98% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. In further embodiments, the concentration of the freezing point depressant is in the range of about 20% to about 96% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate.

[0036]

[0041] The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to the present invention comprises one or more nonionic surfactants. In typical embodiments, the nonionic surfactants for use according to the present invention include (i) a corrosion inhibitor for copper and copper alloys, and (ii) a polyalkylene glycol.

[0037]

[0042] Representative copper and copper alloy corrosion inhibitors for use in accordance with the present invention include, but are not limited to, compounds (e.g., azole compounds) that contain a 5- or 6-membered heterocycle as an active functional group, wherein the heterocycle contains at least one nitrogen atom. In some embodiments, copper and copper alloy corrosion inhibitors include, but are not limited to, benzotriazoles, hydrobenzotriazoles (e.g., tetrahydrobenzotriazole), tolyltriazoles, hydrotolyltriazoles (e.g., 4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole, 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole, and other tetrahydrobenzotriazoles described in U.S. Patent No. 8,236,205B1), methylbenzotriazoles (e.g., 4-methylbenzotriazole, 5-methylbenzotriazole), alkylbenzotriazoles (e.g., butylbenzotriazole, etc. (but are not limited to these)) C2-C 20 Examples include substituted or unsubstituted compounds and / or salts thereof (e.g., sodium or potassium salts) selected from the group consisting of alkyl-containing benzotriazoles, mercaptobenzothiazoles, thiazoles, imidazoles, benzimidazoles, indazoles, tetrazoles, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, azole compounds (typical embodiments include benzotriazoles, toltriazoles, or combinations thereof) are used as copper and copper alloy corrosion inhibitors in the heat transfer fluid concentrate according to the present invention. In some embodiments, one or more of the above-mentioned copper and copper alloy corrosion inhibitors may be optionally substituted.

[0038]

[0043] Typical polyalkylene glycols for use in accordance with the present invention include, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, methoxypolyethylene glycol, and / or equivalents, as well as combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the polyethylene glycol according to the present invention is CARBOWAX® polyethylene glycol and methoxypolyethylene glycol from Dow Chemical Company (e.g., CARBOWAX PEG200, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1000, 1450, 3350, 4000, and 8000, etc.), PLURACOL® polyethylene glycol from BASF (e.g., Pluracol® E200, 300, 400, 600, 1000, 3350, 4000, 6000, and 8000, etc.), and POLYGYCOL polyethylene glycol from CLARIANT International LTD (e.g., POLYGYCOL Examples include, but are not limited to, 200, 300, 600, 600PU, 800, 1500FL, 1500PU, 1500PS, 2000Fl, 3000S, 3400Fl, 4000M50, 4000P, 5500Fl, 6000PF, 6000PF, 6000PF, 6000S, 8000Fl, 8000PF, 8000PS, 8000S, 9000FL, 10000Fl, 12000P, 12000S, 20000P, 20000SR, 20000SRM50, 20000SRU, 35000S, CL 14000FL, CL 14000S, and CL 20000S, and / or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the polypropylene glycol according to the present invention includes, but is not limited to, polypropylene glycols (or polyglycols of the P series) from Dow Chemical Company (e.g., P1000TB, P1200, P2000, P4000), Lupranol® linear polypropylene glycols from BASF Corp. (e.g., LUPRANOL® 1000 / 1, 1000 / 2, 1005 / 1, 1100 / 1, 1200, 2004 / 1, etc.), and / or equivalents, as well as combinations thereof.

[0039]

[0044] The concentration of the nonionic surfactant (containing at least a copper and copper alloy corrosion inhibitor and a polyalkylene glycol (and, in some embodiments, one or more further nonionic surfactants)) can be varied depending on the application. In some embodiments, the nonionic surfactant may be present in the composition in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. In other embodiments, the nonionic surfactant may be present in the composition in an amount of about 0.001% to about 2% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. In other embodiments, the nonionic surfactant may be present in the composition in an amount of about 0.005% to about 1% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. In some embodiments, the nonionic surfactant may be present in the composition in an amount of about 0.01% to about 0.5% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. In other embodiments, the nonionic surfactant may be present in the composition in an amount of about 0.01% to about 5% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. In some embodiments, the amount of the nonionic surfactant is in the range of about 0.01% to about 4% by weight based on the total weight of the corrosion inhibitor formulation. Within this range, the nonionic surfactant may be present in an amount of about 0.05% or more by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate, and in some embodiments, in an amount of about 0.1% or more by weight. Also within this range, the nonionic surfactant may be present in an amount of about 2% or less by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate, and in some embodiments, in an amount of about 1% or less by weight, 0.9% or less by weight, 0.8% or less by weight, 0.7% or less by weight, 0.6% or less by weight, or 0.5% or less by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate.

[0040]

[0045] In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid concentrate according to the present invention may contain, in addition to the corrosion inhibitor for copper and copper alloys and polyalkylene glycol, one or more additional nonionic surfactants as may be added. Representative additional nonionic surfactants for optional use include, but are not limited to, sorbitan fatty acid esters, alkoxylated alcohols, polyalkylene glycol esters, copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, polyoxyalkylene derivatives of sorbitan fatty acid esters, and / or equivalents, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, additional nonionic surfactants for optional use include sorbitan fatty acid esters and alkoxylated alcohols. While it is not intended to be bound by any particular theory or to limit the scope of the appended claims or their equivalents in any way, it is currently believed that alkoxylated alcohols used in accordance with the present invention can remain in the solution in the heat transfer fluid under operating conditions without being consumed or decomposed, thus providing robust defoaming properties for the heat transfer fluid. In some embodiments, the average molecular weight of the additional nonionic surfactants for optional use in accordance with the present invention is between about 55 and about 300,000, and in some embodiments, between about 110 and about 10,000.

[0041]

[0046] Representative sorbitan fatty acid esters for use as further nonionic surfactants according to the present invention include sorbitan monolaurate (e.g., sold under the trade names Span® 20, Arlacel® 20, and S-MAZ® 20M1), sorbitan monopalmitate (e.g., Span® 40 or Arlacel® 40), sorbitan monostearate (e.g., Span® 60, Arlacel® 60, or S-MAZ® 620M1), and sorbita Examples include, but are not limited to, monooleates (e.g., Span® 80 or Arlacel® 80), sorbitan monosesquioleates (e.g., Span® 83 or Arlacel® 83), sorbitan trioleates (e.g., Span® 85 or Arlacel® 85), sorbitan tristearate (e.g., S-MAZ® 65K), sorbitan monotalate (e.g., S-MAZ® 90), and / or equivalents, as well as combinations thereof.

[0042]

[0047] Examples of typical alkoxylated alcohols that may be used as further nonionic surfactants according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, ethoxylated alcohols, propoxylated alcohols, and / or equivalents, as well as combinations thereof.

[0043]

[0048] In some embodiments, the alkoxylated alcohol to be used optionally in accordance with the present invention is of formula (I): RO(CH2CH2O) j (CH2CH2CH2O) k H (I) (In the formula, R is a linear primary alcohol, j represents the total number of moles of ethylene oxide, and k represents the total number of moles of propylene oxide.) It has. In some embodiments, in formula (I), R is C4~C 25 Linear primary alcohol (in some embodiments, C6-C6)15 Linear primary alcohol, in other embodiments C7-C 12 It is a linear primary alcohol, where j is an integer between 0 and 15 (including the endpoints), k is an integer between 0 and 15 (including the endpoints), and j+k is an integer greater than or equal to 1.

[0044]

[0049] In some embodiments, the alkoxylated alcohol to be used optionally in accordance with the present invention is of formula (II): RO(CH2CH2O) n H (II) (In the formula, R is a linear primary alcohol, and n represents the total number of moles of ethylene oxide.) It contains ethoxylated alcohols. In some embodiments, in formula (II), R is C4-C 25 Linear primary alcohol (in some embodiments, C6-C6) 15 Linear primary aluminum, in other embodiments C7~C 12 It is a linear primary alcohol, and n is an integer between 1 and 15 (including the endpoints).

[0045]

[0050] In some embodiments, the alkoxylated alcohol to be used optionally in accordance with the present invention is of formula (III): RO(CH2CH2CH2O) m H (III) (In the formula, R is a linear primary alcohol, and m represents the total number of moles of propylene oxide.) In some embodiments, in formula (III), R is C4~C 25 Linear first alcohol (in some embodiments, C6-C 15 Linear first alcohol, in other embodiments C7-C 12 (A linear primary alcohol, where m is an integer between 1 and 15 (including the endpoints)) It contains propoxylated alcohol.

[0046]

[0051] Representative examples of commercially available alkoxylated alcohols for optional use as further nonionic surfactants according to the present invention include: (a) TRITON® EF-19 surfactant (>98% alcohol, C8-C8) available from The Dow Chemical Co. (Midland, MI). 10 (b) MACOL® LF 110 surfactant (alkoxylated alcohol), available from BASF Corporation (Mount Olive, NJ or Florham Park, NJ), and PLURAFAC® SLF 18 surfactant (100% alcohol, C6-C6). 10 Examples of ethoxylated alcohols include, but are not limited to, ethoxylated propoxylated alcohols (CAS number: 68987-81-5), or PLURAFAC® SLF-180 alcohol alkoxylate surfactants, and the TOMADOL® series of ethoxylated alcohols available from (c) Tomah Products, Inc. (Milton, WI). Typical TOMADOL® ethoxylated alcohols for use as appropriate in accordance with the present invention include poly(2.5) or (6) or (8) oxyethylene C 9-11 Alcohols (e.g., TOMADOL® 91-2.5, TOMADOL® 91-6, TOMADOL® 91-8), poly(3) or (5) or (7) or (9) oxyethylene C 11 Alcohols (e.g., TOMADOL® 1-3, TOMADOL® 1-5, TOMADOL® 1-7, TOMADOL® 1-9), poly(1) or (3) or (5) or (6.5) oxyethylene C 12-13 Alcohols (e.g., TOMADOL® 23-1, TOMADOL® 23-5, TOMADOL® 23-6.5), poly(3) or (7) or (9) or (12) oxyethylene C 12-15Alcohols (e.g., TOMADOL® 25-3, TOMADOL® 25-7, TOMADOL® 25-9, TOMADOL® 25-12), poly(2.5) or (7) or (13) oxyethylene C 14-15 Alcohols (e.g., TOMADOL® 45-2.5, TOMADOL® 45-7, TOMADOL® 45-13), and (d) TRITON® DF-16 surfactant (≧98.0% alcohol, C8~C 10 (e) ethoxylated propoxylated, CAS #68603-25-8, and ≤2.0% poly(ethylene oxide), CAS #25322-68-3), (e) TRITON (registered trademark) DF-12 surfactant (100% alcohol, C8~C 10 Examples include, but are not limited to, ethers having polyethylene-polypropylene glycol monobenzyl ether, CAS#68154-99-4, (f)DeIONIC LF-EP-15 and / or DeIONIC LF-EP alkoxylated alcohols, and / or equivalents, and combinations thereof.

[0047]

[0052] In several embodiments of the heat transfer concentrate, in addition to the corrosion inhibitor for copper and copper alloys and polyalkylene glycol, one or more additional nonionic surfactants are present, and the concentration of the one or more additional nonionic surfactants can be varied depending on the application. In some embodiments, the one or more additional nonionic surfactants may be present in the composition in an amount of about 0.001% to about 3% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. In other embodiments, the one or more additional nonionic surfactants may be present in the composition in an amount of about 0.001% to about 1% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. Within this range, the one or more additional nonionic surfactants may be present in an amount of about 0.9% by weight or less, about 0.8% by weight or less in some embodiments, about 0.7% by weight or less in some embodiments, about 0.6% by weight or less in some embodiments, and about 0.5% by weight or less in some embodiments, based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate.

[0048]

[0053] Representative polyalkylene glycol esters for optional use as further nonionic surfactants according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, various fatty acid monoesters and diesters such as MAPEG® polyethylene glycol esters from BASF (e.g., MAPEG® 200ML or PEG200 monolaurate, MAPEG® 400DO or PEG400 dioleate, MAPEG® 400MO or PEG400 monooleate, and MAPEG® 600DO or PEG600 dioleate, etc.) and / or equivalents, as well as combinations thereof.

[0049]

[0054] Representative copolymers of ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO) for optional use as further nonionic surfactants according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, various Pluronic and Pluronic R block copolymer surfactants from BASF, DOWFAX nonionic surfactants from DOW Chemical, UCON® fluids, and SYNALOX lubricants, and / or equivalents, as well as combinations thereof.

[0050]

[0055] Representative polyoxyalkylene derivatives of sorbitan fatty acid esters for use as further nonionic surfactants according to the present invention include polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monolaurate (e.g., products sold under the trademark names TWEEN 20 or T-MAZ 20), polyoxyethylene 4 sorbitan monolaurate (e.g., TWEEN 21), polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monopalmitate (e.g., TWEEN 40), polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monostearate (e.g., TWEEN 60 or T-MAZ 60K), polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monooleate (e.g., TWEEN 80 or T-MAZ 80), polyoxyethylene 20 tristearate (e.g., TWEEN 65 or T-MAZ 65K), and polyoxyethylene 5 sorbitan monooleate (e.g., TWEEN 81 or T-MAZ 81) Examples include, but are not limited to, polyoxyethylene 20-sorbitan trioleate (e.g., TWEEN 85 or T-MAZ 85), and / or equivalents, as well as combinations thereof.

[0051]

[0056] In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid concentrate according to the present invention can be used directly as a heat transfer fluid without dilution or the addition of water.

[0057] In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid concentrate according to the present invention may optionally contain water in addition to or instead of a freezing point depressant. The ready-to-use heat transfer fluid obtained from the heat transfer fluid concentrate (e.g., by dilution) typically contains water. In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid concentrate according to the present invention, containing a freezing point depressant, may be diluted with water to a solution of 40% to 60% by volume.

[0052]

[0058] The type of water used in accordance with the present invention is not limited. However, in some embodiments, the water used in the heat transfer fluid concentrate and / or heat transfer fluid according to the present invention may be deionized water, demineralized water, softened water, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the hardness of the water due to CaCO3 is less than about 10 ppm. In other embodiments, the conductivity of the water is less than about 30 μS / cm. In further embodiments, the hardness of the water due to CaCO3 is less than about 10 ppm, and the conductivity of the water is less than about 30 μS / cm.

[0053]

[0059] In several embodiments of heat transfer concentrates where water is present, the concentration of water can be varied depending on the application. In some embodiments, water is present in an amount of about 0.1% to about 90% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. Within this range, water may be present in an amount of about 0.5% or more by weight, and in some embodiments, about 1% or more by weight, based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. Also within this range, water may be present in an amount of less than about 70% by weight, and in some embodiments, less than 60% by weight, based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. In other embodiments, water is present in an amount of about 0.5% to about 70% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. In further embodiments, water is present in an amount of about 1% to about 60% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate.

[0054]

[0060] In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid concentrate according to the present invention may optionally contain one or more additional low-conductivity corrosion inhibitors. Typical low-conductivity corrosion inhibitors for optional use in accordance with the present invention include, but are not limited to, siloxane compounds, colloidal silica, amine compounds, and / or equivalents, and combinations thereof.

[0055]

[0061] Representative siloxane compounds for optional use as low-conductivity corrosion inhibitors according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, SILWET®, SILQUEST®, and FORMASIL® materials and / or equivalents, and combinations thereof, available from Momentive Performance Materials Inc. (Waterford, NY) and / or GE Silicones-OSi Specialties. Representative examples of commercially available siloxane compounds that can be used in accordance with the present invention include, but are not limited to, SILWET L-77, SILWET L-7657, SILWET L-7650, SILWET L-7608, SILWET L-7210, SILWET L-7220, siloxane-polyether copolymers and / or equivalents, and combinations thereof, available from Dow Corning Corp. (Midland, MI). In some embodiments, non-conductive or nearly non-conductive organosilane compounds containing one or more silicon-carbon bonds, such as alkoxysilanes (but not limited to these), can be used (for example, compounds that can be hydrolyzed in the presence of water to form silanol compounds having one or more Si-OH groups).Representative examples of alkoxysilanes for use in accordance with the present invention include, but are not limited to, FORMASIL 891, FORMASIL 593, FORMASIL 433, SILQUEST® Y-5560 silane (polyalkylene oxide alkoxysilane), SILQUEST® A-186 [2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane], SILQUEST® A-187 (3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, octyltriethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, isobutyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane, and combinations thereof. In several embodiments of the heat transfer concentrate containing the siloxane compound, the concentration of the siloxane compound can be varied depending on the application. In some embodiments, the siloxane compound or a mixture of several siloxane compounds is present in an amount of about 0.01% to about 10% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. In other embodiments, the siloxane compound or a mixture of several siloxane compounds is present in an amount of about 0.02% to about 2% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate.

[0056]

[0062] Typical colloidal silica for optional use as a low-conductivity corrosion inhibitor according to the present invention includes, but is not limited to, colloidal silica having a nominal particle size of about 1 nm to about 200 nm. In some embodiments, the particle size of the colloidal silica is about 1 nm to about 100 nm. In other embodiments, the particle size of the colloidal silica is about 1 nm to about 40 nm. Within this range, the particle size of the colloidal silica may be about 1 nm or more, and in some embodiments, about 2 nm or more. Also within this range, the particle size of the colloidal silica may be about 100 nm or less, and in some embodiments, about 40 nm or less. Suitable colloidal silica for optional use according to the present invention includes, but is not limited to, Ludox colloidal silica from DuPont or Grace Davidson, Nyacol and / or Bindzil colloidal silica from Akzo Nobel-Eka Chemicals, Snowtex colloidal silica from Nissan Chemical, colloidal silica from Nalco and other suppliers, and / or equivalents, and combinations thereof. Without intending to be bound by any particular theory or to limit the scope of the attached claims or their equivalents in any way, it is currently believed that by using colloidal silica in a heat transfer fluid, nanoparticles can increase the heat transfer efficiency and / or heat capacity of the heat transfer fluid. For several embodiments of the heat transfer concentrate in which colloidal silica is present, the concentration of colloidal silica can be varied depending on the application. In some embodiments, colloidal silica is present in amounts of about 0 ppm to about 20,000 ppm (i.e., less than or equal to about 20,000 ppm) of the heat transfer fluid concentrate, and in some embodiments, it is present in amounts of about 0 ppm to about 2,000 ppm (i.e., less than or equal to about 2,000 ppm).

[0057]

[0063] Representative amine compounds that may be used as low-conductivity corrosion inhibitors according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, morpholine, benzylamine, cyclohexylamine, dicyclohexylamine, hexylamine, AMP (2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol or isobutanolamine), DEAE (diethylethanolamine), DEHA (diethylhydroxylamine), DMAE (2-dimethylaminoethanol), DMAP (dimethylamino-2-propanol), MOPA (3-methoxypropylamine), and / or equivalents, as well as combinations thereof.

[0058]

[0064] In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid concentrate according to the present invention may optionally contain one or more further components. The total concentration of the optional further components may be about 0.0% by weight to about 15% by weight (i.e., about 15% by weight or less) based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. In some embodiments, the total concentration of the optional further components is about 0.0001% by weight to about 10% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. In other embodiments, the total concentration of the optional further components is about 0.001% by weight to about 5% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. In further embodiments, the total concentration of the optional further components is about 0.01% by weight to about 3% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate.

[0059]

[0065] Representative further components that may be optionally present in the corrosion inhibitor formulation according to the present invention include C1-C 20Examples of such components include, but are not limited to, tetraalkyl orthosilicate esters, nonconductive colorants, defoaming or defoaming agents, biocides, pH adjusters, wetting agents, other nonionic surfactants, other nonconductive or low-conductivity corrosion inhibitors, nonionic dispersants, scale inhibitors, bittering agents, other coolant / antifreeze additives, and / or similar, as well as combinations thereof. If present, one or more optional further components must be nonconductive or have low conductivity. In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid concentrate according to the present invention may specifically exclude one or more of these optional further components (e.g., substantially "not containing" one or more of the above-mentioned further components). In some embodiments, the pH of the heat transfer fluid concentrate according to the present invention at a concentration of 50% is between approximately 6.8 and approximately 10.0, and in some embodiments, it is between approximately 6.8 and approximately 9.0.

[0060]

[0066] Representative C1-C12 20 Examples of tetraalkyl orthosilicate esters include, but are not limited to, tetramethyl orthosilicate, tetraethyl orthosilicate, and / or similar, as well as combinations thereof. C1~C 20 In several embodiments of the heat transfer fluid concentrate containing tetraalkyl orthosilicate esters, C1~C 20 The concentration of the tetraalkyl orthosilicate ester can be varied depending on the application. In some embodiments, C1-C 20 Tetraalkyl orthosilicate esters are present in amounts of approximately 0% to 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate.

[0061]

[0067] Examples of typical non-conductive colorants or dyes for use in accordance with the present invention include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2006 / 0051639A1 and 2006 / 0063050A1. Further representative non-conductive colorants or dyes for use as appropriate in accordance with the present invention include various polymer colorants from Milliken & Company of Spartanburg, SC, and Liquitin Red ST, Liquitin Blue RE, Liquitin Red XC, Liquitin Patent Blue, Liquitin Bright Yellow, Liquitin Blue Orange, Liquitin Royal Blue, Liquitin Blue N-6, Liquitin Bright Blue, Liquitin Supra Blue, Liquitin Blue HP, Liquitin Blue DB, Liquitin Blue II, Liquitin Exp Yellow 8614-6, Liquitin Yellow BL, Liquitin Yellow II, Liquitin Sunbeam Yellow, Liquitin Supra Yellow, Liquitin Green HMC, Liquitin Violet, Liquitin Red BL, Liquitin Red RL, Liquitin Cherry Red, Liquitin Red II, Examples include, but are not limited to, Liquitin Teal, Liquitin Yellow LP, Liquitin Violet LS, Liquitin Crimson, Liquitin Aquamarine, Liquitin Green HMC, Liquitin Blue EA, and Liquitin Red HN, and / or similar, as well as combinations thereof.

[0062]

[0068] As used herein, the term "non-conductive" refers to a colorant that, when introduced into a standard solution of deionized water at a maximum concentration of about 0.2% by weight or less based on the total weight of the standard solution, produces an increase in conductivity of less than about 10 μS / cm. In some embodiments, suitable non-conductive colorants have good stability in alcohol-water mixtures under fuel cell operating conditions (e.g., typically temperatures of about 40°C to about 100°C).

[0063]

[0069] In some embodiments, the optional nonconductive colorant is substantially free of functional groups that form ionic species by hydrolysis in an aqueous solution of alcohol or glycol. As used herein in the context of nonconductive colorants, the phrase “substantially free” means not exceeding an amount that would result in a conductivity of the colored heat transfer fluid greater than 10 μS / cm. In some embodiments, the optional nonconductive colorant is substantially free of functional groups selected from the group consisting of carboxylate groups, sulfonate groups, phosphonate groups, quaternary ammonium cation groups, positively charged groups, negatively charged groups, and combinations thereof. A typical example of a positively charged group is Na + Cu 2+ , N + R3 (where R is independent of H, C1~C) 20 (Alkyl or aromatic ring-containing group), Fe 3+ Examples of negatively charged groups include, but are not limited to, , and / or similar groups, as well as combinations thereof. A typical example of a negatively charged group is Cl - , Br - , I - This includes, but is not limited to, those similar to, and / or combinations thereof.

[0064]

[0070] In some embodiments, optional nonconductive colorants include at least one of the following chromophores: anthraquinone, triphenylmethane, diphenylmethane, triarylmethane, diarylmethane, azo-containing compounds, diazo-containing compounds, trisazo-containing compounds, diazo-containing compounds, xanthenes, acridine, indene, thiazole, two or more conjugated aromatic groups, two or more conjugated heterocyclic groups (e.g., stilbene and / or pyrazoline and / or coumarin-type radicals or mixtures thereof), three or more conjugated carbon-carbon double bonds (e.g., carotene), and / or the same, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, chromophores include one or more of the following: triphenylmethane, diphenylmethane, triarylmethane, diarylmethane, and azo-containing radicals.

[0065]

[0071] In some embodiments, the optional nonconductive colorant may include alkylene oxy or alkoxy groups and at least one chromophore such as those described above. In some embodiments, the chromophore included in the colorant can be selected from the group consisting of anthraquinone, triphenylmethane, diphenylmethane, triarylmethane, diarylmethane, azo-containing compounds, diazo-containing compounds, trisazo-containing compounds, diazo-containing compounds, two or more conjugated aromatic groups, two or more conjugated heterocyclic groups, and / or the like, and combinations thereof.

[0066]

[0072] In another embodiment, a suitable optional nonconductive colorant is formula (IV): R{A k [(B) n R 1 ] m} x (IV) (wherein R is an organic chromophore selected from the group consisting of anthraquinone, triphenylmethane, diphenylmethane, triarylmethane, diarylmethane, azo-containing compounds, diazo-containing compounds, trisazo-containing compounds, diazo-containing compounds, xanthenes, acridine, indene, thiazole, two or more conjugated aromatic groups, two or more conjugated heterocyclic groups, and combinations thereof; A is a linking group in the chromophore, selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; k is 0 or 1; B is selected from the group consisting of one or more alkylene oxy or alkoxy groups containing 1 to 8 carbon atoms; n is an integer from 1 to 100; m is an integer from 1 or 2; x is an integer from 1 to 5; R 1 (This is selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl groups, or alkoxy groups containing 1-8 carbon atoms, and combinations thereof.) It has.

[0067]

[0073] In some embodiments, a preferred optional nonconductive colorant is a colorant of formula (IV) above, wherein A is N or O; B is selected from the group consisting of one or more alkylene oxy moieties containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms; n is 1 to 30, m is 1 or 2, X is 1 or 2, and R1 is H or a C1-C4 alkyl group or an alkoxy group containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

[0068]

[0074] In some embodiments, optional nonconductive colorants can be prepared by various known methods, including (but not limited to) those described in U.S. Patent No. 4,284,729, U.S. Patent No. 6,528,564 B1, or other patents issued to Milliken & Company of Spartanburg, SC. ​​For example, a suitable optional colorant can be prepared by converting a dye intermediate containing a primary amino group into a corresponding polymer compound, and using the resulting compound to produce a compound having a chromophore group in its molecule. In the case of azo dyes, this can be achieved by reacting a primary aromatic amine with a suitable amount of alkylene oxide or a mixture of multiple alkylene oxides (e.g., ethylene oxide) according to a known procedure, and then coupling the resulting compound with a diazonium salt of the aromatic amine. To prepare a triarylmethane liquid colorant, the aromatic amine reacted with the alkylene oxide as described above can be condensed with an aromatic aldehyde, and the resulting condensation product can be oxidized to form a triarylmethane liquid colorant. Other suitable optional colorants can also be prepared by these and other known procedures.

[0069]

[0075] In one embodiment, when a purification method is used, an optional colorant containing ionic species can be used. Typical purification and chemical separation techniques include treatment with ion exchange resins, reverse osmosis, extraction, absorption, distillation, filtration, and similar processes that are electrically nonconductive and used to remove ionic species to obtain a purified colorant suitable for use in the present invention.

[0070]

[0076] Representative defoaming agents or defoaming agents for optional use in accordance with the present invention include, but are not limited to, organically modified polydimethylsiloxane-containing polyalkylene glycols, siloxane polyalkylene oxide copolymers, polyalkylene oxides, "PM-5150" available from Prestone Products Corp., "Pluronic L-61" and "Plurafac®" LF 224 available from BASF Corp., "Patcote 492", "Patcote 415", and other Patcote brand defoaming agents available from Hydrite Chemical Co. and other suppliers, and "Foam Ban 136B" and other Foam Ban defoaming agents available from Munzing Chemie GmbH or its affiliates. Optional defoaming agents also include PC-5450NF from Performance Chemicals, LLC in Boscawen, NH, and CNC defoaming agent XD-55 from CNC International in Woonsocket, RI. Other examples of polydimethylsiloxane emulsion-based defoamers include NF and XD-56 (but are not limited to these).In some embodiments, as an optional defoaming agent, silicone or organically modified polydimethylsiloxane, e.g., SAG brand silicone defoaming agents from OSI Specialties Inc., Momentive Performance Materials Inc. of Waterford, NY, Dow Corning, and other suppliers (e.g., SAG-10, Silbreak® 320); ethylene oxide-propylene oxide (EO-PO) block copolymer and propylene oxide-ethylene oxide-propylene oxide (PO-EO-PO) block copolymer (e.g., Pluronic L61, Pluronic L81 and other Pluronic and Pluronic Products C); poly(ethylene oxide) or poly(propylene oxide), e.g., PPG2000 (polypropylene oxide with an average molecular weight of 2000 daltons); polydiorganosiloxane products (e.g., products containing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)); fatty acids or fatty acid esters (e.g., stearic acid); fatty alcohols, alkoxylated alcohols, and polyglycols; polyether polyol acetates, polyether ethoxylated sorbital hexaoleates, and poly(ethylene oxide-propylene oxide) monoallyl ether acetates; waxes, naphthas, kerosene, and aromatic oils; and / or similar substances, as well as combinations thereof.

[0071]

[0077] Representative biocides for use as appropriate in accordance with the present invention include, but are not limited to, a variety of non-oxidizing biocides such as glutaraldehyde, isothiazolin, 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one, 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, methylenebis(thiocyanate), ter-butylazine, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate, and / or similar, as well as combinations thereof.

[0072]

[0078] In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid concentrate according to the present invention can be used directly without prior dilution. In other embodiments, the heat transfer fluid concentrate according to the present invention can be diluted (e.g., with water and / or a freezing point depressant) to form a heat transfer fluid. For example, in some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid concentrate can be diluted by about 10% to about 75% by volume to form a heat transfer fluid. In some embodiments, the water used for dilution is deionized water as described in section 4.5 of ASTM-D3306-10.

[0073]

[0079] In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid concentrate according to the present invention can be made available as a commercially available product. In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid concentrate according to the present invention can be made available as a commercially available product intended for direct use as a heat transfer fluid without requiring any kind of dilution (e.g., without adding water). In other embodiments, a ready-to-use heat transfer fluid can be made available as a commercially available product, in which the heat transfer fluid concentrate has been pre-diluted with water to about 50 volume percent. When preparing a ready-to-use heat transfer fluid by dilution, the optimal level of water to be added to the heat transfer concentrate under the operating conditions can be determined by the desired requirements for freeze protection, boil-over protection, and corrosion protection.

[0074]

[0080] Undiluted heat transfer fluid concentrates are not typically used as heat transfer fluids in engine cooling systems due to their relatively low heat transfer coefficient (or specific heat), high viscosity, and high freezing point. Therefore, heat transfer fluid concentrates can be diluted with water (for example, to a 30% to 60% by volume solution) before use in an engine cooling system. Vehicle manufacturers typically use a 50% by volume heat transfer concentrate diluted with water as the factory-filled fluid in vehicle cooling systems. Heat transfer fluid products pre-diluted with water to contain approximately 30% to 60% by volume of heat transfer fluid concentrate are ready-to-use coolants as they do not require further water when added to a vehicle cooling system.

[0075]

[0081] In readily usable heat transfer fluids, the freezing point depressant can be present in an amount of approximately 1% to less than 90% by weight, based on the total weight of the readily usable heat transfer fluid. Within this range, the amount of the freezing point depressant is approximately 10% or more by weight, approximately 20% or more by weight, approximately 30% or more by weight, approximately 40% or more by weight, approximately 50% or more by weight, approximately 55% or more by weight, approximately 60% or more by weight, approximately 65% ​​or more by weight, approximately 70% or more by weight, approximately 75% or more by weight, approximately 80% or more by weight, approximately 85% or more by weight, approximately 86% or more by weight, approximately 87% or more by weight, approximately 88% or more by weight, or approximately 89% or more by weight, but may be less than 90% by weight. Furthermore, within this range, the amount of the freezing point depressant is approximately 30% by weight or less, approximately 40% by weight or less, approximately 50% by weight or less, approximately 55% by weight or less, approximately 60% by weight or less, approximately 65% ​​by weight or less, approximately 70% by weight or less, approximately 75% by weight or less, approximately 80% by weight or less, approximately 85% by weight or less, approximately 86% by weight or less, approximately 87% by weight or less, or approximately 88% by weight or less, or approximately 89% by weight or less, but it may be approximately 1% by weight or more.

[0076]

[0082] In a ready-to-use heat transfer fluid, a nonionic surfactant (containing at least a copper and copper alloy corrosion inhibitor and a polyalkylene glycol (however, in some embodiments, one or more additional nonionic surfactants may be included)) can be present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the total weight of the ready-to-use heat transfer fluid. Within this range, the nonionic surfactant can be present in an amount of about 0.005% or more by weight, about 0.01% or more by weight, or about 0.10% or more by weight based on the total weight of the ready-to-use heat transfer fluid. Within this range, the nonionic surfactant can be present in an amount of about 4% or less by weight, about 3% or less by weight, about 2% or less by weight, about 1.5% or less by weight, or about 1% or less by weight based on the total weight of the ready-to-use heat transfer fluid.

[0077]

[0083] In embodiments in which the heat transfer fluid includes one or more further low-conductivity corrosion inhibitors, the total amount of the one or more further low-conductivity corrosion inhibitors may be greater than about 0.001% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid. Within this range, the amount of the one or more further low-conductivity corrosion inhibitors may be less than about 10% by weight, less than about 9% by weight, less than about 8% by weight, less than about 7% by weight, less than about 6% by weight, less than about 5% by weight, less than about 4% by weight, less than 3% by weight, or less than about 2% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid.

[0078]

[0084] In embodiments in which the heat transfer fluid includes one or more additional optional components, the total amount of the one or more additional optional components may be greater than about 0.001% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid. Within this range, the amount of the one or more additional optional components may be less than about 20% by weight, less than about 19% by weight, less than about 18% by weight, less than about 17% by weight, less than about 16% by weight, less than about 15% by weight, less than about 14% by weight, less than 13% by weight, or less than about 12% by weight, less than about 11% by weight, less than about 10% by weight, less than about 9% by weight, less than about 8% by weight, less than about 7% by weight, less than about 6% by weight, less than about 5% by weight, less than about 4% by weight, less than 3% by weight, or less than about 2% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid.

[0079]

[0085] The pH of the heat transfer fluid may be between approximately 6.8 and approximately 10.0 at room temperature. Within this range, the pH may be approximately 7.5 or higher, or approximately 7.8 or higher in some embodiments. Also within this range, the pH may be approximately 9.0 or lower, or approximately 8.8 or lower in some embodiments.

[0080]

[0086] A method for suppressing corrosion in a heat transfer system according to the present invention includes bringing at least a portion of the heat transfer system into contact with a heat transfer fluid of the type described herein. The heat transfer system may include one or more components made of carbon steel, aluminum, aluminum alloys, magnesium, magnesium alloys, yellow metal, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the heat transfer system may include magnesium and / or magnesium alloys. In some embodiments, the heat transfer system includes a fuel cell.

[0081]

[0087] In some embodiments, corrosion protection can be provided using an ion exchange resin pre-treated with a heat transfer fluid concentrate or a heat transfer fluid obtained therefrom according to the present invention. For example, an ion exchange resin (e.g., a mixed bed resin or anion exchange resin) can be pre-treated with a heat transfer fluid concentrate or a heat transfer fluid obtained therefrom that contains a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring (the heterocyclic ring contains at least one nitrogen atom (e.g., an azole compound)) as an active functional group. The ion exchange resin can then be packed into a filter installed in the side flow of the cooling system. Some ionic species present in the coolant or generated during the operation of the cooling system exchange with a corrosion inhibitor attached to the exchangeable parts on the ion exchange resin. This exchange releases the corrosion inhibitor from the resin and removes the ionic species from the coolant. Since the 5- or 6-membered N-heterocyclic compounds used as corrosion inhibitors are weakly ionic compounds, their release at concentrations typically used in coolants (e.g., less than several thousand milligrams per liter) may not result in an unacceptable increase in conductivity. Furthermore, the amount of inhibitor released from the resin is determined by the need for corrosion protection of the coolant. Increased corrosivity in the coolant can generate more ion species, which can lead to an increase in the amount of corrosion inhibitor released from the resin for the ion exchange mechanism. The increased concentration of corrosion inhibitor in the coolant can itself cause a decrease in the corrosion rate. Therefore, a mixed-bed ion exchange resin can be used to maintain low conductivity in the coolant within the system. In some embodiments, filters and / or strainers can be used to prevent ion exchange resin beads from leaking into the system.

[0082]

[0088] The corrosion inhibitor-loaded ion exchange resin according to the present invention can be prepared by contacting the ion exchange resin with an aqueous solution containing the corrosion inhibitor for a sufficient time for the corrosion inhibitor to exchange 15% or more of the total exchangeable groups in the resin. In other words, in some embodiments, the amount of corrosion inhibitor loaded can reach 15% or more of the resin's exchange capacity. In other embodiments, the amount of corrosion inhibitor loaded can be greater than 50% of the resin's exchange capacity. In further embodiments, the amount of corrosion inhibitor loaded can be greater than 75% of the resin's exchange capacity. The corrosion inhibitor-loaded ion exchange resin can then be housed in a filter and placed in a cooling system to provide the desired corrosion protection. Before placement in the cooling system, the corrosion inhibitor-loaded ion exchange resin can be washed with deionized water and / or washed coolant to minimize the possibility of accidental introduction of impurities into the system.

[0083]

[0089] The corrosion inhibitors that can be used to treat ion exchange resins in the present invention may have a pKa of about 5 or more when acidic in an aqueous solution at 25°C. When the treatment inhibitor is basic, the pKb of a suitable treatment inhibitor may be about 5 or more in an aqueous solution at 25°C. Typical examples of ion exchange resin treatment inhibitors include, but are not limited to, compounds (e.g., azole compounds) that contain a 5 or 6-membered heterocycle (the heterocycle containing at least one nitrogen atom) as an active functional group. In some embodiments, ion exchange resins can be treated using other compounds, such as (but not limited to) one of the corrosion inhibitors described herein.

[0084]

[0090] The ion exchange resin used in accordance with the present invention is determined by the properties of the corrosion inhibitor used. For example, when an N-heterocyclic compound is used as the corrosion inhibitor, the ion exchange resin may be a regenerative mixed bed resin or an anion exchange resin. If the corrosion inhibitor can become a positively charged seed in the solution, a regenerative mixed bed resin or a cation exchange resin can be used. The mixed bed resin used is a mixture of a cation exchange resin and an anion exchange resin. The cation exchange resin used in accordance with the present invention is H + The form may be OH - The ion exchange resin may be in any form. The ion exchange resin comprises a polymer matrix and functional groups that interact with ions. The ion exchange matrix may be polystyrene, polystyrene and styrene copolymer, polyacrylic, phenol-formaldehyde, polyalkylamine, and / or similar, or combinations thereof. The functional groups of the cationic ion exchange resin may be sulfonic acid groups (-SO3H), phosphonic acid groups (-PO3H), phosphinic acid groups (-PO2H), or carboxylic acid groups (-COOH or C(CH3)-COOH). The functional groups of the anionic ion exchange resin may be quaternary ammonium groups (e.g., benzyltrimethylammonium group or benzyldimethylethanolammonium group) or tertiary amine functional groups. In some embodiments, ion exchange resins available from Rohm and Haas (e.g., Amberlite, Amberjet, Duolite, and Imac resins), Bayer (Lewatit), Dow (Dowex), Mitsubishi (Diaion), Purolite, Sybron (Ionac), Resintech, and similar materials can be used in accordance with the present invention.

[0085]

[0091] The heat transfer fluid concentrates and heat transfer fluids obtained therefrom according to the present invention are further illustrated by the following non-limiting embodiments. The following embodiments are illustrative of the features of the present invention and are given for illustrative purposes only. They are not intended to limit the scope of the appended claims or their equivalents. [Examples]

[0086]

[0092] The materials used in the following examples are summarized in Table 1.

[0087] [Table 1]

[0088] Example 1 - Low-conductivity antifreeze / coolant formulation

[0093] Thirteen different heat transfer fluid compositions were prepared, as summarized in Tables 2 and 3 below. All quantities are expressed as weight percentages relative to the total weight of the heat transfer fluid. The conductivity of fluids No. 1 to 4 is also given.

[0089] [Table 2]

[0090] [Table 3]

[0091]

[0094] The compositions were tested according to modified ASTM-D1384. The test results obtained for various metals and metal alloys present in vehicle cooling systems, including aluminum and magnesium, are summarized in Tables 4 and 5 below. Metal or metal alloy specimens were exposed to each of the heat transfer fluid compositions represented by Examples 1-13. The specimens were exposed to each composition for 336 hours, and the weight loss of each specimen was obtained. In Tables 4 and 5, the weight loss of each specimen is given as (mg specimen) / 336 hours. Also, the magnesium ion (Mg) for each composition was calculated. 2+ The increase in concentration was measured both before and after the modified ASTM-D1384 test. 2+ The concentration for each compound is given in mg / L.

[0092] [Table 4]

[0093] [Table 5]

[0094]

[0095] As shown in Tables 4 and 5, heat transfer fluids (fluids No. 4-13) containing azole compounds in combination with sorbitan fatty acid esters and polyalkylene glycols exhibit excellent corrosion inhibition properties for various metals and metal alloys, including those containing aluminum and magnesium. In particular, these compositions showed a significant improvement in magnesium corrosion resistance. Surprisingly and unexpectedly, magnesium alloy specimens showed smaller weight losses than those specified for aluminum alloy specimens according to ASTM-D3306. The composition of Example 12 contains polyglycerol, which is an alkoxylated alcohol. The composition of Example 12 further exhibits excellent corrosion inhibition for both magnesium and aluminum-based metals and metal alloys. Furthermore, Example 4 exhibits a low conductivity value, making it an excellent composition for use in both internal combustion engine cooling systems and alternative power cooling systems (e.g., fuel cell cooling systems).

[0095] Example 2 - Effect of adding an inhibitor

[0096] Figure 1 shows a plot of the effect of adding inhibitors on the corrosion rate of MRI-202S alloy and C1008 steel. At time "A", 0.6 g of TRITON EF-19 was added. At time "B", 0.04 g of benzotriazole was added. At times "C" and "D", 0.12 g of SPAN 20 was added. At times "E" and "F", 0.12 g of CARBOWAX PEG 400 was added. At time "G", 0.24 g of CARBOWAX PEG 400 was added. At time "H", 0.24 g of SPAN 20 was added. At time "I", 1 g of DOWEX monosphere MR-450UPW mixed resin and 0.1237 g of benzotriazole were added.

[0096]

[0097] Figure 2 shows a plot of the effect of inhibitor addition on the maximum local corrosion rate of the MRI-202S alloy. Before starting, 0.6 grams of TRITON EF-19 was added. At the times shown in Figure 2, the following components were added sequentially: (a) 0.04 grams of benzotriazole, (b) 0.12 grams of CARBOWAX 400, (c) 0.12 grams of CARBOWAX 400, (d) 0.12 grams of SPAN 20, (e) 0.12 grams of SPAN 20, (f) 0.24 grams of SPAN 20, (g) 0.24 grams of CARBOWAX 400, and (h) 1 gram of DOWEX monosphere MR-450UPW mixed resin and 0.1237 grams of benzotriazole.

[0097]

[0098] Figure 3 shows a plot of the effect of inhibitor addition on the average corrosion rate of MRI-202S alloy and C1008 steel. Before starting, 0.6 g of TRITON EF-19 was added. At the times shown in Figure 3, the following components were added sequentially: (a) 0.04 g of benzotriazole, (b) 0.12 g of CARBOWAX 400, (c) 0.12 g of CARBOWAX 400, (d) 0.12 g of SPAN 20, (e) 0.12 g of SPAN 20, (f) 0.24 g of SPAN 20, (g) 0.24 g of CARBOWAX 400, and (h) 1 g of DOWEX monosphere MR-450UPW mixed ion exchange resin.

[0098] Example 3 - Further Heat Transfer Fluid Compositions

[0099] Four further heat transfer fluid compositions A to D were prepared, as summarized in Table 6 below. All amounts are expressed as weight % of the total weight of the heat transfer fluid. The conductivity of fluids A to D is also given.

[0099] [Table 6]

[0100]

[0100] The test results obtained for various metals and metal alloys present in vehicle cooling systems, including aluminum and other metals and metal alloys, are summarized in Table 7 below. Metal or metal alloy test specimens were exposed to each of the heat transfer fluid compositions represented by Examples A to D. However, the compositions of Examples B to D were evaluated in a cooling system further including a mixed-bed ion exchange deionizer. The deionizers used in Examples B and C contain 4 g of wet mixed resin 2272-157 treated with azole. The deionizer used in Example D contains 4 g of dry Dowel MR-450UPW. Test specimens were exposed to each composition for 336 hours, and the weight loss of each test specimen was obtained. Table 7 shows the weight loss of each test specimen as (mg-test specimen) / 336 hours. Also, the magnesium ion (Mg) for each composition was obtained. 2+ The increase in concentration was measured both before and after the modified ASTM-D1384 test. 2+ The concentration for each compound is given in mg / L.

[0101] [Table 7]

[0102]

[0101] Table 7 shows the advantages of using a mixed-bed ion exchange deionizer with the heat transfer fluid compositions according to the present invention. As shown in Table 6, heat transfer fluids (Examples 4-13) containing azole compounds in combination with sorbitan fatty acid esters and polyalkylene glycols exhibit excellent corrosion inhibition properties for various aluminums and aluminum alloys when used in combination with a mixed-bed ion exchange deionizer. Furthermore, these compositions showed a significant improvement in magnesium corrosion resistance. The compositions of Examples C and D further contain alkoxylated alcohols. Each of the compositions in Examples B-D exhibits a low conductivity value, making each composition suitable for use in both internal combustion engine cooling systems and alternative power cooling systems such as fuel cell cooling systems.

[0103] Example 4 - Further Heat Transfer Fluid Compositions

[0102] Two further heat transfer fluid compositions No. 14 and 15 were prepared as summarized in Table 8 below. All amounts are given as weight % of the total weight of the heat transfer fluid. The conductivity of fluids No. 14 and 15 is also given.

[0104] [Table 8]

[0105]

[0103] The compositions were tested according to modified ASTM-D1384. The test results obtained for various metals and metal alloys present in vehicle cooling systems, including aluminum and magnesium, are summarized in Table 9 below. Metal or metal alloy test specimens were exposed to each of the heat transfer fluid compositions represented by Examples 14 and 15. The test specimens were exposed to each composition for 336 hours, and the weight loss of each test specimen was obtained. In Table 9, the weight loss of each test specimen is shown as (mg-test specimen) / 336 hours. Also, the magnesium ion (Mg) for each composition is shown. 2+ The increase in concentration was measured both before and after the modified ASTM-D1384 test. 2+ The concentration for each compound is given in mg / L.

[0106] [Table 9]

[0107]

[0104] Table 9 shows that the heat transfer fluid further containing sorbitan fatty acid ester (Example 14) exhibits excellent corrosion inhibition properties for both aluminum and magnesium-based metals and metal alloys, particularly when used in combination with a mixed-bed ion exchange deionizer. The compositions of Example 14 exhibit even lower conductivity values, making each composition suitable for use in both internal combustion engine cooling systems and alternative power cooling systems such as fuel cell cooling systems.

[0108] Example 5 - Foam Analysis

[0105] Table 10 shows that the heat transfer system compositions according to the present invention exhibit excellent results when further subjected to foaming tests. Examples C and D were subjected to Nummi and ASTM-D1881 foaming tests, both before and after the ASTM-D1384 corrosion test, respectively. As shown in Table 10, the compositions according to the present invention yield foaming test results that comply with the ASTM-D3306 specification and the requirements specified by vehicle manufacturers for both internal combustion and alternative power source applications, both before and after the corrosion test.

[0109] [Table 10]

[0110] Example 6 - Further Antifreeze / Coolant Compounds

[0106] Six further heat transfer fluid compositions 16-21 were prepared as summarized in Table 11 below. All amounts are expressed as weight % of the total weight of the heat transfer fluid.

[0111] [Table 11]

[0112]

[0107] The compositions were tested according to modified ASTM-D1384. The test results obtained for various metals and metal alloys present in vehicle cooling systems, including aluminum and magnesium, are summarized in Table 12 below. Metal or metal alloy test specimens were exposed to each of the heat transfer fluid compositions represented by Examples 16-21. The test specimens were exposed to each composition for 168 hours, and the weight loss of each test specimen was obtained. In Table 12, the weight loss of each test specimen is shown as (mg-test specimen) / 168 hours. Also, the magnesium ion (Mg) for each composition is shown. 2+ The increase in concentration was measured both before and after the modified ASTM-D1384 test. 2+The concentration for each compound is given in mg / L.

[0113] [Table 12]

[0114]

[0108] All the contents of all patents and non-patent literature cited herein are incorporated herein by reference, except in cases where there is a discrepancy between the disclosure or provision herein and this specification (in which case the disclosure or provision herein shall prevail).

[0115]

[0109] It should be understood that the use of the indefinite articles "a" and "an" with respect to constituent elements (e.g., "nonionic surfactant," "polyalkylene glycol," etc.) does not exclude the presence of multiple such constituent elements in some embodiments.

[0116]

[0110] The above detailed description is provided for illustrative and illustrative purposes only and is not intended to limit the scope of the appended claims. Many variations of the currently preferred embodiments shown herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art and are included within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

[0117]

[0111] It should be understood that the components and features shown in the attached claims can be combined in different ways to form new claims which also fall within the scope of the present invention. And although the dependent claims attached below depend only on a single independent or dependent claim, these dependent claims can, in other forms, depend on any prior claim (whether independent or dependent), and it should be understood that such new combinations form part of this specification. Specific embodiments of the present invention are as follows. [Aspect 1] A heat transfer fluid concentrate, Freezing point depressants; and (i) corrosion inhibitors for copper and copper alloys, and (ii) nonionic surfactants containing polyalkylene glycols; Includes, The heat transfer fluid concentrate has an electrical conductivity of approximately 100 μS / cm or less. [Aspect 2] The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 1, wherein the conductivity of the heat transfer fluid concentrate is about 25 μS / cm or less. [Aspect 3] The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 1, wherein the conductivity of the heat transfer fluid concentrate is about 10 μS / cm or less. [Aspect 4] The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 1, wherein the freezing point depressant contains an alcohol. [Aspect 5] The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 1, wherein the freezing point depressant comprises ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, or a combination thereof. [Aspect 6] The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 1, wherein the freezing point depressant is present in an amount of about 10% to about 99.85% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. [Aspect 7] The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 1, wherein the freezing point depressant is present in an amount of about 30% to about 99.5% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. [Aspect 8] The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 1, wherein the freezing point depressant is present in an amount of about 40% to about 99% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. [Aspect 9] The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 1, wherein the corrosion inhibitor for copper and copper alloys comprises an azole compound. [Aspect 10] The azole compound may be a substituted benzotriazole, a substituted toltriazole, or a substituted C 2 ~C 20 A heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 9, selected from the group consisting of alkylbenzotriazole, optionally substituted mercaptobenzothiazole, optionally substituted thiazole, optionally substituted imidazole, optionally substituted benzimidazole, optionally substituted indazole, optionally substituted tetrazole, and combinations thereof. [Aspect 11] C substituted in the above case 2 ~C 20 The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 10, wherein the alkylbenzotriazole comprises methylbenzotriazole, butylbenzotriazole, or a combination thereof. [Aspect 12] The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 1, wherein the corrosion inhibitor for copper and copper alloys is present in an amount of about 0.01% to about 4% by weight, based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. [Aspect 13] The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 1, wherein the polyalkylene glycol comprises polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, methoxypolyethylene glycol, or a combination thereof. [Aspect 14] The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 1, wherein the nonionic surfactant is present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 2% by weight, based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. [Aspect 15] The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 1, wherein the nonionic surfactant is present in an amount of about 0.005% to about 1% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. [Aspect 16] The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 1, wherein the nonionic surfactant is present in an amount of about 0.01% to about 0.5% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. [Aspect 17] The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 1, further comprising a further nonionic surfactant. [Aspect 18] The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 17, wherein the further nonionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of sorbitan fatty acid esters, alkoxylated alcohols, polyalkylene glycol esters, copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, polyoxyalkylene derivatives of sorbitan fatty acid esters, and combinations thereof. [Aspect 19] The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 17, wherein the further nonionic surfactant comprises a sorbitan fatty acid ester and an alkoxylated alcohol. [Aspect 20] The alkoxylated alcohol is of formula: RO(CH 2 CH 2 O) j (CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 O) k H (In the formula, R is C 4 ~C 25 (It is a linear primary alcohol, where j is an integer between 0 and 15, k is an integer between 0 and 15, and j+k is an integer greater than or equal to 1.) A heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 18, having the following characteristics: [Aspect 21] R is C 6 ~C 15 A heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 20, wherein the heat transfer fluid concentrate is a linear primary alcohol. [Aspect 22] The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 18, wherein the alkoxylated alcohol includes an ethoxylated alcohol, a propoxylated alcohol, or a combination thereof. [Aspect 23] The ethoxylated alcohol is of formula: RO(CH 2 CH 2 O) n H (In the formula, R is C 4 ~C 25 (It is a linear primary alcohol, and n is an integer between 1 and 15.) A heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 22, having the following characteristics. [Aspect 24] R is C 6 ~C 15 A heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 23, wherein the heat transfer fluid concentrate is a linear primary alcohol. [Pattern 25] The aforementioned propoxylated alcohol is of formula: RO(CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 O) m H (In the formula, R is C 4 ~C 25 (It is a linear primary alcohol, and m is an integer between 1 and 15.) A heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 22, having [Aspect 26] R is C 6 ~C 15 A heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 25, wherein the heat transfer fluid concentrate is a linear primary alcohol. [Aspect 27] The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 18, wherein the alkoxylated alcohol is present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 1% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. [Aspect 28] The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 1, further comprising a low-conductivity corrosion inhibitor selected from the group consisting of siloxane compounds, colloidal silica, amine salts of cyclohexene carboxylate, amine compounds, or combinations thereof. [Aspect 29] A heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 1, further containing water. [Aspect 30] The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 29, wherein the water is deionized water, desalinated water, softened water, or a combination thereof. [Aspect 31] The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 29, wherein the water is present in an amount of about 0.1% to about 90% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. [Aspect 32] The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 29, wherein the water is present in an amount of about 0.5% to about 70% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. [Aspect 33] The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 29, wherein the water is present in an amount of about 1% to about 60% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. [Aspect 34] C 1 ~C 20 The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to embodiment 1, further comprising further components selected from the group consisting of tetraalkyl orthosilicate esters, colorants, wetting agents, biocides, defoamers, surfactants, further corrosion inhibitors, nonionic dispersants, and combinations thereof. [Aspect 35] A heat transfer fluid, water; A freezing point depressant in an amount of approximately 10% to 99.85% by weight, based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid; A nonionic surfactant comprising (i) an azole compound and (ii) a polyalkylene glycol in an amount of approximately 0.001% to approximately 2% by weight, based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid; Includes; The heat transfer fluid described above has an electrical conductivity of approximately 50 μS / cm or less. [Aspect 36] The heat transfer fluid according to embodiment 35, wherein the freezing point depressant comprises ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, or a combination thereof. [Aspect 37] The heat transfer fluid according to embodiment 35, wherein the polyalkylene glycol comprises polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, methoxypolyethylene glycol, or a combination thereof. [Aspect 38] The azole compound may be a substituted benzotriazole, a substituted toltriazole, or a substituted C 2 ~C 20 A heat transfer fluid according to embodiment 35, selected from the group consisting of alkylbenzotriazole, optionally substituted mercaptobenzothiazole, optionally substituted thiazole, optionally substituted imidazole, optionally substituted benzimidazole, optionally substituted indazole, optionally substituted tetrazole, and combinations thereof. [Aspect 39] The heat transfer fluid according to embodiment 35, further comprising a further nonionic surfactant selected from the group consisting of sorbitan fatty acid esters, alkoxylated alcohols, polyalkylene glycol esters, copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, polyoxyalkylene derivatives of sorbitan fatty acid esters, and combinations thereof. [Aspect 40] The heat transfer fluid according to embodiment 35, further comprising a low-conductivity corrosion inhibitor selected from the group consisting of siloxane compounds, colloidal silica, amine salts of cyclohexene carboxylate, amine compounds, or combinations thereof. [Aspect 41] C 1 ~C 20 The heat transfer fluid according to embodiment 35, further comprising further components selected from the group consisting of tetraalkyl orthosilicate esters, colorants, wetting agents, biocides, defoamers, surfactants, further corrosion inhibitors, nonionic dispersants, and combinations thereof. [Aspect 42] A method for suppressing corrosion in a heat transfer system, Bringing at least a portion of the heat transfer system into contact with the heat transfer fluid; Includes; The heat transfer fluid is Freezing point depressants; Water; and (i) corrosion inhibitors for copper and copper alloys, and (ii) nonionic surfactants containing polyalkylene glycols; Includes; The above method, wherein the conductivity of the heat transfer fluid is approximately 100 μS / cm or less. [Aspect 43] The method according to embodiment 42, wherein the heat transfer system includes components made of carbon steel, aluminum, aluminum alloy, magnesium, magnesium alloy, yellow metal, or a combination thereof. [Aspect 44] The method according to embodiment 42, wherein the heat transfer system includes a component comprising magnesium, a magnesium alloy, or a combination thereof. [Aspect 45] The method according to embodiment 42, wherein the heat transfer system includes a fuel cell.

Claims

1. A heat transfer fluid concentrate, Freezing point depressants selected from monoethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, and combinations thereof; and (i) a corrosion inhibitor for copper and copper alloys, comprising (i) a substituted or unsubstituted compound and / or salt thereof selected from the group consisting of benzotriazole, tetrahydrobenzotriazole, tolyltriazole, methylbenzotriazole, alkylbenzotriazole having an alkyl group of C2 to C20, mercaptobenzothiazole, thiazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, indazole, tetrazole, and combinations thereof, and (ii) polyethylene glycol; Includes, The conductivity of the heat transfer fluid concentrate is 100 μS / cm or less. The heat transfer fluid concentrate is the heat transfer fluid concentrate that does not contain a siloxane-polyether copolymer.

2. The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the conductivity of the heat transfer fluid concentrate is 25 μS / cm or less.

3. The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the conductivity of the heat transfer fluid concentrate is 10 μS / cm or less.

4. The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the freezing point depressant is present in an amount of 10% to 99.85% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate.

5. The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the freezing point depressant is present in an amount of 30% to 99.5% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate.

6. The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the freezing point depressant is present in an amount of 40% to 99% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate.

7. The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the corrosion inhibitor for copper and copper alloys comprises methylbenzotriazole, butylbenzotriazole, or a combination thereof.

8. The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the corrosion inhibitor for copper and copper alloys is present in an amount of 0.01% to 4% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate.

9. The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the mixture is present in an amount of 0.001% to 2% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate.

10. The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the mixture is present in an amount of 0.005% to 1% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate.

11. The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the mixture is present in an amount of 0.01% to 0.5% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate.

12. The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 1, further comprising a nonionic surfactant.

13. The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 12, wherein the nonionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of sorbitan fatty acid esters, alkoxylated alcohols, polyalkylene glycol esters, copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, polyoxyalkylene derivatives of sorbitan fatty acid esters, and combinations thereof.

14. The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 12, wherein the nonionic surfactant comprises a sorbitan fatty acid ester and an alkoxylated alcohol.

15. The alkoxylated alcohol is of formula: RO(CH) ２ CH ２ O) ｊ (CH) ２ CH ２ CH ２ O) ｋ H (where R is C ４ to C ２５ is a linear primary alcohol, j is an integer from 0 to 15, k is an integer from 0 to 15, and j + k is an integer of 1 or more) A heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 13, having the following characteristics:

16. R is C ６ ~C １５ The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 15, wherein the heat transfer fluid concentrate is a linear primary alcohol.

17. The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 13, wherein the alkoxylated alcohol includes an ethoxylated alcohol, a propoxylated alcohol, or a combination thereof.

18. The ethoxylated alcohol is of formula: RO(CH ２ CH ２ O) ｎ H (In the formula, R is C) ４ ~C ２５ (It is a linear primary alcohol, and n is an integer between 1 and 15.) A heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 17, having the following characteristics.

19. R is C ６ ~C １５ The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 18, wherein the heat transfer fluid concentrate is a linear primary alcohol.

20. The aforementioned propoxylated alcohol is of formula: RO(CH ２ CH ２ CH ２ O) ｍ H (In the formula, R is C) ４ ~C ２５ (It is a linear primary alcohol, and m is an integer between 1 and 15.) A heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 17, having

21. R is C ６ ~C １５ The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 20, wherein the heat transfer fluid concentrate is a linear primary alcohol.

22. The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 13, wherein the alkoxylated alcohol is present in an amount of 0.001% to 1% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate.

23. The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 1, further comprising a low-conductivity corrosion inhibitor selected from the group consisting of colloidal silica, amine salts of cyclohexenecarboxylate, amine compounds, or combinations thereof.

24. The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 1, further comprising water.

25. The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 24, wherein the water is deionized water, desalinated water, softened water, or a combination thereof.

26. The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 24, wherein the water is present in an amount of 0.1% to 90% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate.

27. The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 24, wherein the water is present in an amount of 0.5% to 70% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate.

28. The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 24, wherein the water is present in an amount of 1% to 60% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate.

29. C １ ~C ２０ The heat transfer fluid concentrate according to claim 1, further comprising a further component selected from the group consisting of tetraalkyl orthosilicate esters, colorants, wetting agents, biocides, defoamers, surfactants, further corrosion inhibitors, nonionic dispersants, and combinations thereof.

30. A heat transfer fluid, water; A freezing point depressant in an amount of 10% to 99.85% by weight, based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid, the freezing point depressant selected from monoethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, and combinations thereof; (i) benzotriazole, tetrahydrobenzotriazole, tolyltriazole, methylbenzotriazole, alkyl group C, in an amount of 0.001% to 2% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid. ２ ~C ２０ (ii) A mixture comprising an azole compound which is a substituted or unsubstituted compound and / or a salt thereof selected from the group consisting of alkylbenzotriazole, mercaptobenzothiazole, thiazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, indazole, tetrazole, and combinations thereof, and (ii) polyethylene glycol; Including; The conductivity of the heat transfer fluid is 50 μS / cm or less. The heat transfer fluid is the heat transfer fluid that does not contain a siloxane-polyether copolymer.

31. The heat transfer fluid according to claim 30, further comprising a nonionic surfactant, wherein the nonionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of sorbitan fatty acid esters, alkoxylated alcohols, polyalkylene glycol esters, copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, polyoxyalkylene derivatives of sorbitan fatty acid esters, and combinations thereof.

32. The heat transfer fluid according to claim 30, further comprising a low-conductivity corrosion inhibitor selected from the group consisting of colloidal silica, amine salts of cyclohexenecarboxylate, amine compounds, or combinations thereof.

33. C １ ~C ２０ The heat transfer fluid according to claim 30, further comprising a further component selected from the group consisting of tetraalkyl orthosilicate esters, colorants, wetting agents, biocides, defoamers, surfactants, further corrosion inhibitors, nonionic dispersants, and combinations thereof.

34. A method for suppressing corrosion in a heat transfer system, Bringing at least a portion of the heat transfer system into contact with the heat transfer fluid; Including; The heat transfer fluid is Freezing point depressants selected from monoethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, and combinations thereof; Water; and (i) Benzotriazole, tetrahydrobenzotriazole, tolyltriazole, methylbenzotriazole, alkyl group C ２ ~C ２０ (ii) a mixture comprising a corrosion inhibitor for copper and copper alloys, which is a substituted or unsubstituted compound and / or salt thereof selected from the group consisting of alkylbenzotriazole, mercaptobenzothiazole, thiazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, indazole, tetrazole, and combinations thereof, and (ii) polyethylene glycol; Including; The conductivity of the heat transfer fluid is 100 μS / cm or less. The above method wherein the heat transfer fluid does not contain a siloxane-polyether copolymer.

35. The method according to claim 34, wherein the heat transfer system includes components made of carbon steel, aluminum, aluminum alloy, magnesium, magnesium alloy, yellow metal, or a combination thereof.

36. The method according to claim 34, wherein the heat transfer system includes a component comprising magnesium, a magnesium alloy, or a combination thereof.

37. The method according to claim 34, wherein the heat transfer system includes a fuel cell.

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