CANAL CULVERT CONTAINING PROCESSED TEA WASTE AND COPPER MINING WASTE.

Abstract

The invention relates to an environmentally friendly and sustainable channel culvert containing treated tea waste and copper mine waste, and its production method, for enabling the controlled transfer of surface and groundwater from one point to another.

Description

1 TARIFF CANAL CULVERT CONTAINING PROCESSED TEA WASTE AND COPPER MINING WASTE. Technical Field to Which the Invention Relates 5 The invention enables the controlled transfer of surface and groundwater from one point to another. environmental and processed tea waste and copper mine waste to ensure its transmission. It relates to sustainable canal culverts and their production methods. State of the Art 10 Canal culverts allow surface and groundwater to flow in a controlled manner from one point to another. important concrete-based infrastructure systems designed to facilitate the transmission of electricity They are structural elements. Especially along highway and railway routes, in areas prone to floods and streams. widely used to drain water without damaging transportation infrastructure It is used. In addition, there are 15 areas where agricultural and irrigation activities are intensive. in regions, in ensuring the channeling and distribution of water to specific areas The canal utilizes culverts. Today, environmental considerations are crucial in the production of concrete and cement-based building materials. Reducing impacts and increasing resource efficiency is an important research topic. 20 It has become this way. In this context, agricultural waste, industrial by-products and mining waste management aims to reduce the consumption of natural resources, alleviate waste disposal problems, and It is being evaluated in building materials with the aim of limiting environmental impact. In the literature, these types of waste are found in certain proportions in products such as concrete and cement. Although it has been shown that it can be used, most studies focus on a single type of waste or 25 It focuses on a single substitution mechanism. The structure of mining waste. When studies on the use of these materials are examined, it is seen that these wastes It is mostly seen to be evaluated as aggregate replacement [1, 2]. Sulfurous and by stabilizing metallic mining waste in cement-based systems environmental risks can be reduced and mechanically acceptable products can be obtained. 30 It has been reported that copper mine waste can be used as a substitute for natural aggregate [3]. In studies where it was used, acceptable compressive strength was achieved at certain substitution ratios. It remained at certain levels, but strength losses occurred at high substitution rates. It has been stated that mining wastes are used in road pavements and different 2 It has been stated that it can be used in infrastructure materials [5]. In the studies conducted While the potential of using mining waste in concrete is highlighted, Careful consideration of durability, long-term performance, and compatibility with the binding system. It has been stated that optimization is required [6]. Previous studies have shown that rice husk ash can partially replace cement in concrete. its use as a substitute for standard cubic concrete and channel culvert concrete Its use has been investigated [7]. However, such approaches are generally not binding. It focuses on the partial substitution of the phase, making cement production high-carbon. Considering the footprint, 10 more environmentally friendly and sustainable connecting systems The search for ways to improve it has also gained increasing importance in the literature. In this context, organic materials such as biochar as cement substitutes. Studies in which it is used have a positive or at least neutral effect on mechanical properties. It shows that effects can be obtained [8,9]. Agricultural and biomass / biochar based The inclusion of wastes into binding systems after controlled processing, cement 15 reducing fuel consumption while maintaining acceptable mechanical and durability characteristics. It has been shown in various studies that it can retain [10, 11]. The cement-based biochar Studies on the use of substitutions in materials have shown that optimum ratio substitutions It creates a micro-filling effect within the binding matrix and the hydration products are more It has been reported that biochar contributes to the homogeneous distribution of carbon 20

[12] . In addition, biochar carbon 20 Due to its composition, it offers carbon sequestration potential in cement-based systems and It has been stated that it provides an environmental advantage

[13] . Overall, a review of the literature reveals that mining waste and organic waste have structural properties. Despite having significant accumulated knowledge regarding its use in materials, 25 The vast majority of current studies focus only on aggregate replacement or only It appears that the focus is on cement substitution. This situation is particularly relevant for materials such as curb stones. In multi-component floor covering elements, waste materials are used as both binders and aggregates. holistic approaches in which the phases are addressed together and in an optimized manner This reveals that it has been studied to a limited extent in the literature. 30 In current technology, cement and / or cement are used in concrete-based infrastructure products such as canal culverts. Although there are numerous approaches to partial aggregate substitution, each The effect of secondary raw materials on blending performance depends on the type of material and processing. 3 It varies depending on the shape, particle size distribution, and substitution rate. Also... In current technology, while aiming for environmental benefits, it also aims for ease of use. manufacturability, target strength, long-term durability, and environmental safety. Meeting these requirements simultaneously is practically challenging. In the known state of the art, excess amounts of tea are produced after tea production, and especially Tea waste, which tea factories struggle to dispose of, is an economic resource. and constitutes a significant environmental problem. Similarly, metal mines that are idle after ore enrichment processes and 10 that pose risks to the environment and human health unless disposed of properly. Mining waste also poses serious problems and liabilities for businesses. Tea Tea waste, which is generated in large quantities after production, especially during intensive production periods. There is a serious operational challenge in terms of storage and proper disposal at the factories where it is produced. This creates a burden. The high moisture content of these wastes can cause problems in a short time. Due to problems such as decomposition / odor formation and volumetric accumulation, a temporary 15-day period is planned on site. This makes storage conditions difficult. Regular collection, transportation, and disposal are required. The need to send supplies to suitable facilities increases operating costs and is a recurring issue. This creates a need for logistics planning. If not managed properly, it can lead to environmental problems. Risks such as leaks, visual pollution, and hygiene problems may arise. In addition, seasonal variability of waste necessitates a standard disposal or evaluation process. 20 This makes it difficult to apply the method consistently. Therefore, the technique... In its current state, tea waste is not sustainable and economically feasible. Managing tea production facilities in this way is a significant problem that needs to be solved. It continues to exist as such. In the current state of the art, ore enrichment and processing in metal mines. Large quantities of mining waste generated as a result of mining activities are disposed of in a regulated landfill. and poses a significant burden for businesses in terms of safe disposal. These wastes In most cases, heavy metal content and undesirable ions such as sulfate / chloride. Because it can contain, it may pose a risk to the environment and human health. It has potential. Leaking occurs in storage areas due to the interaction of precipitation and groundwater. Its occurrence increases the risks of environmental spread and pollution, therefore continuous monitoring and Control is required. In addition, the mineralogical structure, particle shape and chemical composition of the wastes must be considered. Since the composition can vary depending on the field / quarry, a uniform management style is not necessary. 4 Implementing the disposal approach is becoming difficult in practice. This situation leads to stabilization. and introduces additional processing requirements such as immobilization, increasing costs and process. This can increase its complexity. Therefore, in the current state of the technique, metal ore the safe, sustainable and economical management of waste, both environmentally 5 is a critical problem area in terms of both liabilities and operating costs. It stands out. Current technology involves the use of mining waste and organic waste in building materials. Despite the existence of significant accumulated knowledge on the subject, the majority of current studies... the majority of them focus solely on aggregate substitution or solely on cement substitution 10 It is observed that the concentration of waste is high. This situation causes waste to accumulate in elements such as canals and culverts. where both the binder and aggregate phases are considered together and in an optimized manner. This reveals that holistic approaches have been studied to a limited extent in the literature. The limitations and inadequacies of current technological solutions are evident in the production of canal culverts. for the replacement of cement and aggregates used as basic raw materials approaches involving the variable chemical composition and grain size of substitute materials Because of its distribution, it requires high precision in the mixture, therefore loss of workability, increased water demand, decreases in strength and durability, and surface The fact that biomass-derived waste reveals production problems such as defects 20 organic if used directly or in an inadequately processed form The components absorb water and bind the mixing water, increasing the void ratio, and It weakens the binder-aggregate interface, negatively impacting mechanical performance. It can have an impact, and it is also easy to achieve environmental benefits while producing canal culverts. manufacturability, target strength, long-term durability, and the current technology in place. 25 Environmental concerns due to high CO₂ emissions and carbon footprint in their products. Meeting security requirements simultaneously is practically challenging, and in addition to the large amounts of tea waste and ore generated in tea factories Problems encountered in the disposal of mining waste generated after enrichment. Due to reasons such as the inability to manage economic / environmental burdens sustainably, these 30 An improvement in this area has become necessary. Brief Description and Objectives of the Invention The invention enables the controlled transfer of surface and groundwater from one point to another. environmental materials containing processed tea waste and copper mine waste to ensure their transmission. and it relates to sustainable channel culverts and their production method. One aim of the invention is to reduce the need for primary raw materials such as cement and aggregates. reduced, resulting in a lower carbon footprint and more favorable cost. The invention concerns the production of sustainable canal culverts. The canal culvert in question is processed tea. Using waste and copper mine waste, cement and, in the known state of the art, Compared to channel culverts produced using aggregates, it has a lower carbon footprint. And sustainable channel culverts are being produced at a lower cost. In addition Thus, by reducing the burden of disposing of processed tea waste and copper mine waste, Waste is being recycled and reintroduced into the circular economy. Another aim of the invention is to reduce the use of cement in the production of canal culverts. thanks to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and CO₂ from cement production The aim is to reduce emissions, and thus reduce the environmental impact. The subject of the invention... in the mortar composition of canal culverts, carbon-rich processed tea waste and copper When used in conjunction with mining waste, it absorbs CO₂ and removes heavy metals. It contributes to its retention. 20 Explanation of the Figures Figure 1. XRD profile of copper ore waste. Figure 2. SEM images of copper mine waste (x2000) Figure 3. Grain size graphs of materials used as binders 25 Figure 4. XRD profiles of tea wastes (BC and TP). Figure 5. SEM images of tea waste (x2000) a) Biochar (BC), b) Brewed tea waste (TP) Figure 6. 28-day UCS of mixtures prepared with different biochar substitution ratios. results 30 6 Figure 7. Uniaxial compression of mixtures containing tea waste biochar as a function of curing time. strength (UCS) results Figure 8. 28 of the mixtures prepared with different brewing tea waste substitution ratios. daily UCS results Figure 9. UCS results of mixtures containing brewing tea waste as a function of curing time. 5 Figure 10. 28-day XRD results of the mixtures. Figure 11. 28-day thermogravimetry (TG) graphs of the mixtures. Figure 12. 28-day derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) graphs of the mixtures. Figure 13. FTIR graph of the mixtures after a 28-day curing period. Figure 14. SEM micrographs of the mixtures at 7, 28 and 90 days (x2000) 10 Figure 15. UCS results of concretes with different proportions of mining waste substitute. Figure 16. View of the canal vent that is the subject of the invention. Detailed Description of the Invention The invention enables the controlled transfer of surface and groundwater from one point to another. environmental materials containing processed tea waste and copper mine waste to ensure their transmission. and it relates to sustainable channel culverts and their production method. The invention utilizes cement, which are primary raw materials used in the production of canal culverts. The aggregate's secondary raw material sources include processed tea waste and copper ore 20 more environmentally friendly and economical canal culverts by partially replacing their waste. The production of the channel culvert, which is the subject of the invention, is ensured. The cement and aggregate requirements are met. Waste is being reduced, thereby enabling sustainable waste disposal and a circular economy. While ensuring savings, cement consumption is reduced, and CO₂ and carbon emissions are decreased. The footprint is being reduced. This invention reduces the copper mine waste content in the canal culvert by 25%. Instead of aggregate, biochar and tea brewing waste can be used instead of cement in the same system. It is based on the principle of using them together and in optimum proportions. In this respect... The invention, unlike existing studies, is merely a proposal for an alternative raw material. not providing, controlled processing of mineral and organic waste, reducing environmental risks and achieving carbon 30 by decreasing cement use. 7 a sustainable technical solution aimed at reducing emissions It places. The controlled transfer of surface and groundwater from one point to another. To ensure environmental and sustainable use of the channel culvert, which is the subject of the invention; 5 - CEM I 42.5R Portland cement, - aggregate, - biochar or brewing tea waste as processed tea waste, - Contains copper mine waste. The processed tea waste mentioned here has been converted into biochar through pyrolysis or 10 Brewed tea with regulated particle size through controlled grinding and sieving processes. It refers to their waste. In one application of the invention, the channel culvert in question has a weight of 6% CEM I 42.5R. Portland cement, 91% aggregate by weight, 15% processed tea waste by weight. biochar equal to 1.5% of cement or brewing equal to 3% of cement by weight It contains tea waste and copper mine waste in an amount of 5-35% by weight of the aggregate. In one application of the invention, the channel culvert in question has a weight of 6% CEM I 42.5R. Portland cement, 91% aggregate by weight, processed tea waste by weight 20%. biochar equal to 1.5% of cement or brewing equal to 3% of cement by weight It contains tea waste and copper mine waste amounting to 25% of the aggregate by weight. The proportions of all components in the mixture will be completed to a total of 100% in the final product. It is prepared in this way. The CEM I 42.5R Portland cement mentioned in the invention, 25 Containing more than 95% clinker and gypsum, providing ultimate strength of 42.5 N / mm². It is a Portland cement of a specific strength class. It conforms to the TS EN 197-1 standard. The invention proposes biochar or brewed tea as a substitute for CEM I 42.5R Portland cement. The waste, in the form of aggregate, is copper mine waste. The mortar mixture also contains 30 It contains 3% water by weight. The water in the mortar mixture after hardening... It is moving away. In an application of the invention, in the prepared concrete mixture The water / cement ratio is 0.45. The amount of water used is based on the weight of the cement. It is calculated and adjusted according to this ratio in the mixture design. Production 8 No processes requiring high temperatures are applied during this process. Water, preparation of the mixture and the occurrence of the hydration reactions of the cement. It is used for this purpose. After the hardening process is complete, some of the water... Hydration products are chemically bound within the body, while free water remains. It evaporates over time. The final product contains no free water; water is 5 It exists in a bound form within the structure formed only as a result of cement hydration. It is receiving. In one application of the invention, the aggregates mentioned are coarse aggregate, medium aggregate and fine aggregate. It contains aggregate. The aggregate content includes coarse aggregate of 11.2–22.4 mm³. with dimensions of 4–11.2 mm for medium aggregate and 0–4 mm for fine aggregate. They are aggregates. In one application of the invention, the channel culvert in question is for a 1 m³ channel culvert. In the case where processed tea waste contains biochar, 786 kg of 15 particles with a size of 11.2–22.4 mm. coarse aggregate, 590 kg, 4–11.2 mm size; medium aggregate, 391.1 kg, 0–4 mm size. fine aggregate, 198.9 kg copper mine waste, 344.75 kg CEM I 42.5R Portland cement and It contains 5.3 kg of biochar. In one application of the invention, the channel culvert in question requires 20 for a 1 m³ channel culvert. In the case where processed tea waste includes brewing tea waste, 786 kg of 11.2–22.4 mm coarse aggregate 590 kg 4–11.2 mm, medium aggregate 391.1 kg 0–4 mm fine aggregate, 198.9 kg copper mine waste, 339.5 kg CEM I 42.5R Portland cement and It contains 10.5 kg of brewing tea waste. The final product obtained is homogeneous. In order to ensure mixing and sufficient strength, different sizes 25 aggregates with specific grades (coarse, medium and fine) are mixed in certain ratios. It is necessary to use them. The mixing quantities have been determined based on these ratios. In order to minimize errors that may arise from laboratory conditions, Values ​​may vary by ±1%. The manufacturing method of the channel culvert that is the subject of the invention; i. In the first stage, the aggregate and copper mine waste mix with each other, then... CEM I 42.5R Portland cement and processed tea waste, among themselves. 9 dry first within their own groups, then together mixing, ii. CEM I 42.5R Portland cement, processed tea waste, aggregate and copper mine waste Water should be added to the mixture so that the water / cement ratio is 0.45. mixing, 5 iii. Mixing the resulting mixture in a blender, iv. Pouring the mixture into molds and pressing it, v. Allowing the pressed product to complete its setting under curing conditions, It includes the steps involved in the process. The tea waste used in the invention is brewing tea waste (TP) and the product derived from this waste. There are two groups, including biochar (BC). In the method in question, the aforementioned processed materials... Tea waste has been converted into biochar through pyrolysis or controlled grinding and sieving. It refers to brewing tea waste whose particle size has been adjusted through processing. In an application of the method described in the invention, the process step mentioned in (iii) The mixer is a pan type concrete mixer. In one application of the method described in the invention, step (iii) takes 10–12 minutes. Mixing is done for a specified duration. The 10-12 minute mixing time specified in the method is 20 the duration is to ensure that the mixture components are homogeneously distributed. This time interval has been determined. This period ensures the formation of a homogeneous structure in the final product, and mechanically... It contributes to the balanced development of characteristics. However, the aforementioned the duration is reasonable depending on the production conditions and the type of equipment used. It can be changed. 25 In one application of the method described in the invention, the processed tea waste mentioned is tea. It is a biochar form obtained from waste through pyrolysis at 600°C in an anaerobic environment. In another application of the method described in the invention, the aforementioned processed tea waste; 30 These are ground or sifted brewing tea wastes, filtered through a 500 µm sieve. In one application of the method described in the invention, the aforementioned processed tea waste is heated to 600°C. Biochar obtained by pyrolysis process or ground or under a 500 µm sieve It is sifted brewed tea waste. The tea brewing waste has not undergone any calcination process. 5 After drying, the samples were prepared in two different ways: (i) in a ball mill and ground for 60 minutes (TP-G30 and TP-G60), (ii) no grinding The fraction was sieved to obtain a fraction below 500 µm (TP-S500) without further processing. It was used directly. Biochar (BC) was obtained from a facility operating in Rize. During the production process, tea waste is pyrolyzed in an oxygen-free environment at temperatures up to 600°C. It has undergone a process called carbonization (biochar production), not calcination. This was carried out. After industrial production, samples were tested in the laboratory using ball bearings. It is ground in the mill for 30 and 60 minutes (BC-G30 and BC-G60) and used as a cement substitute. was used. The process was carried out under pyrolysis conditions (oxygen-free atmosphere). In the invention... The term "processed tea waste" refers to tea waste from brewing processes that has undergone pyrolysis alone. from the process, from mechanical size reduction alone, or from both pyrolysis and These are forms of tea waste that have undergone mechanical size reduction processes. The invention is a In this application, tea waste biochar is produced by heating tea waste to 600°C in an anaerobic environment. It is obtained as a result of the pyrolysis process. The biochar produced after pyrolysis, Before being used in mixtures, 20 are ground in a ball mill for 30 minutes and then for 60 minutes. It has been ground. Brewing tea waste has been incorporated into the mixtures in two different ways. In one application of the invention, ball bearings are used in the same way as biochar for 30 and 60 minutes. It was used after being ground in a mill. In another application of the invention, any It has only been subjected to a sieving process, without any grinding or heat treatment. Therefore, processed tea waste is converted into biochar through pyrolysis or controlled 25 refers to brewing tea waste whose particle size has been adjusted through grinding and sieving processes. The results of the analysis are presented in Figures 3, 4, 5 and Table 2. It has been given. In the invention, processed tea waste is not reduced to a single process, but brewed tea wastes processed (i) only by pyrolysis, (ii) only by mechanical size reduction (i) processing by (ball milling) or (iii) pyrolysis + mechanical size reduction 30 all forms of tea waste obtained as a result of processing with a combination of these methods. It includes. 11 The primary intended use of tea waste in the channel culvert content that is the subject of the invention. It is used as a cement substitute. The tea waste in question is used in a specified amount. Replacing Portland cement as part of the binder system It forms a filler thanks to its ground or biochar form. It exhibits a (filler) effect, provides microstructural regulation, and has a carbon content of 5. Therefore, it contributes to the carbonation / CO₂ binding process. The copper ore waste used in the invention is processed in ore enrichment plants. These are flotation tailings that are formed after the flotation process. The subject is copper mine waste, crushing-grinding-flotation of copper (Cu) ore 10 after the economically valuable concentrated phase is separated by passing it through the processes It contains the remaining fine-grained mineral residues. The mineralogy and chemical analysis of the waste... Detailed data regarding its composition are presented in Table 1 and Figure 1. This analysis According to the results, the main oxide components and dominant mineral phases of the waste are shown in the relevant table and This is shown in the XRD pattern. Any additional pre-treatment to the copper ore waste in question... No processing is applied. Waste is processed through dewatering and processing at the ore enrichment plant. It is supplied in its pre-processed form, as required by the process, and It is used directly in mixtures. Based on the experimental data obtained for the invention, tea waste and mining waste 20 When the mixtures containing these ingredients are used in appropriate proportions, they will be compared with reference samples. It has been determined that they provide comparable compressive strength values. This situation indicates that both the type of waste does not disrupt the structural integrity within the binding system and technically This shows that performance can be maintained. In micro-structure evaluations, tea... the distribution of waste and mining waste within the matrix, the void structure 25 it can create a regulatory effect and contribute to the development of hydration products. It has been observed that it offers surface properties at a level that can provide this, especially fine-grained. It has been assessed that matrix continuity is supported thanks to the structure. The term partial substitution in the invention refers to the complete removal of cement and aggregate from the content. 30 This does not mean that the mixture contains both cement and aggregate. It continues, but a certain portion of it consists of processed tea waste and copper ore. It is replaced by weight with waste. Processed tea waste in the cement phase, total A certain percentage (by weight) of the cement quantity is substituted, and the return 12 The remaining portion is Portland cement in the mixture. Similarly Copper mine waste can also be used as a partial substitute, representing a certain percentage of the aggregate. It is being used, but not all of the aggregate is being removed from the system. The channel in question... the substitution ratios in the culvert's content and ensuring optimum mechanical performance The ratio ranges were defined based on experimental studies. 5 obtained with the invention. The final mixture obtained is defined as concrete. When preparing the mixture, the initial steps are... In this stage, aggregate and copper mine waste interact with each other, and cement with processed tea waste. The other two dry mixtures are mixed separately as a group. Both dry mixtures are homogeneous. After being processed, they are mixed together to obtain a single dry mixture. This After this step, water is added all at once and the mixing process continues. 10 A separate pre-soaking process is carried out for tea waste or copper mine waste. It is not applicable. In one application of the invention, the mixing process is of the standard pan type. This is done in a concrete mixer, and the total mixing time is 10–12 minutes. It is held among them. The type of cement mentioned in the invention is CEM I 42.5R Portland. It is cement. The aggregates used in one application of the invention are obtained from a quarry. 15 The aggregate produced is crushed stone, and the particle size range is 0-4 mm for fine aggregates, medium aggregates, and medium aggregates. The thickness is 4-11.2 mm for sized aggregates and 11.2 / 22.4 mm for coarse aggregates. The invention describes a composite channel consisting of a binder phase and an aggregate phase as the final product. It is a culvert. The binder phase is Portland cement and 20 as a partial substitute for cement. It consists of processed tea waste. The aggregate phase is sourced from a quarry. crushed stone aggregate obtained and copper flotation used as a partial substitute for the aggregate. It is made from waste. The components found in the final product are; Portland cement, stone. Crushed stone aggregate obtained from the quarry, processed tea waste, and copper ore. It is copper mine waste resulting from the enrichment process. Water is only used in production 25 It is used for hydration purposes during the production phase and is found in a free state in the final product. It is not available. The metal mentioned in the invention is copper (Cu) ore, which is a waste metal from mining, processed by flotation method. It is flotation waste formed after enrichment. This waste is enriched after 30%. It is obtained from the facility in a dehydrated state and without undergoing any further processing. It is used in mixtures. Processed tea waste is used in cement, copper flotation. The partial substitution of waste into aggregate was determined by weight values ​​obtained from experimental data. It is determined accordingly. 13 The tea waste used in the invention is brewing tea waste (TP) and the product derived from this waste. There are two groups: biochar (BC) and brewing tea waste. Any calcination is necessary. The samples were not subjected to any processing. After drying, they were processed in two different ways. prepared: (i) ground in a ball mill for 30 and 60 minutes (TP-G30 and 5 (i) obtaining fractions below 500 µm without any grinding (TP-G60). It was screened (TP-S500) and used directly. Biochar (BC) operates in Rize. It was sourced from a facility that demonstrates this. During the production process, tea waste is heated up to 600°C. It was subjected to pyrolysis in an oxygen-free environment, meaning it wasn't calcination. Carbonization (biochar production) has been carried out. 10 after industrial production. The samples were ground in a ball mill in the laboratory for 30 and 60 minutes (BC-G30 and BC-G60 was used as a cement substitute. The process was carried out under pyrolysis conditions (anaerobic). (atmosphere) was created. According to the physical characterization results, the specific surface area (Ss) for BC-G30 is 4.49. m² / g, 4.70 m² / g for BC-G60, 1.24 m² / g for TP-G30, 1.50 m² / g for TP-G60 and TP-15 For S500, it is 1.05 m² / g. The specific gravity (Gs) is 1.49 for BC and 1.42 for TP. The particle size distribution graphs have been determined. The graphs are given in Figure 3. Additionally, BC The carbon content of the (biochar) sample was determined to be 71%. Water absorption. Their capacities after 24 hours are 6.9 g / g for TP-S500, 4.9 g / g for BC-G60, and 3.8 g / g for BC-G30. It reached its value. In all samples, 90% of the total water absorption occurred within the first hour. It has happened. This invention involves the application of mining waste and tea industry waste to concrete and sewer culverts. tea is used not only as a secondary raw material in production; it is especially used in tea production. 25 from carbonization, biocharization and controlled grinding processes of waste by processing it and turning it into an additive suitable for cement substitution. The focus is on this approach, where waste is used solely for volumetric filling or reinforcement. It is considered as an element of existing practices that are distinctly different. It is separated. Tea waste in biochar form obtained within the scope of the invention has Thanks to their porous structure and high specific surface area, cement-based matrix 30 It exhibits a micro-scale void-filling effect within; this is binding. This contributes to the development of a more homogeneous and denser structure in the phase. Microstructural improvement leads to positive results in the mechanical performance of the material. It gives rise to copper mine waste, biochar, and brewed tea waste with the same structure. 14 Using the materials together within the system is not just about a new product. not only the development of waste, but also its controlled utilization, reducing environmental risks associated with waste disposal and using sustainable building materials. It presents a technical approach aimed at production. One of the key technical advantages of the invention is the natural carbon structure of the biochar. Thanks to this, a homogeneous and permanent black coloration is achieved in the channel culverts. This feature allows for the use of additional pigments or chemical colorants. making it unnecessary, thus reducing costs in the production process and improving the environment. It contributes to reducing the load. 10 The results of the chemical analysis of copper mine waste are given in Table 1, and As seen, the main oxide components of the waste are iron oxide (Fe2O3) and silicon dioxide. (SiO2) and sulfur trioxide (SO3) were determined. These results indicate that 15 in mining wastes XRD (X-ray diffraction) results showed pyrite and quartz as the dominant peaks. It was found to be largely compatible (Figure 1). In particular, 19.9% ​​in copper mine waste. SiO₂ present in this ratio reacts with calcium hydroxide via pozzolanic reactions. It interacts with and promotes the formation of additional C–S–H gel, which is mechanical. By increasing strength and durability while reducing impermeability, it positively contributes to performance. 20 It provides. Table 1. Chemical properties of the components of mining waste. Chemical Contents (%) Na2O Mg HE Al2O3 SiO2 SO3 K2O CaO TiO2 Fe2O3 CuO ZnO Other Copper mine Waste (BA) 0.1 2.7 6.4 19.9 29.3 0.3 3.4 0.5 36.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 SEM 25 was taken to observe the morphological structure of copper mine waste. The micrographs are given in Figure 2. As can be seen from this figure, the wastes are variable. It contains fine particles of varying sizes and has a relatively porous structure. In the invention CEM I 42.5R (C1) type cement was used. In addition, it was obtained from tea waste. Biochar and brewed tea waste were also used as cement substitutes in the experiments. Tea waste biochar (BC) has been evaluated. It is a biochar obtained as a result of pyrolysis processes. The product is processed in a ball mill for periods of 30 (BC-G30) and 60 (BC-G60) minutes. After being ground, it is used in blends. In addition, tea brewing waste is also used. (TP) is added to the mixtures both by grinding at the same time as the biochar and without any grinding. or included by direct elimination without any pre-processing. TP-S500, 500 5 It refers to the tea waste from brewing that passes through a µm sieve. Cement and tea. The particle size distributions of the wastes are presented in Figure 3. When the figure is examined... copper mine waste, cement and obtained depending on grinding times The particle size distributions of the samples were found to be significantly different. The brewing tea waste exhibits a relatively coarser grain distribution, grinding process 10 As the application progresses, the distribution curves shift to the left and the characteristic grain sizes (D₅₀) It appears that the levels have decreased significantly, especially for TP and BC ground for 30 and 60 minutes. The samples showed significant grain refinement, with an initial size of 500 µm. In the samples, a much wider and more continuous pattern was observed with increasing grinding time. It is observed that the granulometry obtained is 15 for fine grains of CEM I 42.5R cement. Its structure approaches a distribution similar to that of tea waste samples that have been ground for a long time. This indicates that the waste is suitable for the binding system. In general The results show that increasing the grinding time increases the specific surface area of ​​the cementitious material. a granulometry that can improve mechanical and microstructural performance in mixtures It shows that it provides. 20 Table 2. Chemical properties of cement and tea waste. Chemical Contents (%) Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P2O5 SO3 Cl K2O CaO MnO Fe2O3 Other CEM I 42.5R (C1) 0.35 0.91 3.43 14.04 0.25 4.42 0.05 0.89 70.87 0.10 4.06 0.64 Brewed tea waste (TP) 0.12 1.63 3.32 5.42 4.91 6.89 0.71 25.04 32.24 13.51 5.60 0.62 Biochar (BC) 0.12 2.84 3.91 3.84 5.93 4.75 1.27 43.21 21.26 5.43 6.55 0.89 Chemical components of cement and cement substitute tea waste materials. This was determined using the XRF method, and the analysis results obtained are shown in Table 2. It has been presented. CEM I 42.5R cement, thanks to its high CaO content, forms a C–S–H gel. By forming the main source, it provides the fundamental binding force of the system. Brewing 16 Tea waste (TP) and biochar (BC) are rich in pozzolanic oxides such as SiO₂. With their structures, when used in appropriate fineness and proportions, calcium hydroxide Co-linker that reacts to support secondary C–S–H formation. These materials can be evaluated accordingly. Figure 4 shows the XRD of tea waste (BC and TP). This shows the results. Figure 4 shows the 2θ value of 5 in the XRD pattern of brewing tea waste. A main peak is observed at approximately 15°, and this peak is also... It reflects an amorphous carbon structure corresponding to cellulose. Tea waste biochar. (BC) is between 20°-30°, reflecting the irregular structures of amorphous carbonaceous materials. It exhibited a mound. In addition, there is another peak where 2θ is around 29°. A certain point has been identified, indicating the presence of calcite. 10 Figure 5 shows the SEM images of TP and BC. From Figure 5, it is clear... As can be seen, BC samples have a flatter and smoother morphology, TP samples have a porous structure. These structures allow water to escape during the hydration process. and by ensuring a more homogeneous distribution of reaction products within the microstructure 15 It creates an internal curing effect. This reduces early shrinkage cracks in the concrete. By minimizing it, it supports the formation of a more robust matrix. After the material characterization processes are completed, the mixture The preparation of the samples has begun. The mixtures have a constant solid content (20 by weight). Prepared taking into account a binding ratio of 73%) and 6%. Type CEM I 42.5R (C1). Mixtures prepared using cement can be replaced with cement in varying proportions (by weight) 0%, 1%, 1.5%, 3%, 5% and 10%) tea waste biochars (BC-G30 and BC-G60) and Brewing tea waste (TP-G30, TP-G60 and TP-S500) has been substituted. Prepared Samples cured for varying durations (from 3 days to 180 days) for various tests. 25 It has been subjected to this process. Figure 6 shows different substitutions for CEM I 42.5R cement. tea waste biochars (BC-G30 and BC-) at percentages (0%, 1%, 1.5%, 3%, 5%, and 10%) Mixtures prepared using G60) with 6% cement content for 28 days It shows the axial compressive strength results. When mixtures using BC-G30 and BC-G60 were examined, it was observed that at the same substitution ratios... BC-G60 exhibits higher durability performance compared to BC-G30. This has been observed. The reason for this is the reduced particle size resulting from the grinding of the biochar and Consequently, thanks to the increased surface area, the voids within the fill are filled better. 17 It can be said that it replenishes and contributes to hydration. Additionally, the biochar used and... Regardless of cement type, an optimum substitution rate of 1.5% is achieved in the mixtures. that it has reached a certain strength and that increasing this ratio negatively affects mixture performance. This shows that it has been affected. Figure 7 shows the different treatment of samples with the optimum biochar substitution ratio (1.5%). The compressive strength results vary depending on the duration. (See Figure 7) As can be seen, regardless of the type of biochar and cement used, it takes 56 days. While there was an increase in UCS values ​​in all filler samples until this curing period... Then noticeable reductions occur. This is due to copper 10 sulfide minerals, which constitute the chemical composition of mining waste, remain in the fills for a long time. This reduces period performance. Figure 8 shows CEM I 42.5R cement at different substitution rates (%0, %1, %1.5, %3, 15 using 5% and 10%) brewing tea waste (TP-G30, TP-G60 and TP-S500) 28-day uniaxial compressive strength of the prepared mixtures at 6% cement content This shows the results. Regardless of the type of TP used, the mixtures have the same results. Their resistance during curing periods increases up to a certain substitution rate (3%) and As this ratio increases, strengths decrease. This result is related to brewing. Tea waste (TP-G30, TP-G60 and TP-S500) is used as a substitute at a rate of 3% in mixtures. that optimum strength has been reached and that the mixture performance improves with increasing this ratio. This indicates that it has been negatively affected. This is due to the excessive use of these substances. and the organic components of unprocessed brewing tea waste Its low alkalinity content can be demonstrated. Figure 9 shows the different samples with the optimum brewing tea waste substitution ratio (3%). The compressive strength results vary depending on the curing times. (Figure) As seen in section 9, regardless of the type of TP and cement used, it takes 56 days. While there was an increase in UCS values ​​in all samples up to this point, after this curing period... Noticeable reductions are occurring. 30 Optimal substitution ratios determined for biochar (1.5%) and brewing tea waste (3%) Hydration products formed after a 28-day curing period of the prepared samples. The samples were analyzed using the XRD method. The XRD patterns presented in Figure 10 show ettringite. 18 The formation of key hydration products such as portlandite, gypsum, and CSH is clearly evident. This shows that the ettringite peak was controlled in samples containing optimal levels of tea waste. The higher yield compared to the example is due to the hydration of the tea waste used. It shows that it increases the porous structure of the biochar, hydration products. It is known to have a significant effect on the high surface area of ​​biochar 5 and its porous structure provides additional nucleation sites for hydration products. This increased the formation of compounds such as ettringite and CSH. This situation resulted in XRD patterns. Biochar-containing fillers showed a higher peak of hydration products compared to the control sample. It explains the exhibition. Figures 11 and 12 show samples prepared at optimum cement and tea waste substitution ratios. This shows the TG / DTG charts after 28 days. TG / DTG analyses, in particular... Basic hydration compounds such as calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) and portlandite (Ca(OH)2). In determining the formation and transformation of cement products, cement hydration... It provides critical information about its progression. The TG graph shows the 15 that occurred in the samples. The quantitative variation of mass losses is shown in the DTG graph, which shows the strongest loss amounts. It represents the range in which it changes. When the TG graphs given in Figure 11 are examined in detail, the largest mass is seen. In samples containing brewing tea waste (TP-S500) with a loss rate of 3%, 20 It is observed that this occurs. This situation affects both compressive strengths and XRD. This supports the results and indicates further conversion of hydration products. This shows that it occurred. In addition, from the DTG graphs, as a cement substitute samples containing waste tea biochar (BC-G60) that are used and have a high carbon content The ranges where calcium carbonate decomposition is concentrated (700-900°C) are higher 25 It is observed that peaks are exhibited. This is due to the pyrolysis process releasing substances. The high carbon content of the resulting tea waste biochar can be demonstrated. This The situation is also that in the examples, carbonates are formed through carbonation during curing. This clearly demonstrates the separation. The samples show a 28-day treatment period. Hydration products were analyzed using the FTIR method, and the resulting spectrum is shown in Figure 13. FTIR analyses have been presented. ettringite is detected at 1100 cm⁻¹, and at 875 and 1415 cm⁻¹. characteristic bands corresponding to CO₃²⁻ phases formed as a result of carbonation It has revealed the existence of these carbonate bands containing tea waste and biochar. The higher density in the mixtures is due to the organic origin of these additives. 19 This is associated with their high carbon content. 775 and 970 Si–O and Si–O–Si vibrations observed at cm⁻¹ wave numbers are C– throughout the curing periods. It shows that S-H gel formation is dominant. Containing brewing tea waste. The decrease in transmittance in the samples at the same curing ages indicates a denser C–S–H gel. This indicates that its structure has improved, and this is consistent with increased compressive strengths. 5 Figure 14 shows the results after different treatment periods (7, 28, and 90 days, respectively). The observed SEM micrographs are given. 7-day SEM micrographs, in particular. Containing brewing tea waste (3TP-S500) and finer ground biochar (1,5BC-G60) The samples showed a higher concentration of ettringite and C-S-H formation, and this was observed earlier. It has been shown to have a positive contribution to age resistance. At the end of the 28-day course, all 10 Samples with added waste tea showed a more compact microstructure compared to the control sample. advanced; ettringites largely transformed into portlandite and C-S-H gels, and this It has been observed to be consistent with higher UCS values. The biochar's network-like and Its porous structure creates a micro-filling and internal curing effect on the matrix. It contributed to its concentration. In some samples, 15 during the long course of treatment (90 days). Increased cracking and voiding are observed due to expanding ettringites, while brewing tea residue remains. The fact that the 3TP-S500 sample containing this exhibits a less porous morphology suggests that this contribution... Experimental studies have shown that it has a long-term protective effect on microstructural integrity. Studies initially focus on tea as a cement substitute in systems containing mining waste. It has focused on the use of waste. At this stage, biochar and brewed tea 20 The usability of tea waste as a substitute for cement has been investigated, and it has been determined that the tea waste in question... Optimal cement substitution ratios, taking into account their effects on the binding system. It has been determined that tea-derived waste forms within the cement matrix. Microstructural and mechanical effects have been clearly demonstrated. Cement substitution. After determining the optimum tea waste rates, the next 25 months of the study will... In this phase, the substitution of mining waste for aggregates was discussed. This Accordingly, copper mine waste is used in varying proportions as fine aggregate in the concrete mix. Experimental studies have been carried out in which it is used instead of canal culvert production. The optimum aggregate substitution ratio, which is suitable in this respect, has been determined. In this context, 30% of natural aggregate replaced with copper mine waste at rates of 5%, 15%, 25% or 35%. Samples were prepared and these samples were subjected to uniaxial compressive strength tests. They were subjected to experiments. Figure 15 shows different copper ore waste substitution ratios. The uniaxial compressive strength results of the obtained samples are presented. When the results were examined, it was observed that the strength increased with increasing copper mine waste substitution rate. Significant changes in values ​​have been observed with 25% copper mine waste substitution. the produced samples exhibited optimal behavior in terms of mechanical performance It has been determined that copper will be used instead of aggregate in the production of canals and culverts. The optimum substitution rate for mining waste was selected as 25%. In the previous stages... As a result of the optimization studies carried out, 1.5% to 5% cement substitution was determined. Using biochar at a certain percentage and brewing tea waste at a certain percentage for different curing durations. Stable and sufficient in uniaxial compressive strength tests performed throughout. It has been determined that it provides mechanical performance. These ratios are within the binder matrix. it preserves microstructural integrity and does not negatively affect strength development. It has been observed. All experimental studies conducted on cement and aggregate substitution, 10 When mechanical and microstructural studies are evaluated together, it is seen that waste materials Its usability in the production of structural elements has been clearly demonstrated through preliminary studies. It is understood that it was placed there. In this context, in line with the findings obtained... The determined optimum substitution ratios can be safely used in mixtures for channel culvert production. where applicable and a technically feasible solution for the waste in question 15 It has been concluded that it offers... The curves given in Figure 10 show the optimum rates of tea waste after 28 days. These curves show the mineralogical peaks of the prepared mixtures. These curves are, respectively Control (tea residue-free), ground for 30 min (BC30) and 60 min (BC60) 20 mixtures containing optimum ratio of biochar (1.5BC) as cement substitute It refers to mixtures. In addition, the last sample was sieved to 500 microns. (S500) refers to the sample containing optimum brewing tea waste (3TP). Additionally, the numbers given on these curves represent the peaks of different mineralogical structures. It is. 25 In Figure 15, P represents the product, and BA represents copper waste. 5, 15, 25 and 35% by volume of copper mine waste used as aggregate substitute. For example, P-BA / 25-1.5BC; copper that is replaced by 25% by volume in place of aggregate. mining waste, and 1.5BC refers to 1.5% by weight of biochar substituted for cement. 30 is doing. 21 REFERENCES [1]. Preethi, A. V., Rajendra, S., & Navneeth, P. K. L. (2017). Studies on gold ore tailings as partial replacement of fine aggregates in concrete. Int. J. Latest. Technol. Eng. Manag. Appl. Sci, 6(IV), 30-33. 5 [2]. Padin, J. M. B., Balayo, K. L. P., & Rapanot, E. M. S. (2025). Material reusability in mine waste: A review on utilization of Gold Ore Tailings in concrete production. Sustainable Chemistry One World, 100159. [3]. Martins, N. P., Srivastava, S., Simão, F. V., Niu, H., Perumal, P., Snellings, R., Illikainen, M., Chambart, H., Habert, G. (2021). Exploring the potential for 10 utilization of medium and highly sulfidic mine tailings in construction materials: A review. Sustainability, 13(21), 12150. [4]. Singh, N., Gupta, A., & Haque, M. M. (2022). A review on the influence of copper slag as a natural fine aggregate replacement on the mechanical properties of concrete. Materials Today: Proceedings, 62, 3624-3637. 15 [5]. Segui, P., Safhi, A. E. M., Amrani, M., & Benzaazoua, M. (2023). Mining wastes as road construction material: A review. Minerals, 13(1), 90. [6]. Iqbal, A., Mashaan, N. S., & Paraskeva, T. (2025). Mining Waste in Asphalt Pavements: A Critical Review of Waste Rock and Tailings Applications. Journal of Composites Science, 9(8), 402. 20 [7]. Ang, Z. J., & bin Mohd Noh, H. (2022). U-Shaped Concrete Drain Containing Rice Husk Ash as Partial Cement Replacement by Using Non-Autoclaved Aerated Technique. Research in Management of Technology and Business, 3(1), 387-405. [8]. Mensah, R. A., Shanmugam, V., Narayanan, S., Razavi, N., Ulfberg, A., 25 Blanksvärd, T., Sayahi, F., Simonsson, P., Reinke, B., Das, O. (2021). Biochar-added cementitious materials—a review on mechanical, thermal, and environmental properties. Sustainability, 13(16), 9336. [9]. Suarez-Riera, D., Restuccia, L., & Ferro, G. A. (2020). The use of Biochar to reduce the carbon footprint of cement-based materials. Procedia Structural 30 Integrity, 26, 199-210.

[10] . Singhal, S. (2023). Biochar as a cost-effective and eco-friendly substitute for binder in concrete: a review. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 27(2), 984-1009. 22

[11] . Javed, M. H., Sikandar, M. A., Ahmad, W., Bashir, M. T., Alrowais, R., & Wadud, M. B. (2022). Effect of various biochars on physical, mechanical, and microstructural characteristics of cement pastes and mortars. Journal of Building Engineering, 57, 104850.

[12] . Aman, A. M. N., Selvarajoo, A., Lau, T. L., & Chen, W. H. (2022). 5 Biochar as cement replacement to enhance concrete composite properties: a review. Energies, 15(20), 7662.

[13] . Patel, R., Stobbs, J., & Acharya, B. (2025). Study of biochar in cementitious materials for developing green concrete composites. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 22192. 10 20 30

Claims

23 REQUESTS 1. Controlled transfer of surface and groundwater from one point to another. It is an environmentally friendly and sustainable channel culvert to ensure the transmission of water. Feature; 5 - CEM I 42.5R Portland cement, - aggregate, - biochar or brewing tea waste as processed tea waste, - copper mine waste, It includes. 10 2. According to Claim 1, the channel is a culvert and its characteristic is that the aggregate in question is coarse. It contains aggregate, medium aggregate and fine aggregate.

3. According to claim 1, the channel is a culvert with the characteristic of having 6% CEM I 42.5R by weight. Portland cement, 91% aggregate by weight, processed tea waste by weight. 1.5% biochar or 3% biochar by weight of cement brewed tea waste and copper mine waste amounting to 5-35% of the aggregate by weight. It includes.

4. According to claim 1, the channel is a culvert with the characteristic of having 6% CEM I 42.5R by weight. Portland cement, 91% aggregate by weight, processed tea waste by weight. 1.5% biochar or 3% biochar by weight of cement brewed tea waste and copper mine waste amounting to 25% of the aggregate by weight. It includes.

5. According to claim 2, the channel is a culvert and its characteristics are; processed for a 1 m³ channel culvert. In the case where tea waste contains biochar, 786 kg of coarse particles measuring 11.2–22.4 mm. aggregate, 590 kg 4–11.2 mm size, medium aggregate, 391.1 kg 0–4 mm 25 fine aggregate of specified size, 198.9 kg copper mine waste, 344.75 kg CEM I 42.5R It contains Portland cement and 5.3 kg of biochar.

6. According to claim 2, the channel is a culvert and its characteristics are; processed for a 1 m³ channel culvert. In the case of tea waste containing brewing tea waste, 786 kg 11.2–22.4 mm coarse aggregate 590 kg 4–11.2 mm size, medium aggregate 391.1 kg 0–4 30 mm fine aggregate, 198.9 kg copper mine waste, 339.5 kg CEM I 42.5R Portland It contains cement and 10.5 kg of brewed tea waste.

7. Which is the method of manufacturing a channel culvert according to any of claims 1-6? feature; 24 i. In the first stage, aggregate and copper mine waste mix with each other, then then the tea waste was processed with CEM I 42.5R Portland cement. among themselves, initially in a dry state, within their own groups, then mixed together, ii. CEM I 42.5R Portland cement, processed tea waste, aggregate and copper 5 Water is added to the mining waste mixture so that the water / cement ratio is 0.

45. and mixing, iii. Mixing the resulting mixture in a blender, iv. Pouring the mixture into molds and pressing it, v. 10 days for the pressed product to complete its setting under curing conditions. waiting, It includes the steps of the process.

8. It is a method according to claim 7 and its characteristic is; in step (iii) of the process 10–12 The mixing process should last for a few minutes.

9. It is a method according to claim 7, and its characteristic is that the aforementioned processed tea waste is processed into tea 15 biochar obtained by pyrolysis of waste in an anaerobic environment at 600°C It is the form that matters.

10. It is a method according to Claim 7, and its characteristic is that the aforementioned processed tea waste... It consists of ground or sifted brewed tea waste through a 500 µm sieve. 25

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