Heat Flux-Controlled Bead Infill System For Synthetic Turf And Related Surfaces

Abstract

A temperature-moderating system for synthetic turf includes an infill composition comprising ceramic particles that are porous, non-porous, or a mixture thereof, optionally constituting 1-80% by weight of the total infill. The composition further comprises at least one organic or inorganic infill material. The ceramic particles provide temperature moderation within the infill by redistributing thermal energy laterally and interacting with the thermal mass of the surrounding infill; evaporation may further contribute under wetted conditions.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of Provisional Application No. 63 / 763,172 filed on Feb. 25, 2025.FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present disclosure relates to synthetic turf systems and loose-fill sports surfaces. More particularly, it relates to temperature moderation via ceramic particles dispersed within or alongside other infill materials, and to other systems that laterally redistribute thermal energy to reduce upward radiant heat flux.BACKGROUND

[0003] Synthetic turf has gained widespread popularity for sports fields, landscaping, and recreational areas due to its durability, low maintenance requirements, consistent appearance, and water conservation benefits. Unlike natural grass, synthetic turf doesn't require regular watering, making it an attractive option in areas facing water scarcity or drought conditions. However, a significant challenge associated with synthetic turf is its tendency to experience extreme temperature fluctuations, leading to surface temperatures that can be substantially higher than natural grass in hot conditions and colder in winter months. Additional challenges can include 1) moisture regulation problems causing clumping, microbial growth or odor buildup; 2) compaction &migration problems causing conventional infills compacting over time, reducing safety and requiring maintenance; 3) and climate adaptation for both hot and cold environments.

[0004] Various methods and materials have been developed to address these temperature-related issues. Traditional infill materials for synthetic turf include crumb rubber, silica sand, coated sands and various organic materials. While these materials provide necessary support and cushioning for the synthetic grass fibers, they often contribute to heat retention in summer and rapid cooling in winter, rather than moderating temperature extremes.

[0005] Recent innovations have focused on developing infill materials specifically designed to regulate surface temperatures. These include materials with high moisture retention capabilities, reflective properties, or phase-change characteristics. Some systems incorporate water-absorbing polymers or other substances that can hold and gradually release moisture to provide evaporative cooling in hot conditions. However, these solutions often fail to address the need for warmth retention in colder weather.

[0006] Ceramic materials have also been explored for their potential in temperature moderation for synthetic turf. Certain types of ceramic beads or particles can offer benefits such as water retention, heat distribution, and durability. However, existing solutions often struggle to provide consistent and long-lasting temperature moderation effects across a wide range of climatic conditions.

[0007] The present inventors have discovered, unexpectedly, that ceramic material—whether porous, non-porous, low-density, high-density, or otherwise—when blended with any known or future infill material, consistently provides a measurable temperature-moderating effect. This effect has been confirmed across a broad range of infill compositions and manufacturers, and to the knowledge of the inventors, no prior art has recognized or suggested this universal compatibility of ceramic materials with infill systems for synthetic turf.

[0008] There remains a need for an improved temperature-moderating system for synthetic turf that can provide significant and sustained temperature regulation, function effectively in both hot and cold weather, with or without water application, and maintain its performance across extreme temperature ranges. Ideally, such a system would be durable, compatible with existing synthetic turf installations, and capable of enhancing the safety and usability of synthetic turf in a wide range of environmental conditions. The present invention accomplishes these objectives.

[0009] Heat Flux Regulation: Beads redirect heat laterally and outward, reducing upward radiant heat and lowering Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) readings.

[0010] Low Density Ceramic Beads (Porous): Absorb and release water, enabling evaporative cooling. Particles with open-cell or interconnected porosity capable of retaining moisture

[0011] High Density Ceramic Beads (Non-Porous): Radiate heat outward, provide structural stability, and resist compaction. Dense particles with higher thermal diffusivity for heat redistribution.

[0012] Flexible Ratios: Beads may be blended at 10-70% of the total infill composition, with proportions selected based on climate, surface use, and performance requirements.

[0013] Integration Options: 1) Prepackaged blends for new installations, 2) Onsite mixing for retrofit of existing surfaces.

[0014] The advantages will include 1) Cooler athletic fields, reducing athlete fatigue and heat stress, 2) Barefoot-safe residential and rooftop turf, 3) Paw-safe dog and pet turf, with odor reduction via enhanced drainage, 4) Cooler, more usable commercial and municipal landscapes and 5) Extended system lifespan and lower maintenance.SUMMARY

[0015] A temperature-moderating system for synthetic turf includes a composition for use as an infill material, the composition including a plurality of ceramic beads, the plurality of ceramic beads are porous, non-porous, or a mixture of both porous and non-porous. The beads compose 40-60% of the composition. In various embodiments, the invention encompasses any form of ceramic material, regardless of density, porosity, or source, in combination with any other infill material. The inventors have found that such combinations, without exception, yield an unexpected and reproducible moderation of turf surface temperature relative to infill systems lacking ceramic material. The temperature-moderating system for synthetic turf further includes at least one additional organic or inorganic infill material, the plurality of ceramic beads, provide temperature moderation within an infill composition.

[0016] The ceramic beads may be blended or mixed with the additional infill material, functioning as a separator to prevent clumping and reduce compaction. The composition can be customized to constitute varying percentages of the total infill weight. In some embodiments, the ceramic beads may be coated to enhance moisture management properties.

[0017] This system is suitable for various synthetic turf installations, including sports fields, residential lawns, and commercial landscapes. The ceramic beads have specific porosity, density, and size ranges that contribute to their effectiveness in temperature moderation. The ceramic beads maintain structural integrity across a wide temperature range, ensuring durability in extreme conditions.

[0018] The composition is designed to reduce surface temperature in hot conditions when water is applied and maintain surface temperature above ambient in cold conditions. Some configurations may incorporate specialized ceramic beads or nanoparticles to enhance specific properties.

[0019] The temperature-moderating effect is achieved through the synergistic combination of porous and non-porous ceramic beads. In hot conditions, porous beads retain and release water for cooling, while non-porous beads aid in heat distribution. In cold conditions, both types contribute to thermal mass for heat retention. This system is effective both with and without water application and provides extended temperature moderation in various weather conditions. It can be integrated into existing synthetic turf installation processes, offering a versatile solution for new installations and retrofits.

[0020] The present invention addresses the drawbacks of the prior art by providing an improved temperature-moderating system for synthetic turf that offers significant and sustained temperature regulation. This novel system functions effectively in both hot and cold conditions, ensuring versatility across various climates and situations. By utilizing a unique combination of porous and non-porous ceramic beads, the invention achieves superior temperature moderation performance while minimizing water consumption.

[0021] The system maintains its effectiveness across a wide temperature range, addressing the limitations of previous solutions.

[0022] Furthermore, the present invention is designed to be durable and compatible with existing synthetic turf installations, allowing for easy integration into both new and retrofitted fields. This innovative temperature-moderating system enhances the safety, comfort, and usability of synthetic turf in a wide range of environmental conditions, effectively solving the persistent problems of excessive heat retention in summer and rapid heat loss in winter on synthetic turf surfaces.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0023] In the following, the present invention is described in more detail with references to the drawings in which:

[0024] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of the synthetic turf temperature moderating system according to an embodiment of the present invention; and

[0025] FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the porous and non-porous ceramic beads used in the cooling system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0026] FIG. 3 is an illustrative use of the invention;

[0027] FIG. 4 is another illustrative use of the invention;

[0028] FIG. 5 illustrates another exemplary embodiment of a turf segment with ceramic infill blend;

[0029] FIG. 6 illustrates a cross-sectional elevation of system layers;

[0030] FIG. 7 illustrates a depiction of enlarged beads;

[0031] FIG. 8 illustrates an exploded view of the turf system layers; and

[0032] FIG. 9 illustrates Flowchart of an example method for installing the ceramic infill system.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0033] In the exemplary illustrative embodiments of the invention, the invention is described below. The following explanation provides specific details for a thorough understanding of and enabling description for these embodiments. One skilled in the art will understand that the invention may be practiced without such details. In other instances, well-known structures and functions have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description of the embodiments.

[0034] Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words “comprise,”“comprising,” and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to.” Words using the singular or plural number also include the plural or singular number respectively. Additionally, the words “herein,”“above,”“below” and words of similar import, when used in this application, shall refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of this application. When the claims use the word “or” in reference to a list of two or more items, that word covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list and any combination of the items in the list. When the word “each” is used to refer to an element that was previously introduced as being at least one in number, the word “each” does not necessarily imply a plurality of the elements, but can also mean a singular element.

[0035] In all embodiments, the ceramic material may be obtained from any manufacturer or source, and may vary in density, porosity, size, or composition. Performance can depend on particle properties and loading; suitable configurations are described herein..

[0036] As used herein, “ceramic particles” means ceramic material in particulate form and includes beads, granules, irregular chunks, strands, powders, and mixtures thereof. Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, the terms “bead(s)” and “particle(s)” are used interchangeably and each term includes the other, encompassing beads, granules, crushed or irregular particles, powders, microballoons / microspheres, fibers, platelets / flakes, and foams. “Porous” refers to particles exhibiting open-cell or interconnected porosity capable of retaining moisture; “non-porous” refers to comparatively dense particles that increase lateral conduction within the infill layer. Percentages are by weight unless stated otherwise; size values refer to diameter unless otherwise specified.

[0037] Ceramic particles can be combined with organic or inorganic infills including, without limitation, silica or quartz sand, coated sands, crumb rubber, thermoplastic elastomers (TPE), ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM), cork, coconut husk, walnut shells, olive pits, zeolite, and other plant-derived organic infills. In various embodiments the ceramic fraction constitutes 1-80 wt % of the total infill. When both porous and non-porous particles are present, a ratio between about 1:2 and 2:1 (by volume or by weight) can be used; coatings (hydrophilic or hydrophobic) may optionally be applied.

[0038] Without being bound by theory, temperature moderation is understood to result from lateral heat redistribution within the infill layer and interaction with the thermal mass of surrounding infill materials. Under wetted conditions, evaporative effects from porous particles can further contribute to cooling in hot conditions. In cold conditions, mass and heat distribution can reduce heat loss at the surface.

[0039] In the exemplary embodiment, FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate a temperature-moderating system 10 for synthetic turf 100 comprising a composition 40 for use as an infill material. The composition 40 includes porous ceramic particles 50, 60, wherein the ceramic beads are porous ceramic particles 50, non-porous 60, or a mixture of both porous and non-porous. Again, as used herein, ceramic particles include beads, granules, crushed particles, powders, microballoons / microspheres, fibers, platelets / flakes, and foams. The synthetic turf 100 may also be for field for granular sports and hardscape. One skilled in the art would understand the applicant's design is not the exclusive embodiment.

[0040] In the exemplary embodiment, the porous ceramic particles 50 are low density and include a density: 0.5-1.8 g / cm3. The porous ceramic particles 50 further include a porosity: 20-60%. The porous ceramic particles 50 further include a composition of alumina, silica, zirconia, glass-ceramic composites. The porous ceramic particles 50 further include a size of between 0.5-5 mm (powders 20-2,000 μm), bulk density 0.4-3.8 g / cm3, open porosity 0-70%, thermal diffusivity 0.2-4.0 mm2 / s, emissivity 0.80-0.98. The porous ceramic particles 50 are utilized for water absorption and evaporative cooling, lightweight cushioning.

[0041] In the exemplary embodiment, the non-porous ceramic particles 50 are high density and include a density of 2.0-3.5 g / cm3. The non-porous ceramic particles 50 further include a composition of alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, fused silica. The non-porous ceramic particles 50 further include a size of between 0.5-5 mm. The non-porous ceramic particles 50 further provides the function of outward radiation of heat, compaction resistance, structural mass.

[0042] The composition 40 also includes at least one additional organic or inorganic infill material 70, 80. Such additional infill material 70, 80 may be selected from the group consisting of: silica sand, quartz sand, coated sand, crumb rubber, thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), EPDM rubber, cork, coconut husk, walnut shells, volcanic ash minerals, alumina, olivine, moisture-retentive coated infill, antimicrobial coated sand, drainage-coated sand, engineered coated sand, zeolite mineral, odor-absorbing zeolite, wood chips, glass, glass-ceramics, vitrified / foamed glass, and mixtures / composites.

[0043] In the exemplary embodiment, the porous ceramic particles 50, 60 function as an additive to provide temperature moderation within the infill composition 40. In the exemplary embodiment, the porous ceramic particles 50, 60 may be blended with the at least one additional organic or inorganic infill material 70, 80.

[0044] In the exemplary embodiment, when blended the beads comprise 10-70% of the total infill composition. In another exemplary embodiment the beads comprises 40-60%. In another exemplary embodiment the beads comprise 1-10%, 10-30%, 30-60%, The ratios may be adjusted by environment: 1) Hot / dry climates→higher proportion of Low Density Ceramic Beads (Porous); 2) Humid / pet turf→higher proportion of High Density Ceramic Beads (Non-Porous) and 3) Mixed-use→balanced ratios for both cooling and stability.

[0045] In the exemplary embodiment, the porous ceramic particles 50, 60 may function as a separator to prevent clumping of the at least one additional organic or inorganic infill material 70, 80. Alternatively, the porous ceramic particles 50, 60 may be mixed with the at least one additional organic or inorganic infill material 70, 80. In this arrangement, the porous ceramic particles 50, 60 may function to reduce compaction of the at least one additional organic or inorganic infill material 70, 80 within the infill composition 40.

[0046] In the exemplary embodiment, the porous ceramic particles 50, 60 may constitute between 1% and 80% by weight of the total infill composition 40. This range allows for effective temperature moderation while maintaining the desired properties of the infill material.

[0047] In the exemplary embodiment, the porous ceramic particles 50, 60 may be coated with a hydrophilic or hydrophobic layer to enhance moisture management properties. The hydrophilic coating enhance cooling capacity. The hydrophobic coating optimizes drainage and odor reduction. Such coatings may include silicone-based materials, fluoropolymers, or the similar material.

[0048] In the exemplary embodiment, the synthetic turf 100 incorporating the temperature-moderating system 10 may be installed in various areas. Such areas may be selected from the group consisting of sports fields, residential lawns, commercial landscapes, pet areas, rooftops, playgrounds, multiuse spaces, and golf applications.

[0049] In certain configurations, the composition 40 may further comprise silica sand 70 and crumb rubber 80. These additional materials can enhance the overall performance and feel of the synthetic turf 100.

[0050] In the exemplary embodiment, the porous porous ceramic particles 50 may have a porosity between 20% and 60%. This range of porosity allows for effective water retention and release, optimizing the cooling effect in hot conditions while also contributing to thermal mass in cold conditions.

[0051] In the exemplary embodiment, the non-porous non-porous ceramic particles 50 density range contributes to the overall stability and heat distribution properties of the mixture 40 in both hot and cold conditions.

[0052] In the exemplary embodiment, the composition 40 may comprise a ratio of porous porous ceramic particles 50 to non-porous non-porous ceramic particles 50 between 1:2 and 2:1 by weight or volume. This ratio range allows for optimal balance between water retention, heat distribution, and thermal mass properties across various temperature conditions.

[0053] In the exemplary embodiment, the porous ceramic particles 50, 60 may comprise materials selected from the group consisting of alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, and combinations thereof. These materials offer excellent thermal properties and durability suitable for the intended application.

[0054] The size of the porous ceramic particles 50, 60 ensures proper integration with the synthetic turf 100 while maintaining effective temperature-moderating properties.

[0055] In the exemplary embodiment, the porous ceramic particles 50, 60 may maintain structural integrity at temperatures ranging from −40° C. to 1000° C. This wide temperature resistance ensures durability and longevity of the temperature-moderating system 10 in extreme conditions, both hot and cold.

[0056] In the exemplary embodiment, the composition 40 may be configured to reduce the surface temperature of the synthetic turf 100 by at least 5 degrees Fahrenheit compared to ambient temperature when water 90 under the test protocol described herein in hot conditions. This significant temperature reduction enhances the comfort and safety of the synthetic turf 100 in high-temperature environments.

[0057] In the exemplary embodiment, the composition 40 may also be configured to maintain the surface temperature of the synthetic turf 100 above ambient temperature in cold conditions. This feature helps to prevent frost formation and maintain playability in colder climates.

[0058] In the exemplary embodiments, the porous ceramic particles 50, 60 may comprise lightweight ceramic beads and ultra-thermal ceramic beads. These specialized ceramic beads offer unique properties that contribute to the overall performance of the temperature-moderating system 10 across different temperature ranges.

[0059] In the exemplary embodiment, the porous ceramic particles 50, 60 may incorporate nanoparticles. Such nanoparticles can enhance specific properties of the porous ceramic particles 50, 60, such as increased hardness, improved thermal stability, or enhanced wear resistance, contributing to better temperature moderation in both hot and cold conditions.

[0060] In the exemplary embodiment, the composition 40 may provide cooling through evaporation of retained water 90 in hot conditions and heat retention in cold conditions. This dual functionality makes the temperature-moderating system 10 particularly suitable for areas with varying climate conditions throughout the year.

[0061] In the exemplary embodiment, the temperature-moderating system 10 may be configured for use in environments with temperatures ranging from below freezing to above 90° F. (32.2° C.). This wide temperature range makes it suitable for outdoor sports fields, playgrounds, or landscaping applications in diverse climates experiencing both hot summers and cold winters.

[0062] In the exemplary embodiment, the temperature-moderating effect of the system 10 is achieved through the synergistic combination of the porous porous ceramic particles 50 and non-porous non-porous ceramic particles 50. In hot conditions, the porous porous ceramic particles 50 act as water reservoirs, slowly releasing moisture through evaporation, while the non-porous non-porous ceramic particles 50 help distribute heat.

[0063] In cold conditions, both types of beads 50, 60 contribute to thermal mass, helping to retain warmth. When water 90 is applied to the synthetic turf 100 in hot conditions, it is absorbed by the porous porous ceramic particles 50. As the water 90 evaporates from these beads 50, it draws heat from the surrounding environment, effectively cooling the surface of the synthetic turf 100.

[0064] In the exemplary embodiment, the non-porous non-porous ceramic particles 50 aid in distributing this cooling effect evenly across the surface. In cold conditions, both types of beads 50, 60 absorb and retain heat from sunlight or other sources, helping to keep the surface warmer.

[0065] In the exemplary embodiment, the temperature-moderating system 10 can be applied to various types of synthetic turf 100, including those used for sports fields, landscaping, and recreational areas. The composition 40 can be easily integrated into existing synthetic turf installation processes, making it a versatile solution for both new installations and retrofits.

[0066] In other exemplary embodiments, the temperature-moderating system 10 incorporates a specific combination of porous ceramic particles 50, 60 along with silica sand 70 and crumb rubber 80. This particular mixture 40 has shown exceptional temperature moderating properties, capable of reducing the surface temperature of the synthetic turf 100 by 5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit below the ambient temperature in hot conditions, and helping to maintain temperatures above ambient in cold conditions. Such significant temperature moderation enhances the comfort and safety of the synthetic turf 100, particularly in extreme weather situations.

[0067] In the exemplary embodiment, the temperature-moderating system 10 is designed to be effective both with and without the application of water 90. When water 90 is applied in hot conditions, the porous porous ceramic particles 50 absorb and retain the moisture, providing extended periods of cooling through gradual evaporation. In dry conditions and cold weather, the porous ceramic particles 50, 60 still contribute to temperature regulation through thermal properties and heat distribution capabilities. This dual functionality makes the temperature-moderating system 10 particularly suitable for areas with varying climate conditions throughout the year.

[0068] In the exemplary embodiment, the extended temperature-moderating period provided by the system 10 is a key feature, especially in extreme weather situations. The porous porous ceramic particles 50 can retain moisture for prolonged periods in hot conditions, allowing for continuous cooling even hours after water 90 application. In cold conditions, both types of beads 50, 60 help retain heat absorbed during warmer periods. This sustained temperature-moderating effect helps maintain playable conditions on sports fields and comfortable temperatures in landscaped areas throughout the day, regardless of the season. The non-porous non-porous ceramic particles 50 complement this effect by efficiently distributing heat, preventing localized hot or cold spots on the synthetic turf 100 surface.

[0069] In other exemplary embodiments, the temperature-moderating system 10 may be installed using a pre-mixing method. The method includes providing a composition 40 for use as an infill material, which includes porous ceramic particles 50, 60 and at least one additional organic or inorganic infill material 70, 80. The porous ceramic particles 50, 60 may be porous 50, non-porous 60, or a mixture of both porous and non-porous types.

[0070] In the exemplary embodiment, prior to installation, the porous ceramic particles 50, 60 are pre-mixed with the at least one additional organic or inorganic infill material 70, 80. This pre-mixed composition 40 is then applied to the synthetic turf 100. The porous ceramic particles 50, 60 in this method function as an additive to provide temperature moderation within the infill composition 40 as illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4.

[0071] In another exemplary embodiment, an alternative installation method, involves independently applying the components of the temperature-moderating system 10 to the synthetic turf 100. In this method, porous ceramic particles 50, 60 (which may be porous 50, non-porous 60, or a mixture of both) and at least one additional organic or inorganic infill material 70, 80 are provided separately. These components are then independently applied to the synthetic turf 100.

[0072] In the exemplary embodiment, after application, the independently applied materials are subsequently mixed or agitated to achieve blending directly on the turf surface. As with the pre-mixing method, the porous ceramic particles 50, 60 function as an additive to provide temperature moderation within the resulting infill composition 40.

[0073] In the exemplary embodiment, both installation methods offer unique advantages and may be selected based on specific project requirements, available equipment, or installer preferences. The pre-mixing method may provide more uniform distribution of the porous ceramic particles 50, 60 within the infill composition 40 prior to application, potentially resulting in more consistent temperature moderation across the entire synthetic turf surface. On the other hand, the independent application method may allow for greater flexibility in adjusting the ratio of porous ceramic particles 50, 60 to other infill materials 70, 80 during the installation process, enabling on-site customization based on specific environmental conditions or performance requirements.

[0074] Regardless of the installation method chosen, the temperature-moderating system 10 effectively integrates the porous ceramic particles 50, 60 into the infill composition 40, ensuring that their temperature-moderating properties are fully utilized within the synthetic turf 100 system. Both methods result in an infill composition 40 that provides effective temperature moderation, clump prevention, and compaction reduction, enhancing the overall performance and longevity of the synthetic turf installation.

[0075] While a particular form of the invention has been illustrated and described, it will be apparent that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited, except as by the appended claims.

[0076] Particular terminology used when describing certain features or aspects of the invention should not be taken to imply that the terminology is being redefined herein to be restricted to any specific characteristics, features, or aspects of the invention with which that terminology is associated. In general, the terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the invention to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification, unless the above Detailed Description section explicitly defines such terms.

[0077] Accordingly, the actual scope of the invention encompasses not only the disclosed embodiments, but also all equivalent ways of practicing or implementing the invention.

[0078] The above detailed description of the embodiments of the 1 invention is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed above or to the particular field of usage mentioned in this disclosure. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, the invention are described above for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the invention, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. Also, the teachings of the invention provided herein can be applied to other systems, not necessarily the system described above. The elements and acts of the various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments.

[0079] All of the above patents and applications and other references, including any that may be listed in accompanying filing papers, are incorporated herein by reference. Aspects of the invention can be modified, if necessary, to employ the systems, functions, and concepts of the various references described above to provide yet further embodiments of the invention.

[0080] Changes can be made to the invention in light of the above “Detailed Description.” While the above description details certain embodiments of the invention and describes the best mode contemplated, no matter how detailed the above appears in text, the invention can be practiced in many ways. Therefore, implementation details may vary considerably while still being encompassed by the invention disclosed herein. As noted above, particular terminology used when describing certain features or aspects of the invention should not be taken to imply that the terminology is being redefined herein to be restricted to any specific characteristics, features, or aspects of the invention with which that terminology is associated.

[0081] Surface temperature is measured by infrared thermometer at 1.0 m height; WBGT is measured using a portable WBGT meter at 1.0 m. Solar load≥800 W / m2 (simulated or clear sky). Irrigation 0.25 in applied 10-30 minutes prior to measurement for wetted conditions. Measurements are taken on treated and control plots with identical turf construction and infill mass per unit area.

[0082] Energy-Redistribution Medium (ERM): A material or combination of materials that, when disposed on or within a layered surface (turf infill, coating, resin-bound overlay, or component matrix), reallocates heat flux by increasing lateral and / or buffered pathways relative to vertical, user-facing pathways under a defined protocol. ERM includes ceramic phases (porous / non-porous beads, powders, fibers, foams) and functional non-ceramic equivalents (glass-ceramic, foamed glass, aluminosilicates / zeolites, polymer-ceramic composites) achieving TFR / TCR outcomes.

[0083] Environmental window: Solar 600-1,000 W / m2; ambient 15-45° C.; RH 10-70%; wind 0-3 m / s. States: dry (primary) and post-wet (optional).

[0084] Instrumentation: —Surface temperature: IR camera or calibrated IR spot+emissivity correction. —Foot-level air temperature: shielded probe at 2 in (5 cm) above surface. —WBGT / EHSE: measured at 2 in above surface. —Heat flux: (a) heat-flux plate beneath surface (Φ_down); (b) short / long-wave radiometers+convective estimate for Φ_up; compute Φ_lat via in-plane array or energy balance. —Ancillaries: pyranometer, anemometer, RH / ambient temperature datalogger; optional moisture sensors.

[0085] Geometry & replication: Side-by-side panels≥0.5 m×0.5 m or adjacent field plots; n≥3 per condition; sensor placement drawings, the 2-inch zone and flux sensors.

[0086] Procedure: 1) Condition to environmental window; record 10-minute baseline. 2) Record T_surface, T2in, WBGT2in, Φ_down, radiative terms, wind / RH. 3) Compute Φ_up (radiative+convective) and Φ_lat by in-plane array or continuity: Φ_lat≈net_in−Φ_up−Φ_down−storage. 4) Report 1-min and 5-min averages at t=15, 30, 60 min. 5) Optional wetting: apply uniform water dose; repeat step 2-4 at 10 and 30 min.

[0087] Primary derived metrics (define in spec): —Foot-level reduction: ΔT2in=T2in,test−T2in,ctrl. —WBGT reduction: ΔWBGT2in. —Flux-reallocation ratio: (R=(Φ_{lat}+Φ_{down}) / Φ_{up}). —Upward-flux reduction: ΔΦ_up=Φ_up,test−Φ_up,ctrl. —Time-to-threshold: time for a skin-surrogate at contact to reach 45° C.

[0088] Athlete Heat Load (AHL): —Near-surface (0-2 in): (AHL_{0-2,in}=0{circumflex over ( )}{ }[w_r Φ_{rad} (t)+w_c Φ_{conv}(t)], dt) with default (w_r=w_c=1), τ=5 min and 30 min. —Contact variant (optional): (AHL{contact}=_0{circumflex over ( )}{ }[h_c (T_{surf}−T_{skin})+εσ(T_{surf}{circumflex over ( )}4−T_{skin}{circumflex over ( )}4)] dt).

[0089] Equivalency clause: Methods / instruments within ±10% of SFP-1 outputs are deemed equivalent.

[0090] Reporting annex: Include figures (sensor maps) and example tables.

[0091] A composition example;

[0092] Blend 0.25 lb ceramic+9.00 lb infill→total 9.25 lb. —Weight ratio (ceramic: non-ceramic)=1:36. —Ceramic wt % of total=≈2.7 wt %. —Parts per 100 parts infill (phr)=≈2.78 phr. —Decimal mass ratio=≈0.0278. Other loadings within 1-80 wt % can be specified.

[0093] The ceramic phase / ERM into the surface system redistributes thermal energy pathways (“Thermal Flux Reallocation,” TFR / TCR), increasing lateral and buffered heat-flow components while reducing upward radiant / convective flux, thereby lowering surface and 2-inch foot-level temperatures and WBGT under solar loading. Temperature moderation arises primarily from differential thermal conductivity, diffusivity, and heat capacity of blended materials; evaporation is optional / secondary.

[0094] In another exemplary embodiment, FIGS. 5-9 include ceramic infill blend (120), fibers (100), and backing (110) in FIG. 5. FIG. 6 includes fibers (100), infill (120), backing (110), shock pad (130), base (140). FIG. 7 includes porous bead (121) and non-porous bead (122), and blended infill (120). FIG. 8 further includes a turf system layer view. FIG. 9 includes a method of installation of a ceramic infill system.

[0095] While certain aspects of the invention are presented below in certain claim forms, the inventor contemplates the various aspects of the invention in any number of claim forms. Accordingly, the inventor reserves the right to add additional claims after filing the application to pursue such additional claim forms for other aspects of the invention.

Claims

1. A temperature-moderating synthetic turf system comprising:a turf layer;an infill layer disposed below the turf layer; anda ceramic particulate phase dispersed within the infill layer, the ceramic particulate phase comprising particles that are porous, non-porous, or a mixture thereof, wherein the ceramic particulate phase is configured to redistribute thermal energy laterally within the infill layer to reduce upward radiant heat flux and to moderate a surface temperature of the system under both hot and cold environmental conditions.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the ceramic particulate phase constitutes about 1% to about 80% by weight of the infill layer.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the ceramic particulate phase constitutes about 40% to about 60% by weight of the infill layer.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the ceramic particulate phase comprises particles selected from the group consisting of beads, granules, crushed particles, powders, microspheres, fibers, platelets, and foams.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the ceramic particulate phase comprises porous particles having a porosity of about 20% to about 60% and non-porous particles having a density of about 2.0 g / cm3 to about 3.5 g / cm3.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein the particles have a diameter of about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the ceramic particles are coated with a hydrophilic or hydrophobic layer.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein the ceramic particulate phase is concentrated within an upper depth of about 5 mm to about 30 mm of the infill layer.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein the infill layer further comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of silica sand, quartz sand, coated sand, crumb rubber, thermoplastic elastomer, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer, cork, coconut husk, walnut shells, olive pits, zeolite, and combinations thereof.

10. The system of claim 1, wherein the system, under hot conditions and when wetted, reduces a surface temperature by at least 5° F. relative to ambient conditions.

11. The system of claim 1, wherein the system maintains a surface temperature at or above ambient temperature under cold conditions.

12. The system of claim 1, wherein lateral heat redistribution is achieved by increasing an effective in-plane thermal conductivity of the infill layer relative to its vertical thermal conductivity.

13. The system of claim 1, wherein the ceramic particulate phase interacts with a thermal mass of the surrounding infill to reduce peak radiant heat flux at the surface and decrease a wet-bulb globe temperature.

14. An infill composition for synthetic turf comprising a plurality of ceramic particles that are porous, non-porous, or a mixture thereof, the particles having one or more of a porosity of about 20% to about 60%, a density of about 2.0 g / cm3 to about 3.5 g / cm3, and a diameter of about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm, and at least one organic or inorganic infill material, wherein the ceramic particles constitute about 1% to about 80% by weight of the total infill composition.

15. The infill composition for synthetic turf of claim 14, wherein at least a portion of the ceramic particles are coated with a hydrophilic or hydrophobic coating.

16. The infill composition for synthetic turf of claim 14, wherein the ceramic particles exhibit a thermal diffusivity between about 0.2 mm2 / s and about 4.0 mm2 / s.

17. The infill composition for synthetic turf of claim 14, wherein the infill composition is configured to concentrate within an upper depth of about 5 mm to about 30 mm of an infill layer when installed.

18. A method of installing a temperature-moderating infill system in a synthetic turf surface, comprising:providing a ceramic particulate phase comprising porous particles, non-porous particles, or a mixture thereof, mixing the ceramic particulate phase with an organic or inorganic infill material to form an infill composition; andapplying the infill composition to a synthetic turf system to form an infill layer configured to redistribute thermal energy laterally and moderate the surface temperature.

19. The method of claim 18, further comprising applying irrigation water prior to measurement to achieve a surface temperature reduction of at least 5° F. under hot conditions.

20. The method of claim 18, further comprising distributing the ceramic particulate phase such that a majority of a ceramic mass resides within an upper depth of about 5 mm to about 30 mm of the infill layer.

21. The method of claim 18, wherein the ceramic particulate phase is introduced as a retrofit by removing a portion of existing infill and replacing it with the infill composition.

22. A kit for moderating temperature in a synthetic turf system, comprising:a plurality of ceramic particles that are porous, non-porous, or a mixture thereof;at least one organic or inorganic infill material; andinstructions for pre-mixing the ceramic particles with the infill material or independently applying them to a synthetic turf surface and blending them in situ to form an infill composition configured to moderate surface temperature.

23. A loose-fill sports surface system comprising:a granular surface layer comprising particles selected from sand, engineered sands, or plant-derived organic particles; anda heat-conductive component comprising ceramic, glass, carbon, graphite, or metal-oxide particles dispersed within the granular surface layer, wherein the heat-conductive component redistributes thermal energy laterally and reduces upward radiant heat flux to moderate a surface temperature of a sports surface.

Images