Methods for diagnosing and predicting miscarriage in humans by quantitating serum levels of soluble programmed cell death ligand-1
By measuring serum sPD-L1 levels and comparing them to reference levels, the method addresses the limitations of current miscarriage diagnosis techniques, achieving sensitive and specific prediction of miscarriage and enabling early intervention.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/111075
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-08-11
- Filing Date
- 2024-08-09
- Publication Date
- 2025-02-20
AI Technical Summary
Current methods for diagnosing miscarriage are limited by sensitivity and specificity, lacking reliable clinical phenotypes and relying on hormone level analysis and ultrasound, which are often ineffective for early identification and prediction of miscarriage.
Measuring serum levels of soluble programmed cell death ligand-1 (sPD-L1) and comparing them to reference levels to assess the likelihood of miscarriage, which can predict various types of miscarriages in both naturally conceived and IVF pregnancies.
The method effectively identifies individuals at risk of miscarriage with high sensitivity and specificity, allowing for early intervention and improved health outcomes, as demonstrated by significant decreases in sPD-L1 levels in miscarriage patients compared to healthy pregnant women.
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Figure CN2024111075_20022025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHODS FOR DIAGNOSING AND PREDICTING MISCARRIAGE IN HUMANS BY QUANTITATING SERUM LEVELS OF SOLUBLE PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH LIGAND-1FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] Aspects of the present invention are generally directed to the use of soluble programmed cell death ligand-1 (SPD-L1) as a diagnostic and predictive biomarker in human miscarriage.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Miscarriage, the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week, is a common event but still poorly understood from a predictive and diagnostic standpoint. Miscarriages can be categorized into several types, including threatened miscarriage, incomplete miscarriage, complete miscarriage, missed miscarriage, recurrent miscarriage, and septic miscarriage. It is a serious complication that affects 10%to 15%of clinically recognized gestations and threatens human reproduction worldwide.
[0003] Since miscarriage is usually unexpected and lacks any reliable clinical phenotypes, the current clinical manifestations can be recognized only after the event. There are several blood-based hormone or factors are associated with the risk of miscarriage. Slower doubling times of β-hCG levels was associated with spontaneous miscarriage, which indicated that only serial β-hCG measurements are useful in diagnosis of spontaneous miscarriage. 7 However, serum β-hCG may not present with abnormal levels in partial mole or missed miscarriage with prolonged delay of the placenta after embryonic death. 8 Evidence showed that maternal serum progesterone level was negatively correlated with the risk of spontaneous miscarriage. 9 But exogenous progesterone administration is commonly used in pregnant women, which may influence the accuracy of diagnosis. Fallopian tube dysfunction markers, including creatine kinase, myoglobin, smooth muscle heavy chain myosin and adrenomedullin (ADM) seems to be potential in diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, missed miscarriage or viable intrauterine pregnancy, but the reported data is contradictory. 10, 11 Embryo or trophoblast derived growth factors, like pregnancy‐associated plasma protein A (PAPP‐A) , pregnancy-specific β-glycoprotein I (PSG-I or SP-I) , placental growth factor (PlGF) , metalloprotease-12 (ADAM-12) , and soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (sFlt-1) can be used to monitor abnormal pregnancy. The limitation is that they are primarily produced after 7 weeks of gestation. 10, 12 The maternal serum cancer antigen 125 (CA125) is found to have potential value in identifying threatened miscarriage compared with HCG and progesterone, but more data is needed in other types of miscarriage. 13 Although it has been reported that the levels of estradiol and inhibin A produced by corpus luteum, leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and glycodelin derived from uterine, or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as angiogenic factors were abnormal in pregnancy abnormalities, such as ectopic pregnancy.
[0004] Altogether, existing methods for diagnosing miscarriage, such as hormone level analysis (e.g., β-chg. ) and ultrasound, have their sensitivity and specificity limitations. Therefore, there is a unmet need for early identification of individuals at risk of miscarriage and treating said individuals.
[0005] BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] The subject invention relates to a method of diagnosing and treating miscarriages in pregnant women. More specifically, the subject methods measure the serum levels of soluble programmed cell death-ligand 1 (sPD-L1) and soluble programmed cell death-1 (sPD-) 1 in a subject. In certain embodiments, the sPD-L1 levels are compared against reference levels to assess the likelihood of miscarriage. The method applies to both naturally conceived and IVF pregnancies and can predict various types of miscarriages.
[0007] In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a method for determining whether a subject is at risk of developing spontaneous miscarriage, comprising: obtaining a sample from the subject; measuring the protein levels of at least one of sPD-L1 in the sample; comparing the protein levels of at least one of sPD-L1 to respective reference levels of protein levels, wherein the respective reference levels of sPD-L1 are obtained from one or more reference subject that does not have spontaneous miscarriage; and when the protein levels of sPD-L1 contained in the sample are at least about 20%less than the reference level of sPD-L1.
[0008] In certain embodiments, the protein levels of sPD-L1 in the sample can be measured by immunoassays. In some embodiments, the sample is selected from blood, serum, plasma, urine, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, tears, tissues, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the methods can further include communicating the subject’s risk of developing spontaneous miscarriage. In certain embodiments, Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and progesterone are not detectable in the subject. In alternative embodiments, hCG and progesterone are detectable in the subject. In certain embodiments, the subject has one or more risk factors for spontaneous miscarriage. In certain embodiments, the subject is diagnosed as different types of miscarriages, including, for example, a missed miscarriage (i.e., a subject who had a miscarriage for the first time) or a recurrent miscarriage (i.e., a subject who has had a previous miscarriage) .
[0009] In certain embodiments, the subject at risk of miscarriage can be treated by, for example, Dilation and curettage (D&C) , suction D&C, uterine aspiration, Dilation, and evacuation (D&E) , Induction, mifepristone, misoprostol, medical management, estrogen and progesterone supplement, immune system modulation, immune inhibitors, T cell inhibitor, NK cell inhibitor, macrophage inhibitor, T-reg therapy, or any combination thereof.
[0010] In certain embodiments, the miscarriage is a missed miscarriage, incomplete miscarriage, anembryonic miscarriage, or recurrent spontaneous miscarriage. In certain embodiments, the subject is at a pregnancy stage of less than 20 weeks. In certain embodiments, the reference levels utilized are obtained from one or more reference subjects that do not have a spontaneous miscarriage.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several embodiments of the disclosed methods and compositions and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosed methods and compositions.
[0012] FIGs. 1A-1B Discover cohort (cohort-1) (FIG. 1A) Blood sPD-L1 levels are significantly decreased in women with miscarriage (n=100) in comparison to healthy pregnant controls (HP, n=100) in the early pregnant stage. (FIG. 1B) The efficiency of the diagnostic model was assessed by the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) model in terms of the area under curve (AUROC) . The cut-off value of circulating sPD-L1 is 76.75 pg / mL in this cohort. The AUROC value is 0.91 (95%CI, 0.87 to 0.96) . Two-tail unpaired Mann-Whitney test was employed to compare the differences of quantitative data between miscarriage and HP groups using SPSS software (version 26, IBM) .
[0013] FIGs. 2A-2B Independent validation cohort (cohort-2) (FIG. 2A) Blood sPD-L1 levels are significantly decreased in women with miscarriage (n=20) in comparison to healthy pregnant controls (HP, n=20) in the early pregnant stage. (FIG. 2B) The efficiency of the diagnostic model was assessed by the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) model in terms of the area under curve (AUROC) . The cut-off value of circulating sPD-L1 is 63.84 pg / mL in this cohort. The AUROC value is 0.85 (95%CI, 0.73 to 0.98) . Two-tail unpaired Mann-Whitney test was employed to compare the differences of quantitative data between miscarriage and HP groups using SPSS software (version 26, IBM) .
[0014] FIG. 3 Applying the relative change of blood sPD-L1 level predicates miscarriage at 23 days after embryo transplantation (ET) . Use relative change of sPD-L1 level predicts the miscarriage outcomes with AUROC of 0.77 (95%CI, 0.64 to 0.89) . Blood samples were longitudinally collected from subjects requiring in-vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. A total of 52 women were delivery with live birth, whereas 10 women underwent miscarriage. The relative changes of blood sPD-L1 level was calculated by dividing individuals’ baseline sPD-L1 level before ET (ET-0) . ROC: receiver operating characteristics.
[0015] FIG. 4 Applying the relative change of blood sPD-L1 level predicates miscarriage at 30 days after embryo transplantation (ET) . Use relative change of sPD-L1 level predicts the miscarriage outcomes with AUROC of 0.85 (95%CI, 0.73 to 0.98) . Blood samples were longitudinally collected from subjects requiring in-vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. A total of 52 women were delivery with live birth, whereas 10 women underwent miscarriage. The relative changes of blood sPD-L1 level was calculated by dividing individuals’ baseline sPD-L1 level before ET (ET-0) . ROC: receiver operating characteristics.
[0016] FIGs. 5A-5D Placental PD-L1 expression is significantly attenuated in patients with miscarriage. (FIG. 5A) The relative gene expression level of PD-L1 in placenta of the missed miscarriage (MM) group and IA group. (FIG. 5B) Westernblot analysis of PD-L1 expression in IA and MM groups and. The placenta samples were collected from 3 different individuals in each group. (FIG. 5C) The staining intensities were calculated as the ratio of the average sizes of the positive staining area by IHC staining and the count of nuclei from 3 different images in each group. (FIG. 5D) Pearson correlation analysis between the serum sPD-L1 concentration and log-transformed relative expression level of PD-L1 in the placenta. The relative expression level of PD-L1 genes was normalized by β-actin with 2ΔΔCt method) . *P<0.05, **P<0.01 by two-tail unpaired student’s t-test.
[0017] FIGs. 6A-6D Serum sPD-L1 level is associated with related genes expression in the placenta. (FIG. 6A) The relative gene expression level of PD-L1 isoforms 1-3 and ADAM protease (ADAM17 and ADAM10) in the placenta. (FIGs. 6B-6D) Pearson correlation analysis with 95%confidence interval between serum sPD-L1 level (pg / ml) and log-transformed ΔCt value of (FIG. 6B) PD-L1 isoform-1, (FIG. 6C) ADAM17, and (FIG. 6D) ADAM10. The relative expression level of targeted genes was normalized by β-actin (2ΔΔCt method) . *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 by two-tail unpaired student’s t-test.
[0018] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES
[0019] SEQ ID NO: 1: Forward primer for human PD-L1
[0020] SEQ ID NO: 2: Reverse primer for human PD-L1
[0021] SEQ ID NO: 3: Forward primer for human PD-L1 iosform1
[0022] SEQ ID NO: 4: Reverse primer for human PD-L1 iosform1
[0023] SEQ ID NO: 5: Forward primer for human PD-L1 iosform2
[0024] SEQ ID NO: 6: Reverse primer for human PD-L1 iosform2
[0025] SEQ ID NO: 7: Forward primer for human PD-L1 iosform3
[0026] SEQ ID NO: 8: Reverse primer for human PD-L1 iosform3
[0027] SEQ ID NO: 9: Forward primer for human ADAM17
[0028] SEQ ID NO: 10: Reverse primer for human ADAM17
[0029] SEQ ID NO: 11: Forward primer for human ADAM10
[0030] SEQ ID NO: 12: Reverse primer for human ADAM10
[0031] SEQ ID NO: 13: Forward primer for human β-actin
[0032] SEQ ID NO: 14: Reverse primer for human β-actin
[0033] SEQ ID NO: 15: isoform 1 amino acids sequence
[0034] SEQ ID NO: 16: isoform 1 mRNA sequence
[0035] SEQ ID NO: 17: isoform 1 DNA sequence
[0036] SEQ ID NO: 18: isoform 2 amino acid sequence
[0037] SEQ ID NO: 19: isoform 2 mRNA sequence
[0038] SEQ ID NO: 20: isoform 2 DNA sequence
[0039] SEQ ID NO: 21: isoform 3 amino acid sequence
[0040] SEQ ID NO: 22: isoform 3 mRNA sequence
[0041] SEQ ID NO: 23: isoform 3 DNA sequence
[0042] SEQ ID NO: 24: isoform 4 amino acid sequence
[0043] SEQ ID NO: 25: isoform 4 mRNA sequence
[0044] SEQ ID NO: 26: isoform 4 DNA sequence
[0045] SEQ ID NO: 27: isoform 5 amino acid sequence
[0046] SEQ ID NO: 28: isoform 5 mRNA sequence
[0047] SEQ ID NO: 29: isoform 5 DNA sequence
[0048] SEQ ID NO: 30: isoform 6 amino acid sequence
[0049] SEQ ID NO: 31: isoform 6 mRNA sequence
[0050] SEQ ID NO: 32: isoform 6 DNA sequence
[0051] SEQ ID NO: 33: isoform 7 amino acid sequence
[0052] SEQ ID NO: 34: isoform 7 mRNA sequence
[0053] SEQ ID NO: 35: isoform 7 DNA sequence
[0054] SEQ ID NO: 36: isoform 8 amino acid sequence
[0055] SEQ ID NO: 37: isoform 8 mRNA sequence
[0056] SEQ ID NO: 38: isoform 8 DNA sequence
[0057] DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
[0058] The subject invention pertains to methods of diagnosing and / or aiding in the diagnosis of miscarriages. More specifically, the subject method analyzes the sPD-L1 levels to predict miscarriages and methods of treating or inhibiting miscarriages.
[0059] Selected Definitions
[0060] As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “including” , “includes” , “having” , “has” , “with” , or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description and / or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” . The transitional terms / phrases (and any grammatical variations thereof) “comprising” , “comprises” , “comprise” , “consisting essentially of” , “consists essentially of” , “consisting” and “consists” can be used interchangeably.
[0061] The phrases “consisting essentially of” or “consists essentially of” indicate that the claim encompasses embodiments containing the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic (s) of the claim.
[0062] The term “about” means within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which depends in part on how the value is measured, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. In the context of compositions containing amounts of ingredients where the term “about” is used, these compositions contain the stated amount of the ingredient with a variation (error range) of 0-10%around the value (X ± 10%) . In other contexts, the term “about” is used provides a variation (error range) of 0-10%around a given value (X ± 10%) . As is apparent, this variation represents a range that is up to 10%above or below a given value, for example, X ± 1%, X ± 2%, X ± 3%, X ± 4%, X ± 5%, X ± 6%, X ± 7%, X ± 8%, X ± 9%, or X ± 10%.
[0063] In the present disclosure, ranges are stated in shorthand to avoid having to set out at length and describe each and every value within the range. Any appropriate value within the range can be selected, where appropriate, as the upper value, lower value, or the terminus of the range. For example, a range of 0.1-1.0 represents the terminal values of 0.1 and 1.0, as well as the intermediate values of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and all intermediate ranges encompassed within 0.1-1.0, such as 0.2-0.5, 0.2-0.8, 0.7-1.0, etc. Values having at least two significant digits within a range are envisioned, for example, a range of 5-10 indicates all the values between 5.0 and 10.0 as well as between 5.00 and 10.00 including the terminal values. When ranges are used herein, combinations and subcombinations of ranges (e.g., subranges within the disclosed range) and specific embodiments therein are explicitly included.
[0064] As used herein, “subject” refers to an animal, such as a mammal, for example a human. The methods described herein can be useful in both humans and non-human animals. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal (such as an animal model of disease) , and in some embodiments, the subject is a human. The terms “subject” and “patient” can be used interchangeably. The animal may be for example, humans, pigs, horses, goats, cats, mice, rats, dogs, apes, fish, chimpanzees, orangutans, guinea pigs, hamsters, cows, sheep, birds, chickens, as well as any other vertebrate or invertebrate.
[0065] As used herein, the term “treatment” refers to eradicating; reducing; ameliorating; abatement; remission; diminishing of symptoms or delaying the onset of symptoms; slowing in the rate of degeneration or decline; making the final point of degeneration less debilitating; and / or improving a subject's physical or mental well- being or reversing a sign or symptom of a health condition, disease or disorder to any extent, and includes, but does not require, a complete cure of the condition, disease, or disorder. Treating can be curing, improving, or partially ameliorating a disorder. “Treatment” can also include improving or enhancing a condition or characteristic, for example, bringing the function of a particular system in the body to a heightened state of health or homeostasis.
[0066] As used herein, “preventing” a health condition, disease, or disorder refers to avoiding, delaying, forestalling, or minimizing the onset of a particular sign or symptom of the condition, disease, or disorder. Prevention can, but is not required, to be absolute or complete; meaning, the sign or symptom may still develop at a later time. Prevention can include reducing the severity of the onset of such a condition, disease, or disorder, and / or inhibiting the progression of the condition, disease, or disorder to a more severe condition, disease, or disorder.
[0067] By “reduces” is meant a negative alteration of at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100%.
[0068] By “increases” is meant as a positive alteration of at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100%.
[0069] As used herein, a “pharmaceutical” refers to a compound manufactured for use as a medicinal and / or therapeutic drug.
[0070] The terms “label, ” “detectable label, “detectable moiety, ” and like terms refer to a composition detectable by spectroscopic, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, chemical, or other physical means. For example, useful labels include fluorescent dyes (fluorophores) , luminescent agents, electron-dense reagents, enzymes (e.g., as commonly used in an ELISA) , biotin, enzymes acting on a substrate (e.g., horseradish peroxidase) , thiol, digoxigenin, 32P and other isotopes, haptens, and proteins which can be made detectable, e.g., by conjugating a radiolabel to an antibody or polymer. The term includes combinations of single labeling agents, e.g., a combination of fluorophores that provides a unique detectable signature, e.g., at a particular wavelength or combination of wavelengths.
[0071] As used herein, the phrase “reproductive failure” refers to subfertility, infertility, miscarriage, implantation failure, intrauterine death, or any other pregnancy loss. As used herein, “subfertility” describes a prolonged time span of trying to become pregnant that has not reached a year. Half of women with subfertility will develop to infertility.
[0072] As used herein, a “good pregnancy outcome” is measured by successful biochemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy, on-going pregnancy, and live birth. Biochemical pregnancy also determines a successful implantation, is assessed by a pregnancy test or hCG levels. Clinical pregnancy, on-going pregnancy, and live birth are assessed by ultrasound and a successful delivery.
[0073] As used herein, the term “implantation” refers to the stage of reproduction in which the embryo adheres to the wall of the uterus.
[0074] As used herein, “miscarriage” refers to the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week. This definition covers a range of conditions including threatened miscarriage, incomplete miscarriage, complete miscarriage, missed miscarriage, recurrent miscarriage, and septic miscarriage.
[0075] As used herein “pregnancy” refers to the period from the implantation of a fertilized egg within the uterus to the delivery of a child. This includes both pregnancies conceived naturally, and pregnancies achieved through assisted reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) .
[0076] As used herein, “in vitro fertilization (IVF) ” refers to a medical procedure in which fertilization occurs outside the body. It involves combining an egg and sperm in a laboratory dish and then transferring the embryo to the uterus.
[0077] As used herein, “blood” refers to both serum and plasma components collected from humans.
[0078] Protein concentration refers to the amount of protein (in this case, SPD-L1) per unit volume in a blood sample. The protein concentrations of SPD-L1 can be determined using conventional methods such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) , liquid chromatography / tandem mass spectrometry (LC / MS / MS) , Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) , electrochemical immunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) , immunohistochemistry or Western blotting. In a preferred embodiment, the protein concentrations of SPD-L1 can be determined using immunological assays, for example, ELISA assays or sandwich assays. It will be appreciated if any techniques for quantifying the protein concentrations of SPD-L1 in a sample can be used. Representative methods include but are not limited to, immunoprecipitation, mass spectroscopy, electrophoresis, and chromatography including affinity chromatography.
[0079] As used herein, “reference levels” are concentrations of sPD-L1 protein are within a typical range for a specified population of pregnant women. These levels serve as a benchmark for comparison with individual samples.
[0080] Any compositions or methods provided herein can be combined with one or more of any of the other compositions and methods provided herein.
[0081] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments thereof, and from the claims.
[0082] Methods for Diagnosing and Predicting Miscarriage in Subjects
[0083] In certain embodiments, the subject invention provides a method of identifying a subject as likely to have a miscarriage and, optionally, treating the subject, the method comprising:
[0084] (a) obtaining a sample from a subject and measuring the concentration of sPD-L1 using techniques including, for example, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) , Western blotting, radioimmunoassay, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence assays, flow cytometry, mass spectrometry, and microarrays, and
[0085] (b) comparing the sPD-L1 levels to a reference level.
[0086] In certain embodiments, a significant deviation from the reference level may indicate the onset of miscarriage or increased risk or presence of miscarriage. In certain embodiments, the subject methods further comprise treating the subject for a miscarriage, if there is a significant deviation from the reference level.
[0087] In certain embodiments, the subject methods can be used in various healthcare settings, including, for example, prenatal clinics and hospitals, and they can be implemented by medical professionals or by self-assessment to improve patient care. In certain embodiments, the methods provide a more sensitive and specific prediction and diagnosis of miscarriage, leading to early intervention and improved health outcomes and can also reduce the psychological distress associated with the uncertainty of pregnancy complications.
[0088] In other embodiments, the subject invention provides methods for diagnosing or aiding in the diagnosis of miscarriage, the methods comprising:
[0089] (a) obtaining a sample from the subject, preferably a blood sample, and measuring the protein concentrations of sPD-L1 contained in the sample, and
[0090] (b) comparing the measured levels to the reference levels. In a preferred embodiment, a miscarriage is present if the protein concentrations of sPD-L1 are lower than the reference levels.
[0091] In certain embodiments, the method of the subject invention comprises measuring the protein concentrations of sPD-L1 in a sample from a subject, preferably a blood sample, which can be determined using, for example, an immunoassay, preferably a sandwich immunoassay. In certain embodiments, the protein level can be determined by measuring the amount of isoform 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or any combination thereof of sPD-L1.In certain embodiments, levels of sPD-L1 can be deterring using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) , liquid chromatography / tandem mass spectrometry (LC / MS / MS) , surface plasmon resonance (SPR) , electrochemical immunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) , immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, a radioimmunoassay, immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation, electrophoresis, immunofluorescence assays, flow cytometry, mass spectrometry, microarrays, or any combination thereof.
[0092] In certain embodiments, the methods can further comprise other tests to diagnose miscarriage in a subject. In certain embodiments, the other test can comprise measuring levels of β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) and / or an embryo and / or trophoblast derived growth factor, such as, for example, pregnancy‐associated plasma protein A, pregnancy-specific β-glycoprotein I, placental growth factor, metalloprotease-12, or soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1.
[0093] In certain embodiments, the methods can further comprise other treatments, such as, for example, administration of an anti-inflammatory drug, immunosuppressive drug, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) , intralipids, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (CM-CSF) , or cell therapy, endometrial scratching, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, cell therapies can comprise intrauterine transfer of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) , regulatory T cells (Tregs) , granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) , human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) , or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-inflammatory drug is prednisolone, and the immunosuppressive drug is cyclosporin.
[0094] In certain embodiments, the methods can further comprise other methods known to prevent miscarriages, such as, for example, the administration of folic acid; regular exercise; a healthy diet; low stress lifestyle; healthy weight; cessation of smoking, consuming alcohol, and / or drugs; avoiding radiation, or avoiding other environmental hazards, such as, for example, X-rays and infectious diseases.
[0095] Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)
[0096] Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) , also named B7-H1, is a 65-kDa transmembrane glycoprotein (44) . PD-L1 belongs to B7 family, the well-known immunoglobulin superfamily (45, 46) . Mature human PD-L1 protein consists of a 220 amino acid (aa) extracellular domain (ECD) with two immunoglobulin-like domains, a 21 aa transmembrane segment, and a 31 aa cytoplasmic domain (44) . Full length of human PD-L1 is encoded by the CD274 gene on chromosome 9, while transcription of CD274 whole gene results in the production of PD-L1 mRNA, PD-L1 lncRNA splice isoforms and truncated PD-L1, and so on (47) (48) . Within the ECD, human PD-L1 shares 73%and 74%aa sequence identity with mouse and rat B7-H1, respectively.
[0097] Alternative splicing generates additional isoforms that either lack the first Ig-like domain or are truncated within the second Ig-like domain. Based on the previous publications, several antigens based on sPD-L1 isoforms (GenBank: AK314567.1) were generated.
[0098] 1) isoform 1,
[0099] amino acids sequence:
[0100] mRNA sequence:
[0101] DNA sequence:
[0102] 2) isoform 2,
[0103] amino acids sequence:
[0104] mRNA sequence:
[0105] DNA sequence:
[0106] 3) isoform 3,
[0107] amino acids sequence:
[0108] mRNA sequence:
[0109] DNA sequence:
[0110] 4) isoform 4,
[0111] amino acids sequence:
[0112] mRNA sequence:
[0113] DNA sequence:
[0114] 5) isoform 5,
[0115] amino acids sequence:
[0116] mRNA sequence:
[0117] DNA sequence:
[0118] 6) isoform 6,
[0119] amino acids sequence:
[0120] mRNA sequence:
[0121] DNA sequence:
[0122] 7) isoform 7,
[0123] amino acids sequence:
[0124] mRNA sequence:
[0125] DNA sequence:
[0126] 8) isoform 8,
[0127] amino acids sequence:
[0128] mRNA sequence:
[0129] DNA sequence:
[0130] In certain embodiments, isoform 1 is a signal peptide_IgV-like. In certain embodiments, isoform 2 is IgV-like. In certain embodiments isoform 3 is signal peptide_IgC-like. In certain embodiments, isoform 4 is IgC-like. In certain embodiments, isoform 5 is signal peptide_IgV-like_IgC-like. In certain embodiments, isoform 6 is IgV-like_IgC-like. In certain embodiments, isoform 7 is signal peptide_IgV-like_IgC-like_transmembrane_cytoplasmic domain. In certain embodiments, isoform 8, IgV-like_IgC-like_transmembrane_cytoplasmic domain.
[0131] Methods for Assessing the Propensity for or Diagnosing Miscarriage
[0132] In one aspect of the present invention, methods for assessing the risk or propensity to develop and / or the progression of miscarriage in subjects are provided. The methods comprise determining the protein concentrations of sPD-L1 in a subject and comparing the measured protein concentrations to their respective reference levels. In certain embodiments, a sample is taken from a subject and the protein concentrations are measured. The sample can be, e.g., blood, serum, plasma, urine, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, tears, tissues, or combinations thereof. If the protein concentrations of sPD-L1 is lower than the corresponding reference levels, the risk or propensity of developing miscarriage is greater for the subject (e.g., a patient) than a person having the protein concentrations of sPD-L1 that is higher than or equivalent to the corresponding reference levels.
[0133] In certain embodiments, the reference levels for the protein concentrations of sPD-L1 can be obtained from one or more pregnant women that do not have miscarriage. If the levels for the protein concentrations of sPD-L1 in the sample are within a statistically acceptable range, for example, plus or minus about 10%of the reference levels, then it is indicative of no miscarriage in the subject; however, if the levels for the protein concentrations of sPD-L1 in the sample are greater than about 20%above the reference levels, it is indicative of miscarriage in the subject.
[0134] Based on the invention described herein, subjects can be identified, diagnosed, or categorized as at risk of developing a miscarriage when the protein levels of sPD-L1 contained in the sample is below the reference levels of protein levels of sPD-L1 obtained from one or more reference subjects that do not have a miscarriage. For example, subjects can be identified, diagnosed, or categorized as at risk of developing miscarriage when the protein levels of sPD-L1 contained in the sample is at least about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, or more below the respective reference levels of protein levels of sPD-L1 obtained from one or more reference subjects that do not have miscarriage.
[0135] In certain embodiments, subjects can be identified, diagnosed, or categorized as at risk of developing a miscarriage when the protein levels of sPD-L1 contained in the sample are at least about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100%, or more below the respective reference levels of protein levels of sPD-L1 obtained from a reference subject that does not have a miscarriage.
[0136] The reference levels of protein levels of SPD-L1 obtained from one or more reference subjects that do not have miscarriage can be determined along with the assessment of a subject being tested for risk of miscarriage or, preferably, by establishing such reference levels to be used with future assays. In certain embodiments, the reference levels of sPD-L1 are about 303.3 pg / ml to about 8012.0 pg / mL or about 2549 pg / mL.
[0137] In certain embodiments, the disclosed methods can be used for screening subjects having known risk factors for miscarriage. Such risk factors include, for example, women older than age 35, having previous miscarriages, chronic conditions, uterine or cervical problems, smoking, alcohol consumption, and illicit drug usage, overweight and / or obesity, and invasive prenatal tests. The disclosed methods can provide the earliest indication that subjects are at risk of or are developing miscarriage. Such early identification can allow earlier, and likely more successful, intervention.
[0138] In certain embodiments, the protein concentration of sPD-L1 can be determined using conventional methods, such as, for example, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) , liquid chromatography / tandem mass spectrometry (LC / MS / MS) , Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) , electrochemical immunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) , immunohistochemistry or Western blotting. In a preferred embodiment, the protein concentrations of sPD-L1 can be determined using immunological assays, such as, for example, ELISA assays or sandwich assays. Any techniques that are well known in the art for quantifying the protein concentrations of sPD-L1 in a sample can be used. Representative methods include but are not limited to, immunoprecipitation, mass spectroscopy, electrophoresis, and chromatography including affinity chromatography.
[0139] Provided herein are assays that can be used, for example, to detect sPD-L1 for use in the methods disclosed herein. The steps of various useful immunodetection methods have been described in the Scientific literature, such as, for example, Maggio et al., Enzyme Immunoassay, (1987) and Nakamura, et al., Enzyme Immunoassays: Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Systems, Handbook of Experimental Immunology, Vol. 1: Immunochemistry, 27.1-27.20 (1986) , each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and specifically for its teaching regarding immunodetection methods. Immunoassays, in their most simple and direct sense, are binding assays involving binding between antibodies and antigens. Many types and formats of immunoassays are known, and all are suitable for detecting the disclosed biomarkers. Examples of immunoassays are an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) , radio-immunoassay (RIA) , radioimmune precipitation assay (RIPA) , immunobead capture assay, Western blotting, dot blotting, gel-shift assay, Flow cytometry, protein arrays, multiplexed bead arrays, magnetic capture, in vivo imaging, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) , and fluorescence recovery / localization after photobleaching (FRAP / FLAP) .
[0140] In general, immunoassays involve contacting a sample suspected of containing a molecule of interest (such as the disclosed cancer samples) with an antibody to the molecule of interest or contacting an antibody to a molecule of interest (such as antibodies to SsPD-L1) with a molecule that can be bound by the antibody under conditions effective to allow the formation of immunocomplexes. Contacting a sample with the antibody to the molecule of interest or with the molecule that can be bound by an antibody to the molecule of interest under conditions effective and for a period of time sufficient to allow the formation of immune complexes (primary immune complexes) is generally a matter of simply bringing into contact the molecule or antibody and the sample and incubating the mixture for a period of time long enough for the antibodies to form immune complexes with, i.e., to bind to, any molecules (e.g., antigens) present to which the antibodies can bind. In many forms of immunoassay, the sample antibody composition, such as a tissue section, ELISA plate, dot blot, or Western blot, can then be washed to remove any non-specifically bound antibody species, allowing only those antibodies specifically bound within the primary immune complexes to be detected.
[0141] Immunoassays can include methods for detecting or quantifying the amount of a molecule of interest (such as the disclosed sPD-L1 or their antibodies) in a sample, which methods generally involve the detection or quantitation of any immune complexes formed during the binding process. In general, the detection of immunocomplex formation is well-known in the art and can be achieved through the application of numerous approaches. These methods are generally based upon the detection of a label or marker, such as any radioactive, fluorescent, biological, or enzymatic tags, or any other labels that are well known in the immunodetection art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3.817,837; 3,850,752; 3,939,350; 3,996.345; 4,277,437; 4.275,149 and 4.366,241, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and specifically for teachings regarding immunodetection methods and labels.
[0142] Immunoassays that involve the detection of a substance, such as a protein or an antibody to a specific protein, include label-free assays, protein separation methods (i.e., electrophoresis) , solid support capture assays, or in vivo detection. Label-free assays are generally diagnostic means of deter mining the presence or absence of a specific protein, or an antibody to a specific protein, in a sample. Protein separation methods are additionally useful for evaluating physical properties of the protein, such as size or net charge. Capture assays are generally more useful for quantitatively evaluating the concentration of a specific protein, or antibody to a specific protein, in a sample. Finally, in vivo detection is useful for evaluating the spatial expression patterns of the Substance, i.e., where the Substance can be found in a subject, tissue, or cell.
[0143] Provided that the concentrations are sufficient, the molecular complexes (Ab-Agn) generated by antibody antigen interaction are visible to the naked eye, but smaller amounts may also be detected and measured because of their ability to scatter a beam of light. The formation of complexes indicates that both reactants are present, and in immunoprecipitation assays a constant concentration of a reagent antibody is used to measure specific antigen (Ab-Agn) , and reagent antigens are used to detect specific antibodies (Ab-Agn) . If the reagent species is previously coated onto cells (as in hemagglutination assay) or very small particles (as in latex agglutination assay) , "clumping of the coated particles is visible at much lower concentrations. A variety of assays based on these elementary principles are in common use, including the Ouchterlony immunodiffusion assay, rocket immunoelectrophoretic, and immunoturbidometric and nephelometric assays. The main limitations of such assays are restricted sensitivity (lower detection limits) in comparison to assays employing labels and, in some cases, the fact that very high concentrations of analyte can inhibit complex formation, necessitating safeguards that make the procedures more complex. Some of these Group 1 assays date right back to the discovery of antibodies and none of them have an actual "label” (e.g., Ag-enZ) . Other kinds of immunoassays that are label free depend on immunosensors, and a variety of instruments that can directly detect antibody-antigen interactions are now commercially available. Most depend on generating an evanescent wave on a sensor surface with immobilized ligand, which allows continuous monitoring of binding to the ligand. Immunosensors allow the easy investigation of kinetic interactions and, with the advent of lower-cost specialized instruments, may in the future find wide application in immunoanalysis.
[0144] The use of immunoassays to detect a specific protein can involve the separation of the proteins by electrophoresis. Electrophoresis is the migration of charged molecules in solution in response to an electric field. Their rate of migration depends on the strength of the field; on the net charge, size, and shape of the molecules and the ionic strength, viscosity, and temperature of the medium in which the molecules are moving. As an analytical tool, electrophoresis is simple, rapid, and highly sensitive. It is used analytically to study the properties of a single charged species and as a separation technique.
[0145] An immunoassay that uses electrophoresis that can be used with the disclosed methods in Western blot analysis. Western blotting, or immunoblotting, allows the determination of the molecular mass of a protein and the measurement of relative amounts of the protein present in different samples. Detection methods include chemiluminescence and chromogenic detection. Standard methods for Western blot analysis can be found in, for example, D. M. Bollag et al., Protein Methods (2d edition 1996) and E. Harlow &D. Lane, Antibodies, a Laboratory Manual (1988) , U.S. Pat. No. 4,452.901, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in their entirety for teachings regarding Western blot methods. Generally, proteins are separated by gel electrophoresis, usually SDS-PAGE. The proteins are transferred to a sheet of special blotting paper, e.g., nitrocellulose, though other types of paper, or membranes, can be used. The proteins retain the same pattern of separation they had on the gel. The blot is incubated with a generic protein (such as milk proteins) to bind to any remaining sicky places on the nitrocellulose. An antibody is then added to the solution which can bind to its specific protein.
[0146] The attachment of specific antibodies to specific immobilized antigens can be readily visualized by indirect enzyme immunoassay techniques, usually using a chromogenic substrate (e.g., alkaline phosphatase or horseradish peroxidase) or chemiluminescent substrates. Other possibilities for probing include the use of fluorescent or radioisotope labels (e.g., fluorescein, 'I) . Probes for the detection of antibody binding can be conjugated anti-immunoglobulins, conjugated Staphylococcal Protein A (binds IgG) , or probes to biotinylated primary antibodies (e.g., conjugated avidin / streptavidin) .
[0147] The power of the technique lies in the simultaneous detection of a specific protein by means of its antigenicity, and its molecular mass. Proteins are first separated by mass in the SDS-PAGE, then specifically detected in the immunoassay step. Thus, protein standards (ladders) can be run simultaneously to approximate molecular mass of the protein of interest in a heterogeneous sample.
[0148] Radioimmune Precipitation Assay (RIPA) is a sensitive assay using radiolabeled antigens to detect specific antibodies in serum. The antigens are allowed to react with the serum and then are precipitated using a special reagent such as, for example, protein A sepharose beads. The bound radio labeled immunoprecipitate is then analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) is often used as a confirmatory test for diagnosing the presence of HIV antibodies. RIPA is also referred to in the art as Fan Assay, Precipitin Assay, Radioimmune Precipitin Assay; Radioimmunoprecipitation Analysis; Radioimmunoprecipitation Analysis, and Radioimmunoprecipitation Analysis.
[0149] Also contemplated are immunoassays wherein the protein or antibody specific for the protein is bound to a solid support (e.g., tube, well, bead, or cell) to capture the antibody or protein of interest, respectively, from a sample, combined with a method of detecting the protein or antibody specific for the protein on the Support. Examples of such immunoassays include Radioimmunoassay (RIA) , Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) , flow cytometry, protein array, multiplexed bead assay, and magnetic capture. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) , either directly or indirectly, to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Radioimmunoassay is used, for example, to test hormone levels in the blood without the need to use a bioassay. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can also be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. RIA involves mixing a radioactive antigen (because of the ease with which iodine atoms can be introduced into tyrosine residues in a protein, the radioactive isotopes I or 'I are often used) with antibody to that antigen. The antibody is generally linked to a solid support, such as a tube or beads. An unlabeled or “cold' antigen is then added in known quantities and measuring the amount of labeled antigen displaced. Initially, the radioactive antigen is bound to the antibodies. When cold antigen is added, the two compete for antibody binding sites-and at higher concentrations of cold antigen, more binds to the antibody, displacing the radioactive variant. The bound antigens are separated from the unbound ones in solution and the radioactivity of each used to plot a binding curve. The technique is both extremely sensitive and specific.
[0150] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) , or more generically termed EIA (Enzyme Immuno Assay) , is an immunoassay that can detect an antibody specific for a protein. In such an assay, a detectable label bound to either an antibody-binding or antigen-binding reagent is an enzyme. When exposed to its Substrate, this enzyme reacts in such a manner as to produce a chemical moiety which can be detected, for example, by spectrophotometric, fluorometric or visual means. Enzymes which can be used to detect ably label reagents useful for detection include, but are not limited to, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose oxidase, B-galactosidase, ribonuclease, urease, catalase, malate dehydrogenase, staphylococcal nuclease, asparaginase, yeast alcohol dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucoamylase and acetyl cholinesterase. For descriptions of ELISA procedures, see Voller, A. et al., J. Clin. Pathol. 31: 507-520 (1978) ; Butler, J.E., Meth. Enzymol. 73: 482-523 (1981) ; Maggio, E. (ed. ) , Enzyme Immunoassay, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1980: Butler, J.E., In: Structure of Antigens, Vol. 1 (Van Regenmortel, M., CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1992, pp. 209-259: Butler, J.E. In: Van OSS, C. J. et al., (eds) , Immunochemistry, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1994, pp. 759-803; Butler, J. E. (ed. ) , Immunochemistry of Solid-Phase Immunoassay, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1991) ; Crowther, “ELISA: Theory and Practice. ” In: Methods in Molecule Biology, Vol. 42, Humana Press: New Jersey, 1995: U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,110, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and specifically for teachings regarding ELISA methods.
[0151] Variations of ELISA techniques are known to those of skill in the art. In one variation, antibodies that can bind to proteins can be immobilized onto a selected surface exhibiting protein affinity, such as a well in a polystyrene micro titer plate. Then, a test composition Suspected of containing a marker antigen can be added to the wells. After binding and washing to remove non-specifically bound immunocomplexes, the bound antigen can be detected. Detection can be achieved by the addition of a second antibody specific for the target protein, which is linked to a detectable label. This type of ELISA is a simple “sandwich ELISA. ” Detection also can be achieved by the addition of a second antibody, followed by the addition of a third antibody that has binding affinity for the second antibody, with the third antibody being linked to a detectable label.
[0152] Another variation is a competition ELISA. In competition ELISAs, test samples compete for binding with known amounts of labeled antigens or antibodies. The amount of reactive species in the sample can be determined by mixing the sample with the known labeled species before or during incubation with coated wells. The presence of reactive species in the sample acts to reduce the amount of labeled species available for binding to the well and thus reduces the ultimate signal.
[0153] Regardless of the format employed, ELISAs have certain features in common, such as coating, incubating, or binding, washing to remove non-specifically bound species, and detecting the bound immunocomplexes. Antigen or antibodies can be linked to a solid support, such as in the form of plate, beads, dipstick, membrane or column matrix, and the sample to be analyzed applied to the immobilized antigen or antibody. In coating a plate with either antigen or antibody, one will generally incubate the wells of the plate with the solution of the antigen or antibody, either overnight or for a specified period of hours. The wells of the plate can then be washed to remove incompletely adsorbed material. Any remaining available surfaces of the wells can then be "coated with a nonspecific protein that is antigenically neutral with regard to the test antisera. These include bovine serum albumin (BSA) , casein and solutions of milk powder. The coating allows for blocking of nonspecific adsorption sites on the immobilizing surface and thus reduces the background caused by nonspecific binding of antisera onto the surface.
[0154] In ELISAs, a secondary or tertiary detection means a direct procedure can also be used. Thus, after binding of a protein or antibody to the well, coating with a non-reactive material to reduce background, and washing to remove unbound material, the immobilizing Surface is contacted with the control clinical or biological sample to be tested under conditions effective to allow immunocomplex (antigen / antibody) formation. Detection of the immunocomplex then requires a labeled secondary binding agent or a secondary binding agent in conjunction with a labeled third binding agent.
[0155] Conditions effective to allow immunocomplex (antigen / antibody) formation refers to conditions that include, for example, diluting the antigens and antibodies with solutions such as BSA, bovine gamma globulin (BGG) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) / Tween to reduce non-specific binding and to promote a reasonable signal to noise ratio.
[0156] Effective or suitable conditions generally also include that the incubation is at a temperature and for a period of time sufficient to allow effective binding. Incubation steps can typically be from about 1 minute to twelve hours, at temperatures of about 20° to 30℃., or can be incubated overnight at about 0℃. to about 10℃.
[0157] Following all incubation steps in an ELISA, the contacted Surface can be washed so as to remove non-complexed material. A washing procedure can include washing with a solution such as PBS / Tween or borate buffer. Following the formation of specific immunocomplexes between the test sample and the originally bound material, and Subsequent washing, the occurrence of even minute amounts of immunocomplexes can be determined.
[0158] To provide a detecting means, the second or third antibody can have an associated label, as described above. This can be an enzyme that can generate color development upon incubating with an appropriate chromogenic Substrate. Thus, for example, one can contact and incubate the first or second immunocomplex with a labeled antibody for a period of time and under conditions that favor the development of further immunocomplex formation (e.g., incubation for 2 hours at room temperature in a PBS-containing solution such as PBS-Tween) .
[0159] After incubation with the labeled antibody, and after washing to remove unbound material, the amount of label can be quantified, e.g., by incubation with a chromogenic substrate such as urea and bromocresol purple or 2, 2'-azido-di- (3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid ABTS and H2O, in the case of peroxidase as the enzyme label. Quantitation can then be achieved by measuring the degree of color generation, e.g., using a visible spectra spectrophotometer.
[0160] Protein arrays are solid-phase ligand binding assay systems using immobilized proteins on surfaces, such as, for example, glass, membranes, microtiter wells, mass spectrometer plates, and beads or other particles. The assays are highly parallel (multiplexed) and often miniaturized (microarrays, protein chips) . Their advantages include being rapid and automatable, capable of high sensitivity, economical on reagents, and giving an abundance of data in a single experiment. Bioinformatics Support is important; the data handling demands Sophisticated Software and data comparison analysis. However, the Software can be adapted from that used for DNA arrays, as can much of the hardware and detection systems.
[0161] One of the chief formats is the capture array, in which ligand-binding reagents-which are usually antibodies but can also be alternative protein scaffolds, peptides or nucleic acid aptamers-can be used to detect target molecules in mixtures such as plasma or tissue extracts. In diagnostics, capture arrays can be used to carry out multiple immunoassays in parallel, both testing for several analytes in individual sera, for example, and testing many serum samples simultaneously. In proteomics, capture arrays can be used to quantitate and compare the levels of proteins in different samples in health and disease, i.e., protein expression pro filing. Proteins other than specific ligand binders can be used in the array format for in vitro functional interaction screens such as protein-protein, protein-DNA, protein-drug, receptor-ligand, enzyme-substrate, etc. The capture reagents themselves can be selected and screened against many proteins, which can also be done in a multiplex array format against multiple protein targets.
[0162] For the construction of arrays, sources of proteins include cell-based expression systems for recombinant proteins, purification from natural sources, production in vitro by cell-free translation systems, and synthetic methods for peptides. Many of these methods can be automated for high throughput production. For capture arrays and protein function analysis, it is important that proteins should be correctly folded and functional; this is not always the case, e.g., where recombinant proteins are extracted from bacteria under denaturing conditions. Nevertheless, arrays of denatured proteins are useful in Screening antibodies for cross-reactivity, identifying autoantibodies and selecting ligand binding proteins.
[0163] Protein arrays have been designed as a miniaturization of familiar immunoassay methods such as ELISA and dot blotting, often utilizing fluorescent readout, and facilitated by robotics and high throughput detection systems to enable multiple assays to be carried out in parallel. Commonly used physical Supports include glass slides, silicon, microwells, nitrocellulose or PVDF membranes, and magnetic and other microbeads. While micro-drops of protein delivered onto planar surfaces are the most familiar format, alternative architectures can comprise CD centrifugation devices based on developments in microfluidics (Gyros, Monmouth Junction, N. J. ) and specialized chip designs, such as engineered microchannels in a plate (e.g., The Living ChipTM, Biotrove, Woburn, Mass. ) and tiny 3D posts on a silicon surface (Zyomyx, Hayward Calif. ) . Particles in suspension can also be used as the basis of arrays, providing they are coded for identification; systems include color coding for microbeads (LumineX, Austin, Tex.; Bio-Rad Laboratories) and semiconductor nanocrystals (e.g., QDotsTM, Quantum Dot, Hay ward, Calif. ) , and barcoding for beads (UltraPlexTM, Smart Bead Technologies Ltd, Babraham, Cambridge, UK) and multimetal microrods (e.g., NanobarcodesTM particles, Nanoplex Technologies, Mountain View, Calif. ) . Beads can also be assembled into planar arrays on semiconductor chips (LEAPS technology, BioArray Solutions, Warren, N. J. ) .
[0164] Fluorescence labeling and detection methods are widely used and can be used with the disclosed methods. The same instrumentation used for reading DNA microarrays can be applicable to protein arrays. For differential display, capture (e.g., antibody) arrays can be probed with fluorescently labeled proteins from two different cell states, in which cell lysates are directly conjugated with different fluorophores (e.g., Cy-3, Cy-5) and mixed, such that the color acts as a readout for changes in target abundance. Fluorescent read out sensitivity can be amplified 10 to 100-fold by tyramide signal amplification (TSA) (PerkinElmer Lifesciences) . Planar waveguide technology (Zeptosens) enables ultrasensitive fluorescence detection, with the additional advantage of no intervening washing procedures. High sensitivity can also be achieved with suspension beads and particles, using phycoerythrin as label (Luminex) or the properties of semiconductor nanocrystals (Quantum Dot) . Several novel alternative readouts have been developed, especially in the commercial biotech arena. These include adaptations of surface plasmon resonance (HTS Biosystems, Intrinsic Bio probes, Tempe, Ariz. ) , rolling circle DNA amplification (Molecular Staging, New Haven Conn. ) , mass spectrometry (Intrinsic Bioprobes; Ciphergen, Fremont, Calif. ) , resonance light scattering (Genicon Sciences, San Diego, Calif. ) and atomic force microscopy BioForce Laboratories.
[0165] Capture arrays form the basis of diagnostic chips and arrays for expression profiling. They employ high affinity capture reagents, such as conventional antibodies, single domains, engineered scaffolds, peptides, or nucleic acid aptamers to bind and detect specific target ligands in high throughput manner.
[0166] Antibody arrays have the required properties of specificity and acceptable background, and some are available commercially (BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.; Clontech, Mountain View, Calif.; BioRad; Sigma, St. Louis, Mo. ) . Antibodies for capture arrays are made either by conventional immunization (polyclonal Sera and hybridomas) , or as recombinant fragments, usually expressed in E. coli, after selection from phage or ribosome display libraries (Cam bridge Antibody Technology, Cambridge, UK; BioInvent, Lund, Sweden; Affitech, Walnut Creek, Calif.; Biosite, San Diego, Calif. ) . In addition to the conventional antibodies, Fab and ScHV fragments, single V-domains from camelids or engineered human equivalents (Domantis, Waltham, Mass. ) may also be useful in arrays.
[0167] Kits for sPD-L1 detection in blood for miscarriage
[0168] The materials described above, as well as other materials, can be packaged together in any suitable combination as a kit useful for performing, or aiding in the performance of the disclosed methods, optionally in combination with instructions for using the kit components, e.g., instructions for performing a method of the invention. It is useful if the kit components are designed and adapted for use together in the disclosed methods. For example, disclosed are kits for measuring the protein levels of sPD-L1, the kits comprising substrates for sPD-L1.
[0169] Kits can include antibodies against sPD-L1. Kits can also include antibodies reactive to the sPD-L1 antibodies. These secondary antibodies can be conjugated to a detection enzyme, such as horseradish peroxidase. In one embodiment, a kit includes other tests to diagnose miscarriage in a subject. In certain embodiments, the other test can comprise measuring levels of β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) and / or an embryo and / or trophoblast derived growth factor, such as, for example, pregnancy‐associated plasma protein A, pregnancy-specific β-glycoprotein I, placental growth factor, metalloprotease-12, or soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1.
[0170] In certain embodiments, the kits can further comprise compositions and / or instructions for methods to treat a subject in need thereof treatments, such as, for example, an anti-inflammatory drug, immunosuppressive drug, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) , intralipids, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (CM-CSF) , or cell therapy, endometrial scratching, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, cell therapies can comprise intrauterine transfer of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) , regulatory T cells (Tregs) , granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) , human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) , or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-inflammatory drug is prednisolone, and the immunosuppressive drug is cyclosporin.
[0171] In certain embodiments, the kits can further comprise other instructions to perform methods known to prevent miscarriages, such as, for example, the administration of folic acid; regular exercise; a healthy diet; low stress lifestyle; healthy weight; cessation of smoking, consuming alcohol, and / or drugs; avoiding radiation, or avoiding other environmental hazards, such as, for example, X-rays and infectious diseases.
[0172] MATERIALS AND METHODS
[0173] Methods of the Study
[0174] In the discovery cohort, we enrolled 108 patients with confirmed missed miscarriage (MM) and 115 healthy pregnant (HP) women at 6 to 13 weeks of gestation from our established pregnancy biobank. 18 The MM patients and HP group were matched for body mass index (BMI) . Of note, all control cases had a full-term delivery without pregnancy complications. In the validation cohort, we enrolled another 25 patients with MM and 25 BMI-matched cases who underwent induced abortion (IA) legally for non-medical reasons. The diagnostic criteria of missed miscarriage are defined as B-transvaginal ultrasonography of empty gestational sac (mean sac diameter≥ 25 mm without obvious yolk sac) or embryonic crown rump length≥ 7 mm in absence of cardiac activity; and no obvious clinical Symptoms of miscarriage including vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, etc. 19, 20 In the experiment, the gestational stage was estimated according to the first date of the last menstrual period and ultrasonographic examination. All participants signed informed consent before recruitment.
[0175] Human specimen collection
[0176] Blood samples were collected at the first prenatal visit for HP women, whereas it was collected on the day of D&C surgery for MM patients and IA subjects. After centrifugation, the serum was collected from the supernatant and stored at -80℃. Placental samples were collected during the D&C surgery within the validation cohort. They were aliquoted and preserved immediately at -80℃ or processed in 10%formalin and embedded as a paraffin section with routine procedures.
[0177] Immunoassay of serum sPD-1 and sPD-L1
[0178] Human serum soluble PD-1 and PD-L1 levels were measured using commercial kits by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The assay followed the instructions from the manual and the intra-plate variations were controlled by 15%.
[0179] Western blot analysis
[0180] Total placenta proteins were isolated using RIPA buffer containing a protease inhibitor cocktail. Total protein concentration was determined using Protein Determination by the Bicinchoninic Acid (BCA) Method. Proteins were resolved by SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, then transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. The membrane was blocked in 5%TBST-milk and probed with PD-L1 or GAPDH . Membranes were washed in TBST and incubated with HRP-linked secondary antibody. Protein bands were visualized with clarity ECL substrate. The intensity of bands was quantified using ImageJ software.
[0181] RNA extraction and q-PCR analysis
[0182] mRNA of placenta samples was extracted using Trizol and reverse transcribed into cDNA. RT-PCR was performed quantitation using the SYBR Green Premix Pro Taq with a real-time PCR detection system. The relative expression level of targeted genes was normalized by the cycle threshold (CT) value of human GAPDH (ΔCT) and calculated by the 2-ΔΔCt method.
[0183] Table 3. Primers list of human genes
[0184] Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining
[0185] 5-mm sections from formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) placenta were dewaxed and rehydrated following routing procedures. For IHC staining, slides were incubated with an anti-human PD-L1 antibody, followed by a secondary antibody conjugated with HRP. Images were visualized and captured using a color digital camera. The abundance of PD-L1-positive signals was semi-quantified using the software ImageJ with a published protocol. 21
[0186] Statistical analysis
[0187] The continuous variables and categorical variables were shown as means ± standard effort of the mean (S.E.M) or N (%) , respectively. The normality of variable distributions was examined with the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Two-tailed Student’s t-test was used to calculate the differences in continuous data between groups. Categorical variables were compared by the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. Levene's test was performed to adjust for the impacts of maternal age and gestational age on the serum sPD-1 and sPD-L1 levels. The potential impact of maternal age and gestational age on sPD-L1 and sPD-1 levels were adjusted using Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) by univariate analyses. The odds ratio between serum levels of sPD-L1 and PD-1 and miscarriage was estimated by binary logistic regression analysis. The diagnostic performance was analyzed by the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis and the area under the ROC curve (AUROC) . The optimal cut-off value of ROC was estimated using Youden’s index (also known as Youden’s J statistic) , a single statistic that captures the performance of a dichotomous diagnostic test. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS (version 26, IBM) and data were visualized by Prism software (version 8.0, GraphPad) .
[0188] Mixtures
[0189] Disclosed are mixtures formed by performing or preparing to perform the disclosed methods. For example, disclosed are mixtures comprising samples and substrates. Whenever the method involves mixing or bringing into contact compositions or components or reagents, performing the method creates several different mixtures. For example, if the method includes 3 mixing steps, after each one of these steps a unique mixture is formed if the steps are performed separately. In addition, a mixture is formed at the completion of all the steps regardless of how the steps were performed. The present disclosure contemplates these mixtures, obtained by the performance of the disclosed methods as well as mixtures containing any disclosed reagent, composition, or component, for example, disclosed herein.
[0190] All patents, patent applications, provisional applications, and publications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety, including all figures and tables, to the extent they are not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification.EXAMPLES
[0191] Following are examples that illustrate procedures for practicing the invention. These examples should not be construed as limiting. All percentages are by weight and all solvent mixture proportions are by volume unless otherwise noted.
[0192] EXAMPLE 1-COHORT DEMOGRAPHICS
[0193] The clinical characteristics of the discovery cohort are described in Table 1. There was no significant difference in maternal height, weight, BMI, pregnancy history, and history of miscarriage and / or induced abortion between HP women and miscarriage patients. The mean maternal age of the HP group (28.17 ± 0.38 years) was younger than the miscarriage group (29.93 ± 0.41 years, P<0.001) . The stratification details of the two variables were presented in Table 1.
[0194] Table 1
[0195] Data are shown as means ± S.E.M. or N (%) . BMI, body mass index; sPD-1, soluble program cell death-1; sPD-L1, soluble program cell death ligand-1.
[0196] EXAMPLE 2-THE SERUM SPD-L1 LEVEL IS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN MISSED MISCARRIAGE PATIENTS COMPARED TO HEALTHY PREGNANT WOMEN
[0197] Circulating sPD-1 levels between miscarriage patients and HP women were not significantly different (HP: 31.51 ± 1.28 pg / ml; miscarriage: 33.60 ± 1.51 pg / mL, P=0.291) . In contrast, serum sPD-L1 level was significantly lower in the miscarriage patients compared to HP women (HP: 107.27 ± 5.48 pg / ml; miscarriage: 55.71 ± 1.54 pg / mL, P<0.001) (Table 1) .
[0198] We next estimated the association of serum sPD-1 and sPD-L1 with the risk of miscarriage by binary logistic regression. It revealed that odd ratios (OR) between sPD-L1 and miscarriage was 0.951 (95%CI: 0.937 to 0.965, P<0.0001) , indicating that a reduction of every 10 pg / mL serum sPD-L1 levels was associated with 49%high risk of miscarriage. In contrast, the association between serum sPD-1 and the risk of miscarriage was not observed (Table 4) .
[0199] Table 4: Odd ratio of serum sPD-L1 levels for the risk of missed miscarriage
[0200] OR (95%CI) of sPD-L1 were analyzed using binary logistic regression.
[0201] EXAMPLE 3-CIRCULATING SPD-L1 LEVELS EFFECTIVELY CLASSIFY PATIENTS WITH MISSED MISCARRIAGE
[0202] Unlike a tightly positive association between serum sPD-1 and sPD-L1 observed in cancer patients, 23, 24 we found that serum sPD-L1 was negatively correlated with sPD-1 during pregnancy (r= -0.18, P< 0.01) (FIG. 5A) . More interestingly, the inverse correlation between serum sPD-1 and sPD-L1 was only observed in HP controls (r= -0.32, P<0.001) , whereas it displayed a trend of positive relationship in the MISCARRIAGE group (r=0.17, P=0.08) , indicating a potential differential source or release pattern of these two soluble checkpoint molecules between miscarriage and normal pregnancy (FIGs. 5B, 5C) .
[0203] We then evaluated the performance of circulating sPD-L1 in identifying MISCARRIAGE patients. Applying the serum sPD-1 level discriminated MISCARRIAGE patients from control cases with an AUROC of 0.56 (95%CI: 0.48 to 0.63) . Using serum sPD-L1 level achieved a greater diagnostic ability with an AUROC of 0.83 (95%CI: 0.77 to 0.88, P<0.001) . The optimal cut-off value of sPD-L1 was 81.52 pg / ml with 92.59%sensitivity and 65.79%specificity (FIG. 5C) .
[0204] EXAMPLE 4-THE PLACENTAL GENE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF PD-L1 IS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN MISCARRIAGE CASES
[0205] During pregnancy, PD-L1 is highly expressed in the placenta to promote an immune deprived environment, thereby, protecting the fetus from immune attacks from the mother. 5, 25 Therefore, we interrogated whether the expression of placental PD-L1 was distinct between miscarriage patients and healthy gravida. To this end, we initiated validation cohort to collect blood and placenta from MM patients and healthy women who underwent legally induced abortion (IA) for non-medication reasons. Unlike the discovery cohort, the maternal age was comparable between the two groups (Table 2) . Of note, the gestational age was lower in the IA group (7.87 ± 0.20 weeks) than in the MM group (9.48 ± 0.32 weeks, P<0.001) . As expected, circulating sPD-L1 levels in serum were significantly lower in the MM group (IA: 64.30 ± 3.02 pg / ml vs MM: 52.72 ± 2.16 pg / ml, P<0.01) . After univariate adjustment, the sPD-L1 levels were still 20%decreased in the MM group (Table 2) . We subsequently estimated the distinguishing capacity of sPD-L1 for miscarriage in this independent cohort. Likewise, the diagnostic performance of sPD-L1 to identify miscarriage patients was also considerable (AUROC of 0.74, 95%CI: 0.59 –0.89) (FIG. 5A) . Of note, the 95%CI of AUROC in the validation cohort overlapped with the discovery cohort (95%CI: 0.77 to 0.88) , indicating there was no statistical difference between the two AUCs.
[0206] Table 2: Demographic and clinical characteristics of subjects with induced abortion and miscarriage
[0207] Data are shown as means ± S.E.M. or N (%) . BMI, body mass index; sPD-L1, soluble program cell death ligand-1.
[0208] We next determined PD-L1 expression in placental samples from the two groups. mRNA expression levels of PD-L1 were reduced in the MM group by 3.5-fold, compared to the IA subjects (FIG. 5B) . Meanwhile, protein expression levels of placental PD-L1 were also absent in the MM group. (FIG. 5C) . Consistently, the intensity of PD-L1 in IHC staining was significantly diminished in placental samples of MM groups (FIG. 5C) . Our IHC data further demonstrated that PD-L1 was mainly expressed in the outer layer syncytiotrophoblasts of the placenta, which is in line with previous observations that PD-L1 was enriched in placental syncytiotrophoblasts. 6 Interestingly, placental PD-L1 gene expression (log transformation) was positively correlated with the serum concentration of sPD-L1 (r =0.32, P<0.05) (FIG. 5D) , indicating a potential to use serum sPD-L1 level for assessment of placental PD-L1 expression.
[0209] EXAMPLE 5-SERUM SPD-L1 LEVEL IS POSITIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH EXPRESSION LEVELS OF GENES REGULATED SPD-L1 PRODUCTION IN THE PLACENTA
[0210] Lines of evidence has indicated that the production of sPD-L1 is mainly modulated by isoforms of PD-L1 mRNA splice variants. 26 Importantly, sPD-L1 is constitutively secreted from gestational trophoblast cells during pregnancy. 17 Therefore, we subsequently investigated whether the expression of three major PD-L1mRNA splices was different in the placenta between the MM and IA groups.
[0211] Though the isoform-1 of PD-L1 was measurable in all miscarriage samples by qPCR, we only detected isoform-2 and isoform-3 of PD-L1 in half of the placental samples in the MM group. Instead, all three PD-L1 mRNA splices could be detected in the placentas from the IA group. As expected, the gene expression levels of all three isoforms of PD-L1 were significantly decreased in patients with MM (FIG. 6A) , suggesting that the generation of sPD-L1 from mRNA splices was impaired in the placenta of miscarriage patients. Another alternative pathway that contributes to the circulating sPD-L1 is in virtue of the process of proteolytic cleave27. As reported, a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 and 17 (ADAM10 and ADAM17) can shed PD-L1 from the cell surface and generate the soluble form in the extracellular environment. 28 We, therefore, measured their gene expression levels in the placental samples. The placental expression of ADAM17 and ADAM10 were 2.3 and 3.1-fold lower in the MM group compared to the IA subjects (FIG. 6A) .
[0212] We further examined whether serum sPD-L1 level was associated with their placental gene expression by performing correlation analysis within the matched samples. After log10 transformation of the relative CT value of target genes (ΔCT) , we found that the placental gene expression of PD-L1 mRNA isoform, especially for PD-L1 isoform-1, was associated with serum sPD-L1 level (r =0.320, P <0.05) (FIG. 6B) . In addition, there was a positive correlation between serum sPD-L1 level and placental gene expression of ADAM17 (r =0.420, P <0.01) and ADAM10 (r =0.297, P =0.045) (FIGs. 6C-6D) . Thus, our qPCR results suggested that downregulated PD-L1-related gene expression in the placenta may contribute to the reduction in serum sPD-L1 levels in MM patients.
[0213] The maternal serum sPD-L1 level has the potential to be a diagnostic aid for pregnancy maintenance. Physicians may monitor the holistic immune suppression status and evaluate the condition of the feto-maternal interface during pregnancy by measuring circulating sPD-L1 levels. Our results also indicate that insufficient PD-L1 expression in the feto-maternal interface may act as one of the potential pathogenic events to trigger early pregnancy loss.
[0214] It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application. In addition, any elements or limitations of any invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein can be combined with any and / or all other elements or limitations (individually or in any combination) or any other invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein, and all such combinations are contemplated with the scope of the invention without limitation thereto.
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Claims
1.A method for predicting and diagnosing a miscarriage in a subject by quantitating serum levels of sPD-L1, the method comprising:i) obtaining a sample comprising soluble programmed death-ligand (sPD-L1) from the subject;ii) measuring the protein levels of the sPD-L1 in the sample;iii) comparing the protein levels of sPD-L1 to a reference level of sPD-L1, wherein the reference level of sPD-L1 is obtained from one or more reference subject that does not have spontaneous miscarriage; andiv) treating the subject for a miscarriage when the protein levels of sPD-L1 in the subject are at least about 20%less than the reference level of sPD-L1.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the measuring of the protein levels of sPD-L1 comprises the use of fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) , liquid chromatography / tandem mass spectrometry (LC / MS / MS) , surface plasmon resonance (SPR) , electrochemical immunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) , immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, or any combination thereof.3.The method of claim 2, wherein the measuring of the protein levels of sPD-L1 further comprises radioimmunoassay, immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation, electrophoresis, immunofluorescence assay, flow cytometry, mass spectrometry, microarray, or any combination thereof.4.The method of claim 1, further comprising measuring levels of β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) , an embryo derived growth factor, a trophoblast derived growth factor, or any combination thereof in the subject.5.The method of claim 4, wherein the trophoblast derived growth factor is pregnancy‐associated plasma protein A, pregnancy-specific β-glycoprotein I, placental growth factor, metalloprotease-12, soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, or any combination thereof.6.The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is pregnant by natural conception or in vitro fertilization.7.The method of claim 1, wherein the miscarriage is a threatened miscarriage, incomplete miscarriage, complete miscarriage, missed miscarriage, recurrent miscarriage, or septic miscarriage.8.The method of claim 1, wherein the treating the subject for a miscarriage comprises administering folic acid to the subject; regular exercise, a healthy diet, low stress lifestyle, healthy weight, cessation of smoking, alcohol, and drugs by the subject; avoiding radiation, avoiding X-rays; avoiding infectious diseases; or any combination thereof.9.The method of claim 1, wherein the treating the subject for a miscarriage comprises administration of an anti-inflammatory drug, immunosuppressive drug, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) , an intralipid, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (CM-CSF) , a cell therapy, endometrial scratching, or any combination thereof.10.Th method of claim 9, wherein the cell therapy comprises intrauterine transfer of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) , regulatory T cells (Tregs) , granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) , human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) , or any combination thereof.11.The method of claim 9, wherein the anti-inflammatory drug is prednisolone.12.The method of claim 9, wherein the immunosuppressive drug is cyclosporin.13.The method of claim 1, wherein the reference level of sPD-L1 is about 303.3 pg / ml to about 8012.0 pg / mL.14.The method of claim 13, wherein the reference level of sPD-L1 is about 2549 pg / mL.
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Methods for Evaluation of Gestational Progress and Preterm Abortion for Clinical Intervention and Applications Thereof
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