Systems, apparatuses, modules, and methods for symmetry-protected pseudospin-polarized reciprocal and non-reciprocal edge-mode transmission
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/103421
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-06-28
- Publication Date
- 2025-01-02
Smart Images

Figure CN2023103421_02012025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
SYSTEMS, APPARATUSES, MODULES, AND METHODS FOR SYMMETRY-PROTECTED PSEUDOSPIN-POLARIZED RECIPROCAL AND NON-RECIPROCAL EDGE-MODE TRANSMISSIONTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to systems, apparatuses, modules, and methods for electromagnetic wave transmission, and in particular to systems, apparatuses, modules, and methods for symmetry-protected pseudospin-polarized reciprocal and non-reciprocal edge-mode transmission using electromagnetic-dual meta-crystals.BACKGROUND
[0002] Electromagnetic (EM) wave transmission is usually reciprocal or symmetrical, meaning that if the locations of a transmitter and a receiver are exchanged, the signal received by the receiver is unchanged. In other words, an EM wave transmitted from point A to point B has the same intensity as when transmitting from point B to point A.
[0003] On the other hand, in non-reciprocal EM wave transmission or propagation, the channel characteristics of the EM wave transmitted from point A to point B may be different than when transmitting from point B to point A. A non-reciprocal transmission mode allows suppression or optimization of wave transmission in a particular direction of interest, which enables separate control of transmission and reception directions. Therefore, non-reciprocal EM wave transmission is of particular interest in the applications of many modern EM systems such as full-duplex communications, ultra-wide-band phased arrays, advanced radar systems, and / or the like.
[0004] Therefore, next generation EM systems may leverage non-reciprocal EM-wave transmission technologies for various uses and benefits.SUMMARY
[0005] Embodiments of this disclosure relate to systems, apparatuses, modules, and methods for symmetry-protected pseudospin-polarized reciprocal and non-reciprocal edge-mode transmission using electromagnetic-dual meta-crystals. As will be described in more detail below, a meta-crystal is an electromagnetic (EM) structure formed by one or more unit cells. For example, a meta-crystal may be formed by replicating the unit cell repeatedly in x and y directions. Therefore, a meta-crystal may be defined as a three-dimensional (3D) lattice structure which inherits all characteristics of a unit cell, wherein the unit cell is designed to have a desired bandgap where EM wave is not permitted to propagate. Thus, a meta-crystal is a 3D composite lattice made of an EM-dual unit cells.
[0006] The apparatus or module may be implemented as a waveguide. In the following, various embodiments of the waveguide are disclosed. The waveguide disclosed herein comprises two types of unit cells of EM duality, that is, an identical unit-cell structure may be used to construct the two types of unit cells such that the two types of unit cells are mirrored versions of each other (with respect to a xy-plane) . The unit cells are designed to sustain two and only two orthogonal lower-order modes, that is, the transverse electric (TE) mode and the transverse magnetic (TM) mode with respect to the xy-plane. The geometry of the unit cell may be suitable for producing a Dirac bandgap in both x and y directions. The unit cell also has bounded perfect electric conductor (PEC) boundaries at opposite ends along the z-axis to prevent any free-space radiations, thereby producing a dispersion band diagram with full bandgap.
[0007] More specifically, the waveguide disclosed herein uses type-1 and type-2 unit cells with a bounded structure for avoiding radiation losses. The type-2 unit cell is a flipped or mirrored version of the type-1 unit cell. Each unit cell comprises a mushroom-patch bandgap structure for providing a broad and full bandgap.
[0008] In some embodiments, the waveguide disclosed herein may comprise a type-1 waveguide section (having one or more type-1 unit cells) adjacent a type-2 waveguide section (having one or more type-2 unit cells) , thereby forming a single-edge channel between the waveguide sections.
[0009] In some embodiments, the waveguide disclosed herein may comprise a type-1 waveguide section sandwiched between two type-2 waveguide sections, or a type-2 waveguide section sandwiched between two type-1 waveguide sections, thereby forming a symmetry-protected complementary-edge channel (also called a “dual-edge channel” ) comprising two sub-channels each between a neighboring pair of type-1 and typ-2 waveguide sections, for achieving low coupling between modes, multi-mode and topological modes, high-transmission efficiency, easy-to-match impedance, easy-to-control wave state, easy-to-control manufacturing and simulations, and / or the like.
[0010] In some embodiments, the type-1 and type-2 waveguide sections are formed by square unit-cells, thereby simplifying practical design and implementation. In other embodiments, the unit cells may have other suitable shapes.
[0011] The waveguide disclosed herein may be used in many advanced EM systems such as full-duplex communications, ultra-wide-band phased-arrays, advanced radars, and / or the like, wherein the waveguide may be implemented in any suitable form such as a circuitry, a component, a module, a device, an apparatus, or the like.
[0012] The waveguide disclosed herein has many advantages over prior-art devices such as:
[0013] · the use of a bounded unit-cell structure in the waveguide disclosed herein resolves the issue of possible radiation losses and low transmission efficiency;
[0014] · the use of EM-duality unit-cell with back-to-back mushroom type of patches in the waveguide disclosed herein provides a full and broad bandgap;
[0015] · the waveguide disclosed herein allows options for multi-mode bidirectional or non-reciprocal transmission by applying appropriate excitations;
[0016] · the waveguide disclosed herein enables high-density, multi-mode or non-reciprocal wave transmissions with low couplings;
[0017] · while the prior-art device may be limited to hexagonal unit cells, the waveguide in some embodiments uses square unit-cells, thereby simplifying many practical aspects of the waveguide design such as simulations, tuning, input matching, manufacturing, and / or the like;
[0018] · compared to prior-art devices, the waveguide disclosed herein provide a more versatile solution for non-reciprocal wave transmission, and may support both multi-mode bidirectional propagations and non-reciprocal propagations.
[0019] According to one aspect of this disclosure, there is provided a module comprising: a first section comprising one or more first unit cells forming a set of first electromagnetic (EM) bandgap elements along a xy-plane; a second section comprising one or more second unit cells forming a set of second EM bandgap elements along the xy-plane, the second section adjacent the first section with a first electrically insulated separation therebetween forming a first edge interface; and a channel for transmitting an EM wave therethrough; the channel comprises the first edge interface; and the one or more first unit cells have a first structure, and the one or more second unit cells have a second structure, the second structure being a mirrored version of the first structure with respect to the xy-plane.
[0020] In some embodiments, the first structure comprises: a first conductive component; a second conductive component adjacent the first conductive component along a z-axis and spaced therefrom, the z-axis perpendicular to the xy-plane; and a conductive loop surrounding the first conductive component along the xy-plane with a second electrically insulated separation therebetween.
[0021] In some embodiments, the conductive loop is a metallic loop.
[0022] In some embodiments, each of the first and second conductive components comprises: a conductive patch layer extending along the xy-plane, and a conductive pin extending from the conductive patch layer; the conductive patch layers of the first and second conductive components are adjacent each other; the conductive pin of the first conductive component extends from the conductive patch layer thereof at a direction away from the second conductive component; the conductive pin of the second conductive component extends from the conductive patch layer thereof at a direction away from the first conductive component; and the conductive loop surrounds the conductive patch layer of the first conductive component along the xy-plane with the second electrically insulated separation therebetween.
[0023] In some embodiments, the conductive patch layers of the first and second conductive components are metallic layers.
[0024] In some embodiments, the conductive pins of the first and second conductive components are metallic pins.
[0025] In some embodiments, the conductive patch layers of the first and second conductive components are coated on opposite sides of a substrate.
[0026] In some embodiments, each of the conductive patch layers of the first and second conductive components has a rectangular or triangular shape.
[0027] In some embodiments, each of the conductive patch layers of the first and second conductive components has a square shape.
[0028] In some embodiments, the conductive loop has a rectangular or triangular shape.
[0029] In some embodiments, the conductive loop is a square loop.
[0030] In some embodiments, the substrate has a thickness of g = 1.27 millimeters (mm) , each of the loop, the conductive patch layer of the first conductive component, and the conductive patch layer of the second conductive component has a thickness of t = 0.035 mm, each of the conductive patch layers of the first and second conductive components has a length of L = 4 mm, the loop has an annular width of w = 0.75 mm, the second electrically insulated separation between the conductive loop and the conductive patch layer of the first conductive component is v = 0.25 mm, each of the pins of the first and second conductive components has a length of H = 4 mm and a diameter of d = 1 mm, and each of the loop, the conductive patch layer of the first conductive component, and the conductive patch layer of the second conductive component has a permittivity of εr=2.2.
[0031] In some embodiments, in a frequency bandwidth between 7 gigahertz (GHz) and 13.3 GHz, each of the one or more first unit cells and the one or more second unit cells has a complete bandgap with 62%of the frequency bandwidth.
[0032] In some embodiments, the first and second sections overlap at adjacent edges thereof.
[0033] In some embodiments, the first and second sections are spaced from each other at adjacent edges thereof.
[0034] In some embodiments, a distance between adjacent edges of the first and second sections is about 0.5 mm.
[0035] In some embodiments, the module further comprises: a third section comprising one or more first unit cells forming a set of third EM bandgap elements along the xy-plane, the third section adjacent the second section with a third electrically insulated separation therebetween such that the first and third sections sandwich the second section therebetween along the xy-plane, thereby forming a second edge interface between the second and third sections; and the channel comprise the first and second edge interfaces.
[0036] In some embodiments, the one or more second unit cells of the second section are arranged in a single row along the channel.
[0037] In some embodiments, a width of the second section is less than half of a wavelength of the EM wave.
[0038] In some embodiments, the second and third sections overlap at adjacent edges thereof.
[0039] In some embodiments, the second and third sections are spaced from each other at adjacent edges thereof.
[0040] In some embodiments, a distance between adjacent edges of the second and third sections is about 0.5 mm.
[0041] In some embodiments, the channel is a straight channel or a U-shaped channel.
[0042] According to one aspect of this disclosure, there is provided an apparatus comprising: one or more above-described modules.
[0043] According to one aspect of this disclosure, there is provided a system comprising: one or more above-described modules.
[0044] According to one aspect of this disclosure, there is provided a use of one or more above-described modules for transmitting an EM wave through the channel.
[0045] According to one aspect of this disclosure, there is provided a first method comprising: applying the EM wave at an end of the channel of the above-described module for transmitting the EM wave through the channel.
[0046] According to one aspect of this disclosure, there is provided a second method comprising: arranging a first section of one or more first electromagnetic (EM) bandgap elements along a xy-plane adjacent to and electrically separated from a second section of one or more second EM bandgap elements along the xy-plane to form a first edge interface being at least a portion of a channel for transmitting an EM wave therethrough; each of the first EM bandgap elements is a mirrored version of each of the second EM bandgap elements with respect to the xy-plane,
[0047] In some embodiments, the second method further comprises: forming each of the first EM bandgap elements by: arranging a first conductive component and a second conductive component adjacent to and electrically separated from each other along a z-axis, the z-axis perpendicular to the xy-plane; and arranging a conductive loop surrounding and electrically separated from the first conductive component along the xy-plane.
[0048] In some embodiments, said arranging the conductive loop surrounding and electrically separated from the first conductive component along the xy-plane comprises: arranging a metallic loop surrounding and electrically separated from the first conductive component along the xy-plane.
[0049] In some embodiments, the second method further comprises: forming each of each of the first and second conductive components by: extending a conductive patch layer along the xy-plane; and extending a conductive pin from the conductive patch layer; the conductive patch layers of the first and second conductive components are adjacent each other; the conductive pin of the first conductive component extends from the conductive patch layer thereof at a direction away from the second conductive component; the conductive pin of the second conductive component extends from the conductive patch layer thereof at a direction away from the first conductive component; and the conductive loop surrounds and electrically separated from the conductive patch layer of the first conductive component along the xy-plane.
[0050] In some embodiments, said extending the conductive patch layer along the xy-plane comprises: extending a metallic patch layer along the xy-plane.
[0051] In some embodiments, said extending a conductive pin from the conductive patch layer comprises: extending a metallic pin from the conductive patch layer.
[0052] In some embodiments, said extending the conductive patch layer along the xy-plane comprises: coating the conductive patch layer on opposite sides of a substrate.
[0053] In some embodiments, said extending the conductive patch layer along the xy-plane comprises: extending the conductive patch layer of a rectangular or triangular shape along the xy-plane.
[0054] In some embodiments, said extending the conductive patch layer along the xy-plane comprises: extending the conductive patch layer of a square shape along the xy-plane.
[0055] In some embodiments, said arranging the conductive loop surrounding and electrically separated from the first conductive component along the xy-plane comprises: arranging the conductive loop of a rectangular or triangular shape surrounding and electrically separated from the first conductive component along the xy-plane.
[0056] In some embodiments, said arranging the conductive loop surrounding and electrically separated from the first conductive component along the xy-plane comprises: arranging the conductive loop of a square shape surrounding and electrically separated from the first conductive component along the xy-plane.
[0057] In some embodiments, the substrate has a thickness of g = 1.27 millimeters (mm) , each of the loop, the conductive patch layer of the first conductive component, and the conductive patch layer of the second conductive component has a thickness of t = 0.035 mm, each of the conductive patch layers of the first and second conductive components has a length of L = 4 mm, the loop has an annular width of w = 0.75 mm, the second electrically insulated separation between the conductive loop and the conductive patch layer of the first conductive component is v = 0.25 mm, each of the pins of the first and second conductive components has a length of H = 4 mm and a diameter of d = 1 mm, and each of the loop, the conductive patch layer of the first conductive component, and the conductive patch layer of the second conductive component has a permittivity of εr=2.2.
[0058] In some embodiments, in a frequency bandwidth between 7 GHz and 13.3 GHz, each of the one or more first EM bandgap elements and the one or more second EM bandgap elements has a complete bandgap with 62%of the frequency bandwidth.
[0059] In some embodiments, said arranging the first section adjacent to and electrically separated from the second section to form the first edge interface comprises: overlapping the first section and the second section at adjacent edges thereof to form the first edge interface.
[0060] In some embodiments, said arranging the first section adjacent to and electrically separated from the second section to form the first edge interface comprises: spacing the first section and the second section from each other at adjacent edges thereof to form the first edge interface.
[0061] In some embodiments, said spacing the first section and the second section from each other at the adjacent edges thereof to form the first edge interface comprises: spacing the first section and the second section from each other at the adjacent edges thereof by a distance of about 0.5 mm to form the first edge interface.
[0062] In some embodiments, the second method further comprises: arranging a third section of one or more first EM bandgap elements along the xy-plane adjacent to and electrically separated from the second section such that the first and third sections sandwich the second section therebetween along the xy-plane, thereby forming a second edge interface between the second and third sections; the channel comprises the first and second edge interfaces.
[0063] In some embodiments, the second method further comprises: arranging the one or more second EM bandgap elements of the second section in a single row along the channel.
[0064] In some embodiments, the second method further comprises: forming the second section with a width of less than half of a wavelength of the EM wave.
[0065] In some embodiments, said arranging the third section adjacent to and electrically separated from the second section comprises: overlapping the second section and the third section at adjacent edges thereof to form the second edge interface.
[0066] In some embodiments, said arranging the third section adjacent to and electrically separated from the second section comprises: spacing the second section and the third section from each other at adjacent edges thereof to form the second edge interface.
[0067] In some embodiments, said spacing the second section and the third section from each other at the adjacent edges thereof to form the second edge interface comprises: spacing the second section and the third section from each other at the adjacent edges thereof by a distance of about 0.5 mm to form the second edge interface.
[0068] In some embodiments, the second method further comprises: arranging the channel to be a straight channel or a U-shaped channel.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0069] FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a unit cell of a prior-art ultrathin topological insulator;
[0070] FIG. 2A is a schematic perspective view of the prior-art ultrathin topological insulator using the unit cell shown in FIG. 1 and having a zigzag configuration of the edge-mode channel;
[0071] FIG. 2B is a schematic perspective view of the prior-art ultrathin topological insulator using the unit cell shown in FIG. 1 and having an armchair configuration of the edge-mode channel;
[0072] FIG. 3A is a schematic perspective view of a type-1 unit cell of a waveguide, according to some embodiments of this disclosure;
[0073] FIG. 3B is a schematic cross-sectional view of the type-1 unit cell shown in FIG. 3A along the cross-section line A-A;
[0074] FIG. 3C is a schematic plan view of the type-1 unit cell shown in FIG. 3A;
[0075] FIG. 4 is a dispersion band diagram of the type-1 unit cell shown in FIG. 3A;
[0076] FIG. 5A is a schematic perspective view of a type-2 unit cell of the waveguide formed by flipping the type-1 unit cell shown in FIG. 3A along the z-axis, according to some embodiments of this disclosure;
[0077] FIG. 5B is a schematic cross-sectional view of the type-2 unit cell shown in FIG. 5A along the cross-section line B-B;
[0078] FIGs. 6A to 6D are schematic diagrams showing some examples of a type-1 waveguide section having one or more type-1 unit cells arranged in one or more rows and / or one or more columns, according to some embodiments of this disclosure, wherein
[0079] FIG. 6A shows a type-1 waveguide section having one type-1 unit cell shown in FIG. 3A,
[0080] FIG. 6B shows a type-1 waveguide section having a plurality of type-1 unit cells shown in FIG. 3A arranged in a row,
[0081] FIG. 6C shows a type-1 waveguide section having a plurality of type-1 unit cells shown in FIG. 3A arranged in a column, and
[0082] FIG. 6D shows a type-1 waveguide section having a plurality of type-1 unit cells shown in FIG. 3A arranged in a plurality of rows and a plurality of columns;
[0083] FIGs. 7A to 7D are schematic diagrams showing some examples of a type-2 waveguide section having one or more type-2 unit cells shown in FIG. 5A arranged in one or more rows and / or one or more columns, according to some embodiments of this disclosure, wherein
[0084] FIG. 7A shows a type-2 waveguide section having one type-2 unit cell shown in FIG. 5A,
[0085] FIG. 7B shows a type-2 waveguide section having a plurality of type-2 unit cells shown in FIG. 5A arranged in a row,
[0086] FIG. 7C shows a type-2 waveguide section having a plurality of type-2 unit cells shown in FIG. 5A arranged in a column, and
[0087] FIG. 7D shows a type-2 waveguide section having a plurality of type-2 unit cells shown in FIG. 5A arranged in a plurality of rows and a plurality of columns;
[0088] FIG. 8A is a schematic plan view of a bidirectional edge-mode waveguide comprising a type-1 waveguide section and a type-2 waveguide section, according to some embodiments of this disclosure;
[0089] FIG. 8B is a schematic perspective view of the bidirectional edge-mode waveguide shown in FIG. 8A;
[0090] FIG. 8C is a schematic side view of the bidirectional edge-mode waveguide shown in FIG. 8A;
[0091] FIG. 9A is a schematic plan view of a waveguide comprising a type-1 waveguide section having 40 type-1 unit cells arranged in 10 rows and four (4) columns, and a type-2 waveguide section having 40 type-2 unit cells arranged in 10 rows and four (4) columns, according to some embodiments of this disclosure;
[0092] FIGs. 9B and 9C show the electric field distribution of one-dimensional (1D) edge-mode electromagnetic (EM) wave in the waveguide shown in FIG. 9A;
[0093] FIGs. 10A to 12 are plots showing the generalized S-parameters S11 and S21 of the edge-mode waveguide shown in FIG. 9A for vertical (V) and horizontal (H) excitations, wherein
[0094] FIGs. 10A and 10B are plots showing S11 of the waveguide shown in FIG. 9A for V and H excitations, respectively,
[0095] FIGs. 11A and 11B are plots showing S21 of the waveguide shown in FIG. 9A for V and H excitations, respectively, and
[0096] FIG. 12 is a plot showing the mode coupling (V-to-H) in the waveguide shown in FIG. 9A;
[0097] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing a type-1 unit cell with EM duality;
[0098] FIG. 14A is a schematic plan view of a waveguide comprising a type-1 waveguide section sandwiched between two type-2 waveguide sections along the xy-plane, thereby forming a dual-edge channel having a positive edge sub-channel and a negative edge sub-channel, according to some embodiments of this disclosure;
[0099] FIG. 14B is a schematic perspective view of the waveguide shown in FIG. 14A;
[0100] FIG. 14C is a schematic side view of the waveguide shown in FIG. 14A;
[0101] FIG. 15A is a schematic plan view of a waveguide comprising a type-2 waveguide section having 40 type-2 unit cells arranged in one column, and sandwiched between two type-1 waveguide sections each having 40 type-1 unit cells arranged in 10 rows and four (4) columns, according to some embodiments of this disclosure;
[0102] FIG. 15B shows the electric field distribution in the dual-edge channel of the waveguide shown in FIG. 15A;
[0103] FIGs. 16A to 18C are plots showing the generalized S-parameters of the dual-edge channel of the waveguide shown in FIG. 15A in spin-down and spin-up states, for different load conditions, wherein
[0104] FIGs. 16A and 16B are plots showing S-parameters S21 and S11 of spin-down forward state in the dual-edge channel, respectively,
[0105] FIGs. 17A and 17B are plots showing S-parameters S21 and S11 of spin-down backward state in the dual-edge channel, respectively,
[0106] FIGs. 18A to 18C are plots showing S-parameters S21 and S11 of bidirectional modes in the dual-edge channel, respectively, wherein FIG. 18A is a plot showing S-parameter S21 of V mode in the dual-edge channel, FIG. 18B is a plot showing S-parameter S11 of V mode in the dual-edge channel, and FIG. 18C is a plot showing S-parameter S21 of VH coupling in the dual-edge channel;
[0107] FIG. 19A is a schematic plan view of a waveguide having a U-shaped dual-edge channel, according to some embodiments of this disclosure;
[0108] FIGs. 19B to 19E show the electric field distribution in the U-shaped dual-edge channel of the waveguide shown in FIG. 19A in the H-mode, V-mode, down-spin mode, and up-spin mode, respectively;
[0109] FIGs. 20A to 20D are plots showing S-parameters of bidirectional V and H modes in the U-shaped dual-edge channel of the waveguide shown in FIG. 19A, wherein
[0110] FIG. 20A is a plot showing the S-parameter S11 of H mode in the U-shaped dual-edge channel of the waveguide shown in FIG. 19A,
[0111] FIG. 20B is a plot showing the S-parameter S11 of V mode in the U-shaped dual-edge channel of the waveguide shown in FIG. 19A,
[0112] FIG. 20C is a plot showing the S-parameter S21 of H mode in the U-shaped dual-edge channel of the waveguide shown in FIG. 19A, and
[0113] FIG. 20D is a plot showing the S-parameter S21 of V mode in the U-shaped dual-edge channel of the waveguide shown in FIG. 19A;
[0114] FIGs. 21A to 21D are plots showing S-parameters of non-reciprocal modes in the U-shaped dual-edge channel of the waveguide shown in FIG. 19A, wherein
[0115] FIG. 21A is a plot showing the S-parameter S11 of spin-up forward mode in the U-shaped dual-edge channel of the waveguide shown in FIG. 19A,
[0116] FIG. 21B is a plot showing the S-parameter S21 of spin-up forward mode in the U-shaped dual-edge channel of the waveguide shown in FIG. 19A,
[0117] FIG. 21C is a plot showing the S-parameter S11 of spin-up backward mode in the U-shaped dual-edge channel of the waveguide shown in FIG. 19A, and
[0118] FIG. 21D is a plot showing the S-parameter S21 of spin-up backward mode in the U-shaped dual-edge channel of the waveguide shown in FIG. 19A;
[0119] FIG. 22 is a schematic plan view of a waveguide comprising a type-2 waveguide section sandwiched between two type-1 waveguide sections along the xy-plane, thereby forming a dual-edge channel having a positive edge sub-channel and a negative edge sub-channel, according to some embodiments of this disclosure;
[0120] FIG. 23 is a schematic side view of a bidirectional edge-mode waveguide, according to some embodiments of this disclosure; and
[0121] FIGs. 24A and 24B are schematic plan view and side view, respectively, of a waveguide, according to yet some embodiments of this disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0122] Non-reciprocal electromagnetic (EM) wave transmission may be used in a variety of EM systems such as full-duplex communications, ultra-wide-band phased arrays, advanced radar systems, and / or the like.
[0123] Non-reciprocal wave transmission has been a challenging topic in the electromagnetic research community as it typically requires a mechanism to break the time-reversal symmetry of wave propagations. However, recent researches have demonstrated that a special edge-mode of wave propagation can be induced within photonic crystals or metamaterials to achieve this goal. Results showed that these special edge modes can exist within bandgap frequencies along an edge interface of a topologically non-trivial material. Non-reciprocities of EM waves, or one-way EM propagations, can then be achieved along the exterior of the topologically protected insulator. In this manner, back-scattered waves can be inhibited on the basis of pseudospin or quantum Hall effect (QHE) .
[0124] A disadvantage of the QHE method is that it often requires the use of topological material with non-trivial invariant, which is not widely available. Moreover, QHE-based non-reciprocal transmission may result in possibility of free-space radiation losses and very low transmission efficiency.
[0125] In one implementation, there is a theoretical concept based on EM duality using stacking of two open-boundary metallic metasurfaces with hexagonal unit-cells; see academic paper entitled “Electromagnetic-dual metasurfaces for topological states along 1D interface, ” to D. J. Bisharat and D. F. Sievenpiper, and published in Laser Photonics Rev. 2019, 13, 1900126. An ultrathin topological insulator is achieved using thin metasurfaces possessing symmetry-protected topological states of different topological invariant. In this concept, the quantum spin-Hall effect (QSHE) is enforced by topological invariant due to the internal symmetry of electromagnetic fields, thereby achieving transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) field duality.
[0126] As shown in FIG. 1, the hexagonal unit-cell 10 is composed of a patch-type metallic metasurface 12 and an aperture-type metallic metasurface 14 that has open boundaries at the top and bottom. As shown in FIGs. 2A and 2B, an edge-mode channel (indicated by the thick line 16) is formed between two hexagonal unit-cells 10 (each having the two different types of metasurfaces 12 and 14) but with symmetry flip with respect to the xy-plane.
[0127] Two possible types of the edge-mode channel 16 may be formed, depending on the arrangement of the hexagonal unit-cells. FIG. 2A shows an ultrathin topological insulator 20 having a zigzag configuration of the edge-mode channel 16, and FIG. 2B shows an ultrathin topological insulator 22 having an armchair configuration of the edge-mode channel 16.
[0128] This prior-art ultrathin topological insulator 20 is based on QSHE and is still in the conceptual study. The unit cell 20 has an open-boundary hexagon, which results in only a partial bandgap. Wave propagation in this type of open-boundary metasurfaces is subject to radiation losses due to arbitrary perturbations on the top or bottom of the metasurfaces. Moreover, this type of topological metasurfaces may produce topological edge-mode with very low transmission efficiency and may not be suitable for practical implementations.
[0129] Herein, a method and a waveguide for non-reciprocal wave transmission without need of topological invariant materials is disclosed, which may also be used for designing an isolator. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, an isolator is a structure for unidirectional EM-wave transmission. The method and the waveguide disclosed herein induce non-reciprocal wave modes using EM-dual metal-crystal with complementary edges. The method and the waveguide disclosed herein allow efficient reciprocal and non-reciprocal wave transmission based on topology of the structure to produce symmetry-protected non-reciprocity.
[0130] As will be described in more detail below, the method and the waveguide disclosed herein uses a meta-crystal for supporting bidirectional edge-modes for one-dimensional (1D) EM wave propagation and / or pseudospin-polarized edge modes for nonreciprocal wave propagations. The meta-crystal disclosed herein comprises a completely bounded metamaterial that may be designed to produce a dispersion band diagram with full bandgap. Consequently, unlike the prior-art ultrathin topological insulator, this type of structure does not permit wave propagations within the meta-crystal or in the free-space.
[0131] The waveguide disclosed herein provides EM-duality with electromagnetic band-gap structure. For example, in some embodiments, a special dual-edge channel (also denoted a “complimentary edge-mode channel” or a “complementary-edge channel” ) may be formed between two different metamaterials which possess the properties of EM duality. Within the designed bandgap of the meta-crystal, special dual-slant-edge modes may be excited by using an appropriate vectoral combination of the fundamental TE and TM modes. It is demonstrated that these dual-slant-edge modes have the properties of nonreciprocal wave propagations.
[0132] In some embodiments, the waveguide comprises a plurality of unit cells. FIGs. 3A to 3C are schematic diagrams showing the structure of the unit cell 100 (also denoted a “type-1 unit cell” or a TM unit cell) , according to some embodiments of this disclosure. In these embodiments, the unit cell 100 may be a square lattice (denoted “square-shaped unit-cell” or simply “square unit-cell” ) .
[0133] As shown in FIGs. 3A to 3C, the unit cell 100 comprises two identical mushroom patches 102A and 102B (collectively identified as 102) . Each mushroom patch 102 comprises an electrically conductive (or simply denoted “conductive” ) patch layer 104 and a conductive pin 106 (also called a rod or via) , such as a metal pin, perpendicularly extending from the patch layer 104 (such as extending vertically from the center of the patch layer 104) .
[0134] The unit cell 100 also comprises a conductive loop 108 (such as a metallic loop, for example, a metallic square-loop) on the same plane of and surrounding the patch layer 104 of the mushroom patch 102A with an electrically insulated separation 110 therebetween. The two mushroom patches 102A and 102B are in a spaced-apart head-to-head configuration (that is, the head-layers 104 thereof are adjacent to each other with an electrically insulated separation 112 therebetween, and therefore the two mushroom patches 102A and 102B are in mirror symmetry) . In these embodiments, the electrically insulated separation 110 and / or the electrically insulated separation 112 may be filled with air or a suitable dielectric insulator. For example, in some embodiments, the patch layers 104 of the two mushroom patches 102A and 102B may be printed on opposite sides of a dielectric substrate such as a printed circuit board (PCB) wherein the PCB acts as an electrically insulated separation 112.
[0135] In these embodiments, as the two mushroom patches 102A and 102B are identical, the patch layers 104 thereof have same dimensions and overlap on x and y positions (that is, their projections overlap on a plane parallel to the patch layer 104 (denoted a “xy-plane” ) . Accordingly, the x and y dimensions (that is, the dimensions along the x and y axes, respectively) of the unit cell 100 are greater than those of the patch layer 104.
[0136] The mushroom patches 102A and 102B form continuous capacitive elements in the horizontal plane (that is, the plane parallel to the patch layer 104, denoted “xy-plane” ) , which supports the basic TM mode. The metallic square-loop 108 forms an inductive surface that supports the basic mode for TE wave. Importantly, this unit cell 100 has a bounded structure in the z direction, that is, having a PEC boundary 114 on the opposite sides of the unit cell 100 along the z-axis. Consequently, a meta-crystal formed by one or more unit cells 100 may be designed to produce a full bandgap. No free-space radiation is possible.
[0137] Table I shows an example of the physical parameters of the unit cell 100 (also see FIGs. 3B and 3C for the physical parameters) . FIG. 4 shows a dispersion band diagram of the unit cell 100 with physical parameters given in Table I. Only four modes are presented in this figure. In this case, a complete bandgap with 62%of frequency bandwidth is achieved from 7 gigahertz (GHz) to 13.3 GHz.
[0138] The results shown in FIG. 4 clearly indicates that the unit cell 100 may achieve a complete bandgap with a relatively broad frequency bandwidth. The bounded structure of the unit cell 100 is well suited to form various types of topologically insulated waveguiding structures for low-loss, multi-mode, bidirectional and non-reciprocal wave transmissions as described in the various embodiments below.
[0139] TABLE I. PARAMETERS OF THE UNIT CELL 100
[0140] As those skilled in the art will appreciate, the topological invariant of this unit cell 100 may be flipped (from positive to negative and vice versa) simply by shifting the position of the square loop 108 to align with either one of the mushroom patches 102A and 102B. As shown in FIGs. 5A and 5B, in practice, the topological invariant of the unit cell 100 may be reversed by flipping the unit cell 100 along the z-axis, thereby effectively obtaining another unit cell 100’ (also denoted “type-2 unit cell” or a “TE unit cell” ) . In other words, the type-2 unit cell 100’ is a mirrored version of the type-1 unit cell 100 with respect to the xy-plane.
[0141] The type-1 and type-2 unit cells 100 and 100’ may be used to form sections of the waveguide, wherein a waveguide section may comprise one or more type-1 unit cells 100 or one or more or type-2 unit cells 100’ . FIGs. 6A to 6D show some examples of a type-1 waveguide section 150 (also called a “type-1 meta-crystal” ) having one or more type-1 unit cells 100 arranged in one or more rows and / or one or more columns. When the type-1 waveguide section comprises a plurality of type-1 unit cells 100, the square loops 108 thereof are on the same plane, and are coupled or integrated with each other. FIGs. 7A to 7D show some examples of a type-2 waveguide section 150’ (also called a “type-2 meta-crystal” ) having one or more type-2 unit cells 100’ arranged in one or more rows and / or one or more columns. When the type-2 waveguide section comprises a plurality of type-2 unit cells 100’ , the square loops 108 thereof are on the same plane and are coupled or integrated with each other.
[0142] As shown in FIGs. 8A to 8C, in some embodiments, a 1D edge-mode waveguide 200 comprises a pair of type-1 and type-2 bandgap waveguide sections 150 and 150’ in close proximity with each other, with an electrically insulated separation 206 (which may be air or a suitable dielectric insulator) therebetween. Thus, interfacing edges between the two waveguide sections 150 and 150’ form an edge interface acting as a waveguide channel 206 (also called an “edge channel” ) having an input port and an output port) .
[0143] When an EM wave (indicated by the arrow 210) with operating frequency within the bandgap of the waveguide 200 is excited from the front 208 thereof (that is, the front 208 is used as the input port in this example) , the EM wave 210 is prohibited to travel within the type-1 and type-2 waveguide sections 150 and 150’ , and may only propagate at the edge interface 206 between the two waveguide sections 150 and 150’ .
[0144] As shown in FIGs. 8B and 8C, the type-1 and type-2 waveguide sections 150 and 150’ in these embodiments overlap on the x and y axes. In other words, the neighboring edges (around the edge interface 206) of the projections of the type-1 and type-2 waveguide sections 150 and 150’ on a xy-plane overlap. Thus, in these embodiments, the type-1 and type-2 waveguide sections 150 and 150’ are close to each other with no gap therebetween.
[0145] FIG. 9A shows a waveguide comprising a type-1 waveguide section 150 having 40 type-1 unit cells 100 arranged in 10 rows and four (4) columns, and a type-2 waveguide section 150’ having 40 type-2 unit cells 100’ arranged in 10 rows and four (4) columns. FIGs. 9B and 9C show the electric field distribution in the edge-mode waveguide 200 shown in FIG. 9A when excited by a vertically polarized EM wave. The vertically polarized EM wave is concentrated between the two inductive sheets formed by the square loops 108 along the edges between the two waveguide sections 150 and 150’ . No EM field is permitted inside the waveguide sections 150 and 150’ due to the designed bandgap.
[0146] FIGs. 10A to 12 are plots showing the generalized S-parameters S11 and S21 of the edge-mode waveguide 200 for vertical (V) and horizontal (H) excitations, wherein S11 is the return loss, and S21 is the ratio of the amplitude of the transmitted EM wave over the incident EM wave during the EM-wave propagation.
[0147] For horizontal polarization (H-pol; also denoted “mode #2” ; caused by horizontal excitation) , the forward transmission S21 is below -80 decibels (dB) and S11 shows an almost complete reflection of near zero (0) dB. Moreover, the coupling between horizontal polarization and vertical polarization (V-pol; also denoted “mode #1” ; caused by vertical excitation) is below -45 dB. This shows that the edge-mode waveguide 200 in these embodiments may only support vertically polarized edge-mode in bidirectional fashion. Such an edge-mode waveguide 200 may be useful for high-density, low-loss, low-profile bidirectional EM wave transmission, since it has no radiation losses and has a small size.
[0148] The edge-mode waveguide 200 in above embodiments may not be suitable for producing a one-way propagation in an EM-dual square-lattice with single-edge interface, because a spin-polarized momentum cannot be induced in a single, straight-line type of edge channel 206.
[0149] In some embodiments, the edge-mode waveguide 200 may comprise an induced, non-reciprocal wave mode with complementary-edge interface. In these embodiments, two boundary interfaces of opposite invariant, or complimentary edges, are used. Decomposing the field into two orthogonal wave functions of TE and TM modes, respectively, then Maxwell’s equations reduce to two decoupled equations as follows:
[0150] where H represents the magnetic field, E represents the electric field, J represents the electric current density, M represents the magnetic current density, represents the TE and TM coupling factor, ε represents the permittivity of medium, μrepresents the permeability of medium, the superscript “TE” represents the transverse electric field component, the superscript “TM” represents the transverse magnetic field component, and z represents the coordinate on z-axis.
[0151] In these embodiments, the two mushroom patches 102A and 102B are in mirror symmetry with respect to the xy-plane, and by forcing the constitution parameters to satisfy the reflection symmetry condition ε (z) = μ (-z) as shown in FIG. 13, then,
[0152] By adding and subtracting (3) from (4) , the following equations are obtained:
[0153] Define the composite waves as two orthogonal spin states, that is, a spin-up state and a spin-down state, then:
[0154] Spin-up state:
[0155] Spin-down state: The excitation currents are:
[0156] Spin-up excitations:
[0157] Spin-down excitations:
[0158] Then, a general wave solution for the spin states in terms of the TE and TM modes may be expressed as:
[0159] Solutions of this spin-state equation may be expressed in terms of the TM and TE fields:
[0160] Applying appropriate amplitudes and phases of TE and TM modes, one may produce a spin-up or spin-down state as indicated in Tables II and III.
[0161] TABLE II. TOPOLOGICAL INVARIANT OF A DUAL-EDGE SQUARE LATTICE
[0162] With single-edge channel 206, a non-reciprocal edge mode may be produced only if the spin state produces a non-trivial topological invariant. Since rectangular lattices possess zero invariant, it is not possible to produce a non-reciprocal wave in a rectangular lattice with single-edge channel 206.
[0163] To achieve non-reciprocity without use of non-trivial material structures, the waveguide 200 in these embodiments may use EM-dual topology to produce symmetry-protected non-reciprocity by inducing pseudospin-polarized modes in a dual-edge channel.
[0164] FIGs. 14A to 14C show the waveguide 200 in these embodiments, which comprises a type-1 waveguide section 150 sandwiched between two type-2 waveguide sections 150’ along the xy-plane. Each adjacent pair of type-1 and type-2 waveguide sections 150’ are slightly spaced apart from each other with an electrically insulated separation 308 or 308’ therebetween, thereby forming a dual-edge channel 306 comprising a pair of complementary-edge sub-channels (each having an input port and an output port) , including a positive edge sub-channel 308 and a negative edge sub-channel 308’ , for exciting two linearly polarized waves. The type-1 waveguide section 150 and the two type-2 waveguide sections 150’ thus form a PMC plane 322 along the xz-plane at the center along the y-axis (denoted “y = 0” ) .
[0165] As the waveguide 200 is geometrical symmetrical with respect to the y-axis, the normal component of electric (E) field in the y-direction (normal to PMC plane 322) is forced to be continuous but in opposite phase between the two edge sub-channels 308 and 308’ . As a result, A positively slant linearly polarized edge-field or edge-mode 328 is formed in the positive edge sub-channel 308 and a negatively slant linearly polarized edge-field or edge-mode 328’ is formed in the negative edge sub-channel 308’ . Furthermore, the PMC condition at y = 0 also forces 180-degree phase difference between the parallel H component (Hz) on two sides of the PMC plane 322. As a result, one of the edge modes 328 and 328’ is forced to be leading or lagging the other by 180 degrees. This provides a mechanism for the sense of direction of the composite wave propagations, and induces a pseudospin-polarized momentum along the dual-edge channel 306.
[0166] The dual-edge channel 306 may produce four different states, including a spin-up forward state, a spin-up backward state, a spin-down forward state, and a spin-down backward state. Each of these states is decoupled and orthogonal to each other, and enforces one-way wave transmission and reflection with a unique wave pseudo-polarization mode that satisfies the signature of the spin state. For instance, the spin-up state produces a linear right-hand wave momentum, and enforces a leading positively slant linear polarized (LPS) edge-mode wave propagation in the forward direction, or linear left-hand polarized wave in the backward direction and produces a leading negatively slant linear polarized edge mode. Similarly, the spin-down state produces a linear left-hand wave momentum, and enforces leading negatively slant linear polarized wave (LNS) transmission in the forward direction and leading positively slant linear polarized wave in the backward direction. In either case, the dual-edge channel 306 permits propagation of pseudospin polarized edge-mode in the direction whose polarization signature matches the induced spin momentum.
[0167] TABLE III. PSEUDOSPIN-POLARIZED EDGE-MODES
[0168] FIG. 15A show another example of a waveguide 200, which comprises a type-1 waveguide section 150 sandwiched between two type-2 waveguide sections 150’ . The type-1 waveguide section 150 has a single row of type-1 unit cells 100, and each of the type-2 waveguide sections 150’ has a plurality rows of type-2 unit cells 100’ . Thus, the waveguide 200 comprises a dual-edge channel 306 with a pair of edge interfaces 308 and 308’ opposite invariant. Note that this example uses only one row of type-2 meta-crystal in the middle. In some embodiments, the waveguide 200 may comprise multiple rows of type-2 unit cells 100’ in the center, as long as the distance between the sub-channels 308 and 308’ (also denoted “separation distance” ) is less than half of a wavelength of the EM wave.
[0169] FIG. 15B shows the electric field distribution in the dual-edge channel 306 of the waveguide 200 shown in FIG. 15A. As shown, a pseudospin polarized electric field distribution is instigated in the dual-edge channel 306.
[0170] FIGs. 16A to 18C show the generalized S-parameters (unmatched) of the dual-edge channel 306 of the waveguide 200 shown in FIG. 15A in spin-down and spin-up states, for different load (ZL) conditions (50 ohm (Ω) , 300Ω, 600Ω, 2400Ω) .
[0171] In the case of spin-down state, the transmission S21 is initially less than -2 dB at 50 Ω condition, and is degraded as the load increases to 2400 Ω. However, the reflection parameter S11 of the spin-down wave is held relatively steady for all above-described load conditions. This indicates that the wave propagation is one-way only, that is, no backward wave observed in the same propagation state.
[0172] However, this does not mean that there is no reflected wave at the load. In fact, as shown in FIGs. 17A and 17B, all backward waves are propagating in the orthogonal spin-up state. This observation is also self-evident in the S11 of the spin-up state, that is, it increases as the load condition changes from 50 Ω to 2400 Ω.
[0173] Furthermore, the S21 of the spin-up state is held steadily low which is an indication that there is no wave transmission in the spin-up state. These observations confirm that the complimentary edge-mode of the waveguide 200 shown in FIG. 15A permits only one-way propagation for both the forward and backward transmissions in either the spin-up or the spin-down state. Thus, besides the four pseudospin-polarized modes, the dual-edge channel 306 may also operate in bidirectional wave propagation modes (that is, V or H modes) . For instance, when the channel is excited with a vertically polarized wave only, the S-parameters of the dual-edge channel 306 operates as a normal bidirectional mode as shown in FIGs. 18A to 18C. Moreover, the V and H modes may be operating independently as the coupling between the two modes is very low, such as in the order of -60 dB as shown in the results.
[0174] Once a pseudospin-polarized wave is excited with specified conditions and is locked to a wave momentum, it does not flip the spin as long as the EM-duality and the channel topology is maintained. Consequently, it produces a non-reciprocal wave transmission. Such a non-reciprocal wave transmission may be observed in FIGs. 19A to 19E, wherein FIG. 19A shows a waveguide 200 having a U-shaped dual-edge channel 306, and FIGs. 19B to 19D show the E field distribution in the U-shaped dual-edge channel 306 of the waveguide 200 shown in FIG. 19A. One may also observe that, as shown in FIGs. 19B and 19C (showing the H-mode and V-mode, respectively) , the sub-channels or complementary edges 308 and 308’ are operating in-phase when the bi-directional wave mode is excited. On the other hand, as shown in FIGs. 19D and 19E (showing the down-spin and up-spin modes, respectively) , the sub-channels or complementary edges 308 and 308’ are operating with 180-degree phase difference therebetween when a pseudospin polarized mode (such as the down-spin mode or up-spin mode) is excited.
[0175] Bi-directional transmission performances of the U-shaped dual-edge channel 306 are simulated for various load conditions, as shown in FIGs. 20A to 20D. For bi-directional wave modes, only TE (H-pol) or TM (V-pol) mode is excited. In each case, the S21 is degraded as the load impedance increases, and the S11 is increased in proportional to the load impedance. Thus, the U-shaped dual-edge channel 306 may support both of these normal modes of bi-directional transmissions. FIGs. 21A to 21D show simulated s-parameters of spin-up mode in the U-shaped dual-edge channel 306. First, the average value of the spin-up S11 does not change with the load, albeit the S21 is degrading as the load impedance increases, which indicates that this is a non-reciprocal transmission. The U-shaped dual-edge channel 306 does not flip the transmission mode due to the unchanged topology of the channel even with the bends in the U shape. The mode does partially flip when it hits a high impedance load. All reflected power is channel to the backward mode.
[0176] In the embodiments shown in FIGs. 14A to 14C and FIG. 19A, the waveguide 200 comprises a type-1 waveguide section 150 sandwiched between two type-2 waveguide sections 150’ . In some embodiments, the waveguide 200 may comprise a type-2 waveguide section 150’s andwiched between two type-1 waveguide sections 150. FIG. 22 shows an example.
[0177] In above embodiments, the waveguide 200 comprises a plurality of square unit-cells 100. In some other embodiments, other types of unit cells such as triangular-shaped or rectangular-shaped unit-cells may be used, wherein the mushroom patches and / or the loop of each unit cell has a triangular shape or rectangular shape.
[0178] FIG. 23 is a schematic side view of a bidirectional edge-mode waveguide 200 according to some embodiments of this disclosure. The waveguide 200 in these embodiments is similar to that shown in FIGs. 8A to 8C except that the type-1 and type-2 waveguide sections 150 and 150’ are spaced from each other with a gap 216 therebetween filled with air or a suitable dielectric insulator. In some embodiments, the gap 216 has a width (along y-axis) smaller than or equal to a tenth of the wavelength of the EM wave (such as 0.5 mm) to enable improved H-pol TE mode.
[0179] FIGs. 24A and 24B are schematic plan view and side view, respectively, of a waveguide 200 according to some embodiments of this disclosure. The waveguide 200 in these embodiments is similar to that shown in FIGs. 14A to 14C except that each neighboring pair of the type-1 and type-2 waveguide sections 150 and 150’ are spaced from each other with a gap 216 therebetween filled with air or a suitable dielectric insulator. In some embodiments, each gap 216 has a width (along y-axis) of 0.5 mm to enable improved H-pol TE mode.
[0180] Although embodiments have been described above with reference to the accompanying drawings, those of skill in the art will appreciate that variations and modifications may be made without departing from the scope thereof as defined by the appended claims.
Claims
1.A module comprising:a first section comprising one or more first unit cells forming a set of first electromagnetic (EM) bandgap elements along a xy-plane;a second section comprising one or more second unit cells forming a set of second EM bandgap elements along the xy-plane, the second section adjacent the first section with a first electrically insulated separation therebetween forming a first edge interface; anda channel for transmitting an EM wave therethrough;wherein the channel comprises the first edge interface; andwherein the one or more first unit cells have a first structure, and the one or more second unit cells have a second structure, the second structure being a mirrored version of the first structure with respect to the xy-plane.2.The module of claim 1, wherein the first structure comprises:a first conductive component;a second conductive component adjacent the first conductive component along a z-axis and spaced therefrom, the z-axis perpendicular to the xy-plane; anda conductive loop surrounding the first conductive component along the xy-plane with a second electrically insulated separation therebetween.3.The module of claim 2, wherein the conductive loop is a metallic loop.4.The module of claim 2 or 3, wherein each of the first and second conductive components comprises:a conductive patch layer extending along the xy-plane, anda conductive pin extending from the conductive patch layer;wherein the conductive patch layers of the first and second conductive components are adjacent each other;wherein the conductive pin of the first conductive component extends from the conductive patch layer thereof at a direction away from the second conductive component;wherein the conductive pin of the second conductive component extends from the conductive patch layer thereof at a direction away from the first conductive component; andwherein the conductive loop surrounds the conductive patch layer of the first conductive component along the xy-plane with the second electrically insulated separation therebetween.5.The module of claim 4, wherein the conductive patch layers of the first and second conductive components are metallic layers.6.The module of claim 4 or 5, wherein the conductive pins of the first and second conductive components are metallic pins.7.The module of any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein the conductive patch layers of the first and second conductive components are coated on opposite sides of a substrate.8.The module of any one of claims 4 to 7, wherein each of the conductive patch layers of the first and second conductive components has a rectangular or triangular shape.9.The module of any one of claims 4 to 7, wherein each of the conductive patch layers of the first and second conductive components has a square shape.10.The module of any one of claims 2 to 9, wherein the conductive loop has a rectangular or triangular shape.11.The module of any one of claims 2 to 9, wherein the conductive loop is a square loop.12.The module of claim 11 dependent from claim 9, whereinthe substrate has a thickness of g = 1.27 millimeters (mm) ,each of the loop, the conductive patch layer of the first conductive component, and the conductive patch layer of the second conductive component has a thickness of t = 0.035 mm,each of the conductive patch layers of the first and second conductive components has a length of L = 4 mm,the loop has an annular width of w = 0.75 mm,the second electrically insulated separation between the conductive loop and the conductive patch layer of the first conductive component is v = 0.25 mm,each of the pins of the first and second conductive components has a length of H = 4 mm and a diameter of d = 1 mm, andeach of the loop, the conductive patch layer of the first conductive component, and the conductive patch layer of the second conductive component has a permittivity of εr=2.2.13.The module of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein, in a frequency bandwidth between 7 gigahertz (GHz) and 13.3 GHz, each of the one or more first unit cells and the one or more second unit cells has a complete bandgap with 62%of the frequency bandwidth.14.The module of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the first and second sections overlap at adjacent edges thereof.15.The module of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the first and second sections are spaced from each other at adjacent edges thereof.16.The module of claim 15, wherein a distance between adjacent edges of the first and second sections is about 0.5 mm.17.The module of any one of claims 4 to 7 further comprising:a third section comprising one or more first unit cells forming a set of third EM bandgap elements along the xy-plane, the third section adjacent the second section with a third electrically insulated separation therebetween such that the first and third sections sandwich the second section therebetween along the xy-plane, thereby forming a second edge interface between the second and third sections;wherein the channel comprises the first and second edge interfaces.18.The module of claim 17, wherein the one or more second unit cells of the second section are arranged in a single row along the channel.19.The module of claim 17 or 18, wherein a width of the second section is less than half of a wavelength of the EM wave.20.The module of any one of claims 17 to 19, wherein the second and third sections overlap at adjacent edges thereof.21.The module of any one of claims 17 to 19, wherein the second and third sections are spaced from each other at adjacent edges thereof.22.The module of claim 21, wherein a distance between adjacent edges of the second and third sections is about 0.5 mm.23.The module of any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the channel is a straight channel or a U-shaped channel.24.An apparatus comprising:one or more modules of any one of claims 1 to 23.25.A system comprising:one or more modules of any one of claims 1 to 23.26.A use of one or more modules of any one of claims 1 to 23 for transmitting an EM wave through the channel.27.A method comprising:applying the EM wave at an end of the channel of the module of any one of claims 1 to 23 for transmitting the EM wave through the channel.28.A method comprising:arranging a first section of one or more first electromagnetic (EM) bandgap elements along a xy-plane adjacent to and electrically separated from a second section of one or more second EM bandgap elements along the xy-plane to form a first edge interface being at least a portion of a channel for transmitting an EM wave therethrough;wherein each of the first EM bandgap elements is a mirrored version of each of the second EM bandgap elements with respect to the xy-plane,29.The method of claims 28 further comprising:forming each of the first EM bandgap elements by:arranging a first conductive component and a second conductive component adjacent to and electrically separated from each other along a z-axis, the z-axis perpendicular to the xy-plane; andarranging a conductive loop surrounding and electrically separated from the first conductive component along the xy-plane.30.The method of claim 29, wherein said arranging the conductive loop surrounding and electrically separated from the first conductive component along the xy-plane comprises:arranging a metallic loop surrounding and electrically separated from the first conductive component along the xy-plane.31.The method of claim 29 or 30 further comprising:forming each of each of the first and second conductive components by:extending a conductive patch layer along the xy-plane, andextending a conductive pin from the conductive patch layer;wherein the conductive patch layers of the first and second conductive components are adjacent each other;wherein the conductive pin of the first conductive component extends from the conductive patch layer thereof at a direction away from the second conductive component;wherein the conductive pin of the second conductive component extends from the conductive patch layer thereof at a direction away from the first conductive component; andwherein the conductive loop surrounds and electrically separated from the conductive patch layer of the first conductive component along the xy-plane.32.The method of claim 31, wherein said extending the conductive patch layer along the xy-plane comprises:extending a metallic patch layer along the xy-plane.33.The method of claim 31 or 32, wherein said extending a conductive pin from the conductive patch layer comprises:extending a metallic pin from the conductive patch layer.34.The method of any one of claims 31 to 33, wherein said extending the conductive patch layer along the xy-plane comprises:coating the conductive patch layer on opposite sides of a substrate.35.The method of any one of claims 31 to 34, wherein said extending the conductive patch layer along the xy-plane comprises:extending the conductive patch layer of a rectangular or triangular shape along the xy-plane.36.The method of any one of claims 31 to 34, wherein said extending the conductive patch layer along the xy-plane comprises:extending the conductive patch layer of a square shape along the xy-plane.37.The method of any one of claims 29 to 36, wherein said arranging the conductive loop surrounding and electrically separated from the first conductive component along the xy-plane comprises:arranging the conductive loop of a rectangular or triangular shape surrounding and electrically separated from the first conductive component along the xy-plane.38.The method of any one of claims 29 to 36, wherein said arranging the conductive loop surrounding and electrically separated from the first conductive component along the xy-plane comprises:arranging the conductive loop of a square shape surrounding and electrically separated from the first conductive component along the xy-plane.39.The method of claim 38 dependent from claim 36, whereinthe substrate has a thickness of g = 1.27 millimeters (mm) ,each of the loop, the conductive patch layer of the first conductive component, and the conductive patch layer of the second conductive component has a thickness of t = 0.035 mm,each of the conductive patch layers of the first and second conductive components has a length of L = 4 mm,the loop has an annular width of w = 0.75 mm,the second electrically insulated separation between the conductive loop and the conductive patch layer of the first conductive component is v = 0.25 mm,each of the pins of the first and second conductive components has a length of H = 4 mm and a diameter of d = 1 mm, andeach of the loop, the conductive patch layer of the first conductive component, and the conductive patch layer of the second conductive component has a permittivity of εr=2.2.40.The method of any one of claims 28 to 39, wherein, in a frequency bandwidth between 7 GHz and 13.3 GHz, each of the one or more first EM bandgap elements and the one or more second EM bandgap elements has a complete bandgap with 62%of the frequency bandwidth.41.The method of any one of claims 28 to 40, wherein said arranging the first section adjacent to and electrically separated from the second section to form the first edge interface comprises:overlapping the first section and the second section at adjacent edges thereof to form the first edge interface.42.The method of any one of claims 28 to 40, wherein said arranging the first section adjacent to and electrically separated from the second section to form the first edge interface comprises:spacing the first section and the second section from each other at adjacent edges thereof to form the first edge interface.43.The method of claim 42, wherein said spacing the first section and the second section from each other at the adjacent edges thereof to form the first edge interface comprises:spacing the first section and the second section from each other at the adjacent edges thereof by a distance of about 0.5 mm to form the first edge interface.44.The method of any one of claims 31 to 34 further comprising:arranging a third section of one or more first EM bandgap elements along the xy-plane adjacent to and electrically separated from the second section such that the first and third sections sandwich the second section therebetween along the xy-plane, thereby forming a second edge interface between the second and third sections;wherein the channel comprises the first and second edge interfaces.45.The method of claim 44 further comprising:arranging the one or more second EM bandgap elements of the second section in a single row along the channel.46.The method of claim 44 or 45 further comprising:forming the second section with a width of less than half of a wavelength of the EM wave.47.The method of any one of claims 44 to 46, wherein said arranging the third section adjacent to and electrically separated from the second section comprises:overlapping the second section and the third section at adjacent edges thereof to form the second edge interface.48.The method of any one of claims 44 to 46, wherein said arranging the third section adjacent to and electrically separated from the second section comprises:spacing the second section and the third section from each other at adjacent edges thereof to form the second edge interface.49.The method of claim 48, wherein said spacing the second section and the third section from each other at the adjacent edges thereof to form the second edge interface comprises:spacing the second section and the third section from each other at the adjacent edges thereof by a distance of about 0.5 mm to form the second edge interface.50.The method of any one of claims 28 to 49 further comprising:arranging the channel to be a straight channel or a U-shaped channel.
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