CDK20 in cancer diagnosis and therapy
By evaluating CDK20 expression in MDSCs, this approach improves cancer diagnosis and treatment by targeting the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, enhancing anti-tumor immunity.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/104729
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-07-21
- Filing Date
- 2024-07-10
- Publication Date
- 2025-01-30
AI Technical Summary
Current methods for diagnosing and treating cancer are inadequate, particularly in early detection and addressing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
Assessing the expression level of cyclin-dependent kinase 20 (CDK20) in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) for cancer diagnosis and administering MDSCs with diminished or abolished CDK20 expression to treat cancer.
The method effectively identifies cancer risk and progression by analyzing CDK20 expression in MDSCs, and treating cancer by modulating MDSCs to enhance anti-tumor immunity.
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Figure CN2024104729_30012025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
CDK20 IN CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY
[0001] RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 528, 199, filed July 21, 2023, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in the entirety for all purposes.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Cancer-related causes are among the top reasons of death in developed nations. In the US alone, the number of new cases of cancer of any site averages about 450 per 100,000 men and women per year, and the number of deaths averages about 170 per 100,000 men and women per year. Cancer is a disease with a high mortality rate: while about 1, 700,000 newly diagnosed cancer cases are expected each year, over 600,000 deaths annually are attributable to various types of cancer. Based on data from recent years, it is estimated that over 38%of men and women will be diagnosed with cancer at some point during their lifetime.
[0004] Because of the prevalence of cancer and its enormous social and economical impact globally, there exists an urgent need for new and more effective methods for early diagnosis and treatment of cancer. This invention fulfills this and other related needs.
[0005] BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] The application provides the first disclosure of a method for diagnosing cancer by assessing the expression level of cyclin-dependent kinase 20 (CDK20) , also known as cell cycle-related kinase (CCRK) , in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) . Also disclosed is a method for treating cancer by administering MDSCs having a significantly diminished or entirely abolished CDK20 expression level. Related compositions and kits useful for diagnostic and therapeutic methods for cancer are therefore devised from this discovery.
[0007] As such, in a first aspect, this invention provides a method for assessing the status of CDK20 expression in MDSCs in an individual. The method includes a first step of obtaining a blood sample from the individual being tested, and a second step of determining CDK20 expression level in MDSCs in the blood sample. In some embodiments, the individual being tested is suspected to have cancer, e.g., a solid cancer such as hepatocellular carcinoma or HCC, but has not received a diagnosis. In some embodiments, the method further comprises a step of comparing the CDK20 expression level obtained from step (ii) to a standard control value, which represents the CDK20 expression level found in MDSCs from an average healthy individual who does not have cancer and is not at an increased risk for cancer (e.g., a solid cancer such as HCC) . In some embodiments, the method comprises determining the CDK20 expression level from step (ii) being higher than the standard control value and determining the individual as suffering from cancer or at an increased risk for cancer (e.g., a solid cancer such as HCC) .
[0008] In some embodiments, the method further includes, after step (i) and prior to step (ii) , a step of isolating MDSCs from a blood sample taken from the individual. In some embodiment, the MDSCs isolated from the blood sample is lysed to generate a lysate of the MDSCs. In some embodiments, the CDK20 expression level is the CDK20 protein level. In some embodiments, step (ii) comprises performing an immunoassay for detecting CDK20 protein using an anti-CDK20 antibody that specifically binds CDK20 and may be conjugated to a moiety as a means for easy detection (e.g., a detectable label) . In some embodiments, the immunoassay further involves the use of a second antibody that specifically binds the anti-CDK20 antibody and may be conjugated to a moiety as a means for easy detection (e.g., a detectable label) . In such methodologies, the anti-CDK20 antibody or the second antibody is conjugated to a detectable label for easy determination of both the presence and quantity of the CDK20 protein. In some embodiments, the CDK20 expression level is the CDK20 mRNA level, which may be determined by a nucleic acid amplification reaction, e.g., a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) , such as a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) , especially a quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises a step of comparing the CDK20 expression level from step (ii) to a standard control value derived from MDSCs of a healthy individual.
[0009] In a second aspect, the present invention provides a kit for assessing CDK20 expression status in MDSCs. The kit includes a first container containing an agent to detect CDK20 expression and a second container containing a standard control to indicate CDK20 expression level in MDSCs taken from healthy subjects. In some embodiments, the agent comprises an anti-CDK20 antibody that specifically binds CDK20. Optionally, the kit may further include a second antibody that specifically binds the anti-CDK20 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-CDK20 antibody or the second antibody is conjugated with a detectable label for ease of detection. In some embodiments, the agent is an agent for a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for CDK20 mRNA. In some embodiments, one or more (e.g., two, three, or more) agents used in RT-PCR are included in the kit for the detection of CDK20 mRNA. Optionally, the kit may include an instruction manual providing information for users to properly use the kit.
[0010] In a third aspect, the present invention provides a method for inhibiting cancer cell proliferation by providing in contact with the cancer cells an adequate number of MDSCs that have a suppressed or abolished CDK20 expression. In some embodiments, the cancer cells are solid cancer cells such as hepatocellular carcinoma cells. In some embodiments, the cancer cells are located within a patient’s body. In some embodiments, the MDSCs are first isolated from a patient’s body, then manipulated ex vivo to suppress or abolish CDK20 expression, and finally administered back into the patient’s body. In some embodiments, the MDSCs are contacted with a small-interfering RNA (siRNA) or short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) specifically targeting CDK20 coding sequence in order to suppress CDK20 expression. In some embodiments, the CDK20 genomic sequence in the MDSCs are recombinantly disrupted or knocked-out, for example, using genomic editing technology such as CRISPR technology. In some embodiments, the patient is administered a composition comprising an effective amount of MDSCs having suppressed CDK20 expression and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In some embodiments, the composition is administered by injection, e.g., intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or intratumoral injection.
[0011] In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides a kit for treating cancer in accordance with the method disclosed above and herein. The kit includes a first container containing a first composition comprising an effective amount of MDSCs with suppressed CDK20 expression and a second container containing a second composition comprising an effective amount of another anti-cancer therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the cancer being treated is hepatocellular carcinoma. In some embodiments, CDK20 expression is abolished in the MDSCs, for example, the MDSCs have been first taken out of the patient’s body, genetically manipulated to knock down CDK20 expression (e.g., by siRNA or shRNA treatment) or knock out CDK20 genomic sequence (e.g., by genomic editing technology such as CRISPR) thus entirely abolishing CDK20 expression, cultured ex vivo, formulated in an appropriate composition, and then administered back into the patient’s body. In some embodiments, the first composition comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and is formulated for injection (e.g., intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or intratumoral injection) . In some embodiments, the kit includes an instruction manual for using the kit.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] Figure 1A to Figure 1C. CCRK is upregulated and selectively expressed in myeloid cells from tumor-bearing mice and patients with HCC. (Fig. 1A) Representative flow cytometry dot plots of CD19+B cells, CD3+T cells, CD11b+ myeloid cells, and NK1.1+NK cells in splenocytes of mice, splenocytes and tumor infiltrating leukocytes (TILs) of RIL-175 tumor-bearing mice. These cells were sorted by FACS and used to detect CCRK expression by western blot. (n≥3) . (Fig. 1B) Representative flow cytometry dot plots of CD11b+Gr-1+MDSCs and CD11b+Gr-1-myeloid cells from splenocytes and TILs of RIL-175 tumor-bearing mice. CCRK expression was measured by western blot. β-tubulin served as loading control. Representative data from at least three independent experiments are shown. (n≥3) . (Fig. 1C) CD11b+CD33+myeloid cells sorted from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy donors (HD) , PBMCs, adjacent non-tumor (NT) and tumor (T) tissues of HCC patients for the measurement of CCRK mRNA expression (relative to GAPDH) by qRT-PCR. (n≥5) . *p<0.05.
[0013] Figure 2A to Figure 2G. Ccrk expression maintains the immature status of MDSCs to support tumor growth in vivo. (Fig. 2A) Schematic diagram. MDSCs were generated from RFP+ / +mouse bone marrows (BMs) , treated with IL-6 / GM-CSF for 4 days, and infected with lentivirus (LV) -based shCtrl-GFP or shCcrk-GFP (1 MOI) for 48 h. The success of virus infection, sorting purifies and expressions of CCRK, p-STAT3Tyr705, E4BP4, and ARG-I were confirmed by fluorescent-microscope or western blot, respectively in FACS sorted RFP+GFP+MDSCs at 48-hour post infection. β-actin served as loading control. 2x106 purified MDSCs were then intratumorally injected into the left or right subcutaneous tumors of the same RIL-175-bearing mouse at day 6 post tumor inoculation for tumor growth analysis. (Fig. 2B) Tumor sizes were measured by caliper every two days and expressed as 1 / 2* (length*width2) . (Fig. 2C) Tumor weights, and (Fig. 2D) the absolute numbers of tumor-infiltrating CD8+T cells were measured at the endpoint (n=6) . (Fig. 2E) Blood was collected at 24-hour post 2*106 RFP+GFP+MDSCs adoptive transfer in C57BL / 6 mice for MDSC phenotype analysis in vivo. The representative flow cytometry dot plots and proportions of CD11b+Gr-1+Ly6G+Ly6CintPMN-MDSCs as well as (Fig. 2F) F4 / 80+CD11c-macrophages in RFP+ adoptive transferred cells are shown. (Fig. 2G) The expressions of CD86 and CD80 on F4 / 80+CD11c-macrophages are shown in overlay histograms and bar charts. (n=5) . Data are presented as mean ± SD. *p<0.05. **p<0.01. See also Figures 5 and 6.
[0014] Figure 3A to Figure 3H. Inactivation of myeloid Ccrk reduces HCC progression by remodeling tumor microenvironment in orthotopic HCC mouse model. (Fig. 3A) DNA sequence of Ccrkindel / indel transgenic (TG) mouse. An ATC (encodes amino acid Ile) insertion in Ccrk exon 3 between c. 219 and c. 220 was generated in C57BL / 6 mouse and confirmed by DNA sequencing. (Fig. 3B) The expressions of CCRK, p-STAT3Tyr705, STAT3 and E4BP4 in BMs of and RIL-175-tumor bearing wild-type (WT) and Ccrkindel / indel mice were detected by western blot. β-actin served as loading control. (Fig. 3C) WT and Ccrkindel / indel mice were inoculated with 5*105 RIL-175 cells via intrahepatic injection and sacrificed at day 21 post tumor inoculation or humane endpoint (n≥9) . Liver tumor images and tumor weights at the endpoint are shown, and (Fig. 3D) their survival rates were documented. (Fig. 3E) High-dimensional flow cytometry analysis in tumor-infiltrating CD45+leukocytes are shown as visualization of clusters in UMAP plots for total and individual groups. UMAP plots shown consists of 40,000 cells each and are representative of concatenated samples within each group. Cell clusters corresponding to CD4+ and CD8+T cells, NK cells, DCs, macrophages, M-and PMN-MDSCs are highlighted and their proportions in WT and Ccrkindel / indel mice are shown. (Fig. 3F) Representative overlay histograms and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD80, CD86 and IL-12 expressions in CD11b-macrophages from WT and Ccrkindel / indel mice are shown. (Fig. 3G) Representative flow cytometry dot plots and proportions of IFN-γ+, TNF-ɑ+, IFN-γ+TNF-ɑ+CD4+T cells or (Fig. 3H) CD8+T cells in tumor-infiltrating CD45+ leukocytes from WT and Ccrkindel / indel mice are shown. Data are presented as mean ± SD. *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01. See also Figures 8 and 9.
[0015] Figure 4A to Figure 4H. Knockdown of CCRK reduces the immunosuppressive activity and induces an immune-stimulatory phenotype of MDSCs. (Fig. 4A) Schematic diagram. CD33+MDSCs were generated from healthy donor PBMCs treated with IL-6 / GM-CSF for 7 days and purified by CD33 microbeads. Purified MDSCs were transfected with siRNA targeting CCRK (siCCRK) or control (siCtrl) . Cells were collected and analyzed by qRT-PCR, western blot, or flow cytometry. The antigen-presenting capacity of MDSCs treated with siRNA was determined by mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) assay via co-culturing them with CD3 microbeads purified and CFSE-labelled CD3+T cells from a different donor, at a ratio of 1: 1 in the presence of human recombinant IL-2 (20 U / mL) . T cell proliferation rate and IFN-γ releasing were analyzed by flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. (Fig. 4B) CCRK expressions in MDSCs treated with siCtrl or siCCRK are shown at mRNA (relative to GAPDH) and protein levels. β-actin served as loading control. Data are presented as mean ± SD from at least five independent experiments. (Fig. 4C) MDSCs labelled with CFSE before siRNA treatment were used to measure MDSC proliferation and CFSElow cells indicated the proliferating population was analyzed by flow cytometry at day 3 post transfection. (Fig. 4D) The expressions of HLA-DR, (Fig. 4E) proportions of CD68+HLA-DR+ macrophages, as well as (Fig. 4F) CD86 and CD80 surface expressions on CD68+HLA-DR+ macrophages were upregulated upon CCRK knockdown in MDSCs. (Fig. 4G) MLR assay showed an up-regulated allogenic T cell proliferation indicated by CFSElow proportion and (Fig. 4H) IFN-γ production in T cells co-cultured with MDSC-siCCRK compared to controls. (n=7) . *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. See also Figure 10.
[0016] Figure 5A to Figure 5H. CCRK activates STAT3 / E4BP4-dependent transcriptional regulation to maintain the IL-10 / IL-12 balance in myeloid cells. (Fig. 5A) CD33+MDSCs were generated, purified, and transfected with siCtrl or siCCRK. The mRNA levels of 13 genes (relative to GAPDH) determined by qRT-PCR are shown in heatmap. (Fig. 5B) IL-10 level, (Fig. 5C) protein expressions of p-STAT3Tyr705, STAT3, ARG-I and E4BP4 were detected in siCtrl-or siCCRK-treated MDSCs at 48-hour by ELISA or western blot, respectively. (Fig. 5D) The expressions of p-STAT3Tyr705 and ARG-I in siCtrl-or siCCRK-treated MDSCs were further confirmed by intracellular flow cytometry analysis and are shown in overlay histograms. (Fig. 5E) Western blot analysis of CCRK, p-STAT3Tyr705, STAT3 and E4BP4, and qRT-PCR analysis of CCRK, E4BP4, IL-10 and IL-12 mRNA levels (relative to GAPDH) in vector-or CCRK-U937 stable cells. (Fig. 5F) qChIP-PCR analyses of STAT3 on E4BP4 and ARGI promoters, and (Fig. 5G) E4BP4 on the promoters of IL-10 and IL-12a in vector-or CCRK-U937 stable cells. The promoter regions for TF binding of indicated genes are shown. (Fig. 5H) Western blot analysis of CCRK and E4BP4, and qRT-PCR analysis of E4BP4, IL-10 and IL-12 mRNA levels (relative to GAPDH) in U937-CCRK cells treated by shCtrl or shE4BP4 are shown. β-actin served as loading control. Data are presented as mean ± SD from at least five independent experiments. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. See also Figure 11.
[0017] Figure 6. CCRK expression is upregulated in BM-MDSCs. (A) Bone marrows (BMs) isolated from RFP+ / +mice were cultured in control medium or medium supplied with IL-6 / GM-CSF for 4 days. The proportions of CD11b+Gr-1+immatured myeloid cells (IMCs) , MDSCs and their surface expressions of RFP were analyzed by flow cytometry. (B) CCRK, p-STAT3Tyr705 / STAT3, E4BP4 and ARG-I expressions in purified IMCs or MDSCs were determined by western blot. β-actin served as loading control. Representative data from at least three independent experiments are shown.
[0018] Figure 7A to Figure 7C. Myeloid-Ccrk knockdown leads to tumor suppression independent of tumoral CCRK expression. (Fig. 7A) RIL-175-shCcrk stable cell line was generated and the CCRK knockdown was confirmed by western blot, in comparison with wild type (WT) RIL-175 cells. β-tubulin served as loading control. (Fig. 7B) C57BL / 6 mice were inoculated with 1*107 RIL-175-shCcrk stable cells subcutaneously in the left and right flank. 2x106 RFP+GFP+MDSCs with LV-shCtrl-GFP or -shCcrk-GFP infection were sorted by FACS, and then intratumorally injected into the left or right subcutaneous tumors of the same tumor-bearing mouse, respectively at day 6 post tumor inoculation. Mice were sacrificed at day 14. Tumor sizes were measured by caliper every two days and expressed as 1 / 2*(length*width2) . (Fig. 7C) Tumor weights were measured at the endpoint. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n=6) . *p<0.05.
[0019] Figure 8A to Figure 8G. Inactivation of myeloid-Ccrk leads to tumor suppression independent of tumoral-and host-CCRK signaling. (Fig. 8A) Schematic diagram. BM-MDSCs were generated by culturing BMs isolated from wild-type (WT) or Ccrkindel / indel mice with IL-6 / GM-CSF for 4 days. C57BL / 6 mice were inoculated with 2*106 CRISPR / Cas9-derived Ccrk-knockout (CrCcrk) Hepa1-6 murine hepatoma stable cells subcutaneously in the left and right flank. 2x106 CD11b+Gr-1+MDSCs were then intratumoral injected into the left or right subcutaneous tumors, respectively of the same receipt at day 6 post tumor inoculation. Mice were sacrificed at day 16. (Fig. 8B) Tumor sizes were measured by caliper every two days and expressed as 1 / 2* (length*width2) . (n=4) . (Fig. 8C) Tumor weights were measured at the endpoint. (Fig. 8D) Schematic diagram. Ccrkindel / indel mice were inoculated with 2x106 RIL-175 stable cells subcutaneously in the left and right flank and then intratumoral injected with 2*106 CD11b+Gr-1+MDSCs from WT or Ccrkindel / indel mice as described in (A) . Mice were sacrificed at day 14. (Fig. 8E) Tumor sizes and (Fig. 8F) tumor weights were shown. (n=5) . (Fig. 8G) Representative immunofluorescence images of CD8 are shown in the tumors from indicated groups. Hoechst is for nuclei staining. Scale bars, 20 μm. (n=3) . Data are presented as mean ± SD. **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.
[0020] Figure 9A to Figure 9C. Inactivation of myeloid-Ccrk leads to reduced CD11b / Ly6C double positive M-MDSCs in the tumor microenvironment. tumor suppression independent of tumoral-and host-CCRK signaling. (Fig. 9A) WT and Ccrkindel / indel mice were inoculated with 5*105 RIL-175 cells via intrahepatic injection and sacrificed at day 21 as described in Figure 3C. Representative co-immunofluorescence images of Ly6C and CD11b, (Fig. 9B) Ly6C and CD11b and (Fig. 9C) CD8 are shown in the tumors from indicated groups. Hoechst is for nuclei staining. Scale bars, 20 μm. (n=3) .
[0021] Figure 10A and Figure 10B. CCRK expression is upregulated in human PBMC-derived MDSCs. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from human healthy donors were treated with medium or human recombinant IL-6 / GM-CSF for 7 days, with half-medium refresh every other days. Representative flow cytometry dot plots of CD33+HLA-DR+controlled myeloid cells (MCs) and MDSCs are shown. The expressions of CCRK in PBMCs treated with IL-6 / GM-CSF for 0, 4 and 7 days, as well as purified MCs or MDSCs at day 7 were determined by western blot. β-actin served as loading control. Representative data from at least three independent experiments are shown.
[0022] Figure 11A and Figure 11B. Inhibition of STAT3 downregulates E4BP4 and its target gene expressions in in vitro-generated MDSCs. (Fig. 11A) CD33+MDSCs were generated, purified, and treated with DMSO (control) or STAT3 inhibitor Stattic (10 μm) . qRT-PCR analysis of ARG-I, E4BP4, IL-10 and IL-12 mRNA levels (relative to GAPDH) , and (Fig. 11B) western blot analysis of p-STAT3Tyr705, STAT3, ARG-I and E4BP4 are shown. β-actin served as loading control. Data are presented as mean ± SD from at least five independent experiments. *p<0.05.
[0023] DEFINITIONS
[0024] The term “cyclin-dependent kinase 20 (CDK20) ” or “cell cycle-related kinase (CCRK) ” refers to a protein kinase that contains a kinase domain closely related to the cyclin-dependent protein kinases. This protein kinase may activate cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and is involved in cell growth and differentiation. The term also includes all variants of the gene product (especially human CDK20) due to alternative splicing. Human CDK20 gene is located on chromosome 9q22.1. Exemplary human CDK20 amino acid sequences are provided as NCBI GenBank Accession Nos. NP_848519.1, NP_036251.2, NP_001034892.1, NP_001164110.1 and NP_001164111.1, also shown below as SEQ ID NO: 1:
[0025] The term “myeloid-derived suppressor cells” or “MDSCs” refers to a heterogeneous group of immune cells of the myeloid lineage, or originated from bone marrow stem cells, which are typically elevated under certain pathological conditions. Like other myeloid cells, MDSCs interact with immune cell types such as T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and natural killer cells to regulate their functions; unlike other myeloid cell types, MDSCs have immunosuppressive activities, as opposed to immune-stimulatory properties, and can suppress a body’s anti-tumor immune response. MDSCs are divided into several subpopulations based on their morphology and cell surface markers. One subpopulation, mononuclear MDSC (M-MDSC) , is mononuclear and morphologically similar to blood monocytes. Another subpopulation, polymorphonuclear or granulocytic MDSC (PMN-MDSC) , is polymorphonuclear and morphologically similar to neutrophils. Human M-MDSC are CD33+CD11b+CD14+CD15-HLA-DR- / low, and PMN-MDSC are CD33dimCD11b+CD15+CD14-HLA-DR- / low. Mouse M-MDSC are CD11b+Ly6C+Ly6G- / low, and PMN-MDSC are CD11b+Ly6G+. A third subpopulation, termed early-stage human MDSC, is CD33+ and CD11b+ but lack CD14, CD15, and CD66b. Both human and murine MDSCs lack T cell, B cell, and natural killer cell lineage markers. See, e.g., Ostrand-Rosenberg, Annual Review of Cancer Biology 5 (1) : 17-38, March 2021.
[0026] As used herein, the term “cancer” encompasses various malignant neoplasms characterized by the proliferation of anaplastic cells that tend to invade surrounding tissue and metastasize to new body sites. Non-limiting examples of different types of cancer suitable for treatment using the compositions and methods of the present invention include colorectal cancer, colon cancer, anal cancer, liver cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer, thyroid cancer, pleural cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, bile duct cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors, esophageal cancer, gall bladder cancer, rectal cancer, appendix cancer, small intestine cancer, stomach (gastric) cancer, renal cancer (e.g., renal cell carcinoma) , cancer of the central nervous system, skin cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma, choriocarcinomas, head and neck cancers, bone cancer, osteogenic sarcomas, fibrosarcoma, neuroblastoma, glioma, melanoma, leukemia (e.g., acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, or hairy cell leukemia) , lymphoma (e.g., non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma, or Burkitt's lymphoma) , and multiple myeloma.
[0027] The term "immunotherapy" refers to any treatment that uses certain parts of a patient's immune system to fight diseases such as cancer. The patient's own immune system is stimulated (or suppressed) , with administration of one or more agents for that purpose. In some cases, the immunotherapy is "targeted" or cancer cell-specific. In other cases, immunotherapy can be "untargeted, " which refers to administration of agents that do not selectively interact with immune system cells, yet modulates immune system function. Representative examples of untargeted therapies include, without limitation, chemotherapy, gene therapy, and radiation therapy.
[0028] Immunotherapy is one form of targeted therapy that may comprise, for example, the use of cancer vaccines and / or sensitized antigen presenting cells. For example, an oncolytic virus is a virus that is able to infect and lyse cancer cells, while leaving normal cells unharmed, making them potentially useful in cancer therapy. Replication of oncolytic viruses both facilitates tumor cell destruction and also produces dose amplification at the tumor site. They may also act as vectors for anticancer genes, allowing them to be specifically delivered to the tumor site. The immunotherapy can involve passive immunity for short-term protection of a host, achieved by the administration of pre-formed antibody directed against a cancer antigen or disease antigen (e.g., administration of a monoclonal antibody, optionally linked to a chemotherapeutic agent or toxin, to a tumor antigen) . For example, anti-VEGF and mTOR inhibitors are known to be effective in treating renal cell carcinoma. Immunotherapy can also focus on using the cytotoxic lymphocyte-recognized epitopes of cancer cell lines. Alternatively, antisense polynucleotides, ribozymes, RNA interference molecules, triple helix polynucleotides and the like, can be used to selectively modulate biomolecules that are linked to the initiation, progression, and / or pathology of a tumor or cancer.
[0029] The term "immunogenic chemotherapy" refers to any chemotherapy that has been demonstrated to induce immunogenic cell death, a state that is detectable by the release of one or more damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules, including, but not limited to, calreticulin, ATP and HMGB1 (see, e.g., Kroemer et al. (2013) , Annu. Rev. Immunol., 31: 51-72) . In addition, the term "immunogenic chemotherapy" further refers to any chemotherapy that results in priming the immune system such that it leads to enhanced immune activity towards cancer. Specific representative examples of consensus immunogenic chemotherapies include 5'-fluorouracil, anthracyclines, such as doxorubicin, and the platinum drug, oxaliplatin, among others.
[0030] The term “nucleic acid” or “polynucleotide” refers to deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) or ribonucleic acids (RNA) and polymers thereof in either single-or double-stranded form. Unless specifically limited, the term encompasses nucleic acids containing known analogues of natural nucleotides that have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid and are metabolized in a manner similar to naturally occurring nucleotides. Unless otherwise indicated, a particular nucleic acid sequence also implicitly encompasses conservatively modified variants thereof (e.g., degenerate codon substitutions) , alleles, orthologs, SNPs, and complementary sequences as well as the sequence explicitly indicated. Specifically, degenerate codon substitutions may be achieved by generating sequences in which the third position of one or more selected (or all) codons is substituted with mixed-base and / or deoxyinosine residues (Batzer et al., Nucleic Acid Res. 19: 5081 (1991) ; Ohtsuka et al., J. Biol. Chem. 260: 2605-2608 (1985) ; and Rossolini et al., Mol. Cell. Probes 8: 91-98 (1994) ) . The term nucleic acid is used interchangeably with gene, cDNA, and mRNA encoded by a gene.
[0031] The term “gene” means the segment of DNA involved in producing a polypeptide chain. It may include regions preceding and following the coding region (leader and trailer) as well as intervening sequences (introns) between individual coding segments (exons) .
[0032] The term “amino acid” refers to naturally occurring and synthetic amino acids, as well as amino acid analogs and amino acid mimetics that function in a manner similar to the naturally occurring amino acids. Naturally occurring amino acids are those encoded by the genetic code, as well as those amino acids that are later modified, e.g., hydroxyproline, γ-carboxyglutamate, and O-phosphoserine. Amino acid analogs refers to compounds that have the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid, i.e., an α carbon that is bound to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R group, e.g., homoserine, norleucine, methionine sulfoxide, methionine methyl sulfonium. Such analogs have modified R groups (e.g., norleucine) or modified peptide backbones, but retain the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid. “Amino acid mimetics” refers to chemical compounds that have a structure that is different from the general chemical structure of an amino acid, but that functions in a manner similar to a naturally occurring amino acid.
[0033] Amino acids may be referred to herein by either their commonly known three letter symbols or by the one-letter symbols recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission. Nucleotides, likewise, may be referred to by their commonly accepted single-letter codes.
[0034] “Polypeptide, ” “peptide, ” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues. All three terms apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residue is an artificial chemical mimetic of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers and non-naturally occurring amino acid polymers. As used herein, the terms encompass amino acid chains of any length, including full-length proteins, wherein the amino acid residues are linked by covalent peptide bonds.
[0035] An "antibody" refers to a polypeptide substantially encoded by an immunoglobulin gene or immunoglobulin genes, or fragments thereof, which specifically bind and recognize an analyte (antigen) . The recognized immunoglobulin genes include the kappa, lambda, alpha, gamma, delta, epsilon and mu constant region genes, as well as the myriad immunoglobulin variable region genes. Light chains are classified as either kappa or lambda. Heavy chains are classified as gamma, mu, alpha, delta, or epsilon, which in turn define the immunoglobulin classes, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE, respectively.
[0036] An exemplary immunoglobulin (antibody) structural unit comprises a tetramer. Each tetramer is composed of two identical pairs of polypeptide chains, each pair having one "light" (about 25 kD) and one "heavy" chain (about 50-70 kD) . The N-terminus of each chain defines a variable region of about 100 to 110 or more amino acids primarily responsible for antigen recognition. The terms variable light chain (VL) and variable heavy chain (VH) refer to these light and heavy chains respectively.
[0037] Antibodies exist, e.g., as intact immunoglobulins or as a number of well characterized fragments produced by digestion with various peptidases. Thus, for example, pepsin digests an antibody below the disulfide linkages in the hinge region to produce F (ab) '2, a dimer of Fab which itself is a light chain joined to VH-CH1 by a disulfide bond. The F (ab) '2 may be reduced under mild conditions to break the disulfide linkage in the hinge region, thereby converting the F (ab) '2 dimer into an Fab' monomer. The Fab' monomer is essentially an Fab with part of the hinge region (see, Paul (Ed. ) Fundamental Immunology, 3rd Edition, Raven Press, NY (1993) ) . While various antibody fragments are defined in terms of the digestion of an intact antibody, one of skill will appreciate that such fragments may be synthesized de novo either chemically or by utilizing recombinant DNA methodology.
[0038] Further modification of antibodies by recombinant technologies is also well known in the art. For instance, chimeric antibodies combine the antigen binding regions (variable regions) of an antibody from one animal with the constant regions of an antibody from another animal. Generally, the antigen binding regions are derived from a non-human animal, while the constant regions are drawn from human antibodies. The presence of the human constant regions reduces the likelihood that the antibody will be rejected as foreign by a human recipient. On the other hand, "humanized" antibodies combine an even smaller portion of the non-human antibody with human components. Generally, a humanized antibody comprises the hypervariable regions, or complementarity determining regions (CDR) , of a non-human antibody grafted onto the appropriate framework regions of a human antibody. Antigen binding sites may be wild type or modified by one or more amino acid substitutions, e.g., modified to resemble human immunoglobulin more closely. Both chimeric and humanized antibodies are made using recombinant techniques, which are well-known in the art (see, e.g., Jones et al. (1986) Nature 321: 522-525) .
[0039] Thus, the term "antibody, " as used herein, also includes antibody fragments either produced by the modification of whole antibodies or antibodies synthesized de novo using recombinant DNA methodologies (e.g., single chain Fv, a chimeric or humanized antibody) that retain the ability to specifically bind the same intended target antigen.
[0040] The term “immunoassay” describes an assay that uses an antibody to specifically bind an antigen. The immunoassay is characterized by the use of specific binding properties of a particular antibody to identify, isolate, target, and / or detect the presence or quantity of the antigen.
[0041] The phrase “specifically binds, ” when used to describe the binding relationship between an antibody and its target antigen, refers to a binding reaction that is determinative of the presence of the antigen (e.g., a polypeptide) in a heterogeneous population of proteins and other biologics. Thus, under designated immunoassay conditions, the specified antibodies bind to a particular polypeptide at least two times the background and do not substantially bind in a significant amount to other polypeptides or other antigens present in the sample. Specific binding to an antibody under such conditions may require an antibody that is selected for its specificity for a particular protein. For example, polyclonal antibodies raised to a CDK20 protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, can be selected to obtain only those polyclonal antibodies that are specifically immunoreactive with that specific protein and not with other proteins, e.g., other members of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase family. This selection may be achieved by subtracting out antibodies that cross-react with molecules. A variety of immunoassay formats may be used to select antibodies specifically immunoreactive with a particular protein. For example, solid-phase ELISA immunoassays are routinely used to select antibodies specifically immunoreactive with a protein (see, e.g., Harlow &Lane, Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual (1988) for a description of immunoassay formats and conditions that can be used to determine specific immunoreactivity) . Typically, a specific binding reaction will yield at least twice of the background signal or noise and more typically more than 5, 10, 20, 50, or up to 100 times the background.
[0042] A "label, " "detectable label, " or "detectable moiety" is a composition detectable by radiological, spectroscopic, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, chemical, or other physical means. For example, useful labels include radioisotopes such as 32P, fluorescent dyes, electron-dense reagents, enzymes (e.g., as commonly used in an ELISA) , biotin, digoxigenin, or haptens and proteins that can be made detectable, e.g., by incorporating a radioactive component into a polypeptide or used to detect antibodies specifically reactive with the polypeptide. Typically a detectable label is a heterologous moiety attached to a probe or a molecule (e.g., a protein or nucleic acid) with defined binding characteristics (e.g., a polypeptide with a known binding specificity or a polynucleotide) , so as to allow the presence of the probe / molecule (and therefore its binding target) to be readily detectable. The heterologous nature of the label ensures that it has an origin different from that of the probe or molecule that it labels, such that the probe / molecule attached with the detectable label does not constitute a naturally occurring composition (e.g., a naturally occurring polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence) .
[0043] The term “recombinant” when used with reference, e.g., to a cell, or a nucleic acid, protein, or vector, indicates that the cell, nucleic acid, protein or vector, has been modified by the introduction of a heterologous nucleic acid or protein or the alteration of a native nucleic acid or protein, or that the cell is derived from a cell so modified. Thus, for example, recombinant cells express genes that are not found within the native (non-recombinant) form of the cell or express native genes that are otherwise abnormally expressed, under expressed or not expressed at all.
[0044] The term "inhibiting" or "inhibition, " as used herein, refers to any detectable negative effect on a target biological process, such as RNA / protein expression of a target gene, the biological activity of a target protein, protein-protein specific binding or interaction, cellular signal transduction, cell proliferation, presence / level of an organism especially a micro-organism, any measurable biomarker, bio-parameter, or symptom in a subject, and the like. Typically, an inhibition is reflected in a decrease of at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%or greater in the target process (e.g., a target cell proliferation rate) , or any one of the downstream parameters mentioned above, when compared to a control. “Inhibition” further includes a 100%reduction, i.e., a complete elimination, prevention, or abolition of a target biological process or signal or disease / symptom. The other relative terms such as “suppressing, ” “suppression, ” “reducing, ” and “reduction” are used in a similar fashion in this disclosure to refer to decreases to different levels (e.g., at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%or greater decrease compared to a control level) up to complete elimination of a target biological process or signal or disease / symptom. On the other hand, terms such as “activate, ” “activating, ” “activation, ” “increase, ” “increasing, ” “promote, ” “promoting, ” “enhance, ” “enhancing, ” or “enhancement” are used in this disclosure to encompass positive changes at different levels (e.g., at least about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 200%, or greater such as 3, 5, 8, 10, 20-fold increase compared to a control level in a target process, signal, or symptom / disease incidence.
[0045] As used in this application, an "increase" or a "decrease" refers to a detectable positive or negative change in quantity from a comparison control, e.g., an established standard control (such as an average level of cancer cell proliferation rate) . An increase is a positive change that is typically at least 10%, or at least 20%, or 50%, or 100%, and can be as high as at least 2-fold or at least 5-fold or even 10-fold of the control value. Similarly, a decrease is a negative change that is typically at least 10%, or at least 20%, 30%, or 50%, or even as high as at least 80%or 90%of the control value. Other terms indicating quantitative changes or differences from a comparative basis, such as "more, " "less, " "higher, " and "lower, " as well as terms indicating an action to cause such changes or differences, such as "increase, " "promote, " "enhance, " "decrease, " "inhibit, " and "suppress, " are used in this application in the same fashion as described above. In contrast, the term "substantially the same" or "substantially lack of change" indicates little to no change in quantity from the standard control value, typically within ± 10%of the standard control, or within ± 5%, 2%, or even less variation from the standard control.
[0046] As used herein, an "effective amount" or a "therapeutically effective amount" means the amount of an active agent that, when administered to a subject or patient for treating a disorder, is sufficient to prevent, reduce the frequency of, or alleviate the symptoms of the disorder. The effective amount will vary depending on a variety of the factors, such as a particular compound or bioactive agent used, the disease and its severity, the age, weight, and other factors of the subject to be treated. Amelioration of a symptom of a particular condition by administration of a pharmaceutical composition described herein refers to any lessening, whether permanent or temporary, that can be associated with the administration of the pharmaceutical composition. For example, the quantity of MDSCs with a suppressed CDK20 expression level is considered therapeutically effective for treating a condition involving undesired / uncontrolled cellular proliferation or malignancy when treatment results in eliminated symptoms, delayed onset of symptoms, or reduced frequency or severity of symptoms including cancer progression, such as increase in tumor mass, metastasis, morbidity and mortality, etc.
[0047] As used herein, the term "treatment" or "treating" includes both therapeutic and preventative measures taken to address the presence of a disease or condition or the risk of developing such disease or condition at a later time. It encompasses therapeutic or preventive measures for alleviating ongoing symptoms, inhibiting or slowing disease progression, delaying of onset of symptoms, or eliminating or reducing side-effects caused by such disease or condition. A preventive measure in this context and its variations do not require 100%elimination of the occurrence of an event; rather, they refer to a suppression or reduction in the likelihood or severity of such occurrence or a delay in such occurrence.
[0048] A “subject, ” or "subject in need of treatment, " as used herein, refers to an individual who seeks medical attention due to risk of, or actual sufferance from, a condition involving an undesirable or abnormal, excessive cellular proliferation. The term subject can include both animals, especially mammals, and humans. Subjects or individuals in need of treatment include those that demonstrate symptoms of undesirable or inappropriate cell proliferation such as tumor and especially malignant tumor / cancer or are at risk of later developing these conditions and / or related symptoms.
[0049] "Standard control" as used herein refers to a sample that presents a predetermined level of CDK20 expression and is therefore suitable for the use in a method of the present invention, in order to be compared with the level of CDK20 expression present in a test sample. Such a sample serving as a standard control provides an average amount or quantity of CDK20 expression in the MDSCs of an average, healthy person who is neither diagnosed with a malignancy nor at an increased risk of developing cancer (e.g., as indicated by family history or the presence of other hyper-proliferative disorder) . This average amount or quantity as established by the “standard control” is known as a “standard control value, ” serving as a threshold or cut-off value for the purpose of diagnosing cancer according to the methods of this invention.
[0050] The term "average, " as used in the context of describing a healthy person who is does not have any tumor, especially does not have and will unlikely develop any malignancy, refers to certain characteristics, such as the level or quantity of CDK20 expression found in the person's MDSCs, that are representative of a randomly selected group of healthy individuals who have normal cellular proliferation and have no increased susceptibility to any diseases or conditions due to undesirable or excessive cellular proliferation. This selected group should comprise a sufficient number of healthy individual such that the average level of CDK20 expression in MDSCs in these individual reflects, with reasonable accuracy, the corresponding level of CDK20 expression in the MDSCs in the general population of healthy individuals. In addition, the selected group of individuals generally have the same or adequately similar background such as age, gender, ethnicity, and overall health status.
[0051] The term “effective amount, ” as used herein, refers to an amount that is sufficient to produces an intended effect for which a substance is administered. The effect may include a desirable change in a biological process (e.g., suppressed cancer cell proliferation) as well as the prevention, correction, or inhibition of progression of the symptoms of a disease or condition and related complications to any detectable extent. The exact amount “effective” for achieving a desired effect will depend on the nature of the therapeutic agent, the manner of administration, and the purpose of the treatment, and will be ascertainable by one skilled in the art using known techniques (see, e.g., Lieberman, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (vols. 1-3, 1992) ; Lloyd, The Art, Science and Technology of Pharmaceutical Compounding (1999) ; and Pickar, Dosage Calculations (1999) ) .
[0052] The term “about” denotes a range of + / -10%of a pre-determined value. For example, “about 10” sets a range of 90%to 110%of 10, i.e., 9 to 11.
[0053] A "pharmaceutically acceptable" or "pharmacologically acceptable" excipient is a substance that is not biologically harmful or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the excipient may be administered to an individual along with a bioactive agent without causing any undesirable biological effects. Neither would the excipient interact in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.
[0054] The term "excipient" refers to any essentially accessory substance that may be present in the finished dosage form of the composition of this invention. For example, the term "excipient" includes vehicles, binders, disintegrants, fillers (diluents) , lubricants, glidants (flow enhancers) , compression aids, colors, sweeteners, preservatives, suspending / dispersing agents, film formers / coatings, flavors and printing inks.
[0055] The term “consisting essentially of, ” when used in the context of describing a composition containing an active ingredient or multiple active ingredients, refer to the fact that the composition does not contain other ingredients possessing any similar or relevant biological activity of the active ingredient (s) or capable of enhancing or suppressing the activity, whereas one or more inactive ingredients such as physiological or pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may be present in the composition. For example, a composition consisting essentially of active agents (for instance, MDSCs with a suppressed CDK20 expression level) effective for treating cancer in a subject is a composition that does not contain any other agents that may have any detectable positive or negative effect on the same target process (e.g., anti-cancer efficacy) or that may increase or decrease to any measurable extent of the disease severity or outcome among the receiving subjects.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0056] I. Introduction
[0057] Massive expansion of immature and suppressive myeloid cells is a common feature of malignant solid tumors. Over-expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 20, or known as cell cycle-related kinase (CCRK) , in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) correlates with reduced patient survival and low immunotherapy responsiveness. Beyond tumor-intrinsic oncogenicity, this study demonstrated that CCRK is upregulated in myeloid cells in tumor-bearing mice and patients with HCC. Intratumorally injection of Ccrk-knockdown myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) increased tumor-infiltrating CD8+T cells and suppressed HCC tumorigenicity. Using an indel mutant transgenic model, the present inventors showed that Ccrk inactivation in myeloid cells conferred a mature phenotype with elevated IL-12 production, driving Th1 responses and CD8+T cell cytotoxicity to reduce orthotopic tumor growth and prolong survival. Mechanistically, CCRK activates STAT3 / E4BP4 signalling in MDSCs to acquire immunosuppressive activity through transcriptional IL-10 induction and IL-12 suppression. Taken together, these findings offer mechanistic insights into MDSC-mediated immunosuppression and a therapeutic kinase-target for cancer immunotherapy. Accordingly, new diagnostic and therapeutic methods are devised based on this discovery and disclosed herein.
[0058] II. Acquisition of Blood Samples and MDSCs
[0059] The present invention relates to analyzing the status of CDK20 expression in the myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in an individual as a means to detect the presence or to monitor the risk of cancer, especially malignant solid tumor including HCC, in an individual who has not received a diagnosis of cancer (especially solid cancer such as HCC) but is suspected for an increased risk for later developing cancer (e.g., a solid tumor including HCC) . Thus, the first steps of practicing this invention are to obtain a blood sample from an individual being tested and isolate MDSCs from the sample.
[0060] A. Acquisition of Blood Samples
[0061] A blood sample is obtained from an individual to be tested for CDK20 expression, who may be a patient already received a diagnosis of a solid tumor or who may be a person not yet diagnosed with any malignancy but has notable risk for the condition (e.g., with a family history or with hyperproliferative disorders) for screening using a method of the present invention. Collection of blood from an individual is performed in accordance with the standard protocol hospitals or clinics generally follow. An appropriate amount of peripheral blood, e.g., typically between 1 to 10, 20, or up to 50 ml, is collected and may be stored according to standard procedure prior to further preparation.
[0062] B. Isolation of MDSCs
[0063] As MDSCs are defined in subpopulations based on the presence and absence of certain specific cell surface markers, subpopulations of MDSCs can be readily isolated from a whole blood sample taken from a subject using one or more antibodies that specifically binds the pertinent cell surface antigens. Both positive selection process and negative selection process based on antibody binding can be utilized in the isolation of MDSCs. These methods are well known in the art and also described herein. Once isolated, the MDSCs may be used in the analytic / diagnostic methods of this invention as well as in the therapeutic / prophylactic methods in accordance with this disclosure.
[0064] III. Detection of CDK20 Expression in MDSCs
[0065] Upon being isolated from a blood sample taken from a test subject, the MDSCs are analyzed to assess the level of CDK20 expression in these cells. In some cases, the MDSCs are first lysed to generate a MDSC lysate for analysis of CDK20 presence and / or quantity.
[0066] A. Detection of CDK20 Protein
[0067] To assess CDK20 protein expression level, a variety of well-known analytical assays, especially immunological assays, may be used for this purpose. For example, a protein of interest (e.g., human CDK20 protein) can be detected by gel electrophoresis (such as 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis) and western blot analysis using a specific antibody. In some embodiments, an immunological assay known as sandwich assay can be performed by capturing a target polypeptide (e.g., CDK20 expressed within MDSCs) from a test sample with an antibody having specific binding affinity for the target polypeptide. Optionally, the antibody is conjugated to a detectable moiety, such that the presence of the target polypeptide (and cells expressing the target polypeptide) then can be readily detected based on the detectable signal. Such immunological assays can be carried out using microfluidic devices such as microarray chips. A protein of interest (e.g., human CDK20 protein) can also be detected by an immunoassay involving a secondary antibody that carries a detectable label and is thus readily detectable. For instance, the presence and quantity of CDK20 protein in the cell lysate of MDSCs may be determined first by specific binding of CDK20 protein to a murine IgG anti-human CDK20 antibody, which is then detected by virtue of its specific binding to a rabbit anti-murine IgG antibody, a secondary antibody that is conjugated to a detectable moiety (for example, a label emitting a fluorescent or chemiluminescent signal) and therefore permits rapid, easy, and accurate quantitative identification of CDK20.
[0068] Other methods may also be employed for measuring the level of CDK20 protein in practicing the present invention. For instance, a variety of methods have been developed based on the mass spectrometry technology to rapidly and accurately quantify target proteins even in a large number of samples. These methods involve highly sophisticated equipment such as the triple quadrupole (triple Q) instrument using the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) technique, matrix assisted laser desorption / ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer (MALDI TOF / TOF) , an ion trap instrument using selective ion monitoring SIM) mode, and the electrospray ionization (ESI) based QTOP mass spectrometer. See, e.g., Pan et al., J Proteome Res. 2009 February; 8 (2) : 787–797.
[0069] B. Detection of CDK20 mRNA
[0070] In some embodiments, CDK20 expression is determined based on the level of CDK20 mRNA in the MDSCs from an individual being tested. Often, a particular mRNA species is first extracted from a sample, its amount then quantified. The preferred method for determining the mRNA level is an amplification-based method, e.g., by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) , especially reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) . The general methods of PCR are well known in the art, see, e.g., Innis, et al., PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press, Inc. N. Y., 1990. PCR reagents and protocols are also available from commercial vendors, such as Roche Molecular Systems.
[0071] The CDK20 mRNA can also be detected using other standard techniques, well known to those of skill in the art. Although the detection step is typically preceded by an amplification step, amplification is not required in all instances. For instance, the mRNA may be identified by size fractionation (e.g., gel electrophoresis) , whether or not proceeded by an amplification step. After running a sample in an agarose or polyacrylamide gel and labeling with ethidium bromide according to well-known techniques (see, e.g., Sambrook and Russell, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (3rd ed. 2001) ) , the presence of a band of the same size as the standard comparison is an indication of the presence of a target mRNA, the amount of which may then be compared to the control based on the intensity of the band. Alternatively, oligonucleotide probes specific to CDK20 mRNA can be used to detect the presence of such mRNA species and indicate the amount of mRNA in comparison to the standard comparison, based on the intensity of signal imparted by the probe.
[0072] IV. Establishing a Standard Control
[0073] In order to establish a standard control for practicing the method of this invention, a group of healthy persons free of any hyperproliferative disease (especially any form of tumor such as solid malignant tumor including hepatocellular carcinoma) as conventionally defined is first selected. These individuals are within the appropriate parameters, if applicable, for the purpose of screening for and / or monitoring cancer (e.g., a solid tumor such as HCC) using the methods of the present invention. Optionally, the individuals are of same gender, similar age, or similar ethnic background.
[0074] The healthy status of the selected individuals is confirmed by well-established, routinely employed methods including but not limited to general physical examination of the individuals and general review of their medical history.
[0075] Furthermore, the selected group of healthy individuals must be of a reasonable size, such that the average amount / concentration of human CDK20 mRNA or protein in the MDSCs obtained from the group can be reasonably regarded as representative of the normal or average level among the general population of healthy people. Preferably, the selected group comprises at least 10 human subjects.
[0076] Once an average value for the CDK20 mRNA or protein is established based on the individual values found in each subject of the selected healthy control group, this average or median or representative value or profile is considered a standard control. A standard deviation is also determined during the same process. In some cases, separate standard controls may be established for separately defined groups having distinct characteristics such as age, gender, or ethnic background.
[0077] V.Anti-Cancer Therapeutic Agents
[0078] Upon detection of an increase in the level of CDK20 expression in the MDSCs in a test subject in comparison to a standard control value and determination of the subject as either having cancer (especially a solid form of tumor, such as HCC) or having an increased risk of later developing cancer, the subject is typically given conventional diagnostic testing such as X-ray and / or CT scan in addition to pathological assessment to confirm the diagnosis. The subject may be administered, as deemed appropriate by an attending physician, an anti-cancer therapeutic agent known to be effective for suppressing cancer cell proliferation as a means of intervention therapeutically or prophylactically. In particular, for those who have been confirmed in their diagnosis as having already developed cancer, various treatment strategies are available for treating cancer (especially solid cancer) in these patients including but not limited to, surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy, or any combination thereof.
[0079] In such applications, one or more of these previously known effective anti-cancer therapeutic agents, including those named in this application, can be administered to subjects in need of treatment. Optionally, the agent (s) may be used in combination with the active agent of the present invention (e.g., MDSCs with suppressed CDK20 expression, especially the recombinantly modified MDSCs with knocked down or knocked out CDK20) to suppress cancer growth, inhibit cancer metastasis, and facilitate remission from the disease. In the case of combination therapy, the active agents may be administered concurrently each in an effective amount, either together in a single composition or separately in two or more different compositions.
[0080] For example, various chemotherapeutic agents are known to be effective for use to treat various cancers. As used herein, a “chemotherapeutic agent” encompasses any chemical compound exhibiting suppressive effect against cancer cells, thus useful in the treatment of cancer. Classes of chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to: alkylating agents, antimetabolites, kinase inhibitors, spindle poison plant alkaloids, cytoxic / antitumor antibiotics, topisomerase inhibitors, photosensitizers, anti-estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) , anti-progesterones, estrogen receptor down-regulators (ERDs) , estrogen receptor antagonists, leutinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists, anti-androgens, aromatase inhibitors, EGFR inhibitors, VEGF inhibitors, and anti-sense oligonucleotides that inhibit expression of genes implicated in abnormal cell proliferation or tumor growth. Chemotherapeutic agents useful in the treatment methods disclosed herein also include cytostatic and / or cytotoxic agents.
[0081] Exemplary anti-cancer therapeutic agents include alkylating agents such as altretamine, bendamustine, busulfan, carboquone, carmustine, chlorambucil, chlormethine, chlorozotocin, cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine, fotemustine, ifosfamide, lomustine, melphalan, melphalan flufenamide, mitobronitol, nimustine, nitrosoureas, pipobroman, ranimustine, semustine, streptozotocin, temozolomide, thiotepa, treosulfan, triaziquone, triethylenemelamine, trofosfamide, and uramustine; anthracyclines such as aclarubicin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, mitoxantrone, pirarubicin, valrubicin, and zorubicin; cytoskeletal disruptors (taxanes) such as abraxane, cabazitaxel, docetaxel, larotaxel, paclitaxel, taxotere, and tesetaxel; epothilones such as ixabepilone; histone deacetylase inhibitors such as vorinostat, romidepsin, and inhibitors of topoisomerase I such as belotecan, camptothecin, exatecan, gimatecan, irinotecan, and topotecan; inhibitors of topoisomerase II such as etoposide, teniposide, and tafluposide; kinase inhibitors such as bortezomib, erlotinib, gefitinib, imatinib, vemurafenib, and vismodegib; nucleotide analogs and precursor analogs such as azacitidine, azathioprine, capecitabine, cytarabine, doxifluridine, fluorouracil, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, and tioguanine (formerly thioguanine) ; peptide antibiotics such as actinomycin and bleomycin; platinum-based agents such as carboplatin, cisplatin, dicycloplatin, oxaliplatin, nedaplatin, and satraplatin; retinoids such as alitretinoin, bexarotene, and tretinoin; and vinca alkaloids and derivatives such as vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, and vinorelbine.
[0082] Immunotherapeutic approaches useful for cancer treatment include (1) active immunotherapy, which directs the immune system to specifically target the cancer cells, e.g., targeted antibody therapy and cell-based immunotherapy such as CAR T cell therapy; and (2) passive immunotherapy, e.g., using checkpoint inhibitors and cytokines to stimulate the immune system without specifically targeting cancer cells. Various monoclonal antibodies are used in targeted antibody therapy. Examples of such antibodies and their conjugates include adotrastuzumab (HER2) , alemtuzumab (CD52) , bevaclzumab (VEGF) , brentuximab (CD30) , capromab (PSMA) , cetuximab (EGFR) , elotuzumab (SLAMF7) , ibritumomab (CD20) , necitumumab (EGFR) , obinutumab (CD20) , ofatumumab (CD20) , olaratumab (PDGFRA) , panitumumab (EGFR) , pertuzumab (HER2) , ramucirumab (VEGFR2) , rituximab (CD-20) , trastuzumab (HER-2) , inotuzumab-ozogamicin (CD22) , gemtuzumab-ozogamicin (CD33) , and bevacizumab-awwb (VEGF) . Currently approved checkpoint inhibitors target molecules CTLA4, PD-1, and PD-L1, including ipilimumab (CTLA4) , nivolumab, pembrolizumab, cemiplimab, spartalizumab (PD-1) , atezolizumab, avelumab, and durvalumab (PD-L1) . Cytokines for use in the treatment of cancer and associated conditions include granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) , granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) , interleukin-2 (IL-2) , and interleukin-11 (IL-11) .
[0083] VI. Suppression of CDK20 Expression in MDSCs
[0084] The discovery of CDK20 expression level in the MDSCs playing an important role in cell proliferation provides a basis for the use of CDK20 expression level as a maker for assessing an individual’s status or risk of cancer, especially solid tumor such as HCC. This discovery further allows for the use of MDSCs that have been treated or modified to present a significantly reduced or even entirely abolished CDK20 expression in the treatment of cancer, especially solid tumor such as HCC. In this treatment method, a patient who has been diagnosed with cancer or who is found to have increased expression of CDK20 in his MDSCs and therefore increased risk of developing cancer in the future is first having his blood drawn in an adequate quantity and then having the MDSCs isolated from the whole blood sample for manipulation ex vivo in order to achieve a suppressed state of CDK20 expression. Once the manipulation is complete, and suppressed CDK20 expression is confirmed, the modified MDSCs are then placed back into the patient’s body, e.g., by injection such as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, or intratumoral injection. Various categories of possible means for suppressing CDK20 expression in MDSCs through different mechanisms are useful in the practice of this invention and are discussed below.
[0085] A. Antisense Oligonucleotides
[0086] In some embodiments, CDK20 expression is suppressed through the use of an antisense oligonucleotide. Antisense oligonucleotides are relatively short nucleic acids that are complementary (or antisense) to the coding strand (sense strand) of the mRNA encoding CDK3. Although antisense oligonucleotides are typically RNA based, they can also be DNA based. Also, antisense oligonucleotides are often modified to increase their stability.
[0087] Without being bound by theory, the binding of one of these relatively short oligonucleotides to the mRNA is believed to induce stretches of double-stranded RNA that trigger degradation of the messages by endogenous RNAses. Additionally, sometimes the oligonucleotides are specifically designed to bind near the promoter of the coding sequence, and under these circumstances, the antisense oligonucleotides may additionally interfere with translation of the mRNA. Regardless of the specific mechanism by which antisense oligonucleotides function, their administration to the MDSCs allows the degradation of the mRNA encoding CDK20. Accordingly, antisense oligonucleotides decrease the expression and / or activity of CDK20.
[0088] The oligonucleotides can be DNA or RNA or chimeric mixtures or derivatives or modified versions thereof, single-stranded or double-stranded. The oligonucleotide can be modified at the base moiety, sugar moiety, or phosphate backbone, for example, to improve stability of the molecule, hybridization, etc. The oligonucleotide may include other appended groups such as peptides (e.g., for targeting host cell receptors) , or agents facilitating transport across the cell membrane (see, e.g., Letsinger et al., 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86:6553-6556; Lemaitre et al., 1987, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 84: 648-652; WO 88 / 09810) or the blood-brain barrier (see, e.g., WO 89 / 10134) , hybridization-triggered cleavage agents (See, e.g., Krol et al., 1988, BioTechniques 6: 958-976) or intercalating agents (see, e.g., Zon, 1988, Pharm. Res. 5: 539-549) . To this end, the oligonucleotide can be conjugated to another molecule.
[0089] Oligonucleotides of the invention may be synthesized by standard methods known in the art, e.g., by use of an automated DNA synthesizer (such as are commercially available from Biosearch, Applied Biosystems, etc. ) . As examples, phosphorothioate oligonucleotides may be synthesized by the method of Stein et al. (1988, Nucl. Acids Res. 16: 3209) , methylphosphonate oligonucleotides can be prepared by use of controlled pore glass polymer supports (Sarin et al., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85: 7448-7451) etc.
[0090] A number of methods have been developed for delivering antisense DNA or RNA to cells; e.g., antisense molecules can be applied directly into the target cells, or modified antisense molecules, designed to target the desired cells (e.g., antisense linked to peptides or antibodies that specifically bind receptors or antigens expressed on the target cell surface) can be used.
[0091] It may be difficult to achieve intracellular concentrations of the antisense sufficient to suppress translation on endogenous mRNAs in certain instances. Therefore, another approach utilizes a recombinant DNA construct in which the antisense oligonucleotide is placed under the control of a strong pol III or pol II promoter. For example, a vector can be introduced in vivo such that it is taken up by a cell and directs the transcription of an antisense RNA. Such a vector can remain episomal or become chromosomally integrated, as long as it can be transcribed to produce the desired antisense RNA. Such vectors can be constructed by recombinant DNA technology methods standard in the art. Vectors can be plasmid, viral, or others known in the art, used for replication and expression in mammalian cells. Expression of the sequence encoding the antisense RNA can be by any promoter known in the art to act in mammalian, preferably human cells. Such promoters can be inducible or constitutive. Such promoters include but are not limited to: the SV40 early promoter region (Bernoist and Chambon, 1981, Nature 290: 304-310) , the promoter contained in the 3' long terminal repeat of Rous sarcoma virus (Yamamoto et al., 1980, Cell 22: 787-797) , the herpes thymidine kinase promoter (Wagner et al., 1981, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78: 1441-1445) , the regulatory sequences of the metallothionein gene (Brinster et al., 1982, Nature 296: 39-42) , etc. Any type of plasmid, cosmid, YAC or viral vector can be used to prepare the recombinant DNA construct that can be introduced directly to the target cells. Alternatively, viral vectors can be used to selectively infect the target cells.
[0092] B. Small Interfering RNA
[0093] In some embodiments, the suppression of CDK20 expression is achieved by the use of a small interfering RNA (siRNA or RNAi) molecule. RNAi constructs comprise double-stranded RNA that can specifically block expression of a target gene. "RNA interference" or "RNAi" is a term initially applied to a phenomenon where double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) blocks gene expression in a specific and post-transcriptional manner. RNAi provides a useful method of inhibiting gene expression in vitro or in vivo. RNAi constructs can include small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) , short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) , and other RNA species that can be cleaved in vivo to form siRNAs. RNAi constructs herein also include expression vectors ( "RNAi expression vectors" ) capable of giving rise to transcripts which form dsRNAs or hairpin RNAs in cells, and / or transcripts which can produce siRNAs in vivo.
[0094] RNAi expression vectors express (transcribe) RNA which produces siRNA moieties in the cell in which the construct is expressed. Such vectors include a transcriptional unit comprising an assembly of (1) genetic element (s) having a regulatory role in gene expression, for example, promoters, operators, or enhancers, operatively linked to (2) a "coding" sequence which is transcribed to produce a double-stranded RNA (two RNA moieties that anneal in the cell to form an siRNA, or a single hairpin RNA, which can be processed to an siRNA) , and (3) appropriate transcription initiation and termination sequences. The choice of promoter and other regulatory elements generally varies according to the intended host cell.
[0095] The RNAi constructs contain a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under physiologic conditions of the cell to the nucleotide sequence of at least a portion of the mRNA transcript for the gene to be suppressed (i.e., a CDK20-encoding polynucleotide sequence) . The double-stranded RNA need only be sufficiently similar to natural RNA that it has the ability to mediate RNAi. Thus, the invention has the advantage of being able to tolerate sequence variations that might be expected due to genetic mutation, strain polymorphism or evolutionary divergence. The number of tolerated nucleotide mismatches between the target sequence and the RNAi construct sequence is no more than 1 in 5 basepairs, or 1 in 10 basepairs, or 1 in 20 basepairs, or 1 in 50 basepairs. Mismatches in the center of the siRNA duplex are most critical and may essentially abolish cleavage of the target RNA. In contrast, nucleotides at the 3' end of the siRNA strand that is complementary to the target RNA do not significantly contribute to specificity of the target recognition.
[0096] Production of RNAi constructs can be carried out by chemical synthetic methods or by recombinant nucleic acid techniques. Endogenous RNA polymerase of the treated cell may mediate transcription in vivo, or cloned RNA polymerase can be used for transcription in vitro. The RNAi constructs may include modifications to either the phosphate-sugar backbone or the nucleoside, e.g., to reduce susceptibility to cellular nucleases, improve bioavailability, improve formulation characteristics, and / or change other pharmacokinetic properties. For example, the phosphodiester linkages of natural RNA may be modified to include at least one of an nitrogen or sulfur heteroatom. Modifications in RNA structure may be tailored to allow specific genetic inhibition while avoiding a general response to dsRNA. Likewise, bases may be modified to block the activity of adenosine deaminase. The RNAi construct may be produced enzymatically or by partial / total organic synthesis, any modified ribonucleotide can be introduced by in vitro enzymatic or organic synthesis.
[0097] In certain embodiments, the subject RNAi constructs are "small interfering RNAs" or "siRNAs. " These nucleic acids are around 19-30 nucleotides in length, and even more preferably 21-23 nucleotides in length, e.g., corresponding in length to the fragments generated by nuclease "dicing" of longer double-stranded RNAs. The siRNAs are understood to recruit nuclease complexes and guide the complexes to the target mRNA by pairing to the specific sequences. As a result, the target mRNA is degraded by the nucleases in the protein complex. In a particular embodiment, the 21-23 nucleotides siRNA molecules comprise a 3' hydroxyl group.
[0098] In certain embodiments, the RNAi construct is in the form of a short hairpin structure (named as shRNA) . The shRNAs can be synthesized exogenously or can be formed by transcribing from RNA polymerase III promoters in vivo. Examples of making and using such hairpin RNAs for gene silencing in mammalian cells are described in, for example, Paddison et al., Genes Dev, 2002, 16: 948-58; McCaffrey et al., Nature, 2002, 418: 38-9; Yu et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2002, 99: 6047-52) . Often, such shRNAs are engineered in cells or in an animal to ensure continuous and stable suppression of a desired gene. It is known in the art that siRNAs can be produced by processing a hairpin RNA in the cell.
[0099] A plasmid can be used to deliver the double-stranded RNA, e.g., as a transcriptional product. In such embodiments, the plasmid is designed to include a "coding sequence" for each of the sense and antisense strands of the RNAi construct. The coding sequences can be the same sequence, e.g., flanked by inverted promoters, or can be two separate sequences each under transcriptional control of separate promoters. After the coding sequence is transcribed, the complementary RNA transcripts base-pair to form the double-stranded RNA. C. Gene Editing
[0100] The suppression of CDK20 expression can also be achieved by way of disruption of the genetic sequence encoding the CDK20 RNA or protein. One effective means of targeted gene cleavage is the CRISPR system.
[0101] The term CRISPR, abbreviation for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, was originally coined in reference to segments of prokaryotic DNA that contain short, repetitive base sequences, initially found in bacteria and archaea. In a palindromic repeat, the sequence of nucleotides is the same in both directions. Each repetition is followed by short segments of spacer DNA from previous exposures to foreign DNA (e.g., DNA of a virus) . Small clusters of Cas (CRISPR-associated) genes are located next to CRISPR sequences. It was later recognized that the CRISPR / Cas system is a prokaryotic immune system that confers resistance to foreign genetic elements especially those of viral origin and thereby provides a form of acquired immunity. RNA harboring the spacer sequence helps Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins recognize and cut exogenous DNA. Other RNA-guided Cas proteins cut foreign RNA. CRISPRs are found in approximately 50%of sequenced bacterial genomes and nearly 90%of sequenced archaea, and recently the CRISPR / Cas system have been adapted for use in targeted gene editing in eukaryotic cells. See, e.g., Ledford (2016) , Nature 531 (7593) : 156–9.
[0102] A simple version of the CRISPR / Cas system, CRISPR / Cas9, has been modified to edit genomes. By delivering the Cas9 nuclease complexed with a synthetic guide RNA (gRNA) into a target cell, typically by transfecting the cell with one or more expression vectors encoding for the Cas9 nuclease and the gRNA, the cell's genome can be cut at a pre-selected location, allowing a target genomic sequence (e.g., the CDK20 genomic sequence) to be removed and / or substituted by a new coding sequence.
[0103] In the instant case, an expression vector (for example, a viral vector) carrying the coding sequence for a CDK20-specific gRNA can be introduced into a target cell in which the endogenous CDK20 gene is to be knocked out (for example, an MDSC) . The same expression vector optionally also carries the coding sequence for the CRISPR / Cas9 nuclease or equivalent. In the alternative, a separate expression vector may be used to introduce the CRISPR / Cas9 nuclease coding sequence for its expression in the target cells. In some cases, more than one (e.g., two) distinct gRNAs are used to ensure removal and / or replacement of a target genomic sequence (e.g., one that encodes the CDK20 RNA or protein) .
[0104] VII. Pharmaceutical Compositions and Administration
[0105] The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions or physiological compositions comprising an effective amount of MDSCs that present a suppressed CDK20 expression and therefore inhibit cancer cell proliferation in both prophylactic and therapeutic applications. Such pharmaceutical or physiological compositions also include one or more pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable excipients or carriers. Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are suitable for use in a variety of drug delivery systems. Suitable formulations for use in the present invention are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Philadelphia, PA, 17th ed. (1985) . For a brief review of methods for drug delivery, see, Langer, Science 249: 1527-1533 (1990) .
[0106] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be administered by various routes, e.g., subcutaneous, transdermal, intramuscular, intravenous, or intraperitoneal. The preferred routes of administering the pharmaceutical compositions are through injection, especially local delivery by injection (e.g., intratumoral injection) to a relevant organ or tissue in a patient suffering from a solid tumor involving excessive and undesirable cellular proliferation at daily doses of about 10-1,000,000 x 106, about 100-100,000 x 106, or about 1,000-10,000 x 106 of the recombinantly modified MDSCs with suppressed CDK20 expression and activity for a 70 kg adult human per day. The appropriate dose may be administered in a single daily dose or as divided doses presented at appropriate intervals, for example as two, three, four, or more subdoses per day.
[0107] For preparing pharmaceutical compositions containing MDSCs with knocked-down or knocked-out CDK20, one or more inert and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are used. The pharmaceutical carrier (s) can be in any form, although liquid form is preferred for formulations intended for injection. Suitable carriers include, for example, magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, lactose, sugar, pectin, dextrin, starch, tragacanth, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, a low-melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like.
[0108] Liquid pharmaceutical compositions include, for example, solutions, suspensions, and emulsions suitable for injection. Sterile buffer solutions of the active component (e.g., recombinantly modified MDSCs with suppressed CDK20 expression) or sterile solutions of the active component in solvents comprising water, buffered water, saline, PBS, ethanol, or propylene glycol are examples of liquid compositions suitable for parenteral administration. The compositions may contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions, such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, wetting agents, detergents, and the like.
[0109] Sterile solutions can be prepared by dissolving the active component in the desired solvent system, and then passing the resulting solution through a membrane filter to sterilize it or, alternatively, by dissolving the sterile compound in a previously sterilized solvent under sterile conditions. The resulting aqueous solutions may be packaged for use as is, or lyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile aqueous carrier prior to administration. The pH of the preparations typically will be between 3 and 11, more preferably from 5 to 9, and most preferably from 7 to 8.
[0110] The pharmaceutical compositions of modified MDSCs with suppressed CDK20 expression can be administered for prophylactic and / or therapeutic purposes. In therapeutic applications, compositions are administered to a patient already suffering from a condition that involves excessive and undesirable cellular proliferation in an amount sufficient to prevent, cure, reverse, or at least partially slow or arrest the symptoms of the condition and its complications, such as the onset, progression, duration, and severity of the disease. An amount adequate to accomplish this is defined as a "therapeutically effective dose. " Amounts effective for this use will depend on the severity of the disease or condition and the weight and general state of the patient, but generally range from about 10-1,000,000 x 106, to about 100-100,000 x 106, or about 1,000-10,000 x 106 of the modified MDSCs with suppressed CDK20 expression per day for a 70 kg patient, with dosages from 1-10,000 x 106 to about 100-1,000 x 106 of the modified MDSCs with suppressed CDK20 expression per day per kg for a patient being more commonly used.
[0111] In prophylactic applications, pharmaceutical compositions containing an adequate amount of the modified MDSCs with suppressed CDK20 expression are administered to a patient susceptible to or otherwise at heightened risk of developing a disease or condition caused or exacerbated by undesirable and excessive cellular proliferation, in an amount sufficient to delay or prevent the onset of the symptoms. Such an amount is defined to be a "prophylactically effective dose. " In this use, the precise amounts of the inhibitor again depend on the patient's state of health and weight, but generally range from about 10-1,000,000 x 106, to about 100-100,000 x 106, or about 1,000-10,000 x 106 of the modified MDSCs with suppressed CDK20 expression per day for a 70 kg patient, with dosages from 1-10,000 x 106 to about 100-1,000 x 106 of the modified MDSCs with suppressed CDK20 expression per day per kg for a patient.
[0112] Single or multiple administrations of the compositions can be carried out with dose levels and pattern being selected by the treating physician. In any event, the pharmaceutical formulations should provide a quantity of the modified MDSCs sufficient to effectively inhibit cellular proliferation in the patient, either therapeutically or prophylactically.
[0113] VIII. Kits and Devices
[0114] The invention provides compositions and kits for practicing the methods described herein to assess CDK20 expression profile in MDSCs from a subject, which can be used for various purposes such as detecting or diagnosing the presence of cancer, determining the risk of developing cancer at a later time, and monitoring the progression of cancer in patients, including both who have been given a cancer diagnosis and those who are suspected of cancer / at heightened risk for cancer but not yet diagnosed of any disease or condition relating to malignancy.
[0115] Kits for carrying out assays for detecting CDK20 expression in MDSCs typically include at least one agent useful for detecting / quantitating CDK20 protein or mRNA, such as an anti-CDK20 antibody for specific binding with CDK20 protein present in the MDSC lysate. Optionally, this anti-CDK20 antibody is labeled with a detectable moiety. The antibody can be either a monoclonal antibody or a polyclonal antibody. In some cases, the kits may include at least two different antibodies, one for specific binding to CDK20 protein (i.e., the primary antibody) and the other for detection of the primary antibody by specifically binding to the primary antibody (i.e., the secondary antibody) , which is often attached to a detectable moiety, such as a fluorescent label. In some versions, the kit includes at least one, possibly two, three or more agents, useful for detecting CDK20 mRNA, for example, in a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) , especially a quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) . Optionally, one or more of these agents, such as primers and probe (s) , may carry a detectable label.
[0116] Typically, the kits also include an appropriate standard control. The standard control indicates the average amount or level of CDK20 expression in MDSCs in healthy subjects not suffering from or at increased risk of any malignancies including solid tumors such as HCC. In some cases such standard control may be provided in the form of a physical sample, whereas in other cases the standard control may be provided as a set value. In addition, the kits of this invention may provide instruction manuals to guide users in analyzing test samples and assessing the expression profile of CDK20 in MDSCs from a test subject, which may then be used to assess the presence, risk, or state of a condition involving excessive and inappropriate cell proliferation a test subject.
[0117] The present invention can also be embodied in a device or a system comprising one or more such devices, which is capable of carrying out all or some of the analytical method steps described herein. For instance, in some cases, the device or system performs the following steps upon receiving an MDSC sample, e.g., a sample containing MDSCs, optionally already lysed, from a subject being tested for detecting cancer, assessing the risk of developing cancer at a later time, or monitored for progression of cancer: (a) determining in the sample the quantity of CDK20 protein or mRNA; (b) comparing the quantity with a standard control value; and (c) providing an output indicating whether cancer is present in the subject or whether the subject is at increased risk of developing cancer in the future, or whether there is a change, i.e., worsening or improvement, in the subject's cancer condition. In other cases, the device or system of the invention performs the task of steps (b) and (c) , after step (a) has been performed and the quantity from (a) has been entered into the device. Preferably, the device or system is partially or fully automated.
[0118] In a further aspect, this invention provides compositions and kits for practicing the methods described herein to treat a disease or condition caused or exacerbated by excessive and undesirable cellular proliferation by administering MDSCs with a suppressed CDK20 expression to a subject in need thereof. Both therapeutic use and prophylactic use are contemplated, i.e., a subject with or without a cancer diagnosis may be treated, for example, once the presence and / or risk of cancer has been assessed according to the methods described herein and the subject is deemed to likely benefit from the treatment.
[0119] Kits for therapeutic use of MDSCs with a reduced CDK20 expression level typically include one container containing a composition comprising the MDSCs, e.g., treated or genetically modified MDSCs that present a significantly diminished (for example, at least reduced to 50%, 20%, 10%or even lower) CDK20 expression level or an entirely abolished CDK20 expression (for example, with CDK20 genomic sequence disrupted or knocked out) . Typically, such composition is formulated for delivering the MDSCs, e.g., by injection such as subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or intratumoral. Optionally, the kit includes at least one, possibly two or more anti-cancer therapeutic agents, known for their effectiveness in treating cancer, for example, any one or more of the therapeutic agents known / used in the medical field or described herein, or which might belong to any of the following 3 categories: (A) chemotherapeutic drugs, e.g., drugs capable of killing or suppressing cells that are actively undergoing proliferation; (B) immunotherapeutic agents, e.g., monoclonal antibodies for targeted antibody therapy, checkpoint inhibitors, and cytokines; and (C) cell-based therapeutic agents, e.g., those used in CAR T cell therapy or other immune cell therapy.
[0120] Further, the kits of this invention may provide instruction manuals to guide users in the proper administration of the composition comprising the treated / modified MDSCs with suppressed CDK20 expression level, optionally in combination with one or more anti-cancer therapeutic agents, to a subject deemed in need of such treatment by a physician (e.g., a person suffering from a condition involving undesirable / uncontrolled cellular proliferation such as any type of malignancy, especially solid tumor) , the schedule (e.g., dose and frequency of administration) and route of administration, and the like.
[0121] EXAMPLES
[0122] The following examples are provided by way of illustration only and not by way of limitation. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize a variety of non-critical parameters that could be changed or modified to yield essentially similar results.
[0123] INTRODUCTION
[0124] The critical role of myeloid cells in regulating anti-tumor immune responses and tumor progression is well established 1. Substantial expansion of immature and immunosuppressive myeloid cells like myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) is one of the common and important clinically relevant features of various cancers 1, 2. Taking hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as an example, accumulating evidence have demonstrated that MDSC accumulations, both CD15+ polymorphonuclear (PMN) and CD14+ monocytic (M) -MDSC subtypes in peripheral blood or tumor tissues, associate with poor prognosis and immunotherapy resistance in patients 3-5. Therapies that target MDSC to relieve immune suppression therefore represent promising strategies to better control HCC.
[0125] There are various ongoing preclinical and clinical studies on developing MDSC-targeting therapies, including targeting tumor-secreted growth factors, counteracting the suppressive activity of MDSCs, or driving differentiation of these immature myeloid cells into antigen presentation cells (APCs) , which are crucial for T cell priming and activation 1. For example, celecoxib, which can block the immunosuppressive arginase-I (ARG-I) expression in MDSC, was shown to reduce tumor progression in AB1 mesothelioma and 3LL lung carcinoma mouse models 6, 7. In addition, drugs that induce MDSC differentiation into mature APCs, like all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) , an FDA-approved standard-of-care treatment for acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) , could induce macrophage and dendritic cell (DC) differentiation via binding to RA receptor alpha (RAR) and triggering downstream transcriptional reprogramming 8. Moreover, similar differentiation effects could be observed by chemotherapeutic agent treatment on in vitro-generated MDSCs 9. However, most evidence of therapeutic targeting of MDSCs in human comes from secondary observations in patients undergoing standard or experimental therapies 10. Therefore, understanding the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of MDSC identity will be essential to develop novel methods for specific therapeutic targeting.
[0126] One of the major transcriptional regulatory factors that drive MDSC expansion and immunosuppressive function in cancer is signal-transducer-and-activator-of-transcription 3 (STAT3) 1, 11, 12. STAT3 is critically important for cell proliferation, survival, and motility, which is activated by phosphorylation at Tyr 705 or Ser 727 10. Ablation of STAT3 expression using conditional knockout mice or selective STAT3 inhibitors are reported to markedly reduce the expansion of MDSC and increased T cell responses in tumor-bearing mice 10. Mechanistically, STAT3 can upregulate ARG-I transcription by binding to its promoter region in MDSCs isolated from tumor-bearing mice as well as cancer patients 11. In addition, activation of myeloid STAT3 prevents the differentiation of immature myeloid cells into mature DCs and macrophages systemically or in the tumor microenvironment (TME) 13, 14. Furthermore, a phase Ib trial (NCT01563302) revealed that systemic administration of AZD9150, an antisense oligonucleotide inhibitor of STAT3, reduced the levels of peripheral PMN-MDSCs in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) 15, which is now under a phase II clinical trial testing together with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in patients with advanced solid tumors and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (NCT02499328) . However, MDSC targeting via abolishing STAT3 signalling was also reported to cause side effects like hyper-IgE syndrome in some patients, which is likely related to the physiological function of STAT3 in other cell types 16.
[0127] Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) , fundamental drivers of cell cycle and function in various DNA damage responses, have long been regarded as promising therapeutic targets in cancers 17. Further studies also pinpointed the essential roles of CDKs in the transcriptional control of immune cells 18. For example, CDK2 and CDK4 / 6 are highly expressed in T cells, which are associated with the activation of Treg and suppression of memory CD8+T cell formation, respectively 19-21. In addition, CDK7 and CDK9 could specifically regulate neutrophil transcription and survival 22. We have uncovered that the latest CDK family member, CDK20 or cell cycle-related kinase (CCRK) , is a novel signalling hub that is overexpressed in hepatoma cells and functions in promoting HCC development and liver metastasis 4, 23-25. Deletion of hepatoma Ccrk suppresses tumor-intrinsic oncogenic pathway and reduces HCC proliferation, and disrupts the cross-talk between tumor and MDSCs in TME, which in turn lead to tumor suppression and better therapeutic efficacy of anti-programmed death 1 (PD1) / PD1-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody in vivo 4, 25, 26. Here, we further identified a tumor-induced CCRK upregulation in myeloid cells as a key player for cancer immune escape. Inhibition of myeloid CCRK could therefore overcome tumor immunosuppression and re-invigorate adaptive anti-tumor immunity to control HCC progression.
[0128] RESULT
[0129] CCRK is selectively upregulated in myeloid cells from tumor-bearing mice and patients with HCC
[0130] To explore the expression pattern of CCRK in immune cells, we isolated CD45+leukocytes and sorted the CD19+B cells, CD3+T cells, NK1.1+ natural killer (NK) cells and CD11b+ myeloid cells from spleen of C57BL / 6 mice, or spleen and tumor of C57BL / 6 mice subcutaneously inoculated with a hepatoma RIL-175 cell line (Figure 1A) 27. Of note, no CCRK expression was observed in all the major immune cells from mouse splenocytes (Figure 1A) . In comparison, a selectively upregulation of CCRK expression in myeloid cells from both splenocytes and tumor-infiltrating leukocytes (TILs) was detected in tumor-bearing mice (Figure 1A) , indicating a potential effect of tumor-derived factors in CCRK upregulation. When we further sorted myeloid cells into CD11b+Gr-1+ MDSCs and CD11b+Gr-1-ones, which contained CD11c+ DCs and F4 / 80+ macrophages, we found that CCRK showed significantly higher expressions in CD11b+Gr-1+MDSCs from both splenocytes and TILs (Figure 1B) . To determine whether CCRK upregulation in myeloid cells from tumor-bearing host is translatable into the human context, CD11b+CD33+myeloid cells were then sorted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) , liver and tumor tissues of patients with HCC. CD11b+CD33+ myeloid cells sorted from healthy donor (HD) PBMCs were served as control. By quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) , we observed a consistent upregulation of CCRK mRNA expression in myeloid cells from patients with HCC compared to HD controls (p<0.05; Figure 1C) . Taken together, we found that CCRK is selectively upregulated in myeloid cells from tumor-bearing hosts. Since massive expansion of tumor-associated myeloid cells contributes to tumor immune escape and progression, we next explored the functional significance of this aberrant myeloid CCRK upregulation in vivo.
[0131] Ccrk expression maintains the immature status of MDSCs to support tumor growth in vivo
[0132] To explore the functional significance of Ccrk expression in myeloid cell-mediated immunosuppression and tumor growth, a myeloid cell-competent lentivirus backbone that packed with GFP-expressing short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) was introduced 28. Since CCRK expression was significantly higher in CD11b+Gr-1+MDSCs in tumor-bearing mice (Figure 1B) , we adopted an in vitro protocol to generate MDSCs from bone marrows (BMs) by mouse recombinant IL-6 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) . Red-fluorescence protein (RFP) + / + transgenic mice were used as BM source for in vivo cell tracking 4 (Figure 2A) . Compared to immature myeloid cells (IMCs) , we first confirmed that BM-MDSCs showed remarkable upregulations of CCRK, as well as typical MDSC markers p-STAT3Tyr705 and ARG-I (Figures 6A and 6B) . We then used the myeloid cell-competent lentivirus packed with shRNA against Ccrk 26 (LV-shCcrk) to knockdown Ccrk expressions in these RFP+BM-MDSCs (Figure 2A) . Interestingly, compared to shCtrl control (LV-shCtrl) , LV-shCcrk not only successfully reduced CCRK expression, but also significantly downregulated p-STAT3Tyr705 and ARG-I in BM-MDSCs (Figure 2A) . These data indicated that CCRK might regulate STAT3 pathway and control MDSC immunosuppression. Thus, we further sorted these lentivirus-shCtrl or -shCcrk infected GFP+RFP+MDSCs by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and then intratumorally injected into the left or right subcutaneous tumors of the same recipient C57BL / 6 mouse at day 6 post tumor inoculation (Figure 3A) . Of note, the subcutaneous tumor growth rate as well as endpoint tumor weight were significantly reduced in MDSC-shCcrk-injected tumors compared to those injected with MDSC-shCtrl (p<0.05; Figures 2B and 2C) , accompanied with increased CD8+T cell numbers (p<0.05; Figure 2D) . To further study how does CCRK regulate MDSC immature status, we analysed the myeloid cell proportions in the RFP+ cells at 24 hour post adoptive transfer in C57BL / 6 mice (Figure 2A) . Interestingly, we observed an alteration of RFP+ adoptive transferred cell components from MDSC-shCcrk injected mice, with decreased percentages of CD11b+Gr-1+Ly6G+Ly6CintPMN-MDSCs, but increased proportions of F4 / 80+CD11c-macrophages when compared to MDSC-shCtrl injected mice (p<0.05; Figures 2E and 2F) . In parallel, these F4 / 80+CD11c-cells also displayed upregulated CD86 and CD80 when Ccrk was knockdown (p<0.05; Figure 2G) , indicating that knockdown of Ccrk might induce MDSC differentiation into mature macrophage-like cells. Next, we generated a Ccrk knockdown RIL-175 stable line to exclude the possible effect of tumoral CCRK expression in this setting (Figure 7A) . Although the growth rate of RIL-shCcrk tumors was impaired compared to wild-type (WT) RIL-175, MDSC-shCcrk-injected tumors consistently showed slower tumor growth rate as well as decreased endpoint tumor weights compared to those injected with MDSC-shCtrl (Figures 7B and 7C) . Taken together, our findings demonstrated that CCRK maintained the immature status and tumor supportive functions of MDSCs, independent of tumoral CCRK expression in vivo.
[0133] Inactivation of myeloid Ccrk leads to the remodeling of immunosuppressive TME and tumor suppression in Ccrkindel / indel transgenic mouse model
[0134] To further confirm the roles of myeloid Ccrk in orthotopic tumor progression, we constructed a host Ccrk inactivated transgenic (TG) mouse strain (Figure 3A) . As an essential kinase needed for embryonic development, knockout of the whole Ccrk gene resulted in miscarriage 29. Therefore, we adopted the CRISPR / Cas9 platform by injecting the CRISPR-Cas9 mRNA and Ccrk sgRNA into the zygotes of WT C57BL / 6 mouse, aiming at inducing nucleotide deletion or insertion in exon 1 and 3 of Ccrk locus, respectively. We then successfully generated a TG mouse strain carrying a homozygous Ccrk indel mutant (Ccrkindel / indel) with an insertion of ATC (encode amino acid Isoleucine (Ile) ) into Ccrk exon 3, the site between c. 219 and c. 220 (Figure 3A) . As expected, CCRK expression was consistently upregulated by orthotopic RIL-175 inoculation in the BMs from Ccrkindel / indel and age-matched WT C57BL / 6 mice but exhibited defective downstream p-STAT3Tyr705 expression (Figure 3B) . To study if Ccrkindel / indel mice displayed impaired CCRK function in myeloid cells, we first repeated the MDSC-adoptive transfer experiment in subcutaneous tumor model using BMs from WT and Ccrkindel / indel mice. To this end, C57BL / 6 mice were inoculated by Hepa1-6 murine hepatoma stable cells with Ccrk-knockout (CrCcrk) generated by CRISPR / Cas9 2 and then intratumorally injected with BM-MDSCs from WT or Ccrkindel / indel mice described above (Figure 8A) . Of note, slower tumor growth rate as well as decreased endpoint tumor weights were observed in Hepa1-6-CrCcrk tumors receiving BM-MDSCs from Ccrkindel / indel mice compared WT ones (p<0.01; Figures 8B and 8C) . In addition, when we inoculated RIL-175-tumor in Ccrkindel / indel mice and then intratumorally injected with BM-MDSCs from WT or Ccrkindel / indel mice (Figure 8D) , we also observed that tumor growth rate and endpoint tumor weights were significantly reduced in tumors receiving BM-MDSCs from Ccrkindel / indel mice compared WT ones, which accompanied with increased tumor-infiltrating CD8+T cells by immunofluorescence (IF) staining (p<0.05; Figures 8E-G) . Together, these data validated that the CCRK indel mutation resulted in Ccrk inactivation and dysfunction in MDSCs, independent of tumoral and host CCRK expression in vivo.
[0135] Finally, we determined the function of CCRK in MDSCs using the orthotopic HCC mouse model by intrahepatic injection of RIL-175 cells into WT and Ccrkindel / indel mice as previously 30. Of note, Ccrkindel / indel mice displayed reduced endpoint tumor weights and improved survival when compared to WT controls (p<0.05; Figures 3C and 3D) . Interestingly, when we profiled the CD45+TILs from WT and Ccrkindel / indel mice by high-dimensional flow cytometry (Figure 3E) , we found that the TILs from Ccrkindel / indel mice contained decreased proportions of CD11b+GR-1+Ly6C+Ly6G-M-MDSCs as well as increased expressions of maturation markers CD80, CD86 and IL-12 in CD11b-F4 / 80+macrophages, and IFN-γ+ and / or TNF-α+CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared to WT controls (p<0.05; Figures 3E-3H) . Consistent increase of CD11b / Ly6C double positive M-MDSCs but not other cells was also verified in the tumors from Ccrkindel / indel mice by co-IF staining (Figure 9) . As we have shown a myeloid-specific CCRK expression (Figures 1A and 1B) in RIL-175-bearing mice, these findings indicated that myeloid CCRK expression may function in maintaining the immunosuppressive features of TME to support orthotopic tumor progression in vivo.
[0136] CCRK knockdown reduces the immunosuppressive activity and induces an immune-stimulatory phenotype of myeloid cells
[0137] Since CCRK showed upregulation in patients with HCC (Figure 1C) , we next explored the human relevance of our findings by generating MDSCs from human PBMCs (Figure 10A) . As expected, CCRK expression was upregulated and accumulated in CD33+HLA-DR-MDSCs after 7-day culture in the presence of human recombinant IL-6 / GM-CSF, compared to myeloid cell (MC) controls (Figure 10B) . MDSCs were then purified by CD33 microbeads (Miltenyi Biotech) and treated with small-interfering RNA (siRNA) against CCRK (siCCRK) or control siRNA (siCtrl) 4 (Figure 4A) . The knockdown efficiency of siCCRK was confirmed by qRT-PCR and western blot (Figure 4B) . Since CCRK is regarded as a member of CDK family that drives cell proliferation 29, MDSC proliferation rate was monitored by a carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) assay. Purified MDSCs were labelled with CFSE before siCtrl or siCCRK transfection, and the cell proliferation rate indicated by CFSE intensity reduction was then measured at 3-days post siRNA treatment by flow cytometry (Figure 4A) . The data showed that knockdown of CCRK significantly reduced the proliferation rate of MDSCs compared to siCtrl (p<0.05; Figure 4C) , indicating a potential role of CCRK in regulating MDSC expansion. Interestingly, further phenotypic analysis showed that MDSCs with lower CCRK expression have higher HLA-DR expression (p<0.01; Figure 4D) . Of note, the proportions of CD68+HLA-DR+macrophages, which also highly expressed CD86 and CD80, were increased upon CCRK knockdown (p<0.05; Figures 4E and 4F) , consistent with our observations in the mouse models (Figures 2F, 2G and 3F) . These phenotypic changes indicated that CCRK depletion might prompt MDSC differentiation into mature macrophages with antigen presentation ability. Indeed, using a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay (Figure 4A) , we observed that siCCRK-treated MDSCs were more efficient in stimulating allogenic T cell proliferation and IFN-γ releasing when compared with siCtrl-treated controls (p<0.05; Figures 4G and 4H) , which may be contributed by the decrease of MDSC proliferation rate and the increase of macrophage-like cells. Taken together, we concluded CCRK as a key player functioning in the maintenance of immature and immunosuppressive status of MDSCs.
[0138] CCRK activates STAT3 / E4BP4 transcriptional activity on IL-10 induction and IL-12 suppression in MDSCs
[0139] Previous studies have demonstrated that MDSCs exert their immunosuppression and maintain their immature status via soluble cytokines and proteins that are controlled by STAT3 10. Since CCRK can induce STAT3 phosphorylation (Figures 2A and 3B) , we next investigated potential functional mediators of CCRK / STAT3 pathway in MDSCs. Therefore, 11 soluble factors that are reported to function in regulating the immunosuppressive activity and differentiation of myeloid cell 1 were screened by qRT-PCR in siCtrl-and siCCRK treated MDSCs. Besides ARG-I, knockdown of CCRK in MDSCs caused significant reduction of IL-10, and induction of IL-12 (p<0.05; Figure 5A) , while other genes remained unchanged (IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-13, NOS2, TNF-α, TGF-β) (Figure 5A) . Consistent reduction in protein levels of IL-10 and ARG-I was also observed accompanied with CCRK knockdown in MDSCs by ELISA, western blot, and flow cytometry intracellular staining, respectively (p<0.01; Figures 5B-5D) . As important mediators in determining MDSC differentiation and functions, previous studies also demonstrated that a) STAT3 can trans-activate ARG-I promoter to upregulate ARG-I in MDSCs; b) IL-10 expression can be controlled by the transcription factor, E4 Promoter-Binding Protein 4 (E4BP4) , in CD4+ T cells; and c) IL-12 expression can be transcriptionally suppressed by STAT3 / E4BP4 through inhibition of its promoter or a distal enhancer 11, 31, 32. Since we have found multiple STAT3 consensus binding sequences in the E4BP4 promoter region (ReMap) , we hypothesized that CCRK may activate STAT3 to control E4BP4 transcriptional activity in MDSCs. We thus examined the expression and activity of STAT3 and E4BP4 in MDSCs treated with siCtrl or siCCRK. As expected, CCRK ablation in MDSCs resulted in significant decrease of total STAT3 as well as p-STAT3Tyr705 detected by qRT-PCR, western blot, and flow cytometry intracellular staining, respectively (Figures 5A and 5C-5D) . In parallel, the reduction of E4BP4 in both mRNA and protein levels was observed in siCCRK-treated MDSCs compared to control (p<0.05; Figures 5A and 5C) . Consistent E4BP4 upregulation was detected in mouse BM-MDSCs compared to IMC (Figure 6) , which could be suppressed by LV-shCcrk infection or CCRK indel mutation (Figures 2A and 3B) . Moreover, treatment of MDSCs with a STAT3 inhibitor, Stattic (10 μΜ) not only abolished STAT3 phosphorylation, but also reduced the expressions of both ARG-I and E4BP4 (p<0.05; Figures 11A and 11B) , but not CCRK (data not shown) . In parallel, IL-10 was decreased, while IL-12 was increased (p<0.05; Figure 11A) , indicating that STAT3 may be the upstream of E4BP4 in MDSCs. To further confirm the importance of this pathway, we constructed a CCRK-expressed stable cell line using human myeloid cell U937, in which ectopic CCRK expression upregulated p-STAT3Tyr705, E4BP4 and IL-10 and decreased IL-12 expressions, but not total STAT3 expression (Figure 5E) . qChIP-PCR analysis in this CCRK-U937 stable cells showed that CCRK induced a significantly increased occupancy of STAT3 in the promoter region of E4BP4 and ARGI (p<0.001; Figure 5F) , but not IL-10 or IL-12 compared to vector control. The upregulated E4BP4 could then bind to the promoter regions of IL-10 and IL-12a, which in turn control their transcription in CCRK-expressed, but not vector-control U937 cells (p<0.01; Figure 5G) . Knockdown of E4BP4 by a lentivirus-based shRNA approach could therefore decrease IL-10 expression and increase IL-12 expression in CCRK-expressed U937 cells (p<0.05; Figure 5H) . Since the balance of ARG-I / IL-10 / IL-12 is demonstrated to determine myeloid cell identity and functions, our findings pinpointed a possible molecular mechanism of why CCRK is important in MDSCs.
[0140] DISCUSSION
[0141] Accumulating evidence from preclinical and clinical studies indicates that myeloid cell status and function determine the immunosuppressive nature of TME 1. MDSCs are one of the earliest infiltrating cells in HCC tumors that associated with disease progression, recurrence, metastasis and poor prognosis as well as immunotherapy resistance 3. Accordingly, therapeutic approaches aimed at inhibiting MDSC expansion and recruitment, depleting MDSC directly or reprograming them towards an immune-stimulatory phenotype have shown great potential in both pre-clinical HCC models 10 and clinical trials (NCT04123379; NCT02868255; NCT01839604) . Here, we identified myeloid CCRK activation as a critical determinator of myeloid cell-mediated immunosuppression and tumor progression. Knockdown or genetic inactivation of CCRK in myeloid cells restricted tumor growth by skewing myeloid cell towards a mature and immune-stimulatory status. These changes in turn potentiated T cell responses and a dramatic shift towards a TME enriched with cytolytic cytokines like IFN-γ and TNF-α. Mechanistically, CCRK upregulation triggered STAT3 / E4BP4 transcriptional activity to maintain immunosuppressive features of MDSCs. As our previous findings also showed CCRK overexpression in human HCCs with MDSC abundance 4, 5, we surmise that inhibition of CCRK offers an opportunity to simultaneously suppress hepatoma intrinsic oncogenic signalling and reprogram immune-suppressive myeloid cells for HCC therapy.
[0142] As fundamental drivers of cell cycle that are required for the initiation and progression of various malignancies, CDKs have long been regarded as promising therapeutic targets in cancers 17. Accordingly, pharmacological inhibition of CDKs has produced promising results in clinical trials 17. Mechanistical studies showed that CDKs blockade contributes to tumor suppression not only by directly dysregulating tumor cell cycle, but also indirectly through orchestrating immune cell fate and function. For example, inhibition of CDK4 / 6 expressed in T cells enhances T cell activation to augment anti-tumor immunity by increasing IL-2 secretion, which in turn largely improves the clinical benefits of combined CDK4 / 6 inhibitors and immunotherapy approaches 33, 34. In line with these findings, our data pinpointed that the expression of the latest CDK family member, CDK20 or CCRK can be induced in tumor-bearing hosts, which function in regulating the proliferation, expansion, and immunosuppression of MDSCs. More importantly, suppression of myeloid CCRK disrupted the immunosuppressive TME with enhanced T cell cytotoxicity, thus inhibiting tumor progression and prolonging mouse survival. As high levels of MDSCs are demonstrated to be associated with resistance to chemotherapy and immunotherapy in HCC patients 30, 35, further studies are needed to explore the therapeutic efficacy of combined approaches with myeloid CCRK inhibition.
[0143] Our group has previously reported that the pro-inflammatory IL-6 / STAT3 and androgen receptor (AR) signalling could directly induce CCRK transcription in hepatoma cells, which in turn activate the oncogenic β-catenin / mTORC / NF-κB signalling to promote tumor proliferation and immunosuppression 4, 23-25. Interestingly, our preliminary data indicated that IL-6 may also upregulate CCRK expression in MDSCs independent of p-STAT3, highlighting the difference in CCRK signals between HCC and MDSCs. Indeed, we discovered a myeloid cell-intrinsic CCRK pathway by inducing STAT3 phosphorylation to trigger E4BP4-dependent transcriptional regulation in this study. Originally identified as a key transcription factor in regulating the differentiation and function of NK 36, further studies reported that E4BP4 also has multiple functions in controlling the plasticity of CD4+T cells and NKT cells by transcriptional regulating IL-10 and IL-13 expression 31. In addition, Smith et al. uncovered that E4BP4 transcriptionally represses IL-12 expression in myeloid cells under the stimulation by IL-10 / IL-10R 32. The balance of IL-10 / IL-12 could therefore control the transition between immunosuppressive state and immune activation, through modulating Tregs or the maturation of macrophages and DCs in TME 37. Our current study further revealed that E4BP4 could be activated by CCRK / STAT3 pathway and function in maintaining the immature and suppressive status of MDSCs via controlling IL-10 / IL-12 balance. However, whether CCRK / E4BP4 may control MDSC phenotype and immunosuppression via additional downstream factors needs further investigation. In addition, how does CCRK regulates STAT3 phosphorylation and what factors derived from tumor cells may contribute to the activation of CCRK / E4BP4 in myeloid cells are also unknown, in which further studies on the molecular basic of CCRK signal are needed. Previous studies by us and others have demonstrated the consistent overexpression of CCRK in cancers arising from brain, colon, liver, lung and ovary correlates with tumor staging, shorter patient survival and poor prognosis 29. However, the development of CCRK-specific inhibitors is still under challenging exploration. A major reason for this is perhaps the identification of key effective domains in CCRK protein. Using the established Ccrkindel / indel TG mice, we pinpointed the importance of exon 3 in determining myeloid CCRK function. The altered protein sequence by the insertion of amino acid Ile in exon 3 may be essential to maintain a functional structure and kinase activity of CCRK, which may provide proof-of-concept for the development of CCRK inhibitors for in vivo use. As MDSC abundance is widely reported to regulated tumor immunosuppression and associate with immunotherapy resistance in various cancers 10, 12, 30, 38-40, our data highlighted not only the multiple facets of CCRK in promoting tumor immunosuppression and hepatic carcinogenesis but also its use as an exploitable druggable target for MDSCs in HCC as well as other cancers.
[0144] MATERIALS AND METHODS
[0145] Patient specimens
[0146] Paired blood, tumor and adjacent non-tumor liver tissues from 14 patients with HCC who underwent liver resection at the Prince of Wales Hospital (Hong Kong) were collected for myeloid cell sorting and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Buffy coats of healthy subjects from Red Cross Blood (Hong Kong) were also included as controls. Studies using human specimens were approved by the joint CUHK-NTEC Clinical Research Ethics Committee.
[0147] Cell lines
[0148] Cells were incubated at 37℃ in a humidified chamber containing 5%CO2. Mouse hepatoma RIL-175 cell line was provided by Prof. Tim F. Greten (National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA) and Prof. Lars Zender (University Hospital Tubingen, Germany) (Zender et al., Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 70, 251-261. 10.1101 / sqb. 2005.70.059) and maintained in high-glucose DMEM (Gibco; Invitrogen) supplemented with 10%FBS (Hyclone) . Ccrk-knockdown RIL-175 cells were generated by transduced with a lentivirus expressing shCcrk and selected as previously described (Sun et al., Nat Commun 9, 5214.10.1038 / s41467-018-07402-8) . Single clone was sorted by FACSArial Fusion (BD Biosciences) and Ccrk knockdown was confirmed by qRT-PCR and western blot. Human myeloid cell line U937 was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection and maintained in RPMI1640 (Gibco; Invitrogen) supplemented with 10%FBS (Hyclone) . CCRK-expressing or control vector pcDNA3.1 (Invitrogen) were transfected into CCRK low-expressed U937 cells using FuGENE HD transfection reagent (Roche) and selected by puromycin to establish stable cell lines as previously (Zhou et al., Gut 67, 931-944.10.1136 / gutjnl-2017-314032) . E4BP4 knockdown was conducted by transduced U937-CCRK cells with a lentivirus expressing shE4BP4 (GenePharma) , and a control shCtrl stable cell line was constructed in parallel, followed by puromycin selection. CCRK and E4BP4 expressions were confirmed by qRT-PCR and western blot.
[0149] Mice
[0150] Six to eight-week-old C57BL / 6 and B6. Cg-Tg (CAG-DsRed*MST) 1NaFgy / J mice were obtained and housed at Laboratory Animal Services Centre (LASEC) of the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) . Ccrkindel / indel transgenic (TG) mouse was generated in Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) and then imported into CUHK for further in vivo experiments. All animal experiments were carried out in accordance with the guidelines approved by the Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee (AEEC) of CUHK and Animal Ethic Committee (VPRDO) of HKUST.
[0151] Single cell isolation and flow cytometry analysis
[0152] Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were freshly isolated from buffy coats of anonymous human healthy donors using Ficoll-Paque Premium (GE Healthcare) . Single cells were isolated from fresh liver and tumour tissues by gentleMACS Dissociators (Miltenyi Biotec) following manufacturer’s instructions. Cells were collected and washed, and counted as numbers per gram of tissue. 5x106 single cells / tube were be collected and blocked with Mouse BD Fc Block (BD Biosciences) and True Stain Monocyte Blocker (BioLegend) . For surface staining, the antibody mix was prepared with Brilliant Stain Buffer Plus (BD Biosciences) and incubated with the samples for 20 min at 4℃. For intracellular markers, the cells were subsequently permeablised with Transcription Factor Buffer Set (BD Biosciences) according to the manufacture’s protocol. Samples were stained with intracellular antibodies for 50 min at 4℃ and washed by Perm wash buffer (BD Biosciences) . Flow cytometry was performed using BD FACSAria Fusion or BD FACSymphony A5 Cell Analyzer (BD Biosciences) . Spectral unmixing and high-parameter analysis was performed by FlowJo v10 Software using the UMAP, FlowSOM and ClusterExplorer plugins (BD Biosciences) . The cell proportions and absolute number would be calculated.
[0153] Quantitative RT-PCR
[0154] Total RNA was extracted by using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) . 1 μg RNA was reverse transcribed to cDNA using Reverse Transcription Master Kit (Takara) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For quantitative PCR analysis, aliquots of cDNA were amplified using TB Green Premix Ex Taq II (Takara) and ViiATM7 / QuantStudio 7 Flex Real Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems) . GAPDH was used as an internal control. All reactions were performed in triplicate. The sequences of primers used are listed in Table 1.
[0155] Western blot
[0156] Protein lysates from primary cells or cell lines were prepared using protease inhibitor cocktail-containing (Roche) lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1%NP-40, 0.5%Na-deoxycholate) and T-PER Tissue Protein Extraction Reagent (Thermo Scientific) , respectively. Protein concentration was determined by the PierceTM BCA Protein Assay Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) . 40-80 μg of protein was resolved by 10%SDS- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electroblotted onto equilibrated nitrocellulose membrane (Bio-Rad Laboratories) . Membranes were incubated with primary antibodies at 4℃ overnight followed by secondary antibodies for 2 h at room temperature. Antibody-antigen complexes were detected using the WesternBright Sirius Luminol / enhancer solution and WesternBright Peroxide Chemiluminescent Detection Reagent (Advansta) .
[0157] Mouse BM-derived MDSCs
[0158] Bone marrow (BM) was harvested from B6. Cg-Tg (CAG-DsRed*MST) 1NaFgy / J (RFP+ / +) C57BL / 6 mice and plated at 2×106 cells / mL in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium plus 10%fetal calf serum, 10 mM N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid buffer, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 100 U / mL penicillin, 100 mg / mL streptomycin, and 2 mM L-glutamine, 40 ng / mL granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-6 at 37℃ at 10%CO2 for 4 days.
[0159] Lentivirus preparation and infection
[0160] Lentivirus constructed for efficient transduction of myeloid cells was prepared using a protocol as previously described (Bobadilla et al., Gene Ther 20, 514-520. 10. 1038 / gt. 2012.61) . The plasmids of lentiviral backbone were kindly provided by Prof. Nathaniel R. Landau, including pRSV-Rev, pVSV-G, pMDL and PcVpx. myc. Briefly, 5x106 293T cells in a 10 cm dish were co-transfected by the calcium phosphate method with 14 μg pLenti-CMV-eGFP-shCtrl or -shCcrk (Dharmacon) (Sun et al., Nat Commun 9, 5214. 10. 1038 / s41467-018-07402-8) , 2.5 μg pRSV-Rev, 3.5 μg pVSV-G, 1.7 μg PcVpx. myc and 5 μg pMDL. The viral supernatants were harvested 48 h post-transfection, passed through a 0.45 μm pore-size filter. Lentivirus particles were enriched by ultracentrifuge 120 min at 40,000 x g, 4℃ and resuspend in PBS, aliquoted and stored at -80℃. Virus titer was determined as transducing unites (TU / mL) as described in Sun et al., supra; and Bobadilla et al., supra. 1 multiplicity of infection (MOI) was used to infect BM-MDSCs as optimized dose. The number of infected cells indicated by GFP positive cells was quantified and enriched by FACSAria Fusion (BD Biosciences) according to the manufacturer’s protocols.
[0161] Generation of Ccrkindel / indel transgenic (TG) mouse
[0162] Ccrkindel / indel transgenic (TG) mouse line bearing a ATC (encodes amino acid Ile) insertion in Ccrk exon 3 between c. 219 and c. 220 was generated by injection of the CRISPR-Cas9 mRNA and Ccrk sgRNA into the zygotes of C57BL / 6 mouse. The CRISPR-Cas9 mRNA was prepared by amplification of the Cas9 coding sequence with addition of T7 promoter sequence and generated by mMESSAGE mMACHINE T7 kit. The guide sequence for Ccrk exon 3 was cloned into the sgRNA expression vector, amplified by 5’-TTAATACGACTCACTATAGGAGCACAAAGCCCGCACCATG-3’ and 5’-AAAAGCACCGACTCGGTGCC-3’ from sgRNA expression vector with addition of T7 promoter sequence, and generated by MEGAshortscript T7 transcription kit. The CRISPR-Cas9 mRNA and Ccrk sgRNA were purified by MEGAclear kit before injection. The injection process was done by Animal &Plant Care Facility (APCF) in the HKUST and approved by Animal Ethic Committee (VPRDO) . A heterozygous insertion mutation Ccrkindel / -mouse was identified by DNA sequencing to confirm the insertion of Ile (ATC) between His73 and Gly74. Homozygous Ccrkindel / indel was generated by cross-breeding of heterozygous mouse and confirmed by DNA sequencing. More than 10 rounds of backcrossing with C57BL / 6 were performed to fix the Ccrk insertion mutation and to clean up the genetic background. The sequences of primers for genotyping are listed in Table 1.
[0163] In vivo experiments
[0164] For in vivo BM-MDSC differentiation experiment, BM-MDSCs were generated from BM of B6. Cg-Tg (CAG-DsRed*MST) 1NaFgy / J (RFP+ / +) C57BL / 6 mice and infected by lentivirus-shCtrl or -shCcrk. GFP+RFP+MDSCs were sorted by FACS at 48h post infection. 2×106 purified GFP+RFP+MDSCs cells were injected into C57BL / 6 mice via tail vein. Mice were then sacrificed at 24h post MDSC adoptive transfer and blood samples were collected. Mouse PBMCs were isolated as previously described and stained with anti-mouse CD11b, GR-1, Ly6G, Ly6C, F4 / 80, CD11c, CD80, and CD86 antibodies. The data were acquired by flow cytometry using FACS Fortessa / FACSAria Fusion (BD Biosciences) and analyzed by FlowJo software (Tree Star) .
[0165] To study the effect of BM-MDSC in subcutaneous tumor growth, lentivirus-shCtrl or -shCcrk-treated GFP+RFP+MDSCs were purified as described above. 2×106 purified GFP+RFP+MDSC-shCtrl or -shCcrk were then injected intratumorally into the left or right subcutaneous tumors of the same C57BL / 6 receipt mouse after RIL-175 subcutaneous tumor inoculation at day 6. Subcutaneous tumor growth was measured every other day by external caliper. The tumor size was obtained using the formula (W (2) × L) / 2 (W, width; L, length) . Mice were sacrificed at day 14 post tumor inoculation and CD8+T cell number was determined by flow cytometry.
[0166] For the orthotopic HCC model, 5x105 RIL-175 cells were injected into the liver of wild type (WT) C57BL / 6 or Ccrkindel / indel TG mice. Mouse body weight was monitored every other day and mouse survival were documented, and then sacrificed at 3 weeks post-tumor cell inoculation or at endpoints approved by CUHK-AEEC. Tumor, liver, spleen and blood were collected for primary cell isolation and high-dimensional flow cytometry analysis BD FACSymphony A5 Cell Analyzer (BD Biosciences) .
[0167] Human MDSC proliferation and differentiation assays
[0168] PBMCs isolated from healthy donors were plated at 1×106 cells / mL in RPMI1640 plus 10%fetal calf serum, 10 mM N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid buffer, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 100 U / mL penicillin, 100 mg / mL streptomycin, and 2 mM L-glutamine, 10 ng / mL GM-CSF and IL-6 at 37℃ at 10%CO2 for 7 days with half medium refresh every other day. CD33+MDSCs were then enriched by anti-CD33 mcirobeads (Miltenyi Biotec) . 100 nM siRNAs against CCRK (siCCRK: 5'-GGCGGUUGGAGGACGGCUU-3') , and a control sequence (siCtrl: 5'-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGU-3') (Zhou et al., Gut 67, 931-944.10.1136 / gutjnl-2017-314032) were transfected into the purified CD33+MDSCs by NeonTM Transfection System (ThermoFisher) according to the manufacturer’s protocols. Cells were collected 24-hour post-transfection for RNA extraction and 48 h post-transfection for protein isolation. For MDSC proliferation assay, carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE; 5 μmol / L; Invitrogen) was used to label purified CD33+MDSCs before siRNA treatment. Cells were collected at 72-hour post-transfection and CFSE signals were acquired by flow cytometry using FACSAria Fusion (BD Biosciences) . For phenotype analysis, CD33+ MDSCs treated with siCtrl or siCCRK were collected at 48-hour post-transfection, and analysed by flow cytometry using FACSAria Fusion (BD Biosciences) .
[0169] Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay
[0170] CD33+MDSCs treated with siCtrl or siCCRK were collected at 48-hour post-transfection. Allogenic CD3+T cells were purified by anti-human CD3 microbeads and labelled with CFSE (5 μmol / L; Invitrogen) and co-cultured with siRNA-treated CD33+MDSCs (1: 1) in the presence of human recombinant IL-2 (R&D) for 3 days. T cells cultured alone was used as negative control. Supernatant was collected for IFN-γ detection by ELISA (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s protocols. Cells were collected and CFSE signals on T cells were acquired by flow cytometry using FACSAria Fusion (BD Biosciences) .
[0171] Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR)
[0172] U937-vector or -CCRK stable cell lines were collected directly crosslinked with 1%formaldehyde in the culture plate and the reaction was stopped by glycine. Fixed cells were collected and lysed with SDS-Lysis buffer containing proteinase inhibitor. The lysates were fragmented into 200-300 bp by Bioruptor (Diagenode, Denville, New Jersey, USA) . ChIP-graded rabbit anti-STAT3 or E4BP4 antibodies were conjugated with magnetic beads (Magna ChIPTM Protein A+G Magnetic Beads) by rotation in cold room (4℃) for 1 hour. Meanwhile, the cell lysates were incubated with magnetic beads and rotated in cold room (4℃) for 1 hour, to remove endogenous antibodies. Cell lysates were then incubated with magnetic beads-conjugated antibodies and rotated in cold room (4℃) for 12-16 hours. After washing and reversed crosslinking, the immunoprecipitated DNA was purified by purification kit (Qiagen) , followed by ChIP-qPCR with gene region-specific primer pairs. The sequences of primers used are listed in Table 1.
[0173] Immunofluorescence staining
[0174] Mouse tumor tissues were collected and fixed in 4%paraformaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich) for 24 hours, then washed in 70%ethanol and embedded in paraffin. After dewaxing and antigen-retrieving, five-millimeter sections from embedded tumors were incubated with primary antibodies at 4℃ overnight, followed by secondary antibodies for 1.5-hour at room temperature. Finally, the slides were counterstained with DAPI for nucleus for 5-10 min and mounted with Mounting Medium. The immunofluorescence signals were detected by Axioscan 7 Automatic Slide Scanner (Zeiss, Germany) .
[0175] Statistical analysis
[0176] At least 5 mice were included in each group, unless noted and the experiments were repeated a minimum 2 times. GraphPad Prism 8 software was used for statistical analysis. The difference between groups was evaluated by Mann-Whitney U test, unpaired Student’s t-test, or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons correction. The normality of data was confirmed by Shapiro-Wilk test with a P value greater than 0.05 when unpaired Student’s t-test was applied. Correlation was calculated as Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with log-rank Mantel-Cox test was used to compare differences in overall survival between groups of mice. Data are presented as mean±SD. A P value smaller than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
[0177] Table 1. Primer sequences used in RT-PCR, ChIP-qPCR and genotyping experiments, related to STAR Methods
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[0219] All patents, patent applications, and other publications, including GenBank Accession Numbers or similar sequence identification numbers, cited in this application are incorporated by reference in the entirety of their contents for all purposes.
Claims
1.A method for assessing cyclin-dependent kinase 20 (CDK20) expression status in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in a patient, comprising the steps of:(i) obtaining a blood sample from the patient; and(ii) determining CDK20 expression level in MDSCs in the blood sample.2.The method of claim 1, further comprising comparing the CDK20 expression level from step (ii) to a standard control value.3.The method of claim 2, further comprising determining the CDK20 expression level from step (ii) being higher than the standard control value and detecting cancer in the patient.4.The method of any one of claims 1-3, further comprising, prior to step (ii) , isolating MDSCs from the blood sample.5.The method of claim 4, further comprising, after the isolating step and prior to step (ii) , lysing MDSCs from the blood sample to generate a MDSC lysate.6.The method of claim 3, wherein the cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma.7.The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein step (ii) comprises performing an immunoassay for CDK20 using an anti-CDK20 antibody that specifically binds CDK20, optionally further comprising a second antibody that specifically binds the anti-CDK20 antibody.8.The method of claim 7, wherein the anti-CDK20 antibody or the second antibody is conjugated to a detectable label.9.The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein step (ii) comprises performing a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for CDK20 mRNA.10.A kit for assessing CDK20 expression status in MDSCs, comprising:(a) a first container containing an agent to detect CDK20 expression; and(b) a second container containing a standard control to indicate CDK20 expression level in MDSCs in healthy subjects.11.The kit of claim 10, wherein the agent comprises an anti-CDK20 antibody that specifically binds CDK20, the kit optionally further comprising a second antibody that specifically binds the anti-CDK20 antibody.12.The kit of claim 11, wherein the anti-CDK20 antibody or the second antibody is conjugated with a detectable label.13.The kit of claim 10, wherein the agent is an agent for a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for CDK20 mRNA.14.The kit of any one of claims 10-13, further comprising an instruction manual for using the kit.15.A method for inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, comprising contacting cancer cells with a composition comprising an effective amount of MDSCs having suppressed CDK20 expression.16.The method of claim 15, wherein CDK20 expression in the MDSCs is (1) knocked down by small-interfering RNA (siRNA) or short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) ; or (2) abolished by CDK20 gene knockout.17.The method of claim 15, wherein the cancer cells are hepatocellular carcinoma cells.18.The method of claim 15, wherein the cancer cells are located in a patient’s body.19.The method of claim 18, wherein the MDSCs are isolated from the patient’s body and genetically modified ex vivo to suppress CDK20 expression before being administered back into the patient’s body.20.The method of claim 19, wherein the composition is administered by intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or intratumoral injection.21.A kit for treating cancer, comprising(1) a first container containing a first composition comprising an effective amount of MDSCs having suppressed CDK20 expression; and(2) a second container containing a second composition comprising an effective amount of another anti-cancer therapeutic agent.22.The kit of claim 21, wherein the cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma.23.The kit of claim 21 or 22, wherein CDK20 expression is abolished in the MDSCs.24.The kit of any one of claims 21-23, wherein the first composition is formulated for injection.25.The kit of any one of claims 21-24, further comprising an instruction manual for using the kit.
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