System and method of fog generation

Abstract

A fog generating system and method are provided. The system comprises a fog generating engine for generating visually impenetrable fog, a power supply for providing thermal energy to the tube assembly, a fog chemical unit for supplying fog chemical through the tube assembly, a processor, and a memory storing instructions which when executed by the processor cause the processor to perform the method. The method comprises activating the power supply to provide voltage to superheat the tube assembly, and activating the fog chemical unit to supply the fog chemical to the superheated tube assembly. The fog generating engine comprises a tube assembly capable of rapid superheating when activated. The heat generated at the tube assembly vaporizes the fog chemical to approximately instantaneously generate the visually impenetrable fog.

Description

System and Method of Fog GenerationFIELD

[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to fog generation, and in particular to a system and method of fog generation.INTRODUCTION

[0002] A well-known and well proven way of creating artificial fog or smoke has been known and used over decades. The simple way is to use a mass-based heat exchanger, typically heated using mains supply, having the heat exchanger to reach an operating temperature of 350°C, and being hot in standby mode until there is a need for shooting the fog / smoke out.

[0003] These type of fog machines come in many variations. Some have the heat exchanger manufactured in iron or in aluminium. Some have the heat exchanger wrapped in some efficient insulation material, making it possible to have the preheated heat exchanger placed in a casing together with the electronics and the fog-fluid.

[0004] One common drawback to this kind of fog machine, is the fact that they all are dependent on the presence of mains supply and that they all have a 24 / 7 power consumption for keeping the heat exchanger hot to the operation temperature. A power consumption that typically will be between 50-100 Watt / hour, equal to the loss of heat being radiated out of these machines.

[0005] Another common denominator is the fact that they all are relatively big in physical matters, as the heat exchanger needs a certain minimum size and especially the insulation material makes the final insulated heat exchanger become a relatively large single component.

[0006] Typical thermal weapon sight considerations (e.g., narrower field of view (FoV) for longer range targeting) do not currently apply in the close contact environments where fogged environment use cases exist.SUMMARY

[0007] In accordance with an aspect, there is provided a fog generating system comprising a fog generating engine for generating visually impenetrable fog, a power supply for providing thermal energy to the tube assembly, a fog chemical unit for supplying fog chemical through the tube assembly, a processor, and a memory storing instructions which when executed by theprocessor cause the processor to activate the power supply to provide voltage to superheat the tube assembly, and activate the fog chemical unit to supply the fog chemical to the superheated tube assembly. The fog generating engine comprises a tube assembly capable of rapid superheating to a range of approximately 325 to 400 degrees Celsius when activated. The heat generated at the tube assembly vaporizes the fog chemical to approximately instantaneously generate the visually impenetrable fog.

[0008] In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a method of generating fog. The method comprises activating a power supply to provide voltage to superheat a tube assembly of a fog generating engine, and activating a fog chemical unit of the fog generating engine to supply fog chemical to the superheated tube assembly. The tube assembly is capable of rapid superheating to a range of approximately 325 to 400 degrees Celsius when activated. The heat generated at the tube assembly vaporizes the fog chemical to approximately instantaneously generate the visually impenetrable fog.

[0009] In various further aspects, the disclosure provides corresponding systems and devices, and logic structures such as machine-executable coded instruction sets for implementing such systems, devices, and methods.

[0010] In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment in detail, it is to be understood that the embodiments are not limited in application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.

[0011] Many further features and combinations thereof concerning embodiments described herein will appear to those skilled in the art following a reading of the instant disclosure.DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0012] Embodiments will be described, by way of example only, with reference to the attached figures, wherein in the figures:

[0013] FIG. 1 illustrates, in a block diagram, an example of a fog generating system, in accordance with some embodiments;

[0014] FIG. 2 illustrates, in a flowchart, an example of method of fog generation, in accordance with some embodiments;

[0015] FIG. 3 illustrates, in a schematic diagram, an example of a MOS-FET design for a solid state relay, in accordance with some embodiments;

[0016] FIG. 4A illustrates an example of an implementation of the fog generating system, in accordance with some embodiments;

[0017] FIG. 4B illustrates, in a exploded view, components of the example of the fog generating system, in accordance with some embodiments;

[0018] FIGs. 4C to 4E illustrate another example of an implementation of the fog generating system, in accordance with some embodiments;

[0019] FIG. 5 illustrates, in a flowchart, an example of a method of controlling the temperature of the fog chemical, in accordance with some embodiments;

[0020] FIG. 6A illustrates, in a schematic, an example of a thermocouple connection, in accordance with some embodiments;

[0021] FIG. 6B illustrates, in a schematic, an example of a thermocouple IC converter, in accordance with some embodiments;

[0022] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of an embedded antenna, in accordance with some embodiments;

[0023] FIG. 8 illustrates, in a schematic, an example of RF-range between nodes, in accordance with some embodiments;

[0024] FIGs. 9A to 9D illustrate, examples of fields of view for an example electronic sight and head-mounted micro-display, in accordance with some embodiments; and

[0025] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a computing device such as a server or other computer.

[0026] It is understood that throughout the description and figures, like features are identified by like reference numerals.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] Embodiments of methods, systems, and apparatus are described through reference to the drawings. Applicant notes that the described embodiments and examples are illustrative and non-limiting. Practical implementation of the features may incorporate a combination of some orall of the aspects, and features described herein should not be taken as indications of future or existing product plans.

[0028] In some embodiments, there is provided a unique, scalable, miniaturized, battery- powered device to generate very large volumes of visually impenetrable, non-toxic fog, rendering an operational environment (e.g., a confined space such as a building, vehicle, etc.) un-navigable to those not equipped with a purpose-designed imaging system, thereby creating an advantage against an adversary.

[0029] In some embodiments, there is provided a fog generating engine that is throwable (including embodiments capable of withstanding non-negligible G-forces from being thrown or dropped) in its smallest form, and capable of producing approximately 6.666 m3 / second of visually impenetrable fog over 60 seconds (400 m3total). It should be noted that using a battery with a maximum battery voltage of 48 V may increase current flow to the fog engine and thereby increase the amount of chemical flow. This may result in producing up to 12 m3 / second of fog over the same 60 seconds time, or the same amount of volume of fog in 30 seconds versus 60 seconds.

[0030] In some embodiments, there is provided a flexible, scalable core design to enable development of devices for many operational environments including in vehicles, in buildings, etc.

[0031] In some embodiments, there is provided a process of generating non-toxic fog in certain commercial security applications. Unlike currently available commercial systems, the present disclosure describes fog generating devices that are software-driven, battery powered, and are a fraction of the size (in some cases approximately 5%) of other commercial security machines.

[0032] The present disclosure includes a description of a novel fog generator, specialized fog chemical formulations, and vision systems that allow for effective navigation and target acquisition in fogged environments. In some embodiments, there is provided an improvement to night vision technology.

[0033] FIG. 1 illustrates, in a block diagram, an example of a fog generating system 100, in accordance with some embodiments. The fog generating system 100 comprises a fog generating engine 110 for generating visually impenetrable fog. In some embodiments, the fog generating engine 110 comprises a tube assembly 112 capable of rapid superheating. The tube assembly 112 may comprise a coil shape / configuration. Alternatively, the tube assembly 112 may comprise different shapes and configurations for different use cases. In some embodiments, the tube assembly may be rapidly superheated to a range of approximately 325 to approximately 400 degrees Celsius when activated. The fog generating system 100 also comprises a power supply120 for providing voltage to the tube assembly 112 (thereby heating the tube assembly 112), a fog chemical unit 130 for supplying fog chemical through the tube assembly 112, 140 a processor, and memory 150 storing instructions which when executed by the processor cause the processor to perform a method of fog generation 200. In some embodiments, the fog chemical unit 120 includes a pump (such as a diaphragm pump, gear pump or piston pump) to pump the fog chemical from the fog chemical unit 120 to the tube assembly when the fog chemical unit 120 is activated.

[0034] FIG. 2 illustrates, in a flowchart, an example of method of fog generation 200, in accordance with some embodiments. The method 200 comprises activating 210 the power supply 120 to provide voltage to superheat the tube assembly 112, and activating 220 the fog chemical unit 130 to supply (e.g., via a pump) fog chemical to the superheated tube assembly 112. The heat generated at the tube assembly 112 vaporizes the fog chemical to approximately instantaneously generate the visually impenetrable fog. Other steps may be added to the method 200, including pre-setting the voltage to be applied, sending / receiving a remote signal to activate the chemical unit, etc.

[0035] In some embodiments, the fog generating system 100 comprises an accelerometer and / or gyro subsystem that may activate the fog generating system 100 on impact after being dropped or thrown. In some embodiments, the fog generating system 100 may be activated remotely / wirelessly, activated with a time delay after being thrown or dropped, and / or activated in conjunction with an intrusion detection system. In some embodiments, the system may be set in advance to be triggered based on a time and / or date, where the devices may be in very low power standby mode for significant periods of time prior to generating the fog. Devices may be verified / polled in operational areas. The fog generating system 100 may be configurable to respond to any combination of activation triggers.

[0036] In some embodiments, the fog generating system 100 comprises a rechargeable battery-powered tube assembly that is instantaneously superheated when the system 100 is activated. In some embodiments, the battery may be lithium based, lead-acid based or any other type of portable power source. A fog chemical contained in a replaceable container (e.g., can or pouch) is pumped through this superheated tube assembly 112 at pressure generating large volumes of visually impenetrable fog in seconds.

[0037] In some embodiments, electronics and code tightly control system parameters while the unit 100 is in operation. A communications interface (such as a controller area network (CAN) bus interface), and long-range radio may provide options for triggering these devices 100 includingdirect or time-delayed triggering, connection to intrusion detection sensors, and remote triggering with an encrypted wireless data link. Examples of direct triggering include a manual activation of the device 100, an automatic activation upon impact after the device is thrown or dropped, and an automatic activation upon release of the device when dropped or thrown.

[0038] In some embodiments, a mechanical relay may not be reliable over many uses (e.g., thousands of uses) and for rugged uses such as shock and vibrations during use. A mechanical relay is dependent upon the strength of the coil to maintain an electrical connection. Over time, the spring strength of a coil mechanical relay will weaken. A solid-state relay (e.g., a MOS-FET design) may be used that employs solid state switching. For example, a high current transistor may be used as a switch.

[0039] FIG. 3 illustrates, in a schematic diagram, an example of a MOS-FET design for a solid- state relay 300, in accordance with some embodiments. Since there are no mechanical moving parts in a solid-state relay 300, there are no parts to break when the fog device is thrown. No mechanical contacts in a solid-state relay 300 also means that no mechanical relay contacts will get damaged or require replacement after many switches. The transistor is immune to the mechanical shock that will affect a mechanical relay over time. The solid-state relay 300 is smaller and requires a smaller driving current than a mechanical relay. As such, embodiments where the devices 100 may be reused multiple times (sometimes in rapid succession, for example, in the time it takes to reload a device 100 with a charged battery and new fog chemical cartridge) are possible with the use of new or recycled cartridge replacement.

[0040] In some embodiments, the system 100 is compact. Due to the compact nature, there are a variety of product implementations that can be undertaken to meet varied operational requirements. In some embodiments, the system 100 may be implemented as a throwable device. In other embodiments, the system 100 may be implemented as a fixed location device whose compactness enables covert installations in one or more positions in rooms, hallways, entrances, vehicles, etc. It is also possible to integrate several fog generating engines 110 together in one package or unit, to increase the volume of fog produced from a single unit or system 100.

[0041] A visibility length may be determined to set a number (e.g., in metres) for fog density. In small rooms, the visibility may be short, while in larger rooms (e.g., warehouses), the visibility in the fog may be longer (e.g., approximately between 1.5 to 2 metres). It should be noted that visibility lengths of various sizes may be used and what is short versus longer maybe relatively subjective based on an application use case of the fog generating system. In any event, one purpose of the fog may be to remove the visibility in the room where the fog is deployed. It shouldbe noted that there is a practical definition and a commercial definition of how many cubic metres (m3) of fog each machine can produce. For example, some commercial applications may consider 1.5 metres (m) of visibility a sufficient visibility length. Other commercial applications may consider 0.5 metres of visibility or less and a more desired length. The EN 50131-8 Standard uses a visibility length of 0.5 metres for a room.

[0042] It should be noted that the generated fog is to spread out and reach an equilibrium in the room. When fog machines for security use is tested against the EN 50130-8 standard, two minutes is typically allowed for letting the fog spread out after the fog has been released. Up to four ventilators are allowed to help the fog spread out in such a test room.

[0043] Ideally, when fog generating systems are installed for protection against burglars, it is desired to have the fog spread out quickly (e.g., several minutes for covering the rooms and the valuables is not ideal in this scenario). In such scenarios, “critical seconds” is how long the fog should take to reach equilibrium in the room. The room may be defined into one or more primary areas and one or more secondary areas.

[0044] For example, imagine a jewelry shop that typically will be a small shop with valuables basically everywhere. In such a shop, it may be estimated where the burglar will attack the building. If this is the front door, as the most vulnerable access point, the fog generating system 100 may be aimed at that door. When activated, the door will be covered instantly and the visibility in the area of the door will be (near) zero (0) meters while the fog machine is shooting. The area around the door may be defined as a primary covered area, during those critical seconds. The secondary area in this shop, may be defined as the area in the shop that is past the area around the door, where the fog generating system is placed. The fog will be ejected from the system, hit the door or a wall or object near the door, build up around the door, be pushed back from the door and return to the location where the fog generating system 100 is placed.

[0045] By knowing the difference between the primary and the secondary areas, and by knowing how many “critical seconds” there are available, depending on the type of customer and the type of room to be covered, all kind of rooms and buildings or vehicles can be dimensioned and the customer can be given a solution that is satisfying. Therefore, the fog generation system 100 may be designed to produce fog having a visibility length of as close to zero as possible within a minimal amount of time (e.g., critical seconds) for the one or more primary areas, when then allowing the fog to spread out to the one or more secondary areas or a relatively longer period of time.

[0046] While a primary and a secondary area has been defined above, it should be noted that there may be more than two areas each with different or similar timing requirements for the visibility length to be as close to zero as possible within that area. Different fog devices can be activated for each area. In some embodiments, two or more fog devices may be activated for an area to decrease the amount of time needed for the visibility length to be as close to zero as possible for that area. Such multiple fog device usage may be coordinated at a central location, or the fog devices may comprise communication means that are configured to communicate with each other.

[0047] In some embodiments, different fog chemicals may be formulated with different characteristics. For example, there may be long persistence (e.g., two hours or more) fog chemicals, short persistence (e.g., 15 minutes) fog chemicals, and chemical formulations including irritants to further disable adversaries.

[0048] In some embodiments, a light source to provide strobe lighting, and a speaker to provide sound may be added to the system 100 to provide additional sensory effect that may cause psychological impacts to leave adversaries distracted, disoriented and / or fearful.

[0049] In some embodiments, long wave infrared (LWIR) cameras may be used by operators to navigate fogged environments and effectively identify and engage with targets in these environments. The generated fog may be generated to be transparent to LWIR cameras operating in, for example, approximately the 8p to 14p spectrum. Environments can often be so densely fogged that conditions preclude the reliable use of any video display that is not near-eye optimized. In some embodiments, certain spectrum windows may be blocked or adjusted. For instance, mid-wave infrared (MWIR) 3p to 5p imagers or sensors may be used to view imagery outside of a blocked the LWIR spectrum. It should be noted that other types of non-visual spectrum sensor technology may be applied tailored to other wavelengths.

[0050] In some embodiments, a head / helmet mounted micro-display that is connected to an LWIR electronic weapon sight platform with interchangeable cameras and additional mesh network connectivity as required may be provided to operators to navigate the fogged environment. A camera to display connection may be wired, or wirelessly connected using an ultrawideband (UWB) bridge. A selection of wide field-of-view (FoV) cameras not typical of traditional thermal weapon sights may be provided.

[0051] In order to produce a miniaturized capability, an iterative approach was used to develop the system 100. In some embodiments, small diameter (e.g., approximately 3 millimetres (mm))stainless steel tubing is superheated through the application of high amperage (60A+ @ 24v) direct current (DC) power. To prevent failure in this tubing, temperature should be controlled within tight parameters. Real-time temperature may be monitored through a thermocouple bonded to the tube 112 at a specific location. An onboard microcontroller may adjust electrical current and the pressure of fog chemical being pumped through the tube 112 many times per second to maintain a balance (e.g., based on the temperature readings).

[0052] FIG. 4A illustrates an example of an implementation of the fog generating system 400, in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 4B illustrates, in an exploded view, components of the example of the fog generating system 400, in accordance with some embodiments. The fog generating system 400 includes a case assembly 410, a heater coil assembly 415, a shock mount 420, a control module 425, a pump and fluid canister assembly 430, and a battery pack 435. The control module 425 may activate the battery pack 435 to send voltage to the heater coil assembly 415 to rapidly heat the heater coil assembly 415. The pump and fluid canister assembly 430 may then send fog chemical to the heated heater coil assembly 415 which results in the generation of fog.

[0053] Though it was suspected that stainless steel would be the optimal material for the tubing used in the fog engine, there were several unknowns. Extensive experimentation was performed to determine optimal wall thickness, tube diameter, tube length, and the effects of different bend configurations (coils, bent angles, etc.). One aspect tested was to ensure near uniform heating of the fog chemical when in use. It was noted that a 48 V battery may allow for near uniform heating of a larger diameter of tubing than a 24 or 28 V battery. In turn, the larger diameter of tubing may allow for a larger volume of fog chemical fluid to be near uniformly heated and thus used. It should be noted that other types of material may be used for the tubing with associated physical and electrical properties. Along with diameter of the tubing, length of the tubing, curvatures, wall thickness and other physical properties may be adjusted for optimal heating and optimal volume of fog chemical fluid. The optimal heating is a function of the energy input available to be applied to tubing having physical properties, and therefore transferred to the volume of fluid within the tubing.

[0054] The fog generating system 100, 400 was developed to provide an instant working fog machine, that is autonomous in all functional aspects. The demand for such a device calls for the smallest possible heat exchanger and since the machine is supposed to be thrown into action, this calls for the lowest physical mass on the heat exchanger. A traditional mass-based heatexchanger is therefore not optional, due to the facts that these are too big and too heavy and that they all requires additional 25-30 millimeters (mm) thick insulation material surrounding them.

[0055] One way to make a fog machine under these demands, is to use instant working heat exchangers.

[0056] The principle for generating artificial fog, based on a glycol-based fluid mixture, is to heat this fluid mixture up to a temperature in the range of approximately 325-400 degrees Celsius and to add pump pressure for pushing the fluid mixture through the heat exchanger. When the fluid mixture is pumped through this heat exchanger, the fluid will absorb the thermal energy from the pre-heated mass of the heat exchanger. The fluid mixture now has passed a temperature where a phase transition normally will take place, changing the fluid from its fluid presence to steam, expanding significantly in volume size.

[0057] As the fluid is compressed in the chambers of the heat exchanger, when it passes through this, it cannot make the phase transition due to the lack of space. At the nozzle end of the heat exchanger, the superhot fluid mixture leaves the heat exchanger and instantly makes the phase transition into steam, forming the fog. A fluid recipe using different glycols and water in a mixture is creating this steam that looks and acts like smoke, but it is completely harmless and leaves no appreciable residue once it has been vented out into the open. In some embodiments, ethyl alcohol may be used in the fog recipes rather than water.

[0058] In the case of creating an instant working heat exchanger, that has minimal physical mass, thermal energy must be generated relatively instantly, at a temperature in the wanted range of approximately 325-400 degrees Celsius. This thermal energy is then transferred to the glycol- based fluid mixture, in a speed range, where new cold fluid constantly is added, equal to the added thermal energy.

[0059] In some embodiments, a powerful battery is provided (for example as power supply 120) for generating voltage that when applied to the tube assembly generates the thermal energy.This battery is connected to each end of the heat exchanger (e.g., tube assembly 112) and when the power is switched on, the battery delivers voltage to this heat exchanger (that is then converted to thermal energy) in a range similar to Table 1 :Table 1

[0060] Each time fraction in the total run of the fog machine, energy is added to the heat exchanger, from the battery represented in the list as Watts. A controlling device in the printed circuit board (PCB) ensures that cold fluid mixture is relatively consistently added to absorb the thermal energy added. The cold fluid mixture is added in a controlled loop, where the output temperature on the heat exchanger is measured and the pump pressure is controlled such that the pump pressure is adjusted as a function of the measured temperature.

[0061] The complete fog machine may be controlled by setting a desired operation temperature, for example, 350 degrees Celsius. When the unit 400 is started, the battery 460 is first switched on. Instantly the temperature in the heat exchanger 420 is rising very rapidly. At a threshold temperature level below the desired operation temperature, the pump is actuated at a certain pump level. When the fluid starts passing through the heat exchanger 420, thermal energy is absorbed and this affects the thermal readings. The regulation loop is initiated together with the pump, where the temperature is constantly / periodically measured, and the desired temperature is kept by adjusting the pump pressure using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) on the motor that runs the pump, or using Frequency Modulation (FM) on a stepper motor assembly. For example, a processor in the fog generating system may be configured to i) decrease a PWM of the pump when the output temperature measurement falls below a minimum threshold level, ii) maintain the PWM when the output temperature measurement is stable within two temperature limits, or iii) increase the PWM when the output temperature measurement rises about a maximum threshold temperature.

[0062] In some embodiments, a processor in a stepper motor assembly may be configured to i) decrease a FM of the pump when the output temperature measurement falls below (or the measurement trends such that it begins to fall below) a minimum threshold level, ii) maintain the FM when the output temperature measurement is stable within two temperature limits, or iii)increase the FM when the output temperature measurement rises (or the measurement trends such that it begins to rise) above a maximum threshold temperature.

[0063] In other embodiments, the processor in a stepper motor assembly may be configured to i) increase pump speed when the output temperature is above a range and has increased from, or is equal to, the last reading; ii) hold the pump speed if the temperature is above the range and has decreased from the last reading; iii) hold the pump speed if the temperature is within the range; iv) hold the pump speed if the temperature is below the range and has increased from the last reading; or v) decrease the pump speed if the temperature is below the range and has decreased from, or is equal to, the last reading.

[0064] FIGs. 4C to 4E illustrate another example of an implementation of the fog generating system 450, in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 4C shows the outer casing. In some embodiments, the outer casing is comprised of titanium. FIG. 4D shows an interior view. FIG. 4E shows, in an exploded view, components of the example of the fog generating system 450, in accordance with some embodiments. The system 450 comprises an inner mounting plate assembly 460, a switch mount plate assembly 465, a fluid system cradle assembly 470, a heater coil assembly 475, a P-Channel Power MOS-FET 480, a bag on valve fluid canister 485, a battery 490, and a system controller 495. In some embodiments, the housing of the heater coil assembly 475 is made of titanium which provides weight and thermal properties described herein. The fluid system cradle assembly 470 allows for a nested and replaceable chemical cartridge thereby saving space. In some embodiments, the system controller 495 includes at least one processor, memory and wireless communication radio. It should be noted that efficiently minimizing the size and weight of fog generating devices is an objective provided by the system 100, 400, 450.

[0065] Shortly after the start of the fog machine 100, 400, 450 a relatively stable condition appears, where the temperature is kept relatively stable during the shooting of the fog. In some embodiments, this stability is achieved by the regulation function of the pump, controlled by the readings of the temperature. In some embodiments, this regulation is achieved by controlling the average amount of time the battery 490 is electrically connected to the heater coil 475.

[0066] As noted, in some embodiments, temperature stability of the fog chemical may be controlled by controlling the amount of time the battery is connected to the heater coil. This may be performed using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) at a fix frequency (e.g., approximately 10Hz). Temperature control allows for better quality “dry” fog. Such better quality “dry” fog minimizes residue in the operational area, and maximizes the amount of fog generated from a chemical cartridge.

[0067] FIG. 5 illustrates, in a flowchart, an example of a method of controlling the temperature of the fog chemical 500, in accordance with some embodiments. The method 500 may be implemented using memory and a processor of the system controller 495. The method 500 comprises a measurement of the temperature of the fog chemical 510. For example, a thermocouple may be used to measure the temperature of the fog chemical. If the temperature is above a set range 520 (e.g., over 10 degrees Celsius above the target temperature), then the pulse width of the battery connection to the heater coil is set 525 to a set lower percentage (e.g., set to approximately 70 percent on average time connected to the heater coil). If the temperature is within the set range 530 (plus or minus 10 degrees Celsius of the target temperature), then the pulse width is set 535 to a set middle percentage (e.g., set to approximately 85 percent on time). If the temperature is below the set range 540 (over 10 degrees Celsius below the target temperature), then the pulse width is set 545 to a set higher percentage (e.g., set to approximately 100 percent on time). It should be noted that different and / or additional temperature ranges (and corresponding pulse width percentages on time) may be used.

[0068] In some embodiments, the motor speed is set to a fixed revolutions per minute (RPM). This is set so the temperature range is maintained at end of the cycle when the battery is at its lowest energy. To achieve this, the power of a battery near the end of its cycle is determined through testing. Then a fixed RPM is selected that only requires 90% of the battery’s expected power at the end of its cycle.

[0069] In some embodiments, the motor speed may be variable to maximize battery usage by having the battery on more. For example, start off faster when the battery voltage is high and slow down as the voltage drops. The faster the motor pumps, the more energy is needed to keep the heater in range. As the battery voltage drops the less energy is available so the pump speed would need to decrease. The aim would be to keep the battery average ‘on’ time between approximately 85 percent and 100 percent. For example, if the average battery ‘on’ time measured over a certain period (e.g., 10 seconds) is over 95 percent, then decrease the pump motor speed a set amount (e.g., 10 RPM). This will prevent the heater coil from being cooled off excessively by the fluid flow as the energy from the battery decreases while maintaining maximum flow through the complete operational cycle.

[0070] As noted, in some embodiments, temperature stability of the fog chemical may be alternatively controlled by the regulation function of the pump, controlled by the readings of the temperature. To find the proper material that forms the heat exchanger for this purpose, a study of materials was conducted. The basic heat exchanger is a conductive metal tube (e.g., tubeassembly 112). When electrical power is applied to each end of such a tube, electrical current is running and heat is generated. Fog fluid is then be forced through this pipe, to absorb exactly the same level of generated energy per time element, for making this heating element able to find an equilibrium where the desired operating temperature becomes stable. At the same time, the fluid inside this tube at operation should be heated equally, so that once the superheated fluid leaves the nozzle end, no fluid droplets are ejected. If the pipe diameter is too big, then there is a risk that the centre part of the fluid is not being heated. If the pipe diameter is too small, then there is a risk that not enough fluid is pumped through to absorb the generated heat and the temperature will rise above the set maximum threshold.

[0071] The correct length of the pipe is also optimal for finding this delicate balance of heat absorption into the fluid. If the pipe diameter becomes too large, the total length of the pipe becomes shorter, as it is desired to have an optimal power consumption (e.g., up to 70 Ampere (Amp) using a 24 to 28 V battery). However, a higher power consumption of approximately up to 120 Amp could be attained with a 48 V battery. Based on calculations of Ohm’s law, the internal resistance needed can be determined to achieve a power consumption of approximately 70 Amp.

[0072] Too short of a pipe will cause the machine to make wet fog, as droplets will pass through without absorbing the thermal energy. Too long of a pipe will result in an unstable fog machine, as the measured temperature at the output end of the heat exchanger will tend to become too high, as the superheated fluid already has reached the desired temperature and cannot absorb more of the generated thermal energy.

[0073] A pipe study was conducted. 316 stainless syringe standard pipe was used as this is a very precisely manufactured pipe and because it will not corrode. Ten different sizes were chosen and the pre-calculation shown in Table 2 was made: |Table 2

[0074] A test setup was made where electrical power was added to each end of the test pipe, a pump was connected and fog fluid was forced through, controlled by a microprocessor measuring the temperature in the output end of the pipe. In that way a lot of fog-shooting was performed and the behaviour was evaluated. This led to the pre-selection of 3 different pipes as shown in Table 3:| INITIAL CONCLUSION | | LENGTHS CALCULATED AT 24VDC |Number Outside Wall Inside Area Area Area tube Resistance Ratio Length Length Length Length Length Length Length diameter thickness diameter outstide hole wall pr meter ggA 70A 80A 90A 100A 110A 120A10 3 0 25 2 5 7 068375 4 908594 2 159781 0 34793 6 207517 1 15 0 99 0 86 0 77 0 69 0 63 0 579 2 9 0 295 2 31 6 605004 4 19084 2 414164 0 293372 8 229021 1 36 1 17 1 02 0 91 0 82 0 74 0 683 3 0 4 2 2 7 068375 3 801215 3 26716 0 21723 15 0401 1 84 1 58 1 38 1 23 1 10 1 00 0 92Table 3

[0075] These 3 different pipes were very similar in behaviour and after further tests, a final pipe was selected, where the diameter, the length, the mass, the bending ability, etc. was concluded as shown in Table 4:| FINAL CONCLUSION | | LENGTHS SELECTED (Meter unit) |Number Outside Wall Inside Area Area Area tube Resistance Ratio Length diameter thickness diameter outstide hole wall pr meter 70A10 3 0 25 2 5 7 068375 4 908594 2 159781 0 34793 6 207517 0 99Table 4

[0076] It should be understood that different pipe characteristics may be used. It should also be noted that optimal pipe characteristics may change if a power supply (e.g., battery) having a different maximum voltage output is used.

[0077] In embodiments, the tubing may be coiled as part of the heater coil assembly 415. Where the fog device is to be thrown and / or otherwise be subjected to rugged movement, plates may be added to hold coiled tubing in place for extra stability and durability. It should be understood that such rugged protection of the tubing or heater assembly may be provided with structures that hold the tubing in place. Alternatively, external rubber bumpers may be added to the casing.

[0078] In combination with the tube characteristics selection, an optimal chemical pump pressure was established. A secondary consideration was the selection of an appropriate pump type and capacity in the smallest possible size. Accurate temperature measurement was also a factor in the development of the system. The use of a bonded thermocouple proved effective compared to other approaches. In one embodiment, the thermocouple is directly attached to thecoil. In another embodiment, a galvanically isolated circuit could be generated and used in order to connect the probe to system electronics.

[0079] In some embodiments, controlling the regulation function of the pump together with controlling the current may be used to further enhance stability of the chemical reaction when battery voltage drops over time.

[0080] FIG. 6A illustrates, in a schematic, an example of a thermocouple connection 600, in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, to obtain a fast temperature reading from heating coil 620, thermocouple 630 is soldered to heating coil 620. Maximum battery 610 voltage is 48 Volts (V) therefore converter 640 exposed to high voltage therefore there is chance converter 640 can be damaged and microprocessor module 650 can be damaged. It should be noted that batteries with different maximum battery voltages may be used. For example, a battery with a maximum battery voltage of 24 V, 28 V or 32 V. In some embodiments, a 48 V battery may allow for up to double the fog flow compared to using a 24 V battery, thus delivering the same volume of fog in 30 seconds versus 1 minute. It should also be noted that a battery with a maximum voltage of 24 V may provide up to 70 Amps of current. A battery with a maximum voltage of 48 V may provide up to 120 Amps of current.

[0081] FIG. 6B illustrates, in a schematic, an example of a thermocouple integrated circuit (IC) converter 660, in accordance with some embodiments. Converter 640 and microprocessor module 650 may be powered from switch mode power supply. Switch mode power supply is then connected to the battery 610. In some embodiments, to have accurate temperature reading a Precision Thermocouple Amplifier with Cold Junction compensation may be used.

[0082] Through experimentation with the system 100, 400, 450, it was discovered that use of a Thermocouple 630 provides a faster and more accurate temperature measurement. Since the coil 620 is directly connected to the battery 610, this could introduce a voltage offset to the Thermocouple 630. In this embodiment, the circuit that interfaces the thermocouple 630 with the control circuit is capable of a ± 25 volt offset. Switching the coil 620 “on” and “off” on the low voltage side of the coil 620 means the entire coil 620 would be at the maximum voltage when the low voltage side of the battery 610 is disconnected. To prevent this, the coil 620 is switched “on” and “off” on the high voltage side. This means that the coil 620 would not have a high voltage when the coil 620 was turned off. Therefore, fixing the Thermocouple 630 directly to the coil 620 on the low voltage end is an optimum configuration. A P-channel MOS-FET 480 allows for this.

[0083] To manage the multiple operational parameters associated with generating fog, an application was designed to run on a lab computer that enabled the adjustment of these operational parameters manually during experimentation. Because these devices are meant to be battery-powered, there was a trial-and-error process associated with selecting a battery capable of producing the required high current, maintaining a reasonable life cycle (e.g., 60 seconds of fog generation) in such heavy service, and being sufficiently compact for the very small size objectives of the project.

[0084] In some embodiments, the system 100, 400, 450 leaves no appreciable residue once fog has dissipated. No damage is caused to surfaces, fixtures or equipment and no cleaning is required.

[0085] In some embodiments, the system 100, 400, 450 is thermally isolated thereby preventing hot surfaces from coming into contact with flammable materials. Redundant safety systems further prevent any runaway reaction in a defective device.

[0086] In some embodiments, the visually impenetrable fog is non-toxic. I.e., in a fogged confined space, one can breath normally but be entirely unable to see without the appropriate LWIR vision system.

[0087] In some embodiments, there may be several trigger methods for the system 100, 400, 450: instant, timed, intrusion detection sensor initiated, or radio controlled.

[0088] In some embodiments, the system 100, 400, 450 may utilize radio frequency (RF) wave transmission. Since the system 100, 400 may be implemented as a device having a metal case, an internal antenna may not be used. Typically, an external helix or whip antenna is not used for implementations where the device is to be thrown.

[0089] FIG. 7 illustrates an example an embedded antenna 700, in accordance with some embodiments. A handle 710 to the metal casing 720 may be used as an antenna and an isolated connection between the metal casing 720 and the handle 710 may be made.

[0090] FIG. 8 illustrates, in a schematic, an example of RF-range between nodes 800, in accordance with some embodiments. The RF range between base station 810 and terminal 840 may be too large for the embedded antenna 700 due to physical proximity. To transfer data form base station 810 to terminal 840, information may be transferred from base station 810 to terminal 820, then from terminal 820 to terminal 830, and then from terminal 830 to terminal 840.

[0091] In some embodiments, terminals 810, 820, 830, 840 may operate in two modes: i) data receiving mode, or ii) sleep / idle or “do nothing” mode. In the data receiving mode, when a terminal receives data which has an address field set that matches the terminal address, then that terminal will process the data and perform actions related to the data. If the address field in the received data is set differently from the device's internal address, then if a re-transmission feature is enabled on that terminal, the data will be re-transmitted to another terminal, or do nothing. In some embodiments, terminal-to-terminal data exchange may take place. For example, in the case of data re-transmission, a terminal re-transmits the data without analysis and then transitions to the sleep / idle state. Whereas if two terminals exchange meaningful data, the protocol will get complicated and hard to manage.

[0092] The system 100, 400, 450 may be scaled to such that volume of fog generated can be matched to an operational requirement.

[0093] In some embodiments, the system 100, 400, 450 is a battery-powered on-demand device that generates fog instantly when powered up - no waiting for a heating process. Rechargeable batteries and (very small) fog chemical cartridges are interchangeable. Spares of these can be carried allowing devices to be used multiple times.

[0094] Fog chemical characteristics can be changed to provide capabilities for specific environments and tactical objectives. Chemical formulations supporting long / short persistence fogs as well as the introduction of chemical irritants to the mix are examples of what is possible.

[0095] In some embodiments, there may be more than one fog chemical container / cartridge in the system 100, 400, 450. In some embodiments, the system controller 495 may be configured to operate based on the fog chemical to be used for an operation. In some embodiments, an indicator (e.g., a bar code, QR code, or other indication) may be associated with a fog chemical container / cartridge that indicates to the system controller 495 what type of fog chemical is present in that container / cartridge 485.

[0096] In some embodiments, a near field communication (NFC) tag may be added to cartridges, batteries and replaceable accessories. The system controller 495 may include an NFC radio for identifying the tags on the cartridges 485, batteries 490 and other replaceable accessories. In this manner, cartridges 485 and batteries 490 (and other replaceable accessories) may be identified when they are replaced. Such items may be replaced manually during operation, or in advance prior to an operation. The system 100, 400, 450 may then configure itself based on the accessory detected. For example, the type of fog chemical being used may require differenttemperature settings and / or different deployment settings (e.g., instantaneous, time-delayed, fog thickness, etc.). The type of battery (e.g., 24 V, 48 V, etc.) could indicate the power available for fog chemical temperature maintenance.

[0097] In some embodiments, there is provided an electronic sight and head-mounted microdisplay, enable operators to navigate and engage adversaries in fogged environments.

[0098] FIGs. 9A to 9D illustrate, examples of fields of view for an example electronic sight and head-mounted micro-display 900a to 900d, in accordance with some embodiments. In other embodiments, cameras may be mounted in a secure location to observe the location when fogged.

[0099] In the example shown in FIG. 9A, four cameras 910a to 91 Od (and possibly fewer or more) are integrated into a sight assembly that may be attached to a base (e.g., a Picatinny rail, not shown). Images 920a to 920d may be stitched in real-time to create an approximately 160° (or more if more cameras are used) panoramic view with an electronically generated target reticle centred within the stitched image 920a to 920d. Each camera 910a to 91 Od may be equipped with an approximately 40° Field of View (FoV) lens that renders spatial relationships in the visual field similar to the human eye. It should be noted that this embodiment is described with FoV of 40 degrees. However, cameras with different FoVs may be used.

[0100] An operator may be equipped with a head / helmet-mounted Inertial Measurement Unit (I MU) 930 that detects head position in relation to a head-mounted micro-display connected to the electronic sight camera assembly. FIG. 9B illustrates a partial view from the IMU 930, in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the electronic sight camera assembly may be attached to a head gear of an operator (e.g., IMU 930), or to a tool or weapon handled by the operator. The IMU 930 may be configured (e.g., using an accelerometer and / or other sensors) to detect forward (straight ahead) looking orientation and the operator sees the centre two images 920b, 920c in the head-mounted micro-display providing an 80° FoV.

[0101] As the operator looks to the left, the IMU 930 detects head motion and the image 920a, 920b on the head-mounted micro-display begins sliding to the right maintaining an 80° FoV of peripheral areas. Such sliding of images 920a and 920b may be represented in the IMU 930 as a visual panning to the left. FIG. 9C illustrates another partial view from the IMU 930, in accordance with some embodiments.

[0102] As the operator looks to the right, the IMU 930 detects head motion and the image 920c, 920d on the head-mounted micro-display begins sliding to the left maintaining an 80° FoV ofperipheral areas. Such sliding of images 920c and 920d may be represented in the IMU 930 as a visual panning to the right. FIG. 9D illustrates another partial view from the IMU 930, in accordance with some embodiments.

[0103] In embodiments where the camera may be affixed to a tool (e.g., weapon) carried by an operator, the visual display in the IMU 930 may be set to show the image from the point of view of the camera. Thus, an operator may be able to view and target an object in the camera's field of view even if their eyes or head are not aligned in the camera's direction. In some embodiments, the viewer associate with the IMU 930 may access several cameras and display their images in one view or in toggled views. For example, there may be several cameras in a room or location that can be accessed by the IMU 930 together with any cameras affixed to a headset, clothing or tool carried by the operator.

[0104] The genesis of this novel sight concept has been driven by the requirement to enhance, to the greatest degree possible, an operator’s ability to navigate in a fogged environment.

[0105] In some embodiments, enhanced night vision goggles (e.g., head mount) may be used with a wired or wireless link to a tool or thermal weapon site. For example, one or more thermal cameras may be present on a tool or thermal weapon site. The user may toggle between the views from the thermal camera(s) on the tool or weapon site and the camera on the head-mount or goggles. Other camera displays (e.g., a camera on another vision system, or fixed cameras set up in a vehicle, room or area) may be linked to the goggles.

[0106] The size and configuration flexibility of the fog generating system 100, 400, 450 and the vision subsystem allow for a scalable implementation, including covert installations or throwable devices. The fog generating system 100, 400, 450 is also designed for durability for real world operations and not just for training, including being thrown and transported in rough conditions.

[0107] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a computing device 1000 such as a server, controller or other computer. As depicted, the computing device includes at least one processor 1002, memory 1004, at least one I / O interface 1006, and at least one network interface 1008.

[0108] Processor 1002 may be an Intel or AMD x86 or x64, PowerPC, ARM processor, field programmable gated array (FPGA), neural processing unit, artificial intelligence (Al) accelerator, or the like. Memory 1004 may include a suitable combination of computer memory that is located either internally or externally such as, for example, random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), compact disc read-only memory (CDROM), large memory storage device.

[0109] Each I / O interface 1006 enables computing device 1000 to interconnect with one or more input devices, such as a keyboard, mouse, camera, touch screen and a microphone, or with one or more output devices such as a display screen and a speaker.

[0110] Each network interface 1008 enables computing device 1000 to communicate with other components, to exchange data with other components, to access and connect to network resources, to serve applications, and perform other computing applications by connecting to a network (or multiple networks) capable of carrying data including the Internet, Ethernet, plain old telephone service (POTS) line, public switch telephone network (PSTN), integrated services digital network (ISDN), digital subscriber line (DSL), coaxial cable, fiber optics, satellite, mobile, wireless (e.g. Wi-Fi, WiMAX), SS7 signaling network, fixed line, local area network, wide area network, and others.

[0111] The foregoing discussion provides example embodiments of the inventive subject matter. Although each embodiment represents a single combination of inventive elements, the inventive subject matter is considered to include all possible combinations of the disclosed elements. Thus, if one embodiment comprises elements A, B, and C, and a second embodiment comprises elements B and D, then the inventive subject matter is also considered to include other remaining combinations of A, B, C, or D, even if not explicitly disclosed.

[0112] Although the embodiments have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein.

[0113] Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification.

[0114] As can be understood, the examples described above and illustrated are intended to be exemplary only.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A fog generating system comprising: a fog generating engine for generating visually impenetrable fog, the fog generating engine comprising a tube assembly capable of rapid superheating to a range of approximately 325 to 400 degrees Celsius when activated; a power supply for providing thermal energy to the tube assembly; a fog chemical unit for supplying fog chemical through the tube assembly; a processor; and a memory storing instructions which when executed by the processor cause the processor to: activate the power supply to provide voltage to superheat the tube assembly; and activate the fog chemical unit to supply the fog chemical to the superheated tube assembly; wherein the heat generated at the tube assembly vaporizes the fog chemical to approximately instantaneously generate the visually impenetrable fog.

2. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the processor is configured to receive an output temperature measurement of a thermocouple affixed to the assembly tube, wherein the fog chemical unit is activated based on the output temperature measurement.

3. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the processor is configured to receive an output temperature measurement of a thermocouple affixed to the assembly tube, wherein a pump pressure associated with the fog chemical unit is adjusted as a function of the output temperature measurement.

4. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 3, wherein the processor is configured to adjust electrical current applied to the tube assembly, and adjust pressure applied to said fog chemical unit, many times per second to maintain a set balance.

5. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 3, wherein the processor is configured to:decrease a pulse width modulation (PWM) of the pump when the output temperature measurement falls below a minimum threshold level; maintain the PWM when the output temperature measurement is stable within two temperature limits; or increase the PWM when the output temperature measurement rises about a maximum threshold temperature.

6. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the processor is configured to receive a temperature measurement of a thermocouple affixed to the assembly tube, wherein a battery power associated with the power supply is adjusted as a function of the temperature measurement.

7. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 3, wherein the processor is configured to lower the time the battery is powering the system to a set percent when the temperature is above a threshold range upper value.

8. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 3, wherein the processor is configured to maintain the time the battery is powering the system to a set percent when the temperature is within a threshold range of values.

9. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 3, wherein the processor is configured to raise the time the battery is powering the system to approximately 100 percent when the temperature is below a threshold range lower value.

10. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the power supply comprises a battery comprising: a compact size; a life cycle comprising a set period of time after activation; and a capacity to produce approximately 70 Amps of current at approximately 24 Volts of voltage.11 . The fog generating system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the power supply comprises a battery comprising:a compact size; a life cycle comprising a set period of time after activation; and a capacity to produce approximately 120 Amps of current at approximately 48 Volts of voltage.

12. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the tube assembly comprises a 316 stainless steel syringe pipe.

13. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the tube assembly comprises: an outside tube diameter of approximately 3 millimeters; a tube wall thickness of approximately 0.25 millimeters; an inside tube diameter of approximately 2.5 millimeters; an outside tube wall area of approximately 7.07 units ; an interior tub area of approximately 4.91 units; an interior tube wall area of approximately 2.16 units; and a tube length of approximately 0.99 units.

14. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the tube assembly comprises a resistance of 0.35 units per meter.

15. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 1, comprising a least one nozzle attached to an opposite end of the tube assembly from which the fog chemical is added, wherein said at least one nozzle dissipates the visually impenetrable fog.

16. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 10, comprising at least one nozzle protector attached to the at least one nozzle.

17. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 10, wherein the at least one nozzle may be interchangeable with nozzles of different types.

18. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the tube assembly comprises a plurality of openings to dissipate the visually impenetrable fog in different directions.

19. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the fog generating system is throwable.

20. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 1 , comprising a plurality of brackets causing a space between the tube assembly and any external object allowing the visually impenetrable fog to dissipate.

21. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 1 , comprising a magnet to affix the fog generating system to a metal structure.

22. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the fog chemical converts to a visually impenetrable fog having a persistence of approximately two or more hours.

23. The fog generating system as claimed I claim 1, wherein the fog chemical converts to a visually impenetrable fog having a persistence of between approximately 15 minutes and approximately 2 hours.

24. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the fog chemical converts to a visually impenetrable fog having a persistence of approximately less than 15 minutes.

25. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the fog chemical converts to a visually impenetrable fog that causes irritants.

26. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the visually impenetrable fog leaves no appreciable residue once fog has dissipated.

27. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a strobe lighting subsystem and a sound emitting subsystem.

28. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the visually impenetrable fog is transparent to long wave infrared cameras operating in an approximately 8u to an approximately 14u spectrum.

29. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the fog chemical unit comprises an opening to receive a replaceable cartridge comprising a chamber for the fog chemical and a chamber for flattened batteries.

30. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 29, wherein the replaceable cartridge comprises a valve configured to keep the fog chemical in the replaceable cartridge when not activated.

31. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 30, wherein a valve in the fog chemical unit is actuated to open when inserted into the fog chemical unit to give access to the fluid to the fog chemical unit.

32. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 30, wherein a connection is actuated to connect the battery in the replaceable cartridge to the fog generating system, when inserted into the fog chemical unit.

33. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 32, wherein the connection employs near field connectivity (NFC) and said actuation is dependent upon confirmation of at least one of sourced batteries or sourced chemicals.

34. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 1 , comprising a display unit for navigating a fogged environment.

35. The fog generating system as claimed in claim 1, comprising a radio receiver to receive remote signals for controlling the processor.

36. A method of generating fog, the method comprising: activating a power supply to provide voltage to superheat a tube assembly of a fog generating engine, the tube assembly capable of rapid superheating to a range of approximately 325 to 400 degrees Celsius when activated; andactivating a fog chemical unit of the fog generating engine to supply fog chemical to the superheated tube assembly; wherein the heat generated at the tube assembly vaporizes the fog chemical to approximately instantaneously generate the visually impenetrable fog.

37. The method as claimed in claim 36, comprising receiving an output temperature measurement of a thermocouple affixed to the assembly tube, wherein the fog chemical unit is activated based on the output temperature measurement.

38. The method as claimed in claim 36, comprising receiving an output temperature measurement of a thermocouple affixed to the assembly tube, wherein a pump pressure associated with the fog chemical unit is adjusted as a function of the output temperature measurement.

39. The method as claimed in claim 38, comprising adjusting electrical current applied to the tube assembly, and adjust pressure applied to said fog chemical unit, many times per second to maintain a set balance.

40. The method as claimed in claim 38, comprising: decreasing a pulse width modulation (PWM) of the pump when the output temperature measurement falls below a minimum threshold level; maintaining the PWM when the output temperature measurement is stable within two temperature limits; or increasing the PWM when the output temperature measurement rises about a maximum threshold temperature.

41. The method as claimed in claim 36, comprising receiving a temperature measurement of a thermocouple affixed to the assembly tube, wherein a battery power associated with the power supply is adjusted as a function of the temperature measurement.

42. The method as claimed in claim 41, comprising lowering the time the battery is powering the system to a set percent when the temperature is above a threshold range upper value.

43. The method as claimed in claim 41 , comprising maintaining the time the battery is powering the system to a set percent when the temperature is within a threshold range of values.

44. The method as claimed in claim 41 , comprising raising the time the battery is powering the system to a set percent when the temperature is below a threshold range lower value.

45. The method as claimed in claim 36, wherein the power supply comprises a battery comprising: a compact size; a life cycle comprising a set amount of time after activation; and a capacity to produce approximately 70 Amps of current at approximately 24 Volts of voltage.

46. The method as claimed in claim 36, wherein the power supply comprises a battery comprising: a compact size; a life cycle comprising a set period of time after activation; and a capacity to produce approximately 120 Amps of current at approximately 48 Volts of voltage.

47. The method as claimed in claim 36, wherein the tube assembly comprises a 316 stainless steel syringe pipe.

48. The method as claimed in claim 36, wherein the tube assembly comprises: an outside tube diameter of approximately 3 millimeters; a tube wall thickness of approximately 0.25 millimeters; an inside tube diameter of approximately 2.5 millimeters; an outside tube wall area of approximately 7.07 units; an interior tub area of approximately 4.91 units; an interior tube wall area of approximately 2.16 units; anda tube length of approximately 0.99 units.

49. The method as claimed in claim 36, wherein the tube assembly comprises a resistance of 0.35 units per meter.

50. The method as claimed in claim 36, comprising a least one nozzle attached to an opposite end of the tube assembly from which the fog chemical is added, wherein said at least one nozzle dissipates the visually impenetrable fog.

51. The method as claimed in claim 50, comprising at least one nozzle protector attached to the at least one nozzle.

52. The method as claimed in claim 50, wherein the at least one nozzle may be interchangeable with nozzles of different types.

53. The method as claimed in claim 36, wherein the tube assembly comprises a plurality of openings to dissipate the visually impenetrable fog in different directions.

54. The method as claimed in claim 36, wherein the fog generating system is throwable.

55. The method as claimed in claim 36, comprising a plurality of brackets causing a space between the tube assembly and any external object allowing the visually impenetrable fog to dissipate.

56. The method as claimed in claim 36, comprising a magnet to affix the fog generating system to a metal structure.

57. The method as claimed in claim 36, wherein the fog chemical converts to a visually impenetrable fog having a persistence of approximately two or more hours.

58. The method as claimed in claim 36, wherein the fog chemical converts to a visually impenetrable fog having a persistence of between approximately 15 minutes and approximately 2 hours.

59. The method as claimed in claim 36, wherein the fog chemical converts to a visually impenetrable fog having a persistence of approximately less than 15 minutes.

60. The method as claimed in claim 36, where the fog chemical unit comprises: a first fog chemical subunit having a first fog chemical that converts to a visually impenetrable fog having a first time persistence; and a second fog chemical subunit having a second fog chemical that converts to a visually impenetrable fog having a second time persistence.

61. The method as claimed in claim 36, wherein the fog chemical converts to a visually impenetrable fog that causes irritants.

62. The method as claimed in claim 36, wherein the visually impenetrable fog leaves no appreciable residue once fog has dissipated.

63. The method as claimed in claim 36, further comprising a strobe lighting subsystem and a sound emitting subsystem.

64. The method as claimed in claim 36, wherein the visually impenetrable fog is transparent to long wave infrared cameras operating in an approximately 8u to an approximately 14u spectrum.

65. The method as claimed in claim 36, wherein the fog chemical unit comprises an opening to receive a replaceable cartridge comprising a chamber for the fog chemical and a chamber for flattened batteries.

66. The method as claimed in claim 65, wherein the replaceable cartridge comprises a valve configured to keep the fog chemical in the replaceable cartridge when not activated.

67. The method as claimed in claim 66, wherein a valve in the fog chemical unit is actuated to open when inserted into the fog chemical unit to give access to the fluid to the fog chemical unit.

68. The method as claimed in claim 66, wherein an electrical connection is actuated to connect the battery in the replaceable cartridge to the fog generating system, when inserted into the fog chemical unit.

69. The method as claimed in claim 68, wherein the connection employs near field connectivity (NFC) and said actuation is dependent upon confirmation of at least one of sourced batteries or sourced chemicals.

70. The method as claimed in claim 36, comprising a display unit for navigating a fogged environment.

71. The method as claimed in claim 36, comprising a radio receiver to receive remote signals for controlling the processor.

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