THERMAL LEAKAGE SUPPRESSANT FOR LITHIUM BATTERIES AND RELATED APPLICATIONS

Abstract

The invention provides a thermal runaway suppressor for lithium batteries and related applications. The thermal runaway suppressor includes a passivation composition supplier for releasing a metal ion (A), selected from a non-lithium alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, or a combination thereof, and an amphoteric metal ion (B); a polar solution supplier; and an isolation mechanism capable of separating the passivation composition supplier from the polar solution supplier within a predetermined temperature. When the isolation mechanism fails, the polar solution supplier releases a polar solution to transport the metal ion (A) and the amphoteric metal ion (B) to the lithium battery and react with the positive and negative active materials to a lower energy state.The voltage of the entire battery is reduced and the electrochemical reaction pathway is blocked to prevent thermal runaway.

Description

THERMAL RUNOFF SUPPRESSOR FOR LITHIUM BATTERIES AND RELATED APPLICATIONS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit under 35 USC§119(a) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 058,205 filed on July 29, 2020 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 087,563 filed on October 5, 2020, and the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. Field of invention The present invention relates to a safety mechanism for lithium batteries, in particular to a thermal runaway suppressor for lithium batteries and related applications. Related technique Because lithium-ion batteries are widely used in various products, such as vehicles, consumer wearables and industrial applications, portable devices, and energy storage devices, they are applied in almost every area of ​​daily life. However, accidents involving lithium-ion batteries, such as fires or explosions in mobile phone and electric vehicle batteries, are occasionally reported. This is because lithium-ion batteries still lack comprehensive and effective safety solutions. The primary cause of unsafe fire or explosion events in lithium batteries is thermal runaway. The main cause of thermal runaway in lithium batteries is heat, specifically the exothermic reactions resulting from thermal cracking, induced by elevated temperatures, of the SEI film (solid electrolyte interface), the electrolyte, the binder, and the positive and negative active materials within the battery. Current methods for suppressing thermal runaway can be classified into two types: external and internal, depending on the location where the safety mechanism is activated. External thermal runaway systems utilize digital arithmetic simulation. Internal thermal runaway systems can be divided into physical and chemical methods.In the digital monitoring system outside the battery cell, a dedicated protection circuit and management system on the exterior of the battery cell are used to enhance battery safety monitoring during use. For the physical components inside the battery cell, such as the thermal shutdown separator, the separator holes close at elevated temperatures to block ion flow. The chemical type inside the battery cell can be defined as either a controlled-scale type or an electrochemical reaction type. In the controlled-scale type, flame retardant is added to the electrolyte to control thermal runaway scale. Examples of electrochemical reaction types are as follows: a. The monomer or oligomer is added to the electrolyte. Polymerization will occur when the temperature increases to reduce the rate of ion migration. Therefore, ionic conductivity decreases as the temperature increases, and the rate of the electrochemical reaction in the cell slows down. b. A positive temperature coefficient (PTC) resistor material is sandwiched between the positive or negative electrode layer and the adjacent current collection layer. When the battery cell temperature rises, the electrical insulation capacity is improved. The efficiency of electrical energy transmission between the positive or negative electrode layer and the adjacent current collection layer is reduced, and the electrochemical reaction rate is also reduced; c. A modified layer forms on the surface of the positive active material. When the battery cell temperature rises, the modified layer transforms into a dense film, increasing the resistance to charge transfer and thus reducing the electrochemical reaction rate. However, the above methods are aimed only at passively blocking the ion / electron migration pathway to reduce heat generation, not at allowing the main source to generate maximum energy to cause thermal runaway and the main reaction body of the entire electrochemical reaction, i.e., the active materials. Therefore, this invention provides a thermal runaway suppressor for lithium batteries and related applications by decreasing the thermal energy that leads to thermal runaway of active materials in order to mitigate or avoid the aforementioned problems. FIELD OF INVENTION It is an objective of this invention to provide a novel thermal leakage suppressor for lithium batteries and related applications, capable of transferring the positive active material by lithium ion extraction from an original state with higher electrical potential and higher energy to a crystalline state of the metal oxide with lower electrical potential and lower energy, and transferring the negative active material by lithium ion insertion from an original state with lower electrical potential and higher energy to an inorganic polymer state with higher electrical potential and lower energy. Therefore, the overall battery voltage is reduced and the electrochemical reaction pathway is blocked to prevent thermal leakage. To implement the foregoing, this invention describes a thermal runaway suppressor for lithium batteries, comprising a passivation composition supplier, a polar solution supplier, and an isolation mechanism. The isolation mechanism is capable of separating the passivation composition supplier and the polar solution supplier within a predetermined temperature. The passivation composition supplier is capable of releasing a metal ion (A), selected from a non-lithium alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, or a combination thereof, and an amphoteric metal ion (B).When the predetermined temperature is reached, the insulation mechanism fails, and the polar solution supplier releases a polar solution to transport the metal ion (A) and the amphoteric metal ion (B) to the lithium battery. There, the solution reacts with the positive active material, extracting lithium ions, and the negative active material, inserting lithium ions, to a lower energy state. This reduces the overall battery voltage and blocks the electrochemical reaction pathway, preventing thermal runaway. This invention further describes a thermal leakage suppressor, which is mixed with a film-forming agent or bonded to a structural support material to form a film. This invention further describes a lithium battery capable of suppressing thermal runaway, which includes an electrochemical reaction system. The electrochemical reaction system includes a positive active material layer, a negative active material layer, a separator, and an electrolyte system. The separator is sandwiched between the positive active material layer and the negative active material layer, and the electrolyte system is filled into the electrochemical reaction system. The thermal runaway suppressor is located on either the positive active material layer, the negative active material layer, or the separator. nnzpnn / Lznz / E / YiAi Furthermore, this invention further describes a lithium battery capable of suppressing thermal runaway, comprising a battery pack component, an electrochemical reaction system sealed and housed within the battery pack component, and a thermal runaway suppressor disposed outside the electrochemical reaction system. The thermal runaway suppressor includes a passivation composition dispenser, a polar solution dispenser, and an isolation mechanism. The isolation mechanism is capable of separating the passivation composition dispenser from the polar solution dispenser within a predetermined temperature. The passivation composition dispenser is capable of releasing a metal ion (A), selected from a non-lithium alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, or a combination thereof, and an amphoteric metal ion (B).When the predetermined temperature is reached, the insulation mechanism fails, and the polar solution supplier releases a polar solution to transport the metal ion (A) and the amphoteric metal ion (B) to the lithium battery. There, they react with the positive active material, extracting lithium ions, and the negative active material, inserting lithium ions, to a lower energy state. This reduces the overall battery voltage and blocks the electrochemical reaction pathway, preventing thermal runaway. The further scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description provided below. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, although indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given only for illustrative purposes, as various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention shall be more fully understood from the detailed description provided below, which is provided for illustrative purposes only and is therefore not limiting to the present invention, and where: FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the thermal leakage suppressor according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of the thermal leakage suppressor according to the present invention. FIGS. 3 to 60 are schematic diagrams of the various forms of the thermal leakage suppressor according to the present invention. nnzpnn / Lznz / B / YiAi FIGS. 7A to 7B are schematic diagrams of the modalities of a lithium battery with the thermal runaway suppressor according to the present invention. FIG. 7C is a schematic diagram of one modality of an active material layer mixed with the thermal leakage suppressor according to the present invention. FIG. 7D is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a separator coated with the thermal leakage suppressor according to the present invention. FIG. 7E is a schematic diagram of a modality of a separator in which its surface has the ceramic powder and the thermal leakage suppressor according to the present invention. FIG. 7F is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a ceramic powder mixed with the thermal leakage suppressor according to the present invention. FIGS. 8A-8B are schematic diagrams of embodiments of a lithium battery having a current collection layer with through holes to match the thermal runaway suppressor according to the present invention. FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of a lithium battery having a current collection layer with through holes to match the thermal runaway suppressor according to the present invention. FIG. 10A is an XRD diffraction pattern in which concentrations of 30% NaOH(aq), 30% NaAl(OH)4(aq), 30% NaCl(aq), 10% LiOH(aq) and 30% KOH(aq) react with the positive active material with lithium ion extraction. FIG. 10B is the XRD diffraction pattern before and after the negative active material with lithium ion insertion is exposed to sodium / potassium ions and aluminum ions. FIG. 11A shows the voltage and temperature curve for the thermal runaway test of a conventional lithium battery cell. FIG. 11B shows the voltage and temperature curve for the thermal runaway suppressed lithium battery cell of the present invention. Figures 12A to 12C are images of the results of pouring different selected solutions of pure water, NaOH(aq) and NaAl(OH4) <aq) respectivamente en un cátodo con un 100% de SOC (estado de carga). FIGS. 13A to 13C are images of the results of pouring different selected solutions of pure water, NaOH(aq) and NaAl(OH4)(aq) respectively into an nnzpnn / Lznz / B / YiAi anode with a 100% SOC (state of charge). FIG. 13D is the image of FIG. 13C, whose foam is held in place by a tool. FIGS. 14A and 14B are SEM diagrams of the cathode with 40% SOC and 100% SOC respectively, into which 30% sodium hydroxide was poured for approximately 1 hour. FIGS. 15A and 15B are SEM diagrams of the anode with 40% SOC and 100% SOC respectively, into which 30% sodium hydroxide was poured for approximately 1 hour. FIGS. 16A and 16B are differential scanning calorimeter thermograms for the cathode and anode using 20% ​​NaAl(OH4)(aq). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention will be described with respect to particular embodiments and with reference to certain drawings, but the invention is not limited to them, but only to the claims. Any reference in the claims shall not be construed as limiting the scope. The drawings described are schematic only and are not limiting. In the drawings, the size of some elements may be exaggerated and not drawn to scale for illustrative purposes. The terminology used herein is intended to describe particular modalities only and is not intended to limit the general inventive concept. As used herein, the singular forms a, an, and the are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by a person skilled in the art to which the example modalities belong. It is further understood that terms, as defined in dictionaries of common use, should be interpreted as having a meaning consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly defined herein. Reference throughout this specification to a single embodiment or an embodiment means that a particular function, structure, or feature described in connection with that embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Therefore, the occurrences of the phrases "in a single embodiment" or "in an embodiment" in various places throughout this specification do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, but they may. Furthermore, the particular functions, structures, or features may be combined in any suitable manner, as will be apparent to a person skilled in the art from this description, in one or more embodiments. First, as shown in FIG. 1, the invention relates to a thermal runaway suppressor 11 for lithium batteries, comprising a passivation composition supplier 12, a polar solution supplier 14, and an isolation mechanism. The isolation mechanism is capable of separating the passivation composition supplier 12 and the polar solution supplier 14 within a predetermined temperature. The passivation composition supplier 12 is capable of releasing a metal ion (A), selected from a non-lithium alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, or a combination thereof, and an amphoteric metal ion (B). The polar solution supplier 14 is capable of releasing a polar solution to transport the metal ion (A) and the amphoteric metal ion (B) to the electrochemical reaction system of the lithium battery.When the metal ion (A) is selected from a non-lithium alkali metal ion, preferably a sodium ion, a potassium ion, or a combination thereof. When the metal ion (A) is selected from an alkaline earth metal ion, preferably a beryllium ion, a magnesium ion, or a calcium ion. The amphoteric metal ion (B) is an aluminum ion or a zinc ion. The polar solution supplier 14 is a water-releasing compound that decomposes endothermally to release water or pure water. The passivation composition supplier 12 is an anhydrous solution or powder. When the passivation composition supplier 12 is anhydrous, the polar solution released by the polar solution supplier 14 can act with the passivation composition supplier 12 to dissociate and release the metal ion (A) and the amphoteric metal ion (B).The above-mentioned carry means that the polar solution serves as a transmission medium for the metal ion (A) and the amphoteric metal ion (B). When the temperature of the thermal runaway suppressor 11 reaches the predetermined temperature, the insulation mechanism fails because it is cracked, invalidated, or destroyed. The polar solution supplier 14 then releases the polar solution to carry the metal ion (A) and the amphoteric metal ion (B), released by the passivation composition supplier 12, to react with the positive active material by extracting lithium ions and the negative active material by inserting lithium ions. nnzpnn / Lznz / E / YiAi For the positive active material, the metal ion (A) will acquire electrons from the positive active material through lithium ion extraction and deposition, and then migrate to occupy the positive site of the lithium ion extraction, or intercalation. The positive active material undergoes lithium ion extraction, transitioning from an original state with higher electrical potential and energy to a crystalline state of the metal oxide with lower electrical potential and energy. Furthermore, it has an unstable structure and readily releases oxygenated substances (O2, O2', Oj) due to the loss of lithium atoms in the original state of the positive active material. Metal atoms formed by the metal ion (A) with electrons, such as sodium ions, will be driven by thermal energy to fill the positive site of the lithium ion extraction, or intercalation, and rearrange the lattice to form a new stable state. Simultaneously, thermal energy is consumed.Furthermore, when metal atoms formed by the metal ion (A), such as sodium, are introduced into the positive material, this new stable-state structure will exhibit some of the characteristics of sodium, due to its sodium content, such as increased moisture adsorption. This will increase the insulating properties of the electrodes and result in decreased performance. For the negative active material, the metal ion (A) and the amphoteric metal ion (B) will react with the negative active materials containing lithium ions. The negative active material with lithium ions is transformed from an original state with lower electrical potential and higher energy to an inorganic polymeric state with higher electrical potential and lower energy. Therefore, this invention can reduce the energy of the positive and negative active materials and the overall battery voltage by applying the additional metal ion (A) and the additional amphoteric metal ion (B) to block the electrochemical reaction pathway and effectively prevent thermal runaway from the battery. Furthermore, regarding the previously defined process where the positively active material transitions from a state with higher electrical potential and higher energy to a crystalline state with lower electrical potential and lower energy, the following detailed description is provided. The positively active material is in the lithium-ion-extracted state, and its electrical potential is higher. Additionally, due to the unstable crystal lattice, it is prone to collapse and has a greater capacity to violently release oxygen and thermal energy. Therefore, as mentioned above, the positively active material is defined as being in the state with higher electrical potential and higher energy. When the metal ion (A) occupies the lithium-ion-extracted positions or intercalations, the electrical potential of the positively active material decreases, and the crystal lattice of the positively active material becomes relatively stable.Furthermore, the stability of the crystal lattice of the positively active material is greater, the oxygen release capacity is reduced, and the capacity to release thermal energy violently is reduced. Therefore, as mentioned above, the positively active material is defined as being in the passivated state after reacting with the metal ion (A), which is defined as the crystalline state with the lowest electrical potential and lowest energy. For the previously defined process where the negatively active material is transferred from a state of lower electrical potential and higher energy to a state of higher electrical potential and lower energy, a detailed description is provided below. The negatively active material is in the state with lithium ion insertion, and its electrical potential is lower. Furthermore, because the negatively active material receives oxygen released from the positively active material, it is prone to rapid combustion and the release of thermal energy. Therefore, the negatively active material is unstable and has a greater capacity to release thermal energy. Thus, as previously mentioned, the negatively active material is defined as being in the state of lower electrical potential and higher energy.When the metal ion (A) and the amphoteric metal ion (B) react with the negatively active material containing lithium ions, the lithium ion is captured and forms a polymer compound with the base material of the negatively active material, such as silicon-carbon. In addition to reducing the oxygen-releasing capacity of the positively active material, the capacity of the negatively active material to release thermal energy rapidly is also reduced. Therefore, as mentioned above, the negatively active material is defined as being in a passivated state after reacting with the metal ion (A) and the amphoteric metal ion (B), which is defined as the state of the polymer compound with the highest electrical potential and lowest energy. In this state, the negatively active material transforms into a geopolymer, which is a green cement. In this embodiment, the supplier of the passivation composition 12 includes at least one compound capable of dissociating and releasing the metal ion (A) and the amphoteric metal ion (B). For example, the compound capable of providing the metal ion (A) could be NaOH, KOH, NaCl, NaNO3, KNO3, or similar compounds. The compound capable of providing the amphoteric metal ion (B) could be AlCl3, AlBr3, Al3, Al(NO3)3, AlClO4, AlIF3, AlH3, Zn(OH)2, or similar compounds. Furthermore, the supplier of the passivation composition 12 could be a compound capable of providing both the metal ion (A) and the amphoteric metal ion (B), such as NaAl(OH)4, or similar compounds. But these are only examples, without the intention of limiting the type and quantity of compounds used in the present invention. The aforementioned water-releasing compound that decomposes endothermally to release water can be selected from Al(OH)3, Al(OH)3.-H2O, Mg(OH)2, NH4H2PO4, NaHCO3, CH3COONa-3H2O, ZnOB2O3H2O, Na2B4O710H2O, anhydrous CaCl, CaCl H2O, CaCl 2H2O, CaCl-4H2O, MgCl-6H2O, KAl(SO4)2-12H2O, Zn(OH)2, Ba(OH)2-8H2O, LiOH, or a combination thereof. The isolation mechanism of the present invention not only prevents instability caused by direct contact between different materials in the passivation composition dispenser 12 and the polar solution dispenser 14, but also blocks external influences, such as components of the electrochemical reaction system, from affecting the passivation composition dispenser 12 and the polar solution dispenser 14. The isolation mechanism can be a capsule 26 without holes. The material of the capsule 26 is determined by the compound it is intended to contain.For example, when the polar solution dispenser 14 is selected from water-releasing materials, the capsule material 26, used to contain the anhydrous passivation composition dispenser 12 and / or the polar solution dispenser 14, is selected from a material that is easy to dissolve in water, such as gelatin, gum arabic, chitosan, sodium caseinate, starch, lactose, maltodextrin, poly-l-lysine / alginate, polyethyleneimine / alginate, calcium alginate, polyvinyl alcohol.When the material of the polar solution supplier 14 is pure water, the material of the capsule 26, which is used to contain the polar solution supplier 14, is selected from a material that is not easy to dissolve in water, such as ethylcellulose, polyethylene, polymethacrylate, cellulose nitrate, silicones, paraffin, carnauba wax, stearic acid, fatty alcohols, stearyl alcohol, fatty acids, hydrocarbons, resin, monoacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, and triacylglycerol. When the polar solution supplier 14 is pure water, a high-boiling-point hydrophilic material, such as glycerin or DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), can be added to the polar solution supplier 14 to increase its volatilization temperature. Furthermore, when the passivation composition supplier 12 and the polar solution supplier 14 are in an anhydrous state, the insulation mechanism can be a polymer film 23 with through-holes 25 to cover either the passivation composition supplier 12 or the polar solution supplier 14, as shown in Fig. 2. In this embodiment, the polymer film 23 with through-holes 25 is used to cover the materials in a non-fluid state.When the polar solution dispenser 14 releases the polar solution, the polar solution will come into contact with the passivation composition dispenser 12 through the through-holes 25 as a transmission pathway. The polymer film 23 may include a film-forming agent, as described below. The particle size of capsule 26 is preferably between 1 and 100 micrometers. Capsule 26 can be coated using a physical or chemical process. The physical process could be, for example, a solid-liquid phase change based on temperature variation or solvent volatilization. The chemical process could be the polymerization of small monomers. Furthermore, the passivation composition supplier 12 and / or the polar solution supplier 14 of the thermal leakage suppressor 11 are mixed with a film-forming agent to form a film-type thermal leakage suppressor 10. For example, as shown in Figure 3, the passivation composition supplier 12 and the polar solution supplier 14 are mixed with a film-forming agent 16 that requires a solvent to form the film-type thermal leakage suppressor 10 through mixing, coating, drying, and pressing processes. Additionally, one of the passivation composition supplier 12 and the polar solution supplier 14 are encapsulated by capsule 26 to separate the passivation composition supplier 12 and the polar solution supplier 14.To prevent the external environment, such as the electrolyte of the electrochemical reaction system, from influencing the passivation composition supplier 12 and the polar solution supplier 14, a protective layer is applied over the film-type thermal leakage suppressor 10, which acts as an additional insulation mechanism, as shown in Figure 4. Furthermore, a solvent-free film-forming agent 16 is used to mix with the passivation composition supplier 12 and the polar solution supplier 14 to form the film-type thermal leakage suppressor 10 via a thermal pressing process. Therefore, a drying process to remove the solvent is not required. The solvent-free film-forming agent 16 can be polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).On the other hand, the film-forming agent 16 that requires a solvent is preferably selected from a material to remove the solvent at around 80 °C, such as poly(vinylidene-hexafluoropropylene fluoride) (PVDF-HFP) using acetone as a solvent, polyurethane (PU) using butanone as a solvent, or styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or polyacrylic acid (PAA) using water as a solvent. In the embodiments mentioned above, the passivation composition supplier 12 and the polar solution supplier 14 are mixed together, and the capsule 26 or the polymer film 23 with through-holes 25 serves as an insulating mechanism. In the next embodiment, the passivation composition supplier 12 and the polar solution supplier 14 are arranged separately from each other. Referring to FIG. 5, the polar solution supplier 14 of the thermal leakage suppressor 10 is attached to a structural support material 22. The passivation composition supplier 12 is mixed with the film-forming agent 16 to form a film 17. To prevent instability caused by direct contact between the passivation composition supplier 12 and the polar solution supplier 14, a protective layer 18 is coated onto the outer surface of the structural support material 22 to act as an insulating mechanism.Furthermore, the outer surface of film 17 includes a protective layer 18. The structural support material 22 can be made of a polymer, for example, polyacrylic acid (PAA), sodium polyacrylate, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), polyurethane polymer, guar gum, sodium salt of alginic acid, polyethyleneimine (PEI), polyethylene oxide (PEO), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). When the structural support material 22 consists of fibers, such as a nonwoven fabric, the material can be polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), etc., or glass fibers. The structural support material 22 can also be composed of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polycarbonates (PC). Additionally, when the structural support material 22 is selected from materials that are in a gel state capable of absorbing solutions, such as sodium alginate and sodium polyacrylate, it can directly absorb compounds in solution.When the structural support material 22 is selected from materials that are in a gel state, other structural support materials with holes, such as non-woven fibers, can also be mixed in. The protective layer 18 may consist of a heat-sensitive decomposition material selected from paraffin oil, microcrystalline wax, polyethylene wax, low-density polyethylene (LDPE), poly(trans-1,4-butadiene), poly(tetramethylene oxide), isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(ethylene oxide), poly(ethylene adipate), isotactic poly(1-butene), and poly(ethylene). Furthermore, the heat-sensitive decomposition material is blended with mineral oil to lower the softening points. The protection or film-forming methods mentioned above for the passivation composition supplier 12 and the polar solution supplier 14 can be combined and are not limited solely by the drawings or descriptions. For example, when the passivation composition supplier 12 is composed of two compounds 121 and 122, compound 121 is coated with capsule 26 and mixed with the polar solution supplier 14 and the film-forming agent 16 by mixing, coating, drying, and pressing processes to form a first film 28. Compound 122 is coated with capsule 26 and mixed with the film-forming agent 16 by mixing, coating, drying, and pressing processes to form a second film 29. The second film 29 is bonded to a surface of the first film 28 to form a layered structure.A protective layer 18 is used to cover the first film 28 and the second film 29 to block the external environment, as shown in FIG. 6A. Furthermore, FIGS. 6B and 6C show other embodiments of film 10. In FIG. 6B, compound 122 is a solution-type compound bonded to the structural support material 22 with an encapsulated protective layer 18. Compound 121 is mixed with the polar solution supplier 14 and the film-forming agent 16 and encapsulated with the capsule 26 to form the film. In FIG. 6C, compounds 121 and 122 are mixed with the polar solution supplier 14 and the film-forming agent 16 and encapsulated with the capsule 26 to form the film, respectively. The practitioner may vary or combine the methods of protection or film formation. Such variations shall not be considered a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention. Refer to Figures 7A-7B, which show the structure of the lithium battery with the thermal runaway suppressor according to this invention. In practice, without affecting the normal operation of the electrochemical system, the insulation mechanism of the thermal runaway suppressor, located between the pack component 32 and the electrochemical system 34, can be modified to block the external environment. For example, in the case of the jelly roll-type lithium battery shown in Figure 7B or the square-type lithium battery shown in Figure 7C, a film-type thermal runaway suppressor coating 10 with a protective layer 18 can be adapted to prevent the electrochemical system and the passivation composition dispenser 12 or the polar solution dispenser 14 from coming into contact with each other. Additionally, the lithium battery can be coated with an aluminum plastic film. Alternatively, the thermal runaway suppressor 11, using the capsule 26 as an insulating mechanism to encapsulate the passivation composition supplier 12 or the polar solution supplier 14, is mixed with the active material 33 of the lithium battery electrochemical reaction system, as shown in FIG. 7C; or coated onto the surface of the lithium battery polymer separator 37, as shown in FIG. 7D. Furthermore, the surface of the polymer separator 37 can also be coated with the reinforcing material including the ceramic powder 36, as shown in FIG. 7E; or mixed with the ceramic powder 36 of the substrate-free ceramic separator, as shown in FIG. 7F. The ceramic powders 36 can be ionicly conductive or non-ionicly conductive, or can be mixed into the electrolyte (either liquid or solid).In these modalities, the capsule 26 is used to act as a protective mechanism to prevent the passivation composition supplier 12 and the polar solution supplier 14 from reacting with each other or with the components of the electrochemical reaction system when the predetermined temperature is not reached. Furthermore, if the current collection layer serves as the lithium battery pack (see Figure 8A), the thermal runaway suppressor 10 of this invention is arranged on the open side, i.e., the outer surface, of the first current collection layer 302 of the lithium battery 30. The first current collection layer 302 includes a plurality of small through-holes 303. Under this arrangement, because the thermal runaway suppressor 10 is arranged outside the lithium battery 30, it will not affect the efficiency or composition of the electrochemical reaction system of the lithium battery 30. The thermal runaway suppressor 10 of this invention is arranged on the surface of the first current collection layer 302 of the lithium battery 30. The first current collection layer 302 can be either the positive current collection layer or the negative current collection layer.When the temperature of the first current collection layer 302 reaches the predetermined temperature, such as 70 to 130 °C, and the heat is transferred to the thermal runaway suppressor 10, the thermal runaway suppressor 10 will release the metal ion (A), such as a non-lithium alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, or a combination thereof, and the amphoteric metal ion (B). The polar solution carries the metal ion (A) and the amphoteric metal ion (B) through the through-holes 303 to the electrochemical reaction and undergoes reactions with the positive active material and the negative active material. The lithium battery 30 includes a first current collection layer 302, a second current collection layer 304, a glue frame 306, an electrochemical reaction system nnzpnn / Lznz / E / YiAi, a separator 312, and an electrolyte system. The glue frame 306 is sandwiched between the first current collection layer 302 and the second current collection layer 304. One end of the glue frame 306 is bonded to the first current collection layer 302, and the other end is bonded to the second current collection layer 304. The first current collection layer 302, the second current collection layer 304, and the glue frame 306 form a closed space (the through-holes 303 are not considered here).The electrochemical reaction system, arranged in the enclosed space, includes a first layer of active material 308 adjacent to the first current-collecting layer 302 and a second layer of active material 310 adjacent to the second current-collecting layer 304. The first layer of active material 308 and the second layer of active material 310 are positively and negatively charged active materials, respectively. The separator 312 is located between the first layer of active material 308 and the second layer of active material 310 and has ion-conducting and electrical-insulating properties. The electrolyte system is located in the enclosed space and is impregnated or mixed into the first layer of active material 308 and the second layer of active material 310 for use in ion transfer.Furthermore, the first active material layer 308 and the second active material layer 310 may also include electrically conductive materials and adhesive materials. Since these parts are not technical features of this invention, their detailed description is omitted here. Furthermore, the separator material 312 of the lithium battery 30 consists of a solid electrolyte or an electrical insulation layer with holes formed by a polymer material coated on its surface with ceramic powders. Separator 312 can also be formed by stacking ceramic powders using an adhesive. The ceramic powders may be ionicly non-conducting or ionicly conductive. Through-hole 303 penetrates the first current-collecting layer 302 to connect with its upper and lower surfaces. Therefore, one end of through-hole 303 is exposed to the external environment of the lithium battery 30, and the other end is connected to the electrochemical reaction system of the lithium battery 30. The first current-collecting layer 302, the second current-collecting layer 304, and the glue frame 306 are used as the battery packaging component. The glue frame 306 is made of a polymeric material without specific requirements, provided it can adhere to the surfaces of the first and second current-collecting layers 302 and 304 and is durable for the electrolyte system. However, a thermosetting resin, such as silicone, is preferred. The negative active material can be a carbon material, a silicon-based material, or a mixture of both. Examples of carbon materials include graphitized carbon materials and amorphous carbon materials, such as natural graphite, modified graphite, graphitized mesophase carbon particles, soft carbons such as cokes, and some hard carbons.Silicon-based materials include silicon, silicon oxides, silicon-carbon composite materials, and silicon alloys. Furthermore, to prevent the supply 12, 14 from interacting with the electrochemical reaction system through the preformed through-holes—for example, electrolyte leakage affecting the supply 12, 14 or the supply 12, 14 infiltrating and affecting the electrochemical reaction system—a removable gate layer 41 is arranged in the through-hole openings 303 of the current collection layer 302 to temporarily close the opening, as shown in FIG. 8B. The gate layer 41 is destroyed to expose the through-hole openings. For example, the gate layer 41 is made of materials that can be destroyed by etching, and the materials for etching the gate layer 41 can be supplied by the passivation composition 12 or applied separately.Gate layer 41 can also be made of a heat-sensitive material, which can be melted by heating as a destruction mechanism, or gate layer 41 can be made of a material that can react with the polar solution and be removed. Furthermore, the thermal runaway suppressor 10 of this invention can be placed between two lithium batteries, see FIG. 9. The thermal runaway suppressant of the present invention can also be applied to a lithium battery whose electrochemical reaction system has been exposed to a thermal runaway situation. "Exposed" herein refers to a situation where there are seams or pores that allow the thermal runaway suppressant to leak. For example, the thermal runaway suppressant of the present invention is used as the filling material of a fire extinguisher that is sprayed onto the lithium battery during a thermal runaway problem to terminate the electrochemical reaction. Alternatively, the thermal runaway suppressant of the present invention is mixed into the cooling system of a lithium battery in an electric vehicle. When the battery's power management system detects an abnormally high temperature, the thermal runaway suppressant of the present invention can be injected into the coolant.When the holes become exposed due to battery swelling, the thermal runaway suppressor will enter the electrochemical reaction system to react, in order to suppress the thermal runaway state of the lithium battery. Continuing, it is verified that the thermal leakage suppressor of this invention acts on the positive active materials with lithium ion extraction and the negative active materials with lithium ion insertion. In this experiment, the positive active material is NMC811 and the negative active material is silicon-carbon. Refer to Figure 10A, which is an XRD diffraction pattern in which concentrations of 30% NaOH, 30% NaAl(OH)4, 30% NaCl, 10% LiOH, and 30% KOH react with the lithium-ion-extracted positive active material. As can be seen in the figure, after the lithium-ion-extracted NMC811 reacts with sodium ions, the characteristic peak (indicated by the arrows) of NMC811 is no longer present, and the lattice structure has been modified due to the insertion of sodium or potassium ions. This may be because the larger, heavier, and more energetic sodium / potassium ions gain electrons on the surface of the positive active material to form sodium / potassium atoms. Through the absorption of thermal energy, these atoms then migrate to the lithium-ion-extracted or intercalated sites to form a structure with a more stable and lower electrochemical potential energy. Refer to Figure 10B, which shows the XRD diffraction pattern before and after the negatively active material with lithium ion insertion reacts with sodium / potassium ions and aluminum ions. It can be clearly seen that the characteristic peaks representing Li-Si alloys have completely disappeared. This means that the Li-Si alloys have been converted into lower-energy polymer compounds. It can be speculated that the sodium and aluminum ions will form an inorganic polymer, i.e., a geopolymer, with silicon. The structure of this polymer is Mn[-(SiO2)z-AlIO2]n-wH2O, where z is the molar ratio of Si / Al atoms, Z = 1, 2, 3, or greater than 3, M is a cation, such as potassium ion (K+) or sodium ion (Na+), n is the degree of polymerization, and w is the molar amount of crystalline water.This inorganic compound is a closed-frame structure similar to zeolite, so it can transfer negatively active materials with the insertion of lithium ions to a state with higher electrical potential and lower energy. See Figures 11A and 11B. Figure 11A shows the voltage and temperature curve for the thermal runaway test of a conventional lithium battery cell. Figure 11B shows the voltage and temperature curve for the lithium battery cell implementing the thermal runaway suppression of the present invention. As shown in the figures, when thermal runaway occurs and heat is generated, the voltage of the conventional lithium battery cell begins to drop after the temperature reaches approximately 500°C. However, for the lithium battery cell with thermal runaway suppression of the present invention, the voltage begins to drop after the temperature reaches approximately 100°C, effectively blocking the electrochemical reaction pathway and preventing thermal runaway. Figures 12A to 12C show the results of pouring different selected solutions of pure water, NaOH(aq), and NaAl(OH4)(aq), respectively, onto a cathode at 100% SOC (state of charge). In Figure 12A, it can be seen that the cathode does not react with pure water. In Figures 12B and 12C, it can be seen that NaOH(aq) and NaAl(OH4)(aq) form hydrophobic droplets on the cathode surface, and numerous small bubbles are present within the droplets. Figures 13A to 13C show the results of pouring different selected solutions of pure water, NaOH(aq), and NaAl(OH)₄(aq), respectively, onto an anode with a 100% state of charge (SOC). In Figure 13A, it can be seen that the remaining lithium on the anode reacts strongly with the pure water, causing the anode to crack. In Figures 13B and 13C, it can be seen that NaOH(aq) and NaAl(OH)₄(aq) form an inorganic polymer with bubbles, like a foam, on the anode surface. Furthermore, a portion of the inorganic polymer can be captured using a tool, as shown in Figure 13D. Figures 14A and 14B are SEM diagrams of the cathode with 40% SOC and 100% SOC, respectively, where 30% sodium hydroxide was poured for approximately 1 hour, DMC (dimethyl carbonate) and pure water were used for surface cleaning, and then it was dried at 60 °C for 8 hours. As shown in the figures, for the cathode with 40% SOC, due to the lower lithium ion extractions, the position of the sodium ions inserted at the positive side of the cathode's lithium ion extractions is not significant. However, the undulations in the cathode's surface topography become significant. For the cathode with 100% SOC, due to the higher lithium ion extractions, the situation of the sodium ions inserted to the positive side of the lithium ion extractions of the cathode is very significant.Also very significant are the relocation of the network and the surface topography undulations for the cathode with nnzpnn / Lznz / B / YiAi at 100% SOC. And it can be observed that parts of the surface even exhibit a cracked state. Figures 15A and 15B are SEM diagrams of the anode with 40% SOC and 100% SOC, respectively, where 30% sodium hydroxide was poured for approximately 1 hour, DMC and pure water were used for surface cleaning, and then it was dried at 60°C for 8 hours. As shown in the figures, the sodium hydroxide causes parts of the anode with 40% SOC to form an inorganic polymer (geopolymer), and it also exhibits a needle-like structure of colloidal silica. For the anode with 100% SOC, the needle-like structure is more pronounced. Furthermore, to verify the lower energy mentioned above for the cathode and anode, refer to Figures 16A and 16B, which are differential scanning calorimeter thermograms for the cathode and anode using 20% ​​NaAl(OH)4)(aq). It can be clearly seen that a peak in the cathode heat flow at approximately 210 °C has obviously disappeared (see Figure 16A), and a peak in the anode heat flow at approximately 180 °C has obviously disappeared (see Figure 16B). Accordingly, the present invention provides a thermal runaway suppressor for lithium batteries and related applications. When the temperature of the lithium battery reaches a predetermined temperature, such as 70-130°C, the insulation mechanism fails, and the polar solution carries the metal ion (A), such as a non-lithium alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, or a combination thereof, and the amphoteric metal ion (B) into the electrochemical reaction system. These ions react with the positive active material, extracting lithium ions, and the negative active material, inserting lithium ions, to a lower energy state. The overall battery voltage is reduced, and the electrochemical reaction pathway is blocked to prevent thermal runaway.Furthermore, compared to conventional techniques, the thermal runaway suppression method of the invention is performed directly on the active materials that generate the maximum energy to cause thermal runaway and are the main reaction body of the entire electrochemical reaction. Additionally, the metal ion (A), such as a non-lithium alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, or a combination thereof, is driven by acquired thermal energy to fill the positive terminal of the lithium ion extraction or intercalation, and relocate the lattice to form a new stable state, while simultaneously consuming thermal energy. Moreover, the release of oxygen caused by structural instability and the uncontrolled chain reaction resulting from the nnzpnn / Lznz / E / YiAi itself is suppressed.The negative active materials with lithium ion inserts will interact with the metal ion (A), such as a non-lithium alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, or a combination thereof, and the aluminum ion to form energetic polymer compounds. Therefore, both the positive and negative active materials would remain at lower energy levels, improving the safety of lithium batteries and effectively and rapidly terminating thermal runaway. Having thus described the invention, it will be obvious that it can be varied in many ways. Such variations should not be considered as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all these modifications, as would be obvious to a person skilled in the art, are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

CLAIMS 1. A thermal runaway suppressor, characterized in that it comprises: a passivation composition supplier for releasing a metal ion (A) and an amphoteric metal ion (B), wherein the metal ion (A) is selected from a non-lithium alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, or a combination thereof; a polar solution supplier;and an isolation mechanism, which encapsulates the passivation composition supplier and / or the polar solution supplier to separate the passivation composition supplier and the polar solution supplier, when the temperature of the thermal runaway suppressor reaches a predetermined temperature, the isolation mechanism fails and the polar solution supplier releases a polar solution to transport the metal ion (A) and the amphoteric metal ion (B) to a positive active material and a negative active material of a lithium battery for passivation and to terminate an electrochemical reaction.

2. The thermal leakage suppressor according to claim 1, characterized in that the passivation composition supplier is anhydrous, the polar solution supplier is an endothermally decomposed water-releasing compound to release water, and the insulation mechanism is a perforated polymer layer.

3. The thermal runaway suppressor according to claim 1, characterized in that the metal ion (A) is selected from a sodium ion, a potassium ion, or a combination thereof.

4. The thermal runaway suppressor according to claim 1, characterized in that the amphoteric metal ion (B) is an aluminum ion, a zinc ion, or a combination thereof.

5. The thermal leakage suppressor according to claim 1, characterized in that the insulation mechanism is a capsule.

6. The thermal leakage suppressor according to claim 5, characterized in that the capsule is made of a thermosensitive decomposition material or a soluble material, which dissolves in the polar solution.

7. The thermal leakage suppressor according to claim 1, characterized in that the polar solution supplier is a water-releasing compound that decomposes endothermally to release water.

8. The thermal leakage suppressor according to claim 1, nnzpnn / Lznz / B / YiAi characterized in that the supplier of the polar solution is pure water.

9. The thermal leakage suppressor according to claim 8, characterized in that a hydrophilic material with a boiling point higher than that of pure water is added to the polar solution supplier.

10. The thermal leakage suppressor according to claim 1, characterized in that the supplier of the passivation composition and / or the supplier of the polar solution is mixed with a film-forming agent or bonded to a structural support material to form a film.

11. The thermal leakage suppressor according to claim 10, characterized in that the insulation mechanism is a protective layer that covers the film.

12. The thermal leakage suppressor according to claim 10, characterized in that the structural support material is selected from paper, polymer fiber, gel polymer, or glass fiber.

13. The thermal leakage suppressor according to claim 1, characterized in that the predetermined temperature is 70-130 SC.

14. A lithium battery capable of suppressing thermal runaway, comprising an electrochemical reaction system, characterized in that the electrochemical reaction system comprises a positive active material layer, a negative active material layer, a separator, and an electrolyte system, the separator being interposed between the positive active material layer and the negative active material layer, and the electrolyte system being filled into the electrochemical reaction system; wherein any of the positive active material layer, the negative active material layer, or the separator and the electrolyte system comprises a thermal runaway suppressor according to claim 1.

15. A lithium battery capable of suppressing thermal runaway, characterized in that it comprises: a pack component, sealing and housing an electrochemical reaction system; and a thermal runaway suppressor, disposed outside the electrochemical reaction system, comprising: a passivation composition supplier, for releasing a metal ion (A) and an amphoteric metal ion (B), wherein the metal ion (A) is selected from a non-lithium alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, or a combination thereof; a polar solution supplier, for releasing a polar solution;and an isolation mechanism, encapsulating the passivation composition supplier and / or the polar solution supplier to separate the nnzpnn / Lznz / B / YiAi passivation composition supplier and the polar solution supplier, when the temperature of the thermal runaway suppressor reaches a predetermined temperature, the isolation mechanism fails and the solution supplier releases a polar solution to transport the metal ion (A) and the amphoteric metal ion (B) to a positive active material and a negative active material of a lithium battery for passivation and to terminate an electrochemical reaction.; 16. The lithium battery according to claim 15, characterized in that the thermal runaway suppressor is arranged between the electrochemical reaction system and the pack component.

17. The lithium battery according to claim 15, characterized in that the pack component includes at least one through hole.

18. The lithium battery according to claim 17, characterized in that the through hole is covered by a removable door layer, which closes an opening of the through hole.

19. The lithium battery according to claim 18, characterized in that the input layer is composed of a thermosensitive decomposition material or a material that reacts with the supplier of the passivation composition or the supplier of the polar solution to be removed.

20. The lithium battery according to claim 18, characterized in that the pack component is formed by a first current collection layer, a second current collection layer and an adhesive frame, wherein the adhesive frame is sandwiched between the first current collection layer and the second current collection layer, the first current collection layer or the second current collection layer includes the through hole, and the thermal leakage suppressor is disposed on an open surface of the current collection layer or the second current collection layer to cover the gate layer.

21. The lithium battery according to claim 17, characterized in that the pack component comprises a first current-harvesting layer, a second current-harvesting layer, and an adhesive frame, wherein the adhesive frame is sandwiched between the first current-harvesting layer and the second current-harvesting layer, the first current-harvesting layer or the second current-harvesting layer includes the through-hole, and the thermal runaway suppressor is disposed on an open surface of the current-harvesting layer or the second current-harvesting layer to cover the through-hole.

22. The lithium battery according to claim 15, characterized in that the predetermined temperature is 70 to 130 SC.

23. The lithium battery according to claim 15, characterized in that the insulation mechanism is selected from a protective layer, a capsule or a combination thereof.

24. The lithium battery according to claim 15, characterized in that the polar solution supplier is an endothermally decomposed water-releasing compound to release water.