POLYESTER POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES

Abstract

The aspects of this disclosure include compositions and methods for producing a polymer-polysaccharide nanocomposite resin, including the preparation of a dispersion comprising polysaccharide nanocrystals, an alkanediol monomer, and an alkanediacid agent monomer; and polycondensation of the alkanediol monomer and the alkanediacid agent monomer in the dispersion to produce a polymer-polysaccharide nanocomposite resin. The aspects of this disclosure further include compositions and methods for producing a polybutylene succinate nanocomposite, including dispersing cellulose nanocrystals in 1,4-butanediol (BDO) to form a cellulose-BDO dispersion and esterifying the cellulose-BDO dispersion with succinate anhydride to form a plurality of polybutylene succinate oligomers. The polybutylene succinate oligomers are then condensed to form a polybutylene succinate nanocomposite.

Description

FIELD OF INVENTION Polybutylene succinate (“PBS”) is typically synthesized by esterifying 1,4-butanediol and succinic acid, then condensing the oligomeric products to form PBS. A common method for increasing the molecular weight of PBS is to add a chain extender, such as a carbonate or a diisocyanate. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION A byproduct of PBS production is tetrahydrofuran (THF), a hazardous waste product formed when 1,4-butanediol is cyclized. Diisocyanate chain extenders are a non-renewable resource that is also potentially toxic and requires additional processing steps before use. There remains a need for a method to produce polymer-polysaccharide nanocomposite resins that reduces the amount of waste produced, while using renewable raw materials to improve the properties of the resulting product. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The aspects of this disclosure include compositions and methods for producing a polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin, including the preparation of a dispersion comprising polysaccharide nanocrystals, an alkanediol monomer, and an alkanediacid agent monomer; and polycondensation of the alkanediol monomer and the alkanediacid agent monomer in the dispersion to produce a polymer-polysaccharide nanocomposite resin. The aspects of this disclosure further include compositions and methods for producing a polybutylene succinate nanocomposite, including dispersing cellulose nanocrystals in 1,4-butanediol (BDO) to form a cellulose-BDO dispersion and esterifying the cellulose-BDO dispersion with succinate anhydride to form a plurality of polybutylene succinate oligomers. The polybutylene succinate oligomers are then condensed to form a polybutylene succinate nanocomposite. In another embodiment, the method comprises adding cellulose nanocrystals to 1,4-butanediol to form a cellulose-BDO mixture and subsequently sonicating the cellulose-BDO mixture to disperse the cellulose nanocrystals in 1,4-butanediol to form a cellulose-BDO dispersion. Succinate derivatives are esterified to the cellulose-BDO dispersion to form a plurality of polybutylene succinate oligomers. The polybutylene succinate oligomers are condensed to form a polybutylene succinate nanocomposite. Another embodiment of the method involves adding cellulose nanocrystals to 1,4-butanediol to form a cellulose-BDO mixture and sonicating the cellulose-BDO mixture to disperse the cellulose nanocrystals in the 1,4-butanediol and form a cellulose-BDO dispersion. The cellulose-BDO dispersion and succinate anhydride are esterified to form a plurality of polybutylene succinate oligomers, which are subsequently condensed to form a polybutylene succinate nanocomposite. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a graph of dynamic viscosity versus temperature for a polybutylene succinate nanocomposite synthesized from cellulose nanocrystals dispersed in 1,4-butanediol using a homogenizer and esterified with epoxil. Figure 2 is a particle size distribution graph for a polymer fiber comprising materials as shown in Example 13. Figure 3 is a particle size distribution plot for cellulose nanocrystals dispersed in 1,4-butanediol at a sonication amplitude of 60%. Figure 4 is a particle size distribution plot for cellulose nanocrystals dispersed in 1,4-butanediol at a sonication amplitude of 80%. Figure 5 is a particle size distribution plot for cellulose nanocrystals dispersed in 1,4-butanediol at a sonication amplitude of 100%. Figure 6 is a particle size distribution graph for cellulose nanocrystals dispersed in 1,4-butanediol at a homogenizer speed of 10000 rpm for 1 minute. Figure 7 is a particle size distribution graph for cellulose nanocrystals dispersed in 1,4-butanediol at a homogenizer speed of 13333 rpm for 1 minute. Figure 8 is a particle size distribution graph for cellulose nanocrystals dispersed in 1,4-butanediol at a homogenizer speed of 16666 rpm for 1 minute. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The foregoing and other aspects of the present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to the description and methodologies provided herein. It should be understood that the invention can be implemented in various ways and should not be interpreted as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided to make this description thorough and complete, and to fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. frfrocLn / Lznz / E / Yi The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is intended to describe particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the description of the embodiments of the invention and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” “the,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, as used herein, “and / or” refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the enumerated elements associated therein. The term “approximately,” as used herein when referring to a measurable value, such as the amount of a compound, dosage, time, temperature, and the like, is intended to encompass variations of 20%, 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.5%, or even 0.1% of the specified amount. Unless otherwise defined, all terms, including technical and scientific terms used in the description, have the same meaning as commonly understood by a person skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. As used herein, the terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “comply”, “includes”, “including” and “include” specify the presence of declared features, integers, steps, operations, elements and / or components, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components and / or groups thereof. As used herein, the term “consists essentially of” (and grammatical variants thereof), as applied to the compositions and methods of the present invention, means that the compositions / methods may contain additional components provided that the additional components do not materially alter the composition / method. The term “materially alter,” as applied to a composition / method, refers to an increase or decrease in the effectiveness of the composition / method of at least approximately 20% or more. All patents, patent applications, and publications referenced herein are incorporated herein by reference. In case of conflict in terminology, this descriptive memorandum shall prevail. The aspects of this disclosure include compositions and methods for producing a polymer-polysaccharide nanocomposite resin, including the preparation of a dispersion comprising polysaccharide nanocrystals, an alkanediol monomer, and an alkanediacid agent monomer; and polycondensation of the alkanediol monomer and the alkanediacid agent monomer in the dispersion to produce a polymer-polysaccharide nanocomposite resin. The aspects of this disclosure further include compositions and methods for producing a polybutylene succinate nanocomposite, including dispersing cellulose nanocrystals in 1,4-butanediol (BDO) to form a cellulose-BDO dispersion and esterifying the cellulose-BDO dispersion and succinate anhydride to form a plurality of polybutylene succinate oligomers.Polybutylene succinate oligomers condense to form a polybutylene succinate nanocomposite. Polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin The aspects of this disclosure include compositions of a polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin. A nanocomposite, used here in its conventional sense, is generally composed of multiple nanoscale materials or a nanoscale material embedded in a bulk material. Nanocomposites can be multiphase solid materials, where one of the phases has one, two, or three dimensions or structures with nanoscale repeating distances between the different phases that make up the material. Therefore, a nanocomposite may include nanoparticles embedded in a polymer matrix. In some forms, a polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin includes increased modulus and strength through the addition of nanocomposites to provide reinforcing fibers. In some embodiments, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin can act to reinforce the base polymer resin and thereby improve one or more of the base resin's mechanical properties. The non-limiting properties that can be improved by incorporating polysaccharide nanoparticles into the base polyester polymer resin can be selected from at least one of the following: modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, circumferential stress rating, flexural modulus, UV resistance, and reduced gas transmission rate. Therefore, this disclosure allows for a moderate improvement in performance without a significant loss of other desirable characteristics, such as tensile strength, elongation at break, melting index, thermal stability, impact strength, slow crack growth resistance, and rapid crack propagation resistance. In some embodiments, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin provides an improved yield strength of at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, or at least 10%, compared to the base polymer alone (i.e., a composition lacking polysaccharide nanoparticles). In some embodiments, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin provides an improved yield strength of at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%, compared to the base polymer alone. In some forms, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin provides an improved yield strength of up to 200%, such as up to 100% compared to the base polymer alone.In some forms, the nanocomposite resin of polyester polymer ffrfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii polysaccharide provides an improved yield strength that ranges from 10% to 15%, 15% to 20%, 20% to 25%, 25% to 30%, 30% to 35%, 35% to 40%, 40% to 45% or 45% to 50%, compared to the base polymer alone. In some embodiments, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin has a tensile strength ranging from approximately 10 MPa to approximately 60 MPa. In some embodiments, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin has a tensile strength ranging from approximately 10 MPa to approximately 15 MPa, approximately 15 MPa to approximately 20 MPa, approximately 20 MPa to approximately 25 MPa, approximately 25 MPa to approximately 30 MPa, approximately 30 MPa to approximately 35 MPa, approximately 35 MPa to approximately 40 MPa, approximately 40 MPa to approximately 45 MPa, approximately 45 MPa to approximately 50 MPa, approximately 50 MPa to approximately 55 MPa, approximately 55 MPa to approximately 60 MPa, approximately 60 MPa to approximately 65 MPa, or approximately 65 MPa to approximately 70 MPa.In some embodiments, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin has a tensile strength of approximately 10 MPa or more, approximately 15 MPa or more, approximately 15 MPa or more, approximately 20 MPa or more, approximately 20 MPa or more, approximately 25 MPa or more, approximately 25 MPa or more, approximately 30 MPa or more, approximately 30 MPa to approximately 35 MPa, or more, approximately 35 MPa or more, 40 MPa or more, approximately 45 MPa or more, approximately 45 MPa or more, approximately 50 MPa or more, approximately 50 MPa or more, approximately 55 MPa or more, approximately 55 MPa or more, approximately 60 MPa or more, approximately 65 MPa or more, or approximately 70 MPa or more. In some forms, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin has a tensile strength that ranges from approximately 20 MPa to approximately 35 MPa.In some embodiments, the polymer-polysaccharide nanocomposite resin has a tensile strength ranging from approximately 20 MPa to approximately 40 MPa. In some embodiments, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin has a tensile strength ranging from approximately 20 MPa to approximately 60 MPa. In some embodiments, the polymer-polysaccharide nanocomposite resin has a tensile strength ranging from approximately 20 MPa to approximately 70 MPa. In some embodiments, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin has a tensile strength ranging from approximately 10 MPa to approximately 70 MPa. In some embodiments, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin has a stiffness modulus ranging from 250 MPa to approximately 450 MPa. In some embodiments, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin has a stiffness modulus ranging from 300 MPa to 400 MPa. In some embodiments, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin has a stiffness modulus of 300 MPa or more, 305 MPa or more, 310 MPa or more, 315 MPa or more, 320 MPa or more, 330 MPa or more, 340 MPa or more, 350 MPa or more, 360 MPa or more, 370 MPa or more, 380 MPa or more, 390 MPa or more, or 400 MPa or more. In some embodiments, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin has an elastic modulus ranging from 0.10 GPa to approximately 1.0 GPa. In some embodiments, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin has an elastic modulus ranging from 0.20 GPa to approximately 0.5 GPa. In some embodiments, the polymer-polysaccharide resin nanocomposite resin has an elastic modulus ranging from 0.20 GPa to approximately 0.4 GPa. In some embodiments, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin has an elastic modulus of 0.10 GPa or more, 0.15 GPa or more, 0.20 GPa or more, 0.25 GPa or more, 0.30 GPa or more, 0.35 GPa or more, 0.40 GPa or more, 0.45 GPa or more, or 0.50 GPa or more. In some embodiments, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin has a tensile strain (eu) ranging from 10% to approximately 300%. In some embodiments, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin has a tensile strain (eu) ranging from 20% to 200%. The polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin may have a tensile strain percentage (eu) of 10% or more, 20% or more, 30% or more, 40% or more, 50% or more, 60% or more, 70% or more, 80% or more, 90% or more, 100% or more, 110% or more, 120% or more, 130% or more, 140% or more, 150% or more, 160% or more, 170% or more, 180% or more, 190% or more, 200% or more, 210% or more, 220% or more, 230% or more, 240% or more, 250% or more, 260% or more, 270% or more, 280% or more. 290% or more, or 300% or more. In some embodiments, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin has an intrinsic viscosity ranging from approximately 0.10 to approximately 1.50 dl / g. In some embodiments, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin has an intrinsic viscosity ranging from approximately 0.20 to approximately 0.50 dl / g. In some forms, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin has an intrinsic value of approximately 0.10 dL / go plus, 0.15 dL / go plus, 0.20 dL / go plus, 0.25 dL / go plus, 0.30 dL / go plus, 0.35 dL / go plus, 0.40 dL / go plus, 0.45 dL / go plus, 0.50 dL / go plus, 0.55 dL / go plus, 0.60 dL / go plus, 0.65 dL / go plus, 0.70 dL / go plus, 0.75 dL / go plus, 0.80 dL / go plus, 0.85 dL / go plus, 0.90 dL / go plus, 0.95 dL / go plus, 1.0 dL / go plus, 1.10 dL / go plus, 1.15 dL / go plus, 1.20 dL / go plus, 1.25 dL / go plus, 1.30 dL / go plus, 1.35 dL / go plus, 1.40 dL / go plus, 1.45 dL / go plus, or 1.50 dL / go plus. In some forms, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin has a relative viscosity that varies from approximately 3 to approximately frfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii 150. In some embodiments, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin has a relative viscosity that varies from approximately 3 to approximately 5, approximately 5 to approximately 7, approximately 7 to approximately 10, approximately 10 to approximately 20, approximately 30 to approximately 40, approximately 50 to approximately 60, approximately 70 to approximately 80 to approximately 15, approximately 15 to approximately 20, to approximately 25, approximately 25 to approximately 30, to approximately 35, approximately 35 to approximately 40, to approximately 45, approximately 45 to approximately 50, to approximately 55, approximately 55 to approximately 60, to approximately 65, approximately 65 to approximately 70, to approximately 75, approximately 75 to approximately 80, to approximately 85, approximately 85 to approximately 90, approximately 90 to approximately 95, approximately 95 to approximately 100,approximately 100 to approximately 105, approximately 105 to approximately 110, approximately 110 to approximately 115, approximately 115 to approximately 120, approximately 120 to approximately 125, approximately 125 to approximately 130, approximately 130 to approximately 135, approximately 135 to approximately 140, approximately 140 to approximately 145, or approximately 145 to approximately 150. In some embodiments, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin has a melt viscosity ranging from approximately 500 to approximately 15,000 cP. In some embodiments, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin has a melt viscosity ranging from approximately 500 to approximately 10,000 cP. In some embodiments, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin has a melt viscosity, measured at °C, ranging from approximately 500 to approximately 1,000 cP. In some embodiments, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin has a melt viscosity, measured at °C, ranging from approximately 800 to approximately 10,000 cP.In some embodiments, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin has a melt viscosity, measured at °C, that ranges from approximately 500 to approximately 1,000 cP, approximately 1,000 cP to approximately 1,500 cP, approximately 1,500 cP to approximately 2,000 cP, approximately 2,000 cP to approximately 2,500 cP, approximately 2,500 cP to approximately 3,000 cP, approximately 3,000 cP to approximately 3,500 cP, approximately 4,000 cP, approximately 4,000 cP to approximately 4,500 cP, approximately 4,500 cP to approximately 5,000 cP, approximately 5,000 cP to approximately 7,000 cP, approximately 7,000 cP to approximately 10,000 cP, or approximately 10,000 cP to approximately 15,000 cP. In some cases, the melting temperature at which the melt viscosity is measured is between approximately 115°C and approximately 230°C. Polysaccharide nanoparticles The aspects of this disclosure include a polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin that includes polysaccharide nanoparticles. Polysaccharides are composed of multiple saccharide units linked together by glycosidic bonds and have a number of unique characteristics that distinguish them from other biopolymer families. The polysaccharide materials used in the nanocomposites in question can be nanoparticles, that is, nanostructured forms of a polysaccharide of interest. In some cases, the nanoparticles are crystalline and may be called nanocrystals. Polyester-polysaccharide polymer resin can be derived from polysaccharide nanoparticles. In some embodiments, polyester-polysaccharide polymer resin is derived from polysaccharide nanocrystals and one or more monomers. In some embodiments, one or more monomers include an alkanediol monomer and an alkanediacid agent monomer. In some embodiments, polysaccharide nanocrystals are derived from heparin, chitosan, chitin, hyaluronan, starch, cellulose, alginate, pectin, guar gum, starch / chitosan, chitosan / heparin, chitosan / hyaluronan, hyaluronan / heparin, or cellulose-chitin trichites, and platelet-like starch. In some embodiments, polysaccharide nanocrystals are derived from cellulose, starch, or chitin. In some embodiments, polysaccharide nanocrystals are derived from cellulose. In some embodiments, polysaccharide nanocrystals are derived from starch. In some embodiments, polysaccharide nanocrystals are derived from chitin. In some embodiments, polysaccharide nanocrystals can be spheres, rods, discs, or any other shape. In some embodiments, the nanocrystals can have a low size distribution. In some embodiments, the nanocrystals can have a high size distribution. Cellulose nanoparticles The polysaccharide nanoparticles used in the nanocomposites of this disclosure may be composed of or derived from cellulose. In some embodiments, the polysaccharide nanocrystals are derived from cellulose. The terms cellulose nanoparticles and nanocellulose are used interchangeably herein. Nanocellulose refers to nanostructured cellulose and may include nanofibers or non-fibrils, nanocrystals, or other nanoscale structures. Cellulose is a polysaccharide (e.g., of formula (CeHwOs)n) consisting of a linear chain of β(1^4)-linked D-glucose units (e.g., N is 100 to 100,000, such as 500 to 10,000). In some embodiments, the polysaccharide nanocrystals are cellulose nanocrystals. The terms cellulose nanocrystals and frfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii nanocellulose crystals (“NCC”) are used interchangeably herein.Below is an exemplary formula for unmodified cellulose. In some forms, cellulose nanocrystals, as a subset of cellulose nanoparticles, are highly ordered nanoscale crystals that remain after treatment to remove disordered amorphous regions from nanofibrils (the next member of the cellulose hierarchy). In some embodiments, cellulose nanocrystals are crystals derived by subjecting a cellulose fiber to a chemical treatment, such as acid hydrolysis. In some embodiments, cellulose nanocrystals are derived from acid-hydrolyzed cellulose of cellulosic biomass using an acid hydrolysis technique similar to that first described by Ránby, BG (Ránby, BG (1951) Discussion Faraday Society, 11, 158-164). Nanocellulose crystals (NCCs) produced by treatment with sulfuric acid and neutralized with a base (NaOH in this case) will contain a number of sodium sulfate substituent groups that affect their dispersibility in hydrophilic media. It is understood that the NCCs used in the target nanocomposites may be unmodified or modified, for example, by the incorporation of one or more substituents to replace or derivatize one or more of the three hydroxyl groups of one or more glucopyranose repeating units. In some cases, the NCC is sulfated (-OSO3H). During hydrolysis of cellulose, starch, or chitin with sulfuric acid, sulfate groups will coat the surface of the nanocrystals. If hydrochloric acid is used instead, the sulfate groups (or other substituent) may be subsequently bonded to the nanocrystal surfaces by an esterification reaction with sulfuric acid. After hydrolysis with HCl or HBr, the NCC may be unmodified. Further modification steps may be performed to add a substituent, for example, an amine-containing group to provide surface cationization.After hydrolysis of H3PO4, NCC can be modified with a phosphate (-OPO3H2). In some cases, after hydrolysis of HCl / HBr followed by TEMPO oxidation, the hydroxyl group -CH2OH can be converted to a carboxylic acid. The following are exemplary modified units that can be incorporated into glucopyranose repeating units on the surface of an NCC, wherein R is any convenient substituent, e.g., alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkanoyl or substituted alkanoyl, or the like. In some formulations, cellulose nanocrystals are derived from cellulose from wood, cotton, bacteria, or algae, hydrolyzed with acid. In some cases, sulfuric acid is used for the acid treatment of the cellulose. Of interest to nanocrystals (NCCs) that find use in the methods and compositions in question include the NCC described by George et al. (“Cellulose nanocrystals: synthesis, functional properties, and applications”, Nanotechnol Sci Appl. 2015; 8: 45-54), which is included as a reference. In some embodiments, NCC generally hardens the polybutylene succinate. In some embodiments, additives such as epoxy derivatives or epoxidized oils also harden the polybutylene succinate but soften the PBS. In some embodiments, using a combination of NCC and epoxol hardens the material but softens it slightly. In some forms, acid-hydrolyzed cellulose is obtained from naturally occurring cellulose fibers. In some forms, acid-hydrolyzed cellulose is obtained from, for example, plant biomass, vascular plants, cotton plants, wood pulp, jute, hemp, corn, bottles, rice, wheat straw, or sisal. In some forms, the cellulose is obtained from plant biomass, including, but not limited to, trees, grasses, cotton, sisal, bamboo, and ramie. In some forms, cellulose nanocrystals can be found as structural components in tunicates (sea cucumber-like marine creatures) and are naturally produced by the bacterium Acetobacter xylinum. In some embodiments, cellulose nanocrystals have average dimensions of approximately 1 to 80 nm in width and approximately 25 to 1000 nm in length. In other embodiments, cellulose nanocrystals have average dimensions ranging from approximately 1 to 100 nm in width and a length ranging from approximately 25 to 3000 nm.In some embodiments, cellulose nanocrystals have average dimensions of approximately 10 nm or more, 15 nm or more, 20 nm or more, 25 nm or more, 30 nm or more, 35 nm or more, 40 nm or more, 45 nm or more, 50 nm or more, 55 nm or more, 60 nm or more, 65 nm or more, 70 nm or more, 75 nm or more, 80 nm or more, 85 nm or more, 90 nm or more, 95 nm or more, or 100 nm or more in width; and 25 nm or more, 50 nm or more, 100 nm or more, 150 nm or more, 200 nm or more, 250 nm or more, 300 nm or more, 350 nm or more, 400 nm or more, 500 nm or more, 550 nm or more, 600 nm or more, 650 nm or more, 700 nm or more, 800 nm or more, 850 nm or more, 900 nm or more, 950 nm or more, 1000 nm or more, 1500 nm or more, 2000 nm or more, 2500 nm or more, or 3000 nm or more, in length. In some forms, cellulose nanocrystals have average dimensions of approximately 3 to 50 nm in width and approximately 100 to 1000 nm in length. In some embodiments, cellulose nanocrystals have an average aspect ratio (length / diameter) of 10 or higher, such as 20 or higher, 30 or higher, 40 or higher, 50 or higher, 60 or higher, 70 or higher, 80 or higher, 90 or higher, 100 or higher, 150 or higher, 200 or higher, or even higher. In some embodiments, cellulose nanocrystals have an average aspect ratio (length / diameter) between 10 and 200, such as between 20 and 200, between 50 and 200, or between 100 and 200. In some embodiments, the nanocrystals in the dispersion have a particle size distribution that ranges from approximately 1 dnm to approximately 400 dnm. In some embodiments, the nanocrystals in the dispersion have a particle size distribution that ranges from approximately 1 dnm to approximately 50 dnm, approximately 50 dnm to approximately 100 dnm, approximately 100 dnm to approximately 150 dnm, approximately 150 dnm to approximately 200 dnm, 200 dnm to approximately 250 dnm, 250 dnm to approximately 300 dnm, 300 dnm to approximately 350 dnm, 350 dnm to approximately 400 dnm. In some embodiments, the nanocrystals in the dispersion have a particle size distribution ranging from approximately 1 dnm to approximately 20 dnm. In some embodiments, the nanocrystals in the dispersion have a particle size distribution ranging from approximately 10 dnm to approximately 100 dnm.In some embodiments, the nanocrystals in the dispersion have a particle size distribution ranging from approximately 10 dnm to approximately 30 dnm. In some embodiments, the nanocrystals in the dispersion have a particle size distribution ranging from approximately 100 dnm to approximately 200 dnm. In some embodiments, the nanocrystals in the dispersion have a particle size distribution of 1 dnm or more, 2 dnm or more, 4 dnm or more, 6 dnm or more, 8 dnm or more, 10 dnm or more, 12 dnm or more, 14 dnm or more, 16 dnm or more, 18 dnm or more, 20 dnm or more, 22 dnm or more, 24 dnm or more. d.nm or more, 28 d.nm or more, 30 d.nm or more, 32 d.nm or more, 34 d.nm or more, 36 d.nm or more, d.nm or more, 40 d.nm or more, 42 d.nm or more, 44 d.nm or more, 46 d.nm or more, 48 d.nm or more, d.nm or more, 52 d.nm or more, 54 d.nm or more, 56 d.nm or more, 58 d.nm or more, 60 d.nm or more, d.nm or more, 64 d.nm or more, 66 d.nm or more, 68 d.nm or more, 70 d.nm or more, 72 d.nm or more, d.nm or more, 76 d.nm or more, 78 d.nm or more, 80 d.nm or more, 82 d.nm or more, 84 d.nm or more, d.nm or more, 88 d.nm or more, 90 d.nm or more, 92 d.nm or more, 94 d.nm or more, 96 d.nm or more, d.nm or more, or 100 d.nm or more. In some embodiments, the nanocrystals in the dispersion have a particle size distribution of 100 dnm or more, 125 dnm or more, 150 dnm or more, 175 dnm or more, 200 dnm or more, 225 dnm or more, 250 dnm or more, 275 dnm or more, 300 dnm or more, 325 dnm or more, 350 dnm or more, 400 dnm or more, 425 dnm or more, 500 dnm or more, 525 dnm or more, 550 dnm or more, 575 dnm or more, 600 dnm or more, 625 dnm or more, 650 dnm or more, 675 d.nm or more, 700 d.nm or more, 725 d.nm or more, 750 d.nm or more, 775 d.nm or more, 800 d.nm or more, 825 d.nm or more, 850 d.nm or more, 875 d.nm or more, 900 d.nm or more, 925 d.nm or more, 950 d.nm or more, 975 d.nm or more, or 1000 d.nm or more. In some embodiments, increasing the length of the cellulose nanocrystals increases the potential for charge distribution throughout the polymer. In some embodiments, as the orientation of the cellulose nanocrystals within the polymer increases, the interfacial contact between adjacent cellulose nanocrystals in the axial orientation increases, where tensile strength up to fracture can be increased. In some embodiments, in the transverse direction, The morphology of cellulose nanocrystals (e.g., length, aspect ratio, length polydispersity) and surface charge vary considerably depending on the synthesis conditions. In some embodiments, acid hydrolysis is used to decompose the cellulose microfibrils by digesting the amorphous regions that connect the cellulose nanocrystals. In some embodiments, the process typically involves heating, stirring, rinsing, filtration, dialysis, and ultrasonication, and the parameters of each step directly impact the morphology of the cellulose nanocrystals and / or the surface chemistry.In some modalities, the final result of cellulose nanocrystal processing includes a suspension of liquid crystalline cellulose nanocrystals that is produced by forming a nematic or quinal nematic mesophase (e.g., depending on the cellulose nanocrystal length, aspect ratio, length polydispersity, surface charge, nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) concentration, and electrolyte concentration). In some embodiments, cellulose nanocrystals improve one or more mechanical properties of the base polymer resin. The non-limiting properties that can be improved by incorporating cellulose nanoparticles into the base polymer resin can be selected from at least one of the following: modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, circumferential stress rating, flexural modulus, and X-ray resistance. UV and reduced gas transmission rate. Therefore, this disclosure allows for a moderate improvement in performance without a significant loss of other desirable characteristics, such as tensile strength, elongation at break, melting index, thermal stability, impact strength, slow crack growth resistance, and rapid crack propagation resistance. The disclosure aspects in question include the preparation of nanocomposites in which polymer chains can be grafted onto polysaccharide nanoparticles, such as cellulose nanocrystals, for example, by ester linkages to hydroxyl groups of the polysaccharide. Polyester polymers The nanocomposites in this disclosure are based on polyester polymers. The term polyester polymer refers to a polymer comprising a plurality of repeating units linked by ester bonds. In some embodiments, the ester bond is formed between an aliphatic diol comonomer and an aliphatic diacid comonomer. The polyester polymers in the nanocomposites in question can be biodegradable. The exact components of the polyester polymers can be selected to provide desirable properties in the resulting nanocomposite. The term “unit” refers to a structural subunit of a polymer. The term unit is intended to include monomers, comonomers, co-blocks, segments, repeating units, and the like. A “repeating unit” is a polymer subunit defined by the minimum number of distinct structural features required for the unit to be considered monomeric, such that when the unit is repeated n times, the resulting structure describes the polymer or a block thereof. In some cases, the polymer may include two or more different repeating units; for example, when the polymer is a multi-block polymer, each block may define a distinct repeating unit. In some cases, a repeating unit of the polymer includes a single monomer group. In certain cases, a repeating unit of the polymer includes two or more monomer groups, i.e., comonomer groups, such as two, three, four, or more comonomer groups. The term “comonomer” or “comonomer group” refers to a structural unit of a polymer that can itself be part of a repeating unit of the polymer. In some embodiments, the polyester polymer includes a block copolymer composed of blocks of polymerized monomers. In such cases, the block copolymer can be described as having distinct repeating units, each corresponding to a different coblock of the polymer. In some cases, the polymer is a diblock copolymer containing two different coblocks. In such cases, the polymer can be described as including coblocks, where each coblock can be composed of comonomers, such as one, two, three, or more comonomers. frfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii In some embodiments, the nanocomposite includes a polyester polymer comprising a repeating unit of formula (I): where: L1 and L2 are each independently a bonding group of 2-12 atoms in length; p is from 1 to 100,000; and each * independently represents H, OH, alkyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, a capped protecting group, a copolymer segment, a repeating unit, a comonomer, a grafted polysaccharide nanoparticle, a linker, a crosslinker, or an epoxidized oil, epoxy derivative, or fatty acid. L1 and L2 can be any convenient divalent linking group having a chain between 2 and 12 atoms in length, for example, a chain of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, or 12 carbon atoms in length, where the linker can be linear, branched, or cyclic. In certain cases, one, two, three, four, or five or more carbon atoms of the main chain of a linking group can optionally be substituted with a sulfur, nitrogen, or oxygen heteroatom. The bonds between the atoms of the main chain can be saturated or unsaturated (for example, alkenyl), and in some cases, no more than one, two, or three unsaturated bonds are present in the main chain of the linker. The linker can include one or more substituent groups, for example, with an alkyl, aryl, or alkenyl group.A linker may include, without limitation, polyethylene glycol; ethers, thioethers, tertiary amines, alkenyls, alkyls, which may be linear or branched, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 1-methylethyl (isopropyl), n-butyl, n-pentyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl (tert-butyl), and the like. In some embodiments of formula (I), L1 and L2 are each independently selected from alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl. “Alkylene” refers to divalent aliphatic hydrocarbyl groups (e.g., alkyl or alkenyl), preferably having 2 to 12, and more preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms, that are linear or branched chains, and optionally interrupted with one or more groups, selected from -O-, -NR10-, NR10C(O)-, -C(O)NR10-, and the like. This term includes, by way of example, methylene (CH2), ethylene (CH2CH2), n-propylene (CH2CH2CH2), isopropylene (CH2CH(CH3)), (C(CH3)2CH2CH2), (C(CH3)2CH2C(O)), (C(CH3)2CH2C(O)NH), (CH(CH3)CH2-), and the like. “Substituted alkylene” refers to an alkylene group that has 1 to 3 hydrogens replaced with substituent groups. In some forms of formula (I), p is from 2 to 100,000. In some forms of formula (I), p is from 5 to 100,000. In some forms of formula (I), p is from 10 to 100,000. In some forms of formula (I), p is from 100 to 100,000. In some forms of formula (I), p is from 1000 to 100,000. In some forms of formula (I), p is from 2 to 10,000. In some forms of formula (I), p is from 5 to 10,000. In some forms of formula (I), p is from 10 to 10,000. In some forms of formula (I), p is from 100 to 10,000. In some forms of formula (I), p is from 1,000 to 10,000. In some forms of formula (I), p is from 2 to 1,000. In some forms of formula (II), p is from 5 to 1,000. In some forms of formula (I), p is from 10 to 1,000. In some forms of formula (I), p is from 100 to 1,000. Any suitable polymer, and / or its monomeric precursors, can be adapted for incorporation into the preparation methods under consideration to provide a nanocomposite composition having desirable physical properties (e.g., as described herein, such as tensile strength). Polymers of interest and their monomeric precursors, which can be adapted for use in the preparation methods in question and the nanocomposite compositions, include, but are not limited to, the polymers and monomers described by Zheng et al. (Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2013, 52, 6147-6155), Tserki et al. (Polymer Degradation and Stability, Volume 91, Number 2, February 2006, 367376), US20190194400, and US 9,796,849, the descriptions of which are incorporated herein in full by reference. In some respects, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin is derived from a mixture that includes polysaccharide nanocrystals, an alkanediol monomer, and an alkanediacid agent monomer. The aspects of the disclosure in question include the preparation of nanocomposites through a polymerization reaction in which polysaccharide nanoparticles, such as cellulose nanocrystals, are present during polymerization to allow the grafting of polymer chains onto the polysaccharide, for example, via ester linkages to hydroxyl groups of the polysaccharide. In some embodiments, polysaccharide nanocrystals, alkanediol monomer, and alkanediacid agent monomer are polycondensed into a dispersion to produce a polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin. In some embodiments, the polyester polymer of the polymer-polysaccharide nanocomposite resin is an aliphatic polyester polymer. In some cases, the polyester polymer is biodegradable. In some embodiments, the polymer includes a polybutylene succinate homopolymer or copolymer. In some embodiments, the polymer includes poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate). The polyester polymer may include one or more additional comonomers that are incorporated into the polymer to provide a particular desirable property. frfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii In some embodiments, the aliphatic polyester polymer may include, but is not limited to, a segment of a particular aliphatic polyester polymer selected from polylactide (PLA) (e.g., poly(lactic acid)), polyglycolide (PGA) (e.g., polyglycolic acid), poly(εcaprolactone) (PCL), poly(Y-valerolactone) (PVL), and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer (“PLGA”). PLA is a biodegradable and hydrophobic polymer synthesized from lactic acid. PCL is a semicrystalline polyester, typically with a melting temperature of approximately 55-60°C. PGA is a highly crystalline polymer, typically with a melting point above 200°C and a glass transition temperature of approximately 35-40°C. PLGA can be manufactured in different proportions of its monomers, lactide and glycolide, allowing for adjustable degradation and release rates. In some embodiments, the nanocomposite includes a polyester polymer comprising a repeating unit of formula (II): (II) where: n is from 1 to 11; m is from 1 to 11; p is from 1 to 100,000; and each * independently represents H, OH, alkyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, a capped protecting group, a copolymer segment, a repeating unit, a comonomer, a grafted polysaccharide nanoparticle, a linker, a crosslinker, or an epoxidized oil, epoxy derivative, or fatty acid. In some forms of formula (II), n is from 1 to 5 and m is from 1 to 5. In some forms of formula (II), n is 1. In some forms of formula (II), n is 2. In some forms of formula (II), n is 3. In some forms of formula (II), n is 4. In some forms of formula (II), n is 5. In some forms of formula (II), m is from 2 to 5. In some forms of formula (II), m is 2. In some forms of formula (II), m is 3. In some forms of formula (II), m is 4. In some forms of formula (II), m is 5. In some forms of formula (II), n is 1 and m is 3. In some forms of formula (II), p is from 2 to 100,000. In some forms of formula (II), p is from 5 to 100,000. In some forms of formula (II), p is from 10 to 100,000. In some forms of formula (II), p is from 100 to 100,000. In some forms of formula (II), p is from 1000 to 100,000. In some forms of formula (II), p is from 2 to 10,000. In some forms of formula (II), p is from 5 to 10,000. In some forms of formula (II), p is from 10 to 10,000. In some forms of formula (II), p is from 100 to 10,000. In some forms of formula (II), p is from 1000 to 10,000. In some forms of formula (II), p is from 2 to 1,000. In some forms of formula (II), p is from 5 to 1,000. In some forms of formula (II), p is from 10 to 1,000. In some forms of formula (II), p is from 100 to 1,000. In some embodiments of formula (l)-(ll), at least one * represents a grafted polysaccharide nanoparticle. In some embodiments of formula (l)-(ll), at least one * represents a grafted cellulose nanoparticle. In some embodiments of formula (l)-(ll), at least one * represents a grafted cellulose nanocrystal. In some embodiments of formula (l)-(ll), at least one * represents a capping group. A capping group is a group comprising a compatible functional group suitable for attachment to a hydroxy or carboxylic acid terminus of the polymer segment. Exemplary capping groups include alkanoyl groups forming an ester linkage at the hydroxy terminus and alkoxy groups forming an ester linkage at the carboxylic acid terminus. Various chemical bonds and capping groups may be used. In some embodiments of formula (l)-(ll), at least one * represents an attachment to an epoxidized oil, epoxy derivative, or fatty acid.An epoxidized oil may have one or more epoxide groups suitable for coupling to a reactive group of the polyester polymer, for example, a terminal group such as a carboxylic acid to form an ester linkage with the epoxidized oil, or terminal groups such as a hydroxyl group to form an ether linkage. When the epoxidized oil has more than one reactive epoxide group, it can provide crosslinking between two or more polyester polymers. In some cases, a fatty acid can be used to protect the polyester polymer by forming an ester linkage with a hydroxyl terminal group. In some embodiments of formula (l)-(ll), at least one * represents a comonomer, a copolymer segment, or a repeating unit (e.g., as described herein), such that the polyester polymer is a copolymer (e.g., as described herein). It is understood that such a copolymer may be a random copolymer or a block copolymer. In some respects, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin includes repeating polymer units based on a diol monomer HO-L2-OH, in frfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii where L2 is as defined in formula (I). In some cases, L2 is an alkyl or substituted alkyl. In some cases, L2 is an alkenyl or substituted alkenyl. Alkanediol monomers In some aspects, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin includes repeating polymer units based on an alkanediol monomer. An alkanediol monomer refers to a linear or branched alkyl group with terminal hydroxyl groups (e.g., HO-alkyl-OH). The alkanediol monomer may have a C2 to C12 chain linking the terminal hydroxyl groups. The alkanediol monomer may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents. In some embodiments, the alkyl group includes 1 to 10 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, an alkyl group includes 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as 1 to 4 carbon atoms.This term includes, for example, linear and branched hydrocarbyl groups, such as ethyl (CH3CH2), n-propyl (CH3CH2CH2-), isopropyl ((CH3)2CH-), n-butyl (CH3CH2CH2CH2), isobutyl ((CH3)2CHCH2), sec-butyl ((CH3)(CH3CH2)CH-), t-butyl ((CH3)3C-), n-pentyl (CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2-), and neopentyl ((CH3)3CCH2-). The term “substituted alkyl” refers to an alkyl group as defined herein in which one or more carbon atoms in the alkyl chain have been optionally replaced with a heteroatom, such as O-, N-, S-, -S(O)n- (where n is from 0 to 2), -NR (where R is hydrogen or alkyl) and having 1 to 5 substituents selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, thiocete, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, -SOalkyl, -SO-aryl, -SO-heteroaryl, -SO2-alkyl, -SO2-aryl, SO2-heteroaryl and -NRaRb, wherein Ra and Rb may be the same or different and are chosen from hydrogen,optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclic. In some embodiments, the alkanediol monomer is selected from a 1,4-butanediol monomer, a 1,2-ethanediol monomer, a 1,3-propanediol monomer, a 1,5-pentanediol monomer, or a 1,6-hexanediol monomer. In some embodiments, the alkanediol monomer includes one or more diols to form a polyester compound. Non-limiting examples of other suitable diols include, but are not limited to, ethylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, 1,6-hexamethylene glycol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, hydroquinone, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl, bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)methane, bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2,2-propane, and combinations thereof. frfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii In some forms, the alkanediol monomer is 1,4-butanediol. In some forms, the alkanediol monomer is 1,2-ethanediol. In some forms, the alkanediol monomer is 1,3-propanediol. In some embodiments, one or more additional components of 1,4-butanediol can be added or replaced with one or more other diols to form a polyester compound. Non-limiting examples of other suitable diols include, but are not limited to, ethylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, 1,6-hexamethylene glycol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, hydroquinone, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl, bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)methane, bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2,2-propane, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a polyether having hydroxyl-terminal groups may be used in combination with the diols of this disclosure. In some embodiments, such as the polyether having hydroxyl-terminal groups, the number of carbon atoms has a lower limit of usually 4 or more, 10 or more, and an upper limit of usually 1,000 or fewer, 200 or fewer, or 100 or fewer. Non-limiting examples of polyether having hydroxyl-terminal groups include, but are not limited to, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polytetramethylene glycol, poly-1,6-hexamethylene glycol, and the like. In addition, copolymerized polyethers of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol, and the like, may also be used. alkanediacid agent monomer The polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite includes repeating polymer units based on a diacid agent monomer (e.g., of formula HO2C-L1CO2H or a derivative or equivalent thereof, where L1 is as defined in formula (I)). The polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite also includes repeating polymer units based on an alkanediacid agent monomer. The alkanediacid agent monomer refers to a linear or branched alkyl group having terminal hydroxyl groups. The alkanediacid monomer may have a C2- to C12 alkyl chain attached to the terminal carboxylic acid or ester groups, or equivalent functional group. The alkanediacid agent monomer may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents. In some embodiments, the alkyl group includes from 1 to 10 carbon atoms.In certain embodiments, an alkyl group includes from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, as well as from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. The diacid groups of the monomer are typically provided in a derivative form suitable for polymerization with a hydroxyl-containing comonomer. In some embodiments, where the monomer of the alkanediacid agent is provided in the form of an ester or cyclic anhydride, the monomer is capable of transesterification with a hydroxyl-containing monomer, for example, an alkanediol monomer. In some embodiments, the monomer of the alkanediacid agent is selected from succinic acid, monoalkyl succinate, dialkyl succinate (e.g., dimethyl succinate or diethyl succinate), succinic anhydride, adipic acid, monoalkyl adipate, dialkyl adipate (e.g., dimethyl adipate or diethyl adipate), and adipic anhydride. In some embodiments, the monomer of the alkanediacid agent is selected from oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, and their cyclic acid anhydride equivalents. In certain embodiments, the succinate derivative is substituted or added to one or more additional components. In some embodiments, one or more of these additional components include one or more dicarboxylic acids or anhydrides. Non-limiting examples include, but are not limited to, fumaric acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, and their cyclic acid anhydride equivalents. In some embodiments, the polyester polymer includes repeating units based on an aliphatic diacid agent comonomer (e.g., as described herein). In certain embodiments, the aliphatic diacid agent comonomer is fumaric acid. Polybutylene succinate or fumarate polymers and copolymers In some aspects, the polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin includes polysaccharide nanocrystals, an alkanediol monomer, and a diacid agent monomer. In some embodiments, the alkanediol monomer is a 1,4-butanediol monomer. In some embodiments, the alkanediacid agent monomer is a succinic acid agent monomer. In some embodiments, the alkanediacid agent monomer is succinic anhydride. Aliphatic homopolyesters and copolyesters can be prepared from 1,4-butanediol and a succinic acid monomer (e.g., succinic anhydride or succinic acid dimethyl esters) and optionally one or more other comonomers (e.g., as described herein) via a two-step transesterification and polycondensation process. Similarly, an alkenyl diacid monomer, such as a fumaric acid monomer (e.g., maleic anhydride), can be used with a 1,4-butanediol monomer to produce a polybutylene fumarate (PBF) homopolymer or copolymer for use in the target nanocomposites. In some embodiments, a mixture including the polysaccharide nanocrystals, the 1,4-butanediol monomer, and the succinic acid agent monomer (optionally in the presence of one or more additional comonomers) are polycondensed into a dispersion to produce the polymer-polysaccharide nanocomposite resin. frfrocLn / Lznz / E / Yi In some embodiments, the polymer of the polymerpolysaccharide nanocomposite resin is a polybutylene succinate (PBS) homopolymer or a polybutylene succinate copolymer. In some forms, the polymer of the polymerpolysaccharide nanocomposite resin is a polybutylene succinate copolymer. In some embodiments, the polybutylene succinate copolymer is butylene fumarate or polymer blends of PBS and polybutylene fumarate (PBF). In some embodiments, the polybutylene succinate copolymer is represented by formula (III): (III) wherein p, qyr are independently from 1 to 100,000, and each * independently represents H, OH, alkyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, a capped protecting group, a copolymer segment, a repeating unit, a comonomer, a grafted polysaccharide nanoparticle, a linker, a crosslinker, or an epoxidized oil, epoxy derivative, or fatty acid. In some forms of formula (III), pyq are independently from 2 to 100,000. In some forms of formula (III), pyq are independently from 5 to 100,000. In some forms of formula (III), pyq are independently from 10 to 100,000. In some forms of formula (III), pyq are independently from 100 to 100,000. In some forms of formula (III), pyq are independently from 1000 to 100,000. In some forms of formula (III), py and q are independently from 2 to 10,000. In some forms of formula (III), py and q are independently from 5 to 10,000. In some forms of formula (III), py and q are independently from 10 to 10,000. In some forms of formula (III), py and q are independently from 100 to 10,000. In some forms of formula (III), py and q are independently from 1,000 to 10,000. In some forms of formula (III), py and q are independently from 2 to 1,000. In some forms of formula (III), py and q are independently from 5 to 1,000. In some forms of formula (III), py and q are independently from 10 to 1,000. In some forms of formula (III), pyq are independently from 100 to 1000. In some forms of formula (III), res from 1 to 10,000. In some forms of formula (III), r is from 1 to 1,000. In some forms of formula (III), r is from 1 to 100. In some forms of formula (III), res from 1 to 10. The polybutylene succinate copolymer is understood to include any convenient comonomer configuration, such as a co-block or random configuration. In some embodiments, the polybutylene succinate copolymer is represented by formula (IV): (IV) where x, yyz represent the mole percent of the comonomer in the polymer. In some formulations, x, y, and yz are each independently from 1 to 50% by moles. In some cases, y is x + z. In some formulations, x > z. In some formulations, z > x. In some embodiments, the polybutylene succinate copolymer has an average PM of 10 kDa to 100 kDa, such as 10 kDa to 50 kDa or 20 kDa to 40 kDa. In some embodiments, the addition of the fumarate fraction extends the crystalline melting point of PBS by 10°C to 15°C. For example, PBS has a melting point of approximately 115°C, which could hinder its melt processing in yarn / fabric production, as well as in yarn / fabric applications. Pure PBF has a melting point of approximately 139°C. In some embodiments, PBF acts as a polymer nucleating agent when combined with succinate-derived polyesters and improves crystallization kinetics. In some embodiments, the polybutylene succinate copolymer is diethylene glycol succinate. In some embodiments, the diethylene glycol (DEG) may be substituted with triethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, sorbitol, or xylitol. In some embodiments, the introduction of the hydrophilic structure creates a better substrate for certain bacteria and fungi to adhere to, allowing aerobic / anaerobic degradation processes to occur. In some embodiments, the introduction of an asymmetric backbone reduces crystallinity and improves biodegradability. PBS is hydrophobic and highly crystalline, which limits how readily it will degrade in certain aquatic and terrestrial environments. In some embodiments, the polybutylene succinate copolymer is polypropylene oxide succinate. The introduction of poly(1,3-propylene oxide) polyol allows the formation of a phase-separated soft segment within the copolymer, creating a thermoplastic polyester elastomer (TPPE). The molecular weights of the polyol can range from 500 to 2700 g / mol. In some embodiments, polytetramethylene oxide (PTMO) or polyethylene glycol (PEG) polyols of similar molecular weights can also be used. In some embodiments, fumaric acid can be included in the copolymer to increase crystallinity and induce better phase separation of the hard (PBS) and soft (PPOS) segments. In some embodiments, the polybutylene succinate copolymer is phenylethylene succinate. In some embodiments, the thiazol may be replaced by homovanillic alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, or vanillic alcohol. For example, the introduction of naturally occurring arylhydroxy acids increases the strength and durability of polybutylene succinate. In some embodiments, the polybutylene succinate copolymer is a butylene coumarate. In some embodiments, p-coumaric acid is substituted with ferulic acid, phloretic acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid, or caffeic acid. For example, the introduction of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives increases the strength and melting point of PBS. succinic acid agent monomer In some embodiments, the monomer of the alkanediacid agent is a monomer of succinic acid or a derivative thereof. In some embodiments, the monomer of the alkanediacid agent is a monomer of succinic acid. In some embodiments, the succinic acid agent is succinic anhydride. In some embodiments, the succinic acid agent monomer includes, but is not limited to, a succinic acid agent selected from succinic acid, monoalkyl succinate, dialkyl succinate (e.g., dimethyl succinate or diethyl succinate), or succinic anhydride. In some embodiments, the succinate acid agent is a succinate derivative. In some embodiments, the succinate derivative is succinate anhydride. In some embodiments, succinate anhydride increases the rate of esterification with 1,4-butanediol and also reduces the amount of hazardous THF produced during the esterification step. However, other suitable, non-limiting examples of succinate derivatives may include succinic acid or succinate esters. Additives In some aspects, the polymer-polysaccharide nanocomposite resin includes one or more additional monomers and / or capping agents. In some embodiments, the polymeric polysaccharide nanocomposite includes one or more additional monomers, such as, but not limited to, comonomers, epoxy derivatives, oils, pigments, crosslinkers, and the like. In some embodiments, one or more additional monomers includes an additional alkanediol monomer and / or an additional diacid agent monomer. In some embodiments, an additional alkanediol monomer includes, among others, a 1,4-butanediol monomer, a 1,2-ethanediol monomer, a 1,3-propanediol monomer, a 1,5-pentanediol monomer, or a 1,6-hexanediol monomer. frfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii In some embodiments, an additional diacid agent monomer includes, but is not limited to, succinic acid, monoalkyl succinate, dialkyl succinate (e.g., dimethyl succinate or diethyl succinate), succinic anhydride, adipic acid, monoalkyl adipate, dialkyl adipate (e.g., dimethyl adipate or diethyl adipate), and adipic anhydride. In some embodiments, the monomer of the additional alkanediacid agent includes adipic anhydride. In some embodiments, one or more additional components may include a hydrophobic agent. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic agent is an oil. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic agent is an elastomeric material. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic agent is an epoxidized soybean oil or an elastomeric material. In some embodiments, one or more additional components include, but are not limited to, agents to provide additional water and oxygen barrier properties. Examples of non-limiting water and oxygen barrier agents include candelilla wax, beeswax, and other waxes. In some embodiments, such a barrier agent is derived from a renewable source. In some embodiments, one or more of the additional components is a non-covalent plasticizer. Plasticizers are additives used to impart flexibility to polymer blends and improve their processability. Any known non-covalent plasticizer may be included as one or more additional components. In some embodiments, one or more additional components include brightening agents that impart an aesthetically pleasing sheen to the finished product. Examples of brightening agents include, but are not limited to, shea butter and nut oils, such as Brazil nut oil. In some embodiments, a brightening agent is derived from a renewable source. In some forms, one or more additional components include, but are not limited to, impact modifiers, antioxidants, antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, antistatic agents, fillers, thermal stabilizers, UV stabilizers, dyes, fillers, crystallization promoters, and coupling agents. Non-limiting examples of antioxidants include hindered phenolic antioxidants such as p-tert-butylhydroxytoluene and p-tert-butylhydroxyanisole; sulfur antioxidants such as distearyl thiodipropionate and dilauryl thiodipropionate and the like; heat stabilizers include triphenyl phosphite, trilauryl phosphite, tris-nonylphenyl phosphite and the like; UV stabilizers include p-tert-butylphenyl salicylate, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-2'-carboxybenzophenone, 2,4,5-trihydroxybutylphenone and the like; lubricants include calcium stearate, zinc stearate, barium stearate, sodium palmitate and the like; Antistatic agents include N,N-bis(hydroxyethyl)alkylamine, alkylamine, alkyl phosphate, allyl sulfonate, alkyl sulfonate and the like; flame retardants include hexabromocyclododecane, tris-(2,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate, pentabromophenyl allyl ether and the like;Antiblocking agents include combinations of inorganic fillers, such as silica and oleamide and the like; inorganic fillers or nucleating agents include calcium carbonate, silica, titanium oxide, talc, mica, barium sulfate, alumina, mixtures of NaHCOs and citric acid and the like; crystallization promoters include polyethylene terephthalate, poly-transcyclohexane dimethanol terephthalate and the like; organic fillers include wood dust, rice hulls, waste paper such as newspaper, starches (including modified materials such as alpha starch), cellulose and the like. In some embodiments, a polyether having hydroxyl-terminal groups may be used in combination with the diols described in this disclosure. Because the polyether has hydroxyl-terminal groups, the number of carbon atoms has a lower limit of usually 4 or more, preferably 10 or more, and an upper limit of usually 1,000 or fewer, preferably 200 or fewer, and more preferably 100 or fewer. Non-limiting examples of polyethers having hydroxyl-terminal groups include, but are not limited to, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polytetramethylene glycol, poly-1,6-hexamethylene glycol, and the like. In addition, copolymerized polyethers of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol, and the like, may also be used. In some embodiments, one or more additional monomers include one or more anhydrides or dicarboxylic acids. Non-limiting examples may include, but are not limited to, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, and their cyclic acid anhydride equivalents. In some embodiments, one or more additional monomers include an epoxidized oil, an epoxy derivative, or a fatty acid. In some embodiments, the epoxidized oil, epoxy derivative, or fatty acid may be esterified. In some embodiments, the epoxy derivative or epoxidized oil is added at the end of the reaction. For example, in some embodiments, the epoxy derivative or epoxidized oil may be added after repressurizing the vessel just before cooling and discharging the polymer. In some embodiments, the NCCs, the epoxy derivative, and / or the epoxidized oil may be added in advance with the alkanediol monomer and / or the alkanediacid agent monomer. For example, in some embodiments, the NCCs may be added at the beginning of the reaction in dispersion form. In some embodiments, the epoxy derivative or epoxidized oil is added at the end of the esterification process just before the catalyst is added and polycondensation takes place.In some examples, the epoxy derivative or epoxidized oil is allowed to react for 5 minutes before adding the catalyst. The high-shear dispersion method follows the same process as the sonication method in terms of time and energy consumption, but instead uses the equipment described at https: / / www.mixers.com / products / hiqh-speed-dispersers / . In some embodiments, one or more of the additional monomers is an epoxidized oil. In some embodiments, one or more of the additional monomers is an epoxidized derivative. In some embodiments, the epoxidized oil or an epoxy derivative includes, among others, epoxidized linseed oil, such as epoxidized linseed oil, lard, beef tallow, fish oil, coffee oil, soybean oil, safflower oil, tung oil, resin oil, marigold oil, rapeseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, grapeseed oil, olive oil, jojoba oil, dehydrated castor oil, tallow oil, sunflower oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, canola oil, orange oil, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, one or more of the additional monomers includes a catalyst. Examples of non-limiting catalysts include, but are not limited to, titanium or zirconium compounds, such as titanium lactate or zirconium butoxide. In general, a compound containing at least one metallic element from groups 1 to 14 of the periodic table can be used as a catalyst for the esterification reaction. Specifically, examples of metallic elements include scandium, yttrium, samarium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, tin, antimony, cerium, germanium, zinc, cobalt, manganese, iron, aluminum, magnesium, calcium, strontium, sodium, potassium, and similar elements. Of these, scandium, yttrium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, zinc, iron, and germanium are preferred; and titanium, zirconium, tungsten, iron, and germanium are especially preferred.Furthermore, to reduce the concentration of the polyester terminal that influences the polyester's thermal stability, among the aforementioned metals, those belonging to groups 3 to 6 of the periodic table and exhibiting Lewis acidity are preferable. Specifically, examples include scandium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, molybdenum, and tungsten. In particular, titanium and zirconium are preferable from the standpoint of availability, and titanium is preferable from the standpoint of reaction activity. In some forms, the catalyst includes compounds containing an organic group, such as carboxylic acid salts, alkoxy salts, organic sulfonic acid salts, or β-diketonate salts, each containing the aforementioned metallic element, etc.; and, in addition, inorganic compounds, such as oxides, halides and the like of the above metals and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the method includes, at the time of polymerization, a compound that is liquid or soluble in a low-ester polymer or polyester. In some embodiments, a compound that is liquid or soluble in a low-ester polymer or polyester is added because when the catalyst is in a molten or dissolved state at the time of polymerization, the polymerization rate becomes high. In some embodiments, the catalyst is a titanium compound. In some embodiments, the titanium compound is a tetraalkyl titanate and a hydrolysate thereof. Non-limiting examples include, but are not limited to, tetra-n-propyl titanate, tetraisopropyl titanate, tetra-n-butyl titanate, tetra-t-butyl titanate, tetraphenyl titanate, tetracyclohexyl titanate, tetrabenzyl titanate, and mixtures of titanates thereof, and hydrolysates thereof. In some embodiments, the catalyst includes titanium (oxy)acetylacetonate, titanium tetraacetylacetonate, titanium diisopropoxide, bis(ammonium lactate) titanium dihydroxide, bis(ethyl acetoacetate) titanium diisopropoxide, titanium triethanolamine, titanium diisopropoxide, polyhydroxytitanium stearate, titanium lactate, titanium triethanolamine, butyl titanate dimer, or similar compounds. In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding liquid materials obtained by mixing an alcohol, a long-form group 2 metal compound (Inorganic Chemistry Nomenclature, IUPAC Recommendations 2005) (hereafter sometimes referred to as a “long-form group 2 metal compound”), a phosphoric ester compound, and a titanium compound. In some embodiments, the catalyst is selected from tetra-n-propyl titanate, tetraisopropyl titanate, tetra-n-butyl titanate, titanium (oxy)acetylacetonate, titanium tetraacetylacetonate, bis(ammonium lactate) titanium dihydroxide, polyhydroxytitanium stearate, titanium lactate, or butyl titanate dimer; and a liquid material obtained by mixing an alcohol, a long-form group 2 metal compound, a phosphoric ester compound, and adding a titanium compound is added. In some embodiments, the catalyst is selected from tetra-n-butyl titanate, titanium (oxy)acetylacetonate, titanium tetraacetylacetonate, polyhydroxytitanium stearate, titanium lactate, or butyl titanate dimer; and a liquid material obtained by mixing an alcohol, a long-form group 2 metal compound, a phosphoric ester compound, and adding a titanium compound is added. In some embodiments, the catalyst is selected from tetra-n-butyl titanate, polyhydroxytitanium stearate, titanium (oxy)acetylacetonate, titanium tetraacetylacetonate; and a liquid material is added obtained by mixing an alcohol, a long-form group 2 metal compound, a phosphoric ester compound, and adding a titanium compound. Non-limiting examples of zirconium compounds as catalysts include, but are not limited to, zirconium tetraacetate, zirconium acetate hydroxide, zirconium tris(butoxy)stearate, zirconyl diacetate, zirconium oxalate, zirconyl oxalate, potassium zirconium oxalate, polyhydroxyzirconium stearate, zirconium ethoxide, zirconium tetra-n-propoxide, zirconium tetraisopropoxide, zirconium tetra-n-butoxide, zirconium tetra-t-butoxide, zirconium tributoxyacetylacetonate, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the catalyst is selected from zirconyl diacetate, zirconium tris(butoxy)stearate, zirconium tetraacetate, zirconium acetate hydroxide, zirconium ammonium oxalate, zirconium potassium oxalate, polyhydroxyzirconium stearate, zirconium tetra-n-propoxide, zirconium tetraisopropoxide, zirconium tetra-n-butoxide, and zirconium tetra-n-butoxide; zirconyl diacetate, zirconium tetraacetate, zirconium acetate hydroxide, zirconium tris(butoxy)stearate, zirconium ammonium oxalate, zirconium tetra-n-propoxide, and zirconium tetra-n-butoxide are preferred. In some embodiments, the catalyst is selected from zirconium tris(butoxy)stearate. In some embodiments, a colorless polyester with a high degree of polymerization is readily obtained using zirconium tris(butoxy)stearate. In some applications, the catalyst is a germanium compound. Non-limiting examples of germanium compounds include, but are not limited to, inorganic germanium compounds such as germanium oxide, germanium chloride, etc.; and organic germanium compounds such as tetraalkoxygemanium, etc. From the standpoint of price and availability, germanium oxide, tetraethoxygemanium, tetrabutoxygemanium, and similar compounds are preferable, with germanium oxide being particularly preferable. In some embodiments, the catalyst is an inorganic chloride. Non-limiting examples of inorganic chlorides include, but are not limited to, ferric chloride, etc.; inorganic oxides, such as triiron tetroxide, etc.; organic iron complexes, such as ferrocene, etc.; and the like. In some embodiments, the catalyst is an inorganic oxide. In some embodiments, the catalyst is a metal-containing compound. Non-limiting examples of metal-containing compounds include, but are not limited to, scandium compounds, such as scandium carbonate, scandium acetate, scandium chloride, scandium acetylacetonate, etc.; trio compounds, such as trio carbonate, trio chloride, trio acetate, trio acetylacetonate, etc.; vanadium compounds, such as vanadium chloride, vanadium trichloride, vanadium acetylacetonate, vanadium acetylacetonate oxide, etc.; molybdenum compounds, such as molybdenum chloride, molybdenum acetate, etc.; tungsten compounds, such as tungsten chloride, tungsten acetate, tungstic acid, etc.; lanthanoid compounds, such as cerium chloride, samarium chloride, ytterbium chloride, etc.; and the like. Methods The aspects of this disclosure include methods for producing a polyester-polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin. frfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii In some embodiments, the method includes preparing a dispersion comprising polysaccharide nanocrystals, an alkanediol monomer, and an alkanediacid agent monomer. In some embodiments, the method also includes the polycondensation of the alkanediol monomer and the alkanediacid agent monomer in the dispersion to produce a polymer-polysaccharide nanocomposite resin. Preparation of the dispersion Aspects of the present methods include preparing a dispersion comprising polysaccharide nanocrystals, an alkanediol monomer, and an alkanediacid agent monomer. In some embodiments, preparing the dispersion includes dispersing polysaccharide nanocrystals in a solution that includes one or both of an alkanediol monomer and an alkanediacid agent monomer. In some embodiments, the dispersion involves contacting polysaccharide nanocrystals in a solution. In some embodiments, the solution includes one or both of the alkanediol monomer and the alkanediacid agent monomer. In some embodiments, the solution includes the alkanediol monomer and the alkanediacid agent monomer. In some embodiments, the solution consists of the alkanediol monomer and the alkanediacid agent monomer. In some formulations, the solution also includes a non-aqueous solvent. In some formulations, the solution also includes a non-aqueous organic solvent. In some versions, the solution also includes water. In some versions, the water is deionized water. In some embodiments, the dispersion of the polysaccharide nanocrystals, the alkanediol monomer, and the alkanediacid agent monomer includes contacting the cellulose nanocrystals with a solution that includes the polysaccharide nanocrystals, the alkanediol monomer, and the alkanediacid agent monomer to produce a mixture; and sonicating the mixture to homogeneously disperse the polysaccharide nanocrystals in the solution and produce the dispersion. For example, polysaccharide nanocrystals are added to the alkanediol monomer and / or the alkanediacid agent and dispersed. In some embodiments, the method includes loading the alkanediol monomer and / or the alkanediacid agent into a reaction vessel to form a reagent mixture. In some embodiments, the method includes stirring the reagents with a nitrogen gas flow ranging from 100 to 250 rpm (e.g., 100 rpm or more, 150 rpm or more, 200 rpm or more, or 250 rpm or more) until a homogeneous suspension is formed. frfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii In some forms, the method also includes bringing the polysaccharide nanocrystals into contact with the homogeneous suspension. In some variations, the method also includes increasing the temperature of the suspension. In some variations, the temperature is increased to 100°C or more, 125°C or more, 150°C or more, 175°C or more, 200°C or more, 225°C or more, 250°C or more, or 275°C or more. In some variations, the temperature is increased for approximately 10 minutes or more, approximately 20 minutes or more, approximately 30 minutes or more, approximately 40 minutes or more, approximately 50 minutes or more, approximately 60 minutes or more, approximately 70 minutes or more, approximately 80 minutes or more, approximately 90 minutes or more, approximately 100 minutes or more, approximately 110 minutes or more, approximately 120 minutes or more, approximately 130 minutes or more, approximately 140 minutes or more, or approximately 150 minutes or more. In some variations, increasing the temperature produces water and THF. In some variations, the method also includes removing water and THF from the reactor using a distillation apparatus. In some embodiments, polysaccharide nanocrystals are dispersed in the alkanediol monomer by sonicating the polysaccharide-alkanediol mixture. In some embodiments, the dispersion of the polysaccharide-alkanediol mixture involves sonicating the mixture, as opposed to other mechanical means such as stirring, to eliminate or substantially reduce sedimentation. In some embodiments, polysaccharide-alkanediol mixtures with higher dispersion values ​​(smaller polysaccharide nanocrystal particle sizes) will ultimately produce polysaccharide nanocomposites with more desirable properties, including greater clarity, processability, and toughness. However, other embodiments of the method may include mechanical means to disperse the polysaccharide nanocrystals; for example, using a homogenizer for high-shear dispersion. In some embodiments, the polysaccharide nanocrystals are dispersed in the alkanediol monomer with a homogenizer. In some embodiments, polysaccharide nanocrystals are dispersed prior to esterification. For example, polysaccharide-alkanediol dispersions can be obtained by dispersing polysaccharide nanocrystals in an alkanediol monomer before esterification. Furthermore, the quality of the dispersion can be verified before proceeding with production, allowing it to be adjusted to the desired level. The quality of the dispersion can be verified by measuring it before the reaction takes place. For example, in production, we can take aliquots of the BDO / NCC dispersion and verify that it meets our requirements. Further data on the dispersion levels before the reaction (e.g., 50% or more of the material has dimensions of Ln / Lznz / E / Yii <100 nm) are collected to assess how the final polymer properties are affected, which may include the size of the NCC gel in the final polymer. In some embodiments, polysaccharide nanocrystals are dispersed in the alkanediacid agent by sonicating the polysaccharide-alkanediacid agent mixture. In some embodiments, the dispersion of the polysaccharide-alkanediacid agent mixture involves sonicating the mixture, as opposed to other mechanical means such as stirring, to eliminate or substantially reduce sedimentation. In some embodiments, polysaccharide-alkanediacid mixtures with higher dispersion values ​​(smaller polysaccharide nanocrystal particle sizes) will ultimately produce polysaccharide nanocomposites with more desirable properties, including greater clarity, processability, and toughness. However, other embodiments of the method may include mechanical means to disperse the polysaccharide nanocrystals; for example, using a homogenizer for high-shear dispersion. In some embodiments, the polysaccharide nanocrystals are dispersed in the alkanediacid agent with a homogenizer. In some embodiments, polysaccharide nanocrystals are dispersed in the alkanediacid agent by sonicating the polysaccharide-alkanediacid agent mixture. In some embodiments, the dispersion of the polysaccharide-alkanediacid agent mixture involves sonicating the mixture, as opposed to other mechanical means such as stirring, to eliminate or substantially reduce sedimentation. In some embodiments, polysaccharide-alkanediacid mixtures with higher dispersion values ​​(smaller polysaccharide nanocrystal particle sizes) will ultimately produce polysaccharide nanocomposites with more desirable properties, including greater clarity, processability, and toughness. However, other embodiments of the method may include mechanical means to disperse the polysaccharide nanocrystals; for example, using a homogenizer for high-shear dispersion. In some embodiments, the polysaccharide nanocrystals are dispersed in the alkanediacid agent with a homogenizer. In some embodiments, the polysaccharide nanocrystals are dispersed using a high shear dispersal. In some embodiments, the method involves contacting the polysaccharide-alkanediol monomer dispersion with the alkanediacid agent monomer. In other embodiments, the polysaccharide-alkanediol monomer mixture is added to the alkanediacid agent monomer as a suspension. In some modalities, the sonication of the mixture is carried out under conditions sufficient to produce a dispersion without visible sedimentation. frfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii In some embodiments, the method involves contacting the polysaccharide-alkanediol monomer dispersion with the alkanediacid agent monomer. In other embodiments, the polysaccharide-alkanediol monomer mixture is added to the alkanediacid agent monomer as a suspension. In some modalities, the sonication of the mixture is carried out under conditions sufficient to produce a dispersion without visible sedimentation. In some embodiments, polysaccharide nanocrystals are dispersed in an alkanediol monomer and an alkanediacid agent by sonicating the polysaccharide-alkanediol-alkanediacid agent mixture. In some embodiments, the dispersion of the polysaccharide-alkanediol-alkanediacid agent mixture involves sonicating the mixture, as opposed to other mechanical means such as stirring, to eliminate or substantially reduce sedimentation. In some embodiments, polysaccharide-alkanediol-alkanediacid mixtures with higher dispersion values ​​(smaller polysaccharide nanocrystal particle sizes) will ultimately produce polysaccharide nanocomposites with more desirable properties, including greater clarity, processability, and toughness. However, other embodiments of the method may include mechanical means to disperse the polysaccharide nanocrystals; for example, using a homogenizer for high-shear dispersion. In some embodiments, the polysaccharide nanocrystals are dispersed in the alkanediol monomer-alkanediacid agent mixture with a homogenizer. In some embodiments, the polysaccharide nanocrystals are dispersed before esterification. For example, polysaccharide-alkanediol-alkanediacid agent dispersions can be obtained by dispersing the polysaccharide nanocrystals in an alkanediol-alkanediacid agent monomer before esterification. Furthermore, the quality of the dispersion can be verified before proceeding with production, allowing the dispersion to be adjusted to the desired level. In some modes, sonicating the mix includes sonicating for a duration of approximately 5 minutes or more. In some modes, sonicating the mix includes sonicating (for example, at least 60% of a sonicator's maximum amplitude) for a duration of approximately 5 minutes or more. In some modes, sonicating the mix includes sonicating (for example, at least 80% of a sonicator's maximum amplitude) for a duration of approximately 5 minutes or more. In some modes, sonicating the mix includes sonicating (for example, at least 100% of a sonicator's maximum amplitude) for a duration of approximately 5 minutes or more. In some modes, sonicating the mix includes sonicating for a duration of approximately 6 minutes or more, 7 minutes or more, 8 minutes or more, 9 minutes or more, 10 minutes or more, 11 minutes or more, 12 minutes or more, 13 minutes or more, 14 minutes or more, or 15 minutes or more. Components for dispersion In some embodiments, the dispersion includes polysaccharide nanocrystals and one or more monomers. In some embodiments, one or more monomers include an alkanediol monomer and an alkanediacid agent monomer. In some embodiments, polysaccharide nanocrystals are derived from heparin, chitosan, chitin, hyaluronan, starch, cellulose, alginate, pectin, guar gum, starch / chitosan, chitosan / heparin, chitosan / hyaluronan, hyaluronan / heparin, or cellulose-chitin trichites, and platelet-like starch. In some embodiments, polysaccharide nanocrystals are derived from cellulose, starch, or chitin. In some embodiments, polysaccharide nanocrystals are derived from cellulose. In some embodiments, polysaccharide nanocrystals are derived from starch. In some embodiments, polysaccharide nanocrystals are derived from chitin. In some embodiments, polysaccharide nanocrystals can be spheres, rods, discs, or any other shape. In some embodiments, the nanocrystals can have a narrow size distribution. In some embodiments, the nanocrystals can have a wide size distribution. In some forms, polysaccharide nanocrystals are derived from cellulose. In some forms, polysaccharide nanocrystals are cellulose nanocrystals. In some embodiments, cellulose nanocrystals are crystals derived by subjecting a cellulose fiber to a chemical treatment, such as acid hydrolysis. In some embodiments, cellulose nanocrystals are derived from acid-hydrolyzed cellulose of cellulosic biomass using an acid hydrolysis technique similar to that first described by Ránby, BG (Ránby, BG (1951) Discussion Faraday Société, 11, 158-164). Cellulose nanocrystals produced using sulfuric acid and neutralized with a base (NaOH in this case) will contain a number of sodium sulfate groups that affect their dispersibility in hydrophilic media. In some forms, acid-hydrolyzed cellulose is obtained from naturally occurring cellulose fibers. In some forms, acid-hydrolyzed cellulose is obtained from, for example, plant biomass, vascular plants, cotton plants, wood pulp, jute, hemp, corn, bottles, rice, wheat straw, or sisal. In some forms, the cellulose is obtained from plant biomass, including, but not limited to, trees, grasses, cotton, sisal, bamboo, and ramie. In some forms, cellulose nanocrystals can be found as structural components in tunicates (sea cucumber-like marine creatures) and are naturally produced by the bacterium Acetobacter xylinum. bnoc in / ι zoz / e / yl In some embodiments, cellulose nanocrystals have average dimensions of approximately 1 to 80 nm in width and approximately 25 to 1000 nm in length. In other embodiments, cellulose nanocrystals have average dimensions ranging from approximately 1 to 100 nm in width and a length ranging from approximately 25 to 3000 nm.In some embodiments, cellulose nanocrystals have average dimensions of approximately 10 nm or more, 15 nm or more, 20 nm or more, 25 nm or more, 30 nm or more, 35 nm or more, 40 nm or more, 45 nm or more, 50 nm or more, 55 nm or more, 60 nm or more, 65 nm or more, 70 nm or more, 75 nm or more, 80 nm or more, 85 nm or more, 90 nm or more, 95 nm or more, or 100 nm or more in width; and 25 nm or more, 50 nm or more, 100 nm or more, 150 nm or more, 200 nm or more, 250 nm or more, 300 nm or more, 350 nm or more, 400 nm or more, 500 nm or more, 550 nm or more, 600 nm or more, 650 nm or more, 700 nm or more, 800 nm or more, 850 nm or more, 900 nm or more, 950 nm or more, 1000 nm or more, 1500 nm or more, 2000 nm or more, 2500 nm or more, or 3000 nm or more, in length. In some embodiments, the nanocrystals in the dispersion have a particle size distribution that ranges from approximately 1 dnm to approximately 400 dnm. In some embodiments, the nanocrystals in the dispersion have a particle size distribution that ranges from approximately 1 dnm to approximately 50 dnm, approximately 50 dnm to approximately 100 dnm, approximately 100 dnm to approximately 150 dnm, approximately 150 dnm to approximately 200 dnm, 200 dnm to approximately 250 dnm, 250 dnm to approximately 300 dnm, 300 dnm to approximately 350 dnm, 350 dnm to approximately 400 dnm. In some embodiments, the nanocrystals in the dispersion have a particle size distribution ranging from approximately 1 dnm to approximately 20 dnm. In some embodiments, the nanocrystals in the dispersion have a particle size distribution ranging from approximately 10 dnm to approximately 100 dnm.In some embodiments, the nanocrystals in the dispersion have a particle size distribution ranging from approximately 10 dnm to approximately 30 dnm. In some embodiments, the nanocrystals in the dispersion have a particle size distribution ranging from approximately 100 dnm to approximately 200 dnm. In some embodiments, the nanocrystals in the dispersion have a particle size distribution of 1 dnm or more, 2 dnm or more, 4 dnm or more, 6 dnm or more, 8 dnm or more, 10 dnm or more, 12 dnm or more, 14 dnm or more, 16 dnm or more, 18 dnm or more, 20 dnm or more, 22 dnm or more, 24 dnm or more, 26 dnm or more, 28 dnm or more, 30 dnm or more, 32 dnm or more, 34 dnm or more, 36 dnm or more, 38 dnm or more, 40 dnm or more, 42 dnm or more, 44 dnm or more, 46 d.nm or more, 48 d.nm or more, 50 d.nm or more, 52 d.nm or more, 54 d.nm or more, 56 d.nm or more, 58 d.nm or more, 60 d.nm or more, 62 d.nm or more, 64 d.nm or more, 66 d.nm or more, 68 d.nm or more, 70 d.nm or more, 72 d.nm or more, 74 d.nm or more, 76 d.nm or more, 78 d.nm or more, 80 d.nm or more, 82 d.nm or more, 84 d.nm or more, bfrOC Ln / Lznz / E / Yli. d.nm or more, 88 d.nm or more, 90 d.nm or more, 92 d.nm or more, 94 d.nm or more, 96 d.nm or more, 98 d.nm or more, or 100 d.nm or more. In some embodiments, the nanocrystals in the dispersion have a particle size distribution of 100 dnm or more, 125 dnm or more, 150 dnm or more, 175 dnm or more, 200 dnm or more, 225 dnm or more, 250 dnm or more, 275 dnm or more, 300 dnm or more, 325 dnm or more, 350 dnm or more, 400 dnm or more, 425 dnm or more, 500 dnm or more, 525 dnm or more, 550 dnm or more, 575 dnm or more, 600 dnm or more, 625 dnm or more, 650 dnm or more, 675 d.nm or more, 700 d.nm or more, 725 d.nm or more, 750 d.nm or more, 775 d.nm or more, 800 d.nm or more, 825 d.nm or more, 850 d.nm or more, 875 d.nm or more, 900 d.nm or more, 925 d.nm or more, 950 d.nm or more, 975 d.nm or more, or 1000 d.nm or more. In some embodiments, increasing the length of the cellulose nanocrystals increases the potential for charge distribution throughout the polymer. In some embodiments, as the orientation of the cellulose nanocrystals within the polymer increases, the interfacial contact between adjacent cellulose nanocrystals in the axial orientation increases, where tensile strength up to fracture can be increased. In some embodiments, in the transverse direction, The morphology of cellulose nanocrystals (e.g., length, aspect ratio, length polydispersity) and surface charge vary greatly based on the synthesis conditions. In some embodiments, acid hydrolysis is used to break down cellulose microfibrils by digesting the amorphous regions that connect the cellulose nanocrystals. In some embodiments, the process typically requires heating, stirring, rinsing, filtration, dialysis, and ultrasonication, and the parameters of each step have a direct impact on the morphology of the cellulose nanocrystals and / or the surface chemistry. In some embodiments, the final product of cellulose nanocrystal processing includes a suspension of liquid crystalline cellulose nanocrystals that is produced forming a nematic or chiral nematic mesophase (e.g., depending on the cellulose nanocrystal length, aspect ratio, length polydispersity, surface charge, cellulose nanocrystal concentration, and electrolyte concentration). In some embodiments, the polymer of the polysaccharide polymer nanocomposite resin includes an aliphatic polyester polymer. In some embodiments, the aliphatic polyester polymer may include, but is not limited to, an aliphatic polyester polymer selected from polylactide (PLA) (e.g., poly(lactic acid)), polyglycolide (PGA) (e.g., polyglycolic acid), poly(E-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(γ-valerolactone) (PVL), and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer (PLGA). In some embodiments, the polymer of the polymerpolysaccharide nanocomposite resin includes polybutylene succinate homopolymer or polybutylene succinate copolymer (e.g., polybutylene succinate adipate copolymer). frfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii In some aspects, the dispersion includes an alkanediol monomer. In some forms, the alkanediol monomer includes, among others, a 1,4-butanediol monomer, a 1,2-ethanediol monomer, a 1,3-propanediol monomer, a 1,5-pentanediol monomer, or a 1,6-hexanediol monomer. In some embodiments, the alkanediol monomer includes one or more diols to form a polyester compound. Non-limiting examples of other suitable diols include, but are not limited to, ethylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, 1,6-hexamethylene glycol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, hydroquinone, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl, bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)methane, bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2,2-propane, and combinations thereof. In some forms, the alkanediol monomer is 1,4-butanediol. In some forms, the alkanediol monomer is 1,2-ethanediol. In some forms, the alkanediol monomer is 1,3-propanediol. In some embodiments, the dispersion includes an alkanediacid agent monomer. In some embodiments, the alkanediacid agent monomer includes, but is not limited to, the alkanediacid agent monomer selected from succinic acid, monoalkyl succinate, dialkyl succinate (e.g., dimethyl succinate or diethyl succinate), succinic anhydride, adipic acid, monoalkyl adipate, dialkyl adipate (e.g., dimethyl adipate or diethyl adipate), and adipic anhydride. In some embodiments, the monomer of the alkanediacid agent is selected from oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, and their cyclic acid anhydride equivalents. In certain embodiments, the alkanediol monomer is a 1,4-butanediol monomer. In certain embodiments, the alkanediacid agent monomer is a succinic acid agent monomer. In certain embodiments, the alkanediacid agent monomer is succinic anhydride. In some embodiments, the dispersion involves bringing into contact cellulose nanocrystals, the 1,4-butanediol monomer, and the succinic acid agent monomer to produce a cellulose mixture. In some embodiments, the monomer of the alkanediacid agent is a monomer of succinic acid or a derivative thereof. In some embodiments, the monomer of the alkanediacid agent is a monomer of succinic acid. In some embodiments, the succinic acid agent is succinic anhydride. In some embodiments, the succinic acid agent monomer includes, but is not limited to, a succinic acid agent selected from succinic acid, monoalkyl succinate, dialkyl succinate (e.g., dimethyl succinate or diethyl succinate), or succinic anhydride. In some embodiments, the succinate acid agent is a succinate derivative. In some embodiments, the succinate derivative is succinate anhydride. In some embodiments, succinate anhydride increases the rate of esterification with 1,4-butanediol and also reduces the amount of hazardous THE produced during the esterification step. However, other suitable, non-limiting examples of succinate derivatives may include succinic acid or succinate esters. In some aspects, dispersion includes one or more additional monomers. In some embodiments, one or more additional monomers include, but are not limited to, comonomers, epoxy derivatives, oils, pigments, crosslinkers, and the like. In some embodiments, one or more additional monomers include an additional alkanediol monomer and / or an additional alkanediacid agent monomer. In some embodiments, an additional alkanediol monomer includes, but is not limited to, a 1,4-butanediol monomer, a 1,2-ethanediol monomer, a 1,3-propanediol monomer, a 1,5-pentanediol monomer, or a 1,6-hexanediol monomer; and / or an additional alkanediacid agent monomer. In some embodiments, an additional diacid agent monomer includes, but is not limited to, the alkanediacid agent monomer selected from succinic acid, monoalkyl succinate, dialkyl succinate (e.g., dimethyl succinate or diethyl succinate), succinic anhydride, adipic acid, monoalkyl adipate, dialkyl adipate (e.g., dimethyl adipate or diethyl adipate), and adipic anhydride. In some embodiments, the monomer of the additional alkanediacid agent includes adipic anhydride. In some embodiments, the monomer of the additional alkanediacid agent includes fumaric acid, or an ester or anhydride thereof. In some embodiments, one or more additional components may include a hydrophobic agent. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic agent is an oil. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic agent is an elastomeric material. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic agent is epoxidized soybean oil or an elastomeric material. The hydrophobic agent may be used as a protective capping agent at the end of a polyester polymer in the composition, for example, linked by an ether, ester, or carbamate bond. In some embodiments, one or more additional components include, but are not limited to, agents to provide additional water and oxygen barrier properties. Examples of non-limiting water and oxygen barrier agents include candelilla wax, beeswax, and other waxes. In some embodiments, such a barrier agent is derived from a renewable source. In some embodiments, one or more additional monomers include brightening agents that impart an aesthetically pleasing luster to a finished product. Examples of brightening agents include, but are not limited to, shea butter and nut oils, such as Brazil nut oil (Frfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii). In some embodiments, a brightening agent is derived from a renewable source. In some embodiments, one or more additional monomers include, but are not limited to, impact modifiers, antioxidants, antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, antistatic agents, fillers, thermal stabilizers, UV stabilizers, dyes, fillers, crystallization promoters, and coupling agents. Non-limiting examples of antioxidants include hindered phenolic antioxidants such as p-tert-butylhydroxytoluene and p-tert-butylhydroxyanisole; sulfur antioxidants such as distearyl thiodipropionate and dilauryl thiodipropionate and the like; heat stabilizers include triphenyl phosphite, trilauryl phosphite, tris-nonylphenyl phosphite and the like; UV stabilizers include p-tert-butylphenyl salicylate, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-2'-carboxybenzophenone, 2,4,5-trihydroxybutylphenone and the like; lubricants include calcium stearate, zinc stearate, barium stearate, sodium palmitate and the like; Antistatic agents include N,N-bis(hydroxyethyl)alkylamine, alkylamine, alkyl allyl sulfonate, alkyl sulfonate and the like; flame retardants include hexabromocyclododecane, tris-(2,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate, pentabromophenyl allyl ether and the like;Antiblocking agents include combinations of inorganic fillers, such as silica and oleamide and the like; inorganic fillers or nucleating agents include calcium carbonate, silica, titanium oxide, talc, mica, barium sulfate, alumina, mixtures of NaHCOs and citric acid and the like; crystallization promoters include polyethylene terephthalate, poly-transcyclohexane dimethanol terephthalate and the like; organic fillers include wood dust, rice hulls, waste paper such as newspaper, starches (including modified materials such as alpha starch), cellulose and the like. In some embodiments, a polyether having hydroxyl-terminal groups may be used in combination with the diols described in this disclosure. Because the polyether has hydroxyl-terminal groups, the number of carbon atoms has a lower limit of usually 4 or more, preferably 10 or more, and an upper limit of usually 1,000 or fewer, preferably 200 or fewer, and more preferably 100 or fewer. Non-limiting examples of polyethers having hydroxyl-terminal groups include, but are not limited to, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polytetramethylene glycol, poly-1,6-hexamethylene glycol, and the like. In addition, copolymerized polyethers of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol, and the like, may also be used. In some embodiments, one or more additional monomers include one or more anhydrides or dicarboxylic acids. Non-limiting examples may include, but are not limited to, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, and their cyclic acid anhydride equivalents. frfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii In some embodiments, one or more additional monomers include an epoxidized oil, an epoxy derivative, or a fatty acid. In some embodiments, the epoxidized oil, epoxy derivative, or fatty acid may be esterified. In some embodiments, one or more additional monomers include an epoxidized oil, an epoxy derivative, or a fatty acid. In some embodiments, the epoxidized oil, epoxy derivative, or fatty acid may be esterified. In some embodiments, the epoxy derivative or epoxidized oil is added at the end of the reaction. For example, in some embodiments, the method includes adding the epoxy derivative or epoxidized oil after repressurizing the vessel just before cooling and discharging the polymer. In some embodiments, the method includes adding NCC, an epoxy derivative, and / or epoxidized oil, which may be added in advance with the alkanediol monomer and / or alkanediacid agent monomer. For example, in some embodiments, the method includes adding NCC at the beginning of the reaction in dispersion form.In some variations, the method involves adding an epoxy derivative or epoxidized oil at the end of the esterification process, just before the catalyst is added and polycondensation takes place. In some examples, the epoxy derivative or epoxidized oil is allowed to react for 5 minutes before adding the catalyst. The high-shear dispersion method follows the same process as the sonication method in terms of time and energy consumption, but instead uses the equipment described at https: / / www.mixers.com / products / high-speed-d!spersers / . In some embodiments, one or more of the additional monomers is an epoxidized oil. In some embodiments, one or more of the additional monomers is an epoxidized derivative. In some embodiments, the epoxidized oil or an epoxy derivative includes, among others, epoxidized linseed oil, such as epoxidized linseed oil, lard, beef tallow, fish oil, coffee oil, soybean oil, safflower oil, tung oil, resin oil, marigold oil, rapeseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, grapeseed oil, olive oil, jojoba oil, dehydrated castor oil, tallow oil, sunflower oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, canola oil, orange oil, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, one or more of the additional monomers includes a catalyst. Examples of non-limiting catalysts include, but are not limited to, titanium or zirconium compounds, such as titanium lactate or zirconium butoxide. In general, a compound containing at least one member of the metallic elements belonging to groups 1 through 14 of the periodic table can be used as a catalyst for the esterification reaction. Specifically, examples of metallic elements include scandium, trium, samarium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, tin, antimony, cerium, germanium, zinc, cobalt, manganese, iron, aluminum, magnesium, calcium, strontium, sodium, potassium, and similar elements. Of these, scandium, trium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, zinc, iron, and germanium are preferred; and titanium, zirconium, tungsten, iron, and germanium are especially preferred.Furthermore, to reduce the concentration of the polyester terminal that influences the polyester's thermal stability, among the aforementioned metals, those belonging to groups 3 to 6 of the periodic table and exhibiting Lewis acidity are preferable. Specifically, examples include scandium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, molybdenum, and tungsten. In particular, titanium and zirconium are preferable from the standpoint of availability, and titanium is preferable from the standpoint of reaction activity. In some forms, the catalyst includes compounds containing an organic group, such as carboxylic acid salts, alkoxy salts, organic sulfonic acid salts, or β-diketonate salts, each containing the aforementioned metallic element, etc.; and also inorganic compounds, such as oxides, halides and the like of the above metals and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the method includes, at the time of polymerization, a compound that is liquid or soluble in a low-ester polymer or polyester. In some embodiments, a compound that is liquid or soluble in a low-ester polymer or polyester is added because, when the catalyst is in a molten or dissolved state at the time of polymerization, the polymerization rate becomes high. In some embodiments, the catalyst is a titanium compound. In some embodiments, the titanium compound is a tetraalkyl titanate and a hydrolysate thereof. Non-limiting examples include, but are not limited to, tetra-n-propyl titanate, tetraisopropyl titanate, tetra-n-butyl titanate, tetra-t-butyl titanate, tetraphenyl titanate, tetracyclohexyl titanate, tetrabenzyl titanate, and mixtures of titanates thereof, and hydrolysates thereof. In some embodiments, the catalyst includes titanium (oxy)acetylacetonate, titanium tetraacetylacetonate, titanium (diisopropoxide)acetylacetonate, bis(ammonium lactate titanium dihydroxide), bis(ethyl acetoacetate) titanium diisopropoxide, titanium triethanolamine diisopropoxide, polyhydroxytitanium stearate, titanium lactate, titanium triethanolamine, butyl titanate dimer, or similar compounds. In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding liquid materials obtained by mixing an alcohol, a long-form group 2 metal compound (Inorganic Chemistry Nomenclature, IUPAC Recommendations 2005) (hereinafter sometimes referred to as the “long-form group 2 metal compound”), a phosphoric ester compound, and a titanium compound. frfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii In some embodiments, the catalyst is selected from tetra-n-propyl titanate, tetraisopropyl titanate, tetra-n-butyl titanate, titanium (oxy)acetylacetonate, titanium tetraacetylacetonate, bis(ammonium lactate) titanium dihydroxide, polyhydroxytitanium stearate, titanium lactate, or butyl titanate dimer; and a liquid material obtained by mixing an alcohol, a long-form group 2 metal compound, a phosphoric ester compound, and adding a titanium compound is added. In some embodiments, the catalyst is selected from tetra-n-butyl titanate, titanium (oxy)acetylacetonate, titanium tetraacetylacetonate, polyhydroxytitanium stearate, titanium lactate, or butyl titanate dimer; and a liquid material obtained by mixing an alcohol, a long-form group 2 metal compound, a phosphoric ester compound, and adding a titanium compound is added. In some embodiments, the catalyst is selected from tetra-n-butyl titanate, polyhydroxytitanium stearate, titanium (oxy)acetylacetonate, titanium tetraacetylacetonate; and a liquid material is added obtained by mixing an alcohol, a long-form group 2 metal compound, a phosphoric ester compound, and adding a titanium compound. Non-limiting examples of zirconium compounds as catalysts include, but are not limited to, zirconium tetraacetate, zirconium acetate hydroxide, zirconium tris(butoxy)stearate, zirconyl diacetate, zirconium oxalate, zirconyl oxalate, potassium zirconium oxalate, polyhydroxyzirconium stearate, zirconium ethoxide, zirconium tetra-n-propoxide, zirconium tetraisopropoxide, zirconium tetra-n-butoxide, zirconium tetra-t-butoxide, zirconium tributoxyacetylacetonate, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the catalyst is selected from zirconyl diacetate, zirconium tris(butoxy)stearate, zirconium tetraacetate, zirconium acetate hydroxide, zirconium ammonium oxalate, zirconium potassium oxalate, polyhydroxyzirconium stearate, zirconium tetra-n-propoxide, zirconium tetraisopropoxide, zirconium tetra-n-butoxide, and zirconium tetra-n-butoxide; zirconyl diacetate, zirconium tetraacetate, zirconium acetate hydroxide, zirconium tris(butoxy)stearate, zirconium ammonium oxalate, zirconium tetra-n-propoxide, and zirconium tetra-n-butoxide are preferred. In some embodiments, the catalyst is selected from zirconium tris(butoxy)stearate. In some embodiments, a colorless polyester with a high degree of polymerization is readily obtained using zirconium tris(butoxy)stearate. In some applications, the catalyst is a germanium compound. Non-limiting examples of germanium compounds include, but are not limited to, inorganic germanium compounds such as germanium oxide, germanium chloride, etc.; and organic germanium compounds such as tetraalkoxygemanium, etc. From the standpoint of price and availability, germanium oxide, tetraethoxygemanium, tetrabutoxygemanium, and similar compounds are preferable, with germanium oxide being particularly preferable. In some embodiments, the catalyst is an inorganic chloride. Non-limiting examples of inorganic chlorides include, but are not limited to, ferric chloride, etc.; inorganic oxides, such as triiron tetroxide, etc.; organic iron complexes, such as ferrocene, etc.; and the like. In some embodiments, the catalyst is an inorganic oxide. In some embodiments, the catalyst is a metal-containing compound. Non-limiting examples of metal-containing compounds include, but are not limited to, scandium compounds, such as scandium carbonate, scandium acetate, scandium chloride, scandium acetylacetonate, etc.; yttrium compounds, such as yttrium carbonate, yttrium chloride, yttrium acetate, yttrium acetylacetonate, etc.; vanadium compounds, such as vanadium chloride, vanadium trichloride, vanadium acetylacetonate, vanadium acetylacetonate oxide, etc.; molybdenum compounds, such as molybdenum chloride, molybdenum acetate, etc.; tungsten compounds, such as tungsten chloride, tungsten acetate, tungstic acid, etc.; lanthanoid compounds, such as cerium chloride, samarium chloride, ytterbium chloride, etc.; and the like. Polycondensation Aspects of the present methods include polycondensation of an alkanediol monomer and an alkanediacid agent monomer in the dispersion to produce a polymer-polysaccharide nanocomposite resin. In some embodiments, polycondensation includes esterifying the alkanediol monomer and the alkanediacid agent monomer to form a plurality of oligomers. In some embodiments, polycondensation further includes condensing the plurality of oligomers to produce high molecular weight polymers (e.g., as described herein) in the polymer-polysaccharide nanocomposite resin. In some forms, the oligomers have an average molecular weight of 500 Da or more, up to 10,000 Da. In some forms, the oligomers have an average molecular weight of 1000 to 10,000 Da. In some forms, the oligomer has the formula (lia): (Ha) frfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii where: n is from 1 to 11; m is from 1 to 11; p is from 1 to 100; and each * independently represents H, OH, a copolymer segment, a repeating unit, a comonomer, or a grafted polysaccharide nanoparticle. In some formula forms (lia), p is from 1 to 50, such as 5 to 50, 10 to 50, 10 to 40, or 20 to 40. In some embodiments, the oligomer is a homopolymer of PBS or PBF. In some embodiments, the oligomer is a copolymer of PBS or PBF. In some embodiments, the oligomer is represented by the formula (Illa): hbQC 10 / ίΖΠΖ / Β / ΥΙΛΙ (Illa) where p is from 0 to 50; q is 0 or 50, where p+q>0; and res from 1 to 50; Each asterisk (*) independently represents H, OH, a copolymer segment, a repeating unit, a comonomer, or a grafted polysaccharide nanoparticle. The oligomer can have up to approximately 50 repeating units in total. In some cases, the oligomer has an average molecular weight of 1000 to 10,000 Da. In some forms of formula (Illa), (p + q)r is <50. In some forms of formula (Illa), r is from 1 to 50, such as from 5 to 50, from 10 to 50, from 10 to 40 or from 20 to 40. In some embodiments, the plurality of oligomers and high MW polymers each include a repeating unit of butylene succinate. In some embodiments, the oligomers and high MW polymers each include a plurality of repeating units of butylene succinate. In some embodiments, the oligomers and high MW polymers each include blocks or segments of polybutylene succinate. In some embodiments, the polymer of the polymerpolysaccharide nanocomposite resin is either a polybutylene succinate homopolymer or a polybutylene succinate copolymer (e.g., polybutylene succinate adipate copolymer). In some embodiments, polycondensation also includes condensing an oligomer or polymer with an epoxidized oil. In such embodiments, the dispersion includes the epoxidized oil. In some forms, polycondensation also includes condensing the nanocomposite resin with an epoxy derivative (for example, an epoxidized fatty acid or oil capable of esterification). This disclosure includes synthetic precursor compositions of nanocomposites comprising a mixture of a plurality of oligomers (e.g., as described herein), cellulose nanocrystals, and optionally one or more reagents or solvents (e.g., as described herein) suitable for polycondensation. Esterification The aspects of the present methods include esterifying the alkanediol monomer and the alkanediacid agent monomer to form a plurality of oligomers. Esterification of an epoxy derivative to the polybutylene succinate nanocomposite increases its durability, raises its melt viscosity, and reduces the concentration of acidic end groups in the polybutylene succinate nanocomposite, thereby facilitating its processability and stabilizing it against thermal and hydrolytic effects. The resulting polybutylene succinate nanocomposite is biodegradable and consists largely of ester linkages, with some ether linkages introduced by one of the reagents. In some forms, polycondensation also includes esterifying an epoxidized oil or an epoxy derivative (e.g., an epoxidized oil or an epoxy derivative as an additional component). In some embodiments, one or more additional monomers include an epoxidized oil, an epoxy derivative, or a fatty acid. In some embodiments, the epoxidized oil, epoxy derivative, or fatty acid may be esterified. In some embodiments, the epoxy derivative or epoxidized oil is added at the end of the esterification process just before the catalyst is added and polycondensation takes place. In some examples, the epoxy derivative or epoxidized oil is allowed to react for 5 minutes before adding the catalyst. The high-shear dispersion method follows the same process as the sonication method in terms of time and energy consumption, but instead uses the equipment described at https: / / www.mixers.com / products / high-speed-dispersers. In some embodiments, one or more of the additional monomers is an epoxidized oil. In some embodiments, one or more of the additional monomers is an epoxidized derivative. In some embodiments, the epoxidized oil or an epoxy derivative includes, among others, epoxidized linseed oil, such as epoxidized linseed oil, lard, beef tallow, fish oil, coffee oil, soybean oil, safflower oil, tung oil, resin oil, marigold oil, rapeseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, grapeseed oil, olive oil, jojoba oil, dehydrated castor oil, tallow oil, sunflower oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, canola oil, orange oil, and mixtures thereof. frfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii In some embodiments, esterification is carried out in a vacuum or inert gas environment. For example, the esterification reaction can be performed in a reaction vessel with nitrogen gas. Esterification can also be carried out at approximately ambient pressure or slightly above with any inert gas. The suspension can be heated to a temperature of approximately 100°C or higher, approximately 105°C or higher, approximately 110°C or higher, approximately 120°C or higher, approximately 130°C or higher, approximately 140°C or higher, or approximately 150°C or higher to initiate the reaction. In some forms, esterification can be performed in the gas phase. In some embodiments, esterification includes heating the dispersion to an initial temperature of 100°C to 140°C (e.g., esterification is initiated at 110°C ± 10°C, 110°C ± 5°C, or approximately 110°C). In some embodiments, esterification includes heating the dispersion to an initial temperature of approximately 100°C or higher, approximately 105°C or higher, approximately 110°C or higher, approximately 120°C or higher, approximately 130°C or higher, approximately 140°C or higher, or approximately 150°C or higher. In some embodiments, esterification further includes, after the reaction temperature exceeds 140°C, heating the dispersion to a second temperature of 200°C to 250°C (e.g., 225°C ± 15°C, or approximately 225°C). In some embodiments, esterification further includes, after the reaction temperature exceeds 140°C, heating the dispersion to a second temperature of 200°C or higher, 225°C or higher, 230°C or higher, 235°C or higher, 240°C or higher, 245°C or higher, or 250°C or higher. In some forms, esterification also includes, after the reaction temperature exceeds 140°C, heating the dispersion to a second temperature of 200°C ± 15°C, 215°C ± 15°C, 230°C ± 15°C, 245°C ± 15°C, or 250°C ± 15°C. Catalyst In some embodiments, polycondensation is carried out in the presence of a catalyst. In some embodiments, the reaction rate can be further increased by adding a catalyst. In some embodiments, polycondensation also includes the addition of a catalyst (for example, a catalyst added to the dispersion or during the polycondensation). Regarding the amount of catalyst added when using a metallic compound as an esterification catalyst, the lower limit is generally 0.1 ppm by mass or more, preferably 0.5 ppm by mass or more, and more preferably 1 ppm by mass or more. The upper limit is generally no more than 3000 ppm by mass, preferably no more than 2000 ppm by mass, more preferably no more than 1000 ppm by mass, and most preferably no more than 500 ppm by mass, in terms of the amount of metal relative to the polyester frfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii formed. Using too much catalyst is economically disadvantageous. Furthermore, the concentration of the terminal carboxyl group in the polyester may be high.Therefore, there is concern that increases in the concentration of the terminal carboxyl group and the residual catalyst concentration will decrease the thermal stability and hydrolysis resistance of the polyester. Conversely, when the amount of catalyst used is too low, the polymerization activity decreases, and thermal decomposition of the polyester is subsequently induced during production. As a result, the yield of polyesters exhibiting practically useful physical properties is low. The timing of catalyst addition to the reaction system is not particularly restricted. In some embodiments, the catalyst is added before the esterification reaction step. In some embodiments, the catalyst can be added at the time of loading the raw materials. In some embodiments, the catalyst is added after the esterification reaction step. Examples of non-limiting catalysts include, but are not limited to, titanium or zirconium compounds, such as titanium lactate or zirconium butoxide. In general, a compound containing at least one metallic element from groups 1 to 14 of the periodic table can be used as a catalyst for the esterification reaction. Specifically, examples of metallic elements include scandium, yttrium, samarium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, tin, antimony, cerium, germanium, zinc, cobalt, manganese, iron, aluminum, magnesium, calcium, strontium, sodium, potassium, and similar elements. Of these, scandium, yttrium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, zinc, iron, and germanium are preferred; and titanium, zirconium, tungsten, iron, and germanium are especially preferred.Furthermore, to reduce the concentration of the polyester terminal that influences the polyester's thermal stability, among the aforementioned metals, those belonging to groups 3 to 6 of the periodic table and exhibiting Lewis acidity are preferable. Specifically, examples include scandium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, molybdenum, and tungsten. In particular, titanium and zirconium are preferable from the standpoint of availability, and titanium is preferable from the standpoint of reaction activity. In some forms, the catalyst includes compounds containing an organic group, such as carboxylic acid salts, alkoxy salts, organic sulfonic acid salts, or β-diketonate salts, each containing the aforementioned metallic element, etc.; and also inorganic compounds, such as oxides, halides and the like of the above metals and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the method includes, at the time of polymerization, a compound that is liquid or soluble in a polymer or polyester with a low ester content. In some embodiments of bfrOC Ln / Lznz / E / Yli, a compound that is liquid or soluble in a polymer or polyester with a low ester content is added because when the catalyst is in a molten or dissolved state at the time of polymerization, the polymerization rate becomes high. In some embodiments, esterification is carried out in the absence of a solvent. In some embodiments, esterification is carried out in the presence of a solvent. In some embodiments, a small amount of solvent may be used to dissolve the catalyst. Non-limiting examples of this solvent for use in dissolving the catalyst include alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, etc.; diols, such as ethylene glycol, butanediol, pentanediol, etc.; ethers, such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, etc.; nitriles, such as acetonitrile, etc.; hydrocarbon compounds, such as heptane, toluene, etc.; water; and mixtures thereof. As for the amount used, the solvent is used in such a way that the catalyst concentration is generally 0.0001% by mass or more, and not more than 99% by mass. In some embodiments, the catalyst is a titanium compound. In some embodiments, the titanium compound is a tetraalkyl titanate and a hydrolysate thereof. Non-limiting examples include, but are not limited to, tetra-n-propyl titanate, tetraisopropyl titanate, tetra-n-butyl titanate, tetra-t-butyl titanate, tetraphenyl titanate, tetracyclohexyl titanate, tetrabenzyl titanate, and mixtures of titanates thereof, and hydrolysates thereof. In some embodiments, the catalyst includes titanium (oxy)acetylacetonate, titanium tetraacetylacetonate, titanium (diisopropoxide)acetylacetonate, bis(ammonium lactate)titanium dihydroxide, bis(ethyl acetoacetate)titanium diisopropoxide, titanium (triethanolaminate)titanium isopropoxide, polyhydroxytitanium stearate, titanium lactate, titanium triethanolaminate, butyl titanate dimer, or similar. In some embodiments, the method also comprises adding liquid materials obtained by mixing an alcohol, a group 2 metal compound in the long form of the periodic table (Inorganic Chemistry Nomenclature, IUPAC Recommendations 2005) (hereafter sometimes referred to as a “group 2 metal compound in the long form of the periodic table”), a phosphoric ester compound, and a titanium compound. In some embodiments, the method includes adding a catalyst selected from tetra-n-propyl titanate, tetraisopropyl titanate, tetra-n-butyl titanate, titanium (oxy)acetylacetonate, titanium tetraacetylacetonate, bis(ammonium lactate) titanium dihydroxide, polyhydroxytitanium stearate, titanium lactate, or butyl titanate dimer; and adding a liquid material obtained by mixing an alcohol, a long-form group 2 metal compound, a phosphoric ester compound, and adding a titanium compound. frfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii In some embodiments, the method includes adding a catalyst selected from tetra-n-butyl titanate, titanium (oxy)acetylacetonate, titanium tetraacetylacetonate, polyhydroxytitanium stearate, titanium lactate, or butyl titanate dimer; and adding a liquid material obtained by mixing an alcohol, a long-form group 2 metal compound, a phosphoric ester compound; and adding a titanium compound. In some embodiments, the method includes adding a catalyst selected from tetra-n-butyl titanate, polyhydroxytitanium stearate, titanium (oxy)acetylacetonate, titanium tetraacetylacetonate; and adding a liquid material obtained by mixing an alcohol, a long-form group 2 metal compound, a phosphoric ester compound, and adding a titanium compound. Non-limiting examples of zirconium compounds as catalysts include, but are not limited to, zirconium tetraacetate, zirconium acetate hydroxide, zirconium tris(butoxy)stearate, zirconyl diacetate, zirconium oxalate, zirconyl oxalate, potassium zirconium oxalate, polyhydroxyzirconium stearate, zirconium ethoxide, zirconium tetra-n-propoxide, zirconium tetraisopropoxide, zirconium tetra-n-butoxide, zirconium tetra-t-butoxide, zirconium tributoxyacetylacetonate, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the catalyst is selected from zirconyl diacetate, zirconium tris(butoxy)stearate, zirconium tetraacetate, zirconium acetate hydroxide, zirconium ammonium oxalate, zirconium potassium oxalate, polyhydroxyzirconium stearate, zirconium tetra-n-propoxide, zirconium tetraisopropoxide, zirconium tetra-n-butoxide, and zirconium tetra-n-butoxide; zirconyl diacetate, zirconium tetraacetate, zirconium acetate hydroxide, zirconium tris(butoxy)stearate, zirconium ammonium oxalate, zirconium tetra-n-propoxide, and zirconium tetra-n-butoxide are preferred. In some embodiments, the catalyst is selected from zirconium tris(butoxy)stearate. In some embodiments, a colorless polyester with a high degree of polymerization is readily obtained using zirconium tris(butoxy)stearate. In some applications, the catalyst is a germanium compound. Non-limiting examples of germanium compounds include, but are not limited to, inorganic germanium compounds such as germanium oxide, germanium chloride, etc.; and organic germanium compounds such as tetraalkoxygemanium, etc. From the standpoint of price and availability, germanium oxide, tetraethoxygemanium, tetrabutoxygemanium, and similar compounds are preferable, with germanium oxide being particularly preferable. In some embodiments, the catalyst is an inorganic chloride. Non-limiting examples of inorganic chlorides include, but are not limited to, ferric chloride, etc.; inorganic oxides, such as triiron tetroxide, etc.; organic iron complexes, such as ferrocene, etc.; and the like. In some embodiments, the catalyst is an inorganic oxide. frfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii In some embodiments, the catalyst is a metal-containing compound. Non-limiting examples of metal-containing compounds include, but are not limited to, scandium compounds, such as scandium carbonate, scandium acetate, scandium chloride, scandium acetylacetonate, etc.; trio compounds, such as trio carbonate, trio chloride, trio acetate, trio acetylacetonate, etc.; vanadium compounds, such as vanadium chloride, vanadium trichloride, vanadium acetylacetonate, vanadium acetylacetonate oxide, etc.; molybdenum compounds, such as molybdenum chloride, molybdenum acetate, etc.; tungsten compounds, such as tungsten chloride, tungsten acetate, tungstic acid, etc.; lanthanoid compounds, such as cerium chloride, samarium chloride, ytterbium chloride, etc.; and the like. Condensation The aspects of this disclosure include esterifying the alkanediol monomer and the alkanediacid agent monomer to form a plurality of oligomers; and condensing the plurality of oligomers to produce high PM polymers in the polymer-polysaccharide nanocomposite resin. In some embodiments, the condensation of the plurality of oligomers is carried out in a reaction vessel under reduced pressure. In some embodiments, the vessel pressure may be decreased during condensation. In some embodiments, condensation is carried out at a pressure of approximately 66.66 Pa (500 mTorr). In some embodiments, condensation is carried out at a pressure of approximately 53.32 Pa (400 mTorr). In some embodiments, condensation is carried out at a pressure of approximately 39.99 Pa (300 mTorr). In some embodiments, the pressure may be decreased from an initial pressure of approximately 93325.7 Pa (700 Torr) (i.e., atmospheric pressure) to a final pressure of approximately 66.66 Pa (500 mTorr). In some modes, the pressure can decrease from an initial pressure of approximately 94658.9 Pa (710 Torr) (i.e., atmospheric pressure) to a final pressure of approximately 66.66 Pa (500 mTorr).In some modes, the pressure can decrease from an initial pressure of approximately 95992.1 Pa (720 Torr) (i.e., atmospheric pressure) to a final pressure of approximately 66.66 Pa (500 mTorr). In some modes, the pressure can decrease from an initial pressure of approximately 97325.3 Pa (730 Torr) (i.e., atmospheric pressure) to a final pressure of approximately 66.66 Pa (500 mTorr). In some modes, the pressure can decrease from an initial pressure of approximately 98658.6 Pa (740 Torr) (i.e., atmospheric pressure) to a final pressure of approximately 66.66 Pa (500 mTorr). In some modes, the pressure can decrease from an initial pressure of approximately 99991.8 Pa (750 Torr) (i.e., atmospheric pressure) to a final pressure of approximately 66.66 Pa (500 mTorr).In some modes, the pressure can decrease from an initial pressure of approximately 101325 Pa (760 Torr) (i.e., atmospheric pressure) to a final pressure of approximately 66.66 Pa (500 mTorr). In some modes, the pressure can decrease from an initial pressure of approximately 102658 Pa (770 Torr) (i.e., atmospheric pressure) to a final pressure of approximately 66.66 Pa (500 mTorr). In some variations, the method involves pressurizing the reaction vessel to an initial pressure and heating the reaction vessel, followed by decreasing the initial pressure to a lower pressure. In some modes, the pressure can decrease from an initial pressure of approximately 103991 Pa (780 Torr) (i.e., atmospheric pressure) to a final pressure of approximately 66.66 Pa (500 mTorr). In some modes, the pressure can decrease from an initial pressure of approximately 105325 Pa (790 Torr) (i.e., atmospheric pressure) to a final pressure of approximately 66.66 Pa (500 mTorr). In some modes, the pressure can decrease from an initial pressure of approximately 106658 Pa (800 Torr) (i.e., atmospheric pressure) to a final pressure of approximately 66.66 Pa (500 mTorr). After esterification, the reaction vessel can be heated to approximately 225°C to condense the plurality of oligomers to produce high PM polymers in the polymer-polysaccharide nanocomposite resin. In some embodiments, the temperature of the vessel can be gradually increased as the reaction progresses. In some embodiments, the temperature can be increased to approximately 200°C or higher, 210°C or higher, 220°C or higher, 230°C or higher, 240°C or higher, or 250°C or higher. In some embodiments, the method includes the addition of an epoxy derivative or epoxidized oil at the end of the reaction. For example, in some embodiments, the epoxy or epoxidized derivative can be added after repressurizing the vessel just before cooling and discharging the polymer. Post-polymerization additives In some forms, the method includes adding one or more additional components after the polymerization of the nanocomposite. Uses of polymer-polysaccharide nanocomposite resin in yarn / fiber manufacturing The aspects of this disclosure include an article comprising a nanocomposite resin produced by the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the article is manufactured from the nanocomposite resin using any known method. Non-limiting examples of manufacturing methods include, but are not limited to, injection molding, blow molding, compression molding, extrusion, and melt spinning. frfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii In some forms, the article is a molded article, molded at a mold temperature. In some forms, the item is yard or fiber. In some embodiments, the polysaccharide-polymer nanocomposite resin (e.g., polybutylene succinate nanocomposite) produced by this method can be subsequently formed into a manufactured article. For example, in some embodiments, the process may include thermoforming, extrusion molding, injection molding, or blow molding of the molten composition. In some instances, injection molding processes include any molding process where a polymer melt or a monomeric or oligomeric solution is forced under pressure, for example, with a piston injector or reciprocating screw, into a mold where it is shaped and cured. Blow molding processes can include any method where an extrudable polymer composition can be molded using a fluid and subsequently cured to form a product. Blow molding processes may include extrusion blow molding, injection blow molding, and injection stretch blow molding, as desired. Non-limiting examples of extrusion molding methods include those where the extrudable polymer composition is extruded from a die under pressure and cured to form the final product, for example, a film or fiber. In some applications, single-screw or twin-screw extruders can be used; the selection of which, and the quantities of each component, which vary depending on the extruder, will be within the knowledge of an expert in the technique. Other molding methods may include gas foam molding, bead foam molding, T-dye film forming, stretch blow molding, blow film forming, and sheet forming. In some forms, the resulting molded article is a container. As used herein, the term “container” includes, but is not limited to, any article, receptacle, or container used to store, dispense, package, divide, or ship various types of products or objects (including, but not limited to, food and beverages). Non-limiting examples of such containers include, but are not limited to, boxes, cups, clamshell packaging, jars, bottles, plates, bowls, trays, cartons, cases, crates, cereal boxes, frozen food boxes, milk cartons, beverage container holders, plates, egg cartons, lids, straws, envelopes, batteries, bags, pouches, or other types of holders. Containment products and other products used in conjunction with containers should also be included within the term “container.” In some embodiments, the molded article is a containment product that is a closure. As used herein, the term “closure” includes, but is not limited to, any containment product such as caps, lids, liners, partitions, wrappers, films, cushioning materials, and any other product used in the packaging, storage, shipping, portioning, serving, or dispensing of an object within a container. Non-limiting examples of closures include, but are not limited to, screw caps, snap caps, tamper-evident, and child-resistant closures or lids. The following examples are merely illustrative of the invention and do not limit it. EXAMPLES Example 1 Pure PBS made from succinic acid + butanediol 113.55 g of 1,4-butanediol (BDO) and 141.71 g of succinic acid (SA) are loaded into a 1 L glass reaction vessel. The reactants are stirred at 150 rpm with a flow of N2 until a homogeneous suspension is formed. The temperature is then raised to 225°C over approximately 100 minutes, and the reaction mixture is stirred continuously. During this ramp-up, water and THF are formed and removed from the reactor using a distillation apparatus. When the reaction reaches 225°C, 600 µL of catalyst (zirconium butoxide (“ZBO”) at 80 wt% in 1-butanol, 470 ppm [Zr] total) are added, and the pressure inside the vessel is gradually reduced over approximately one and a half hours to a final pressure of approximately 66.66 Pa (500 mTorr). The temperature is then increased to 230°C, and the polycondensation reaction continues for 3 hours thereafter.The vessel is repressurized and cooled to 110°C before removing the polymer. The reaction lasts approximately 6 hours in total and produces a beige, semi-crystalline polymer. Example 2 PBS with 0.1% by weight of nanocrystalline cellulose (SA+BDO method) 112.26 g of 1,4-butanediol (BDO) and 140.09 g of succinic acid (SA) are charged into a 1 L glass reaction vessel. The reaction is stirred at 150 rpm with a flow of N2 until a homogeneous suspension is formed. 5.4 mL of a 4.8 wt% solution is added to the suspension. A dispersion of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) in deionized water is added to achieve a total NCC concentration of -0.1 wt%. The temperature is then raised to 225°C over approximately 2 hours, and the reaction mixture is stirred continuously. During this ramp-up, water and THF are formed and removed from the reactor using a distillation apparatus. When the reaction reaches 225°C, an amount of catalyst (zirconium butoxide (ZBO) at 80% by weight in 1-butanol, 470 ppm [Zr] in total) is added and the pressure inside the vessel is gradually reduced over the course of approximately 2 hours to a final pressure of approximately 66.66 Pa (500 mTorr).The temperature is increased to 230°C and the polycondensation reaction continues for 1 hour thereafter. The vessel is then repressurized and cooled to 110°C before the polymer is removed. The reaction lasts approximately 5 hours in total and produces a beige, semicrystalline polymer. Example 3 PBS with 0.4% by weight of ELO (SA+BDO method) 113.55 g of 1,4-butanediol (BDO) and 141.71 g of succinic acid (SA) are charged into a 1 L glass reaction vessel. The reactants are stirred at 150 rpm with a flow of N2 until a homogeneous suspension is formed. The temperature is then raised to 225°C over approximately 2 hours, and the reaction mixture is stirred continuously. During this ramp-up, water and THF are formed and removed from the reactor using a distillation apparatus. When the reaction reaches 225°C, 600 µL of catalyst (zirconium butoxide (ZBO) 80 wt% in 1-butanol, 470 ppm [Zr] total) are added, and the pressure inside the vessel is gradually reduced over approximately 1.5 hours to a final pressure of approximately 66.66 Pa (500 mTorr). The temperature is increased to 230°C and the polycondensation reaction continues for 2 hours after this point. The vessel is repressurized and 1.0.3 g of epoxidized linseed oil (“ELO”) is added to the molten mixture and reacted for 15 minutes. The container is then cooled to 110°C before removing the polymer. The reaction lasts approximately 7 hours in total and produces a beige, semi-crystalline polymer. Example 4 PBS with 0.1% by weight of NCC + 0.4% by weight of ELO (SA+BDO Method) 97.79 g of 1,4-butanediol (BDO) and 122.05 g of succinic acid (SA) are loaded into a 1 L glass reaction vessel. The reactants are stirred at 150 rpm with a flow of N2 until a homogeneous suspension is formed. 4.7 mL of a 4.8 wt% NCC dispersion in DI water are added to the suspension to achieve a total NCC concentration of -0.1 wt%. The temperature is then raised to 225°C over approximately 2 hours, and the reaction mixture is stirred continuously. During this ramp-up, water and THF are formed and removed from the reactor using a distillation apparatus. When the reaction reaches 225°C, 600 ul of catalyst (zirconium butoxide (ZBO) at 80% by weight in 1-butanol, 470 ppm [Zr] in total) are added and the pressure inside the vessel is gradually reduced over the course of about one hour to a final pressure of about 66.66 Pa (500 mTorr).The temperature is increased to 230°C and the polycondensation reaction continues for 1 hour thereafter. The vessel is repressurized, and 0.89 g of ELO is added to the molten mixture and reacted for 15 minutes. The vessel is then cooled to 110°C before removing the polymer. The reaction lasts approximately 4.5 hours in total and produces a beige, semicrystalline polymer. Example 5 PBS with 1 wt% NCC (SA+BDO method) frfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii 97.79 g of 1,4-butanediol (BDO) and 122.05 g of succinic acid (SA) are loaded into a 1 L glass reaction vessel. The reaction is stirred at 150 rpm with a flow of N2 until a homogeneous suspension is formed. 46.64 mL of a 4.8 wt% NCC dispersion in DI water is added to the suspension to achieve a total NCC concentration of approximately 1 wt%. The temperature is then raised to 225°C over approximately 2 hours, and the reaction mixture is stirred continuously. During this ramp-up, water and THF are formed and removed from the reactor using a distillation apparatus. The reaction is dark brown in color. When the reaction reaches 225°C, an amount of catalyst (zirconium butoxide (ZBO) at 80% by weight in 1-butanol, 470 ppm [Zr] in total) is added and the pressure inside the vessel is gradually reduced over the course of approximately 2 hours to a final pressure of approximately 66.66 Pa (500 mTorr).The temperature is increased to 230°C, and the polycondensation reaction continues for approximately 15 minutes after this point, stopping prematurely due to the high viscosity of the polymer. The vessel is repressurized and cooled to 110°C before removing the polymer. The reaction lasts approximately 4.5 hours in total and produces a brittle, dark brown polymer. Example 6 PBS with 0.1% by weight of NCC + 0.4% by weight of succinic anhydride ELO+BDO 115.35 g of BDO and 128.09 g of succinic anhydride (SAn) are charged into a 1 L reaction vessel. The reaction is stirred at 150 rpm with a flow of N2 until a homogeneous suspension is formed. 23.95 g of a 1 wt% BDO and NCC dispersion is added to the reaction vessel, and the reaction temperature rises to 110°C over 30 minutes. When the reaction reaches 110°C, endothermy occurs and is measured using a thermocouple probe. Shortly thereafter, a large exotherm occurs, driving the temperature to approximately 135°C. The temperature then ramps up to 225°C over 1 hour. During this ramp, water forms and is removed from the reactor.When the reaction reaches 225°C, 575 µL of catalyst (80 wt% zirconium butoxide (ZBO) in 1-butanol, 470 ppm [Zr] total) are added, and the pressure inside the vessel is gradually reduced over approximately one hour to a final pressure of approximately 66.66 Pa (500 mTorr). The temperature is then increased to 230°C. The reaction continues for one hour after this point but can also be stopped. The vessel is repressurized, 1 g of ELO is added to the mixture, and the reaction is allowed to proceed for approximately 15 minutes. The reaction lasts approximately 3.5 hours and produces a material that is exceptionally strong and has a high melt viscosity, which aids in processing. Example 7 PBS with 0.1% by weight of NCC + 0.4% by weight of succinic anhydride ELO+BDO 491.31 g of BDO and 513.36 g of succinic anhydride (SAn) are charged into a 2 L reaction vessel. The reaction is stirred at 190 rpm with a flow of N2 until a homogeneous suspension is formed. 114.11 g of a 1 wt% BDO and NCC dispersion is added to the reaction vessel, and the reaction temperature rises to 225°C over the course of 110 minutes. When the reaction reaches 130°C, a slight endotherm occurs and is measured using a thermocouple probe. Shortly thereafter, an exotherm occurs, driving the temperature to approximately 155°C, where it stabilizes and continues to rise to 225°C. During this ramp, water forms and is removed from the reactor. When the reaction reaches 225°C, 2.45 g of catalyst (zirconium butoxide (ZBO) at 80% by weight in 1-butanol, 470 ppm [Zr] in total) are added and the pressure inside the vessel is gradually reduced over the course of about one hour to a final pressure of about 66.66 Pa (500 mTorr). The temperature is then increased to 230°C. The reaction continues for 30 minutes after this point, and the stirring speed is sequentially reduced to 50 rpm as the viscosity of the molten mixture increases. The vessel is repressurized, 4 g of ELO is added to the mixture, and it is allowed to react for approximately 15 minutes. Then, 0.6 g of a 50 wt% phytic acid solution in deionized water is added as a heat stabilizer and decolorizer. The reaction lasts approximately 4 hours and produces a material that is exceptionally strong and has a high melt viscosity, which aids in processing. Example 8 (A): PBS Benchmark Example 9 (B): Epoxy-protected PBS Example 10 (C): Extended PBS with NCC Example 11 (D): PBS extended with NCC, protected with epoxide Example 12 (E): PBS extended with NCC 10x, protected with epoxy Example 13 (F): PBS using NCC-extended SAN, epoxidized Example 14 (G): PBS extended with NCC + epoxide, sonication method Example 15 (H): PBS extended with NCC + epoxide, high shear dispersant method As shown above, the term “protected” here refers to the reagent (epoxol, in this case) that is added at the end of the reaction. In Examples 9, 11, 12, and 13, this means that epoxol was added after repressurizing the vessel just before cooling and discharging the polymer. The term “extended” refers to the reagent (NCCs, epoxol) that is added at the beginning with BDO and SA or SAn. In Examples 11, 12, and 13, the NCCs are added at the beginning of the reaction as a dispersion. In Examples 14 and 15, the epoxol is added at the end of the esterification process just before the catalyst is added and polycondensation takes place. In these examples, the epoxol is allowed to react for 5 minutes before the catalyst is added. frfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii The high-shear dispersion method follows the same process as the sonication method for time and energy consumption, but instead uses the equipment described at https: / / www(dot)mixers(dot)com / products / high-speed-dispersers / . Sonication of the cellulose-BDO mixture Cellulose-BDO mixtures are prepared by: i) preparing a 1 wt% solution of NCC in 1,4-butanediol by combining approximately 20 g of reagents in a 40 mL scintillation vial, or ii) adding approximately 20 g of a 4.8 wt% dispersion of NCC in DI water (provided by CelluForce) to a 40 mL scintillation vial. Using a Qsonica Q55 ultrasonic homogenizer (available from Qsonica LLC) with a stainless steel probe tip (55 W), the cellulose-BDO mixture is pulsed with ultrasound at an amplitude of 60% for a total of 5 minutes. The fully cellulose-BDO dispersion is then added to the suspension under mixing and N2. Tensile strength test of PBS nanocomposites The tensile strength test for PBS nanocomposites is performed in accordance with ASTM D882-18: Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheets. Briefly, the materials are subjected to a 9071.84 kg (20,000 lb) hot press at 145°C for 15 minutes. The sheet thickness is controlled using spacers of approximately 1 mm. The samples are then cut into 50 mm x 10 mm strips, and a gauge length of approximately 30 mm is used for testing. The samples are held at 20°C with a moisture content of approximately 65% ​​for 24 or 72 hours. The samples are placed in the mechanical grips of an Instron and subjected to a crosshead speed of 6 mm / min. The sample thickness is measured as the average thickness at five different points along the gauge length. Table 1 lists the tensile strengths for Examples 4–6 based on samples held at 20°C with a moisture content of 65%. Table 2 lists the tensile strengths for Examples 8–13 at a strain rate of 50 mm / min based on samples held at 20°C with a moisture content of 65% for 24 hours, and Table 3 lists the tensile strengths based on samples held for 72 hours. Table 4 lists the tensile strengths for Examples 11–13 at a strain rate of 6 mm / min and 24 hours of conditioning, and Table 5 lists the tensile strengths based on 72 hours of conditioning.Table 6 lists the tensile strength for a polymeric fiber composed of the PBS formed in Example 13 at a strain rate of 150 mm / min and 24 hours of conditioning, and Table 7 lists the tensile strength at a strain rate of 55 mm / min with 24 hours of conditioning. TABLE 1: Tensile strengths for Examples 4-6 Example Conditioning Time Thickness (mm) Strain at Break (%) Tensile Strength (MPa) Strain at Yield (%) Tensile Strength (MPa) Modulus (MPa) Example 4 24 hours Average 0.62 15.16 30.07 / / 349.20 Median 0.63 15.17 30.28 / / 344.10 Standard Deviation 0.05 1.49 1.97 / / 20.20 Example 4 72 hours Average 0.57 14.75 32.33 / / 384.64 Median 0.56 14.80 32.70 / / 374.50 Standard Deviation 0.07 1.44 1.95 / / 22.13 Example 5 24 hours Average 0.66 14.84 29.83 / / 351.30 Median 0.66 14.93 29.76 / / 344.60 Standard deviation 0.04 1.21 1.94 / / 20.20 Example 5 72 hours Average 0.68 9.55 26.39 / / 375.63 Median 0.68 9.25 26.84 / / 375.80 Standard deviation 0.03 1.30 2.86 / / 37.08 Example 6 24 hours Average 0.53 81.45 33.32 25.57 35.30 307.80 Median 0.52 89.60 33.20 26.88 35.56 289.40 Standard deviation 0.06 25.73 1.24 4.25 1.79 36.13 Example 6 72 hours Average 0.49 49.45 27.82 26.26 32.54 337.45 Median 0.48 63.27 27.68 26.18 33.19 348.70 Standard deviation 0.07 23.41 4.63 2.58 4.62 26.31. frfrocLn / Lznz / E / Yi TABLE 2: Tensile strength for Examples 8-13 at a strain rate of 50 mm / min and 24-hour conditioning Sample E (GPa) Gy (MPa) gu (MPa) eu (%) 8 0.29 34 29 21 9 0.3 29 27 63 10 0.34 36 26 76 11 0.28 26 23 47 12 0.39 N / A 31 14 13 0.3 31 27 37 TABLE 3: Tensile strength for Examples 8-13 at a strain rate of 50 mm / min and conditioning of 72 hours Sample E (GPa) ay (MPa) gu (MPa) Cu (%) 8 0.42 N / A 33 18 9 0.34 N / A 29 17 10 0.4 35 32 25 11 0.34 26 24 27 12 0.36 N / A 28 14 13 0.37 30 27 42 TABLE 4: Tensile strength for Examples 11-13 at a strain rate hbQC I n / l ?n7 / E / Yl· of 6 mm / min and 24-hour conditioning Sample E (GPa) ay (MPa) au (MPa) eu (%) 11 0.35 N / A 30 15 12 0.35 N / A 30 15 13 0.31 35 33 81 TABLE 5: Tensile strength for Examples 11-13 at a strain rate of 6 mm / min and conditioning of 72 hours Sample E (GPa) σν (MPa) au (MPa) Cu (%) 11 0.38 N / A 32 15 12 0.38 N / A 26 10 13 0.34 33 28 49 TABLE 6: Tensile strength for Example 13 (fiber) at a strain rate of 150 mm / min and 24-hour conditioning Sample E (GPa) cu (MPa) Cu (%) 13 0.9 48 473 TABLE 7: Tensile strength for Example 13 (fiber) at a strain rate of 55 mm / min and 24-hour conditioning Sample E (GPa) cy (MPa) au (MPa) Cu (%) 13 0.48 33 64 179 Tensile strength data illustrate that the PBS nanocomposites synthesized using the methods described herein are comparable to reference PBS synthesized using traditional methods known in the prior art. In some cases, the PBS nanocomposites exhibit improved properties compared to the reference PBS. Intrinsic viscosity test of PBS nanocomposites Intrinsic viscosity tests were performed according to ASTM test methods D445 and D2515. Briefly, 4 g of material were dissolved in 100 mL of chloroform in a volumetric flask for two days. The polymer solution was then filtered through a glass-core funnel and diluted to different concentrations before being placed in a Cannon-Fenske viscometer (available from Cannon Instrument Company in State College, PA). The entire viscometer was held in a water bath at approximately 25°C for 10 minutes before each measurement. Each polymer solution was loaded into the device, and the time it took for the solution to pass between the two red lines was measured. The intrinsic viscosity was calculated as the intersection of the relative and specific viscosity graphs at zero concentration. Table 8 lists the viscosity values ​​for Examples 1–6, and Table 9 lists the viscosity values ​​for Examples 8–15. Higher viscosity values ​​are associated with higher molecular weight polymers and higher quality materials. Dispersing NCC in BDO before esterification leads to higher viscosities for the PBS nanocomposites, as shown in Example 15. Esterification with succinic anhydride also increases the intrinsic viscosity of the PBS nanocomposites compared to esterification with succinic acid (see Examples 6 and 13). frfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii TABLE 8: Intrinsic viscosity values ​​for Examples 1-6 Example 1 2 3 4 5 6 Viscosity (dL / g) 0.351 0.337 0.395 0.311 0.246 0.455 TABLE 9: Intrinsic viscosity values ​​for Examples 8-15 Example 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Viscosity (dL / g) 0.35 0.4 0.34 0.31 0.25 0.46 N / A 1.04 Acidity value for Example 15 The acidity value for Example 15 is determined according to ASTM D7409. Briefly, approximately 0.6 g of the sample is dissolved in a chloroform / methanol solution. Phenolphthalein is added to the solution, and it is titrated with a Metrohm photometric titrant using 0.1 N KOH in ethanol. The acidity value for Example 15 is approximately 0.9 mg KOH / g, which corresponds to approximately 16 equivalents of carboxylic acid terminal groups per metric ton. Dynamic viscosity The dynamic viscosity value was determined using a Brookfield HAHB viscometer. Figure 1 provides a graph illustrating the relationship between viscosity and temperature for Example 15. The dynamic viscosity value was determined using a Brookfield AMETEK rotational viscometer with a No. 27 shaft and a thermocontainer. A small amount of polymer was placed in the sample container, and the temperature was raised to 230°C to induce melting. Viscosity measurements were recorded incrementally as the sample temperature decreased over time. Data collection was stopped once the temperature approached the polymer's melting point. Differential scanning calorimetry (“DSC”) The samples are placed in a TA Instruments Q2000 calorimeter and equilibrated to 30°C for 1 minute under a nitrogen gas flow. For the first cycle, the calorimeter is heated to 140°C at 10°C / min. The sample is then held isothermally for 3 minutes. The calorimeter is heated to -60°C at 20°C / min during the second cycle. An isothermal hold of 2 minutes completes the second cycle. A final cycle is performed in which the calorimeter is heated to 380°C at 10°C / min. Thermogravimetric analysis (“TGA”) The samples are equilibrated at 30°C for 1 minute under a flow of nitrogen gas. The oven is heated to a temperature of 600°C at 10°C / min. TABLE 10: Thermal properties of Examples 8-15 Sample Tg CC) Tm (°C) Te re) T5% (°C) 342 45 13 -23 106 82 344 45 13 (fiber) -24 113 75 369 48 14 N / AN / AN / AN / AN / A 15 N / AN / AN / AN / AN / A Thermal analysis of Examples 8-15 Table 10 provides a comparison of numerous thermal properties for each PBS nanocomposite: 1) the glass transition temperature (Tg), 2) the crystallization melting temperature (Tm), 3) the cold crystallization temperature (TC), 4) the decomposition temperature at 5% mass loss (T5%), and 5) the percentage crystallinity (XC). Most of the properties are substantially equivalent among the various PBS nanocomposites. The cold crystallization temperature increases for PBS nanocomposites extended with NCC and esterified with epoxidized linseed oil. The polymer produced from Example 13 was subjected to a basic melt-spinning procedure using a twin-screw extruder fed to a spinneret block with 19 circular holes. The barrel and spinner temperature were set at 190°C and the barrel pressure was maintained at 35.15 kg / cm2 (500 pounds per square inch (“psi”)).The fibers were collected on a rotating drum under non-isothermal conditions and without any drawing process. At this temperature, the polymer will begin to nucleate and develop crystalline domains. In some cases, a higher Te will help with the dimensional stability of the polymer. 1H-NMR Polymers and compositions can be characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). hbQC I n / l Znz / E / Yl· TABLE 11: Number of average molecular weights of Examples 8-13 Example 8 9 10 11 12 13 Mn (Da) 32,360 24,812 40,699 29,066 17,326 40,401 The numerical average molecular weights of Examples 8-13 are provided in Table 11. The addition of succinic anhydride provides a higher Mn compared to succinic acid esterified PBS nanocomposites. Particle size analysis The polymer fiber produced from Example 13 is dissolved in chloroform at a concentration of 100 ppm. The solution is homogenized, and then particle size analysis is performed using a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS system. The fiber's absorption coefficient is set to zero, and the sample's refractive index is set to 1.49 (value for PBS). The experiment is run five times. TABLE 12: Particle size distribution Volume of large gel particles Volume of small gel particles Size (d.nm) OD (d.nm) Vol (%) Size (d.nm) OD (d.nm) Vol (%) 226.8 33.35 1.0 7.985 1.007 99.0 236.6 41.73 2.7 14.73 2.282 95.8 117.8 15.19 0.2 16.87 3.157 97.3 226.8 33.35 1.0 4.692 0.612 99.8 225.8 33.74 2.3 7.985 1.007 99.0 343.6 61.20 7.2 13.69 2.018 97.7 254.4 47.34 2.3 16.66 2.780 92.8 Table 12 and Figure 2 show the particle size distribution for the dissolved polymer fiber. Most of the polymer fiber particles have an average diameter of approximately 10 to 30 nm. Particle size analysis for NCC dispersed by sonication Nanocrystalline cellulose is slowly added to 1,4-butanediol at a 1:10 (w / w) ratio while stirring. The solution is continuously stirred and mixed to obtain a thick, white liquid free of lumps. Samples are dispersed at different amplitudes (60%, 80%, and 100%) at a frequency of 1 Hz. For each amplitude, samples are collected at 1 minute, 3 minutes, and 5 minutes of sonication. Each sample is diluted with distilled water to 5% (w / v). Sample particle size analysis is performed using a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS analyzer. The NCC absorption coefficient is set to 0.001 and the refractive index to 1.58. The water absorption coefficient is set to zero and the refractive index to 1.33. The experiments are repeated 5 times for each of the 9 runs to confirm reproducibility and improve the accuracy of gel size and polydispersity index. TABLE 13: Particle size distribution for NCC dispersed by sonication frfrocLn / Lznz / E / Yi Amplitude Dispersion Time (minutes) Small Particles (d.nm) SD (d.nm) Vol (%) Medium Particles (d.nm) SD (d.nm) Vol (%) Large Particles (d.nm) SD (d.nm) Vol (%) 60% 1 4.06 0.91 86.9 14.01 5.66 12.7 95.47 35.17 0.3 3 4.44 1.06 89.9 15.18 4.93 9.7 109.4 32.52 0.2 5 7.97 2.1 94.3 29.67 9.16 5.1 283.9 117.6 0.6 80% 1 5.61 1.36 95.4 17.18 6.03 3.2 89.11 28.78 1.3 3 11.8 3.16 96.7 60.65 17.74 1.9 385.6 136 1.4 5 10.44 2.68 97.2 52.91 17.51 ​​1.2 71.96 28.56 1.6 100% 1 10.92 3.12 93.8 36.42 12.01 4.7 340.9 168.7 1.4 3 6.04 1.65 92.7 22.13 18.41 7.1 298.8 197.2 0.2 5 9.99 2.97 97.5 69.72 33.51 1.1 95.92 33.16 1.5 Figures 3, 4, and 5, along with Table 13, compare particle size distribution data at different time points and sonication amplitudes. Particle sizes correlate with the degree of NCC dispersion in BDO, with smaller particle sizes indicating greater NCC dispersion. Higher sonication amplitudes generally lead to higher levels of NCC dispersion (indicated by a higher distribution of small particle sizes), particularly for short sonication durations. The differences between sonication values ​​decrease as the duration increases. Similarly, longer sonication durations result in greater NCC dispersion. Particle size analysis for NCC dispersed by homogenization Nanocrystalline cellulose is slowly added to 1,4-butanediol at a 1:10 (w / w) ratio while stirring. The solution is continuously stirred and mixed to obtain a thick, white liquid free of lumps. Samples are dispersed at three different homogenizer speeds, ranging from 10,000 rpm to 16,667 rpm. For each speed setting, samples are collected after 1, 3, and 5 minutes of homogenization. Each sample is diluted with 5% (w / v) distilled water. Sample particle size analysis is performed using a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS analyzer. The absorption coefficient of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCCs) is set to 0.001, and the refractive index is set to 1.58. The absorption coefficient of water is set to zero, and the refractive index is set to 1.33. The experiments are repeated 5 times for each of the 9 runs to confirm reproducibility and improve the accuracy of gel size and polydispersity index. TABLE 14: Particle size distribution for NCC dispersed by homogenization Speed ​​(1000 rpm) Dispersion time (minutes) Small particle size (d.nm) OD (d.nm) Vol (%) Medium particle size (d.nm) OD (d.nm) Vol (%) Large particle size (d.nm) OD (d.nm) Vol (%) 10 1 53 62 12.98 55.3 462 8 122 4 44.7 3 66.93 14.18 18.4 951.2 252.6 81.6 5 53.51 9.69 29.6 908.4 199.2 70.4 13.33 1 25.55 4.25 82.6 679.2 118.3 17.4 3 29.52 4.86 84.3 547.2 83.35 15.7 5 23.00 3.61 92.3 413.9 67.52 7.7 16.66 1 9.13 7.41 97.1 897.5 420.4 2.8 3 33.09 5.45 72.7 665.4 123.4 27.3 5 58.29 11.31 55.8 468.0 90.73 44.2 Figures 6, 7, and 8, along with Table 14, compare particle size distribution data at different time points and homogenization speeds. Higher speeds correspond to higher shear levels, and particle sizes correlate with the degree of NCC dispersion in BDO, with smaller particle sizes indicating greater NCC dispersion. As shown in Table 14, a high homogenization speed is required to effectively disperse NCC. Speeds of 13,330 and 10,000 rpm result in a greater distribution of medium and large particle sizes. Although the present approach has been illustrated and described herein with reference to preferred modalities and specific examples thereof, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that other modalities and examples can perform similar functions and / or achieve similar results. All such equivalent modalities and examples are within the spirit and scope of the present approach.

Claims

1. A method for producing a polymer-polysaccharide nanocomposite resin, characterized in that it comprises: preparing a dispersion comprising polysaccharide nanocrystals, an alkanediol monomer and an alkanediacid agent monomer; polycondensing the alkanediol monomer and the alkanediacid agent monomer in the dispersion to produce a polymer-polysaccharide nanocomposite resin.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the polysaccharide nanocrystals are derived from cellulose, starch or chitin.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the polysaccharide nanocrystals are cellulose nanocrystals.

4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the cellulose nanocrystals are derived from cellulose from wood, cotton, bacteria or algae, hydrolyzed with acid.

5. The method according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that the cellulose nanocrystals have average dimensions of approximately 3 to 50 nm in width and approximately 100 to 1000 nm in length.

6. The method according to any of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the alkanediol monomer is selected from 1,4-butanediol, 1,3-propanediol and 1,2-ethanediol.

7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that the alkanediol monomer is 1,4-butanediol.

8. The method according to any of claims 1-7, characterized in that the monomer of the alkanediacid agent is selected from succinic acid, monoalkyl succinate, dialkyl succinate (e.g., dimethyl succinate or diethyl succinate), succinic anhydride, adipic acid, monoalkyl adipate, dialkyl adipate (e.g., dimethyl adipate or diethyl adipate), and adipic anhydride.

9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the monomer of the alkanediacid agent is succinic anhydride.

10. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the method is for producing a polybutylene-cellulose succinate nanocomposite resin, comprising: preparing a dispersion comprising cellulose nanocrystals, 1,4-butanediol monomer and a succinic acid agent monomer; polycondensing the 1,4-butanediol monomer and the succinic acid agent monomer in the dispersion to produce a polybutylene-cellulose succinate nanocomposite resin.

11. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that the cellulose nanocrystals are derived from cellulose from wood, cotton, bacteria or algae, hydrolyzed with acid.

12. The method according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that the cellulose nanocrystals have average dimensions of approximately 3 to 50 nm in width and approximately 100 to 1000 nm in length.

13. The method according to any of claims 10 to 12, characterized in that the monomer of the succinic acid agent is selected from succinic acid, monoalkyl succinate, dialkyl succinate (for example, dimethyl succinate or diethyl succinate) and succinic anhydride.

14. The method according to claim 13, characterized in that the monomer of the alkanediacid agent is succinic anhydride.

15. The method according to any of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the dispersion further comprises one or more additional monomers.

16. The method according to any of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that the polycondensation comprises: esterifying the alkanediol monomer and the alkanediacid agent monomer to form a plurality of oligomers; and condensing the plurality of oligomers to produce high PM polymers in the polymer-polysaccharide nanocomposite resin.

17. The method according to claim 16, characterized in that the plurality of oligomers and the high PM polymers each comprise a repeating unit of butylene succinate.

18. The method according to any of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that the polymer of the polymer-polysaccharide nanocomposite resin is a polybutylene succinate homopolymer or a polybutylene succinate copolymer.

19. The method according to any of claims 1 to 18, characterized in that the preparation of the dispersion comprises dispersing cellulose nanocrystals in a solution comprising one or both of the alkanediol monomer and the alkanediacid agent monomer.

20. The method according to claim 19, characterized in that the solution consists of the alkanediol monomer and the alkanediacid agent monomer. frfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii 21. The method according to claim 19 or 20, characterized in that the solution further comprises a non-aqueous organic solvent.

22. The method according to claim 19 or 20, characterized in that the solution further comprises water.

23. The method according to any of claims 19 to 22, characterized in that the dispersion comprises: contacting cellulose nanocrystals with a solution comprising 1,4-butanediol (BDO) and succinic anhydride to produce a cellulose mixture; and sonicating the cellulose mixture to homogeneously disperse the cellulose nanocrystals in the solution and produce the dispersion.

24. The method according to claim 23, characterized in that the sonication of the cellulose mixture is carried out under conditions sufficient to produce a dispersion without visible sedimentation.

25. The method according to claim 19 or 20, characterized in that the sonication of the cellulose mixture comprises sonication for a duration of approximately 5 minutes or more.

26. The method according to any of claims 1 to 25, characterized in that the polycondensation further comprises condensing an oligomer or polymer with an epoxidized oil.

27. The method according to any of claims 1 to 25, characterized in that it further comprises condensing the nanocomposite resin with an epoxy derivative.

28. The method according to claim 26 or 27, characterized in that the esterification of the epoxidized oil or epoxy derivative is epoxidized linseed oil.

29. The method according to any of claims 16 to 17, characterized in that the esterification comprises heating the dispersion to an initial temperature of 100°C to 140°C.

30. The method according to claim 29, characterized in that the esterification further comprises, after the reaction temperature exceeds 140°C, heating the dispersion to a second temperature of 200°C to 250°C.

31. The method according to any of claims 1 to 30, characterized in that the polycondensation is carried out in the presence of a catalyst.

32. The method according to claim 31, characterized in that the catalysts are zirconium butoxide.

33. The method according to any of claims 16 to 17, characterized in that the condensation of the plurality of oligomers is carried out in a reaction vessel at reduced pressure. frfroc Ln / Lznz / E / Yii 34. The method according to claim 33, characterized in that the condensation of the plurality of oligomers is carried out at a reaction temperature of 200°C to 250°C.

35. The method according to claim 33 or 34, characterized in that the condensation is carried out at a pressure of approximately 66.66 Pa (500 mTorr).

36. A nanocomposite resin characterized in that it is produced according to any of claims 1 to 35.

37. An article characterized in that it comprises the nanocomposite resin according to claim 36.

38. The article according to claim 37, characterized in that the article is manufactured from the nanocomposite resin using a method selected from injection molding, blow molding, compression molding, extrusion, and melt spinning.

39. The article according to claim 38, characterized in that the article is a molded article.

40. The article in accordance with any of claims 37 to 39, characterized in that the article is yarn or fiber.