Method for detecting intermolecular interaction
CFAST addresses the limitations of existing methods by using fluorescence polarization to detect and quantify protein-small molecule interactions and protein levels in cells, facilitating efficient and cost-effective high-throughput drug discovery.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/112090
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-08-14
- Filing Date
- 2024-08-14
- Publication Date
- 2025-02-20
AI Technical Summary
Current methods for detecting protein-small molecule interactions in drug discovery are costly, time-consuming, and not amenable to high-throughput screening, especially for diverse target proteins.
The development of Cellular Fluorescence Polarization (CFAST) method, which measures specific cellular protein levels through changes in fluorescence polarization of a probe specific to the protein-of-interest, allowing for detection of protein-small molecule interactions and absolute quantification of proteins.
CFAST provides a straightforward, cost-effective, and efficient method for detecting cellular protein-small molecule interactions and quantifying protein levels, enabling high-throughput screening and potentially shifting the drug discovery paradigm.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024112090_20022025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD FOR DETECTING INTERMOLECULAR INTERACTIONFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to the field of molecular biology and drug discovery. In particularly, the present invention relates to a method for detecting an intermolecular interaction between a protein and another molecule, using a combination of fluorescence polarization (FP) detection and a thermal shift assay.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Drug discovery is a costly endeavor with high technological barriers. Various biochemical assays have been developed to identify protein-small molecule binding. The majority of these methods are necessarily performed in vitro and many require costly instrumentation. In addition, these methods are typically performed on purified protein and do not indicate cell permeability or biological activity of candidate drugs identified. On the other hand, cell-based assays fulfill the ability of validating cell permeability and biological relevance of compounds-of-interest. However, these assays are mostly unable to validate cellular target engagement.
[0003] An assay that combines the advantages of both biochemical and cell-based assays would reduce the high costs and time commitment associated with drug discovery. There currently exist few such assays. The Cellular Thermal Shift Assay (CETSA) is one such assay that allows for cellular protein-small molecule interaction to be measured via western blotting (D. Martinez Molina, R. Jafari, M. Ignatushchenko, T. Seki, E.A. Larsson, C. Dan, L. Sreekumar, Y. Cao, P. Nordlund, Monitoring drug target engagement in cells and tissues using the cellular thermal shift assay. Science. 341, 84–87 (2013) ) . Cell lysates are incubated with small molecules and heated at a fixed temperature. Binders of protein-of-interest stabilize said proteins in their native form that is soluble. Insoluble protein is then removed by centrifugation and the soluble fraction is subjected to western blot analysis for the protein-of-interest. Small molecule target engagement is indicated by the increase in western blot signal for the protein-of-interest in the treated compared to the untreated sample.
[0004] A major drawback is that CETSA is not amenable to high-throughput screening. To solve this issue, the CETSA screen technology was invented whereby protein thermal stability due to small molecule binding is measured by an AlphaLISA proximity label method (H. Almqvist, H. Axelsson, R. Jafari, C. Dan, A. Mateus, M. Haraldsson, A. Larsson, D.M. Molina, P. Artursson, T. P. Nordlund, CETSA screening identifies known and novel thymidylate synthase inhibitors and slow intracellular activation of 5-fluorouracil. Nat. Commun. 7, 11040 (2016) ) . A pair of antibodies bound to donor or acceptor Alpha beads is used to bind different regions of a dimeric protein. When the protein is in its native, dimeric form, the beads are brought into close proximity such that laser excitation of the donor beads results in singlet oxygen transfer and subsequent chemiluminescence of the acceptor beads. Heat is applied and if a small molecule-binding event occurs, the target protein is thermally stabilized and luminescence is detected. While CETSA screen is amenable to high-throughput drug discovery, it has limited application as specific antibodies pairs have to be obtained and not all proteins form multi-mers. A scalable method that detects cellular protein-small molecule interactions that is easily applied and broadly applicable could potentially shift the drug discovery paradigm.
[0005] Therefore, there is still a need for developing a method for high-throughput drug discovery that is appliable for diverse target proteins.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] The present invention developed a straightforward, cost-effective, and efficient method to detect cellular protein-small molecule interactions. Cellular fluorescence polarization (FP) or CFAST measures specific cellular protein levels through a proportional change in the fluorescence polarization (FP) of a probe specific to the protein-of-interest. CFAST robustly detects cellular protein levels, such as PARP1, MK2 and EGFP. Small molecule incubation followed by heating and centrifugation allows detection of protein-small molecule interactions. As an example, CFAST successfully detects PARP1 and MK2 inhibitor binding in a dose-response manner. The present invention also validated the scalability of CFAST with a high-throughput pooled screen for PARP1 or MK2 binders with a library of ~3,000 FDA-approved compounds in 384-well format. In summary, CFAST can serve as a viable and efficient method for measuring cellular protein levels and protein-small molecule interactions.
[0007] Moreover, CFAST described in the present invention can be used to detect and quantify protein in cells, particularly for absolute quantification. This absolute quantification method disclosed herein utilizes standards of known protein concentration to create a standard curve, which is then used to calculate the exact concentration of the protein in the sample. By utilizing CFAST, the absolute quantification method becomes more straightforward, cost-effective, and effective.
[0008] Accordingly, in a first aspect, the present invention provides a method for detecting an intermolecular interaction between a target protein and a test molecule, comprising the steps of:
[0009] (a) contacting a first sample comprising the target protein with a test molecule to form a mixture;
[0010] (b) heating the mixture under a first temperature for a first duration;
[0011] (c) separating the soluble fraction of the mixture from the insoluble fraction of the mixture, wherein the target protein bound by the test molecule is retained in the soluble fraction of the mixture;
[0012] (d) contacting a fluorescence probe with the target protein bound by the test molecule, wherein the fluorescence probe specifically binds to the target protein;
[0013] (e) detecting the fluorescence polarization (FP) and / or fluorescence anisotropy (FA) of the fluorescence probe that binds to the target protein.
[0014] In some embodiments, the first sample comprises an intact cell comprising the target protein, and the target protein is expressed within the intact cell and / or expressed on the cell surface of the intact cell. In some preferred embodiments, the step (b) of the first aspect of the invention further comprises:
[0015] (i) destructing the cell membrane of the intact cell to form a lysis product;
[0016] (ii) incubating the lysis product with a nuclease or a mixture of nucleases under a second temperature for a second duration, wherein the nuclease or the mixture of nucleases is capable of digesting both DNA and RNA.
[0017] In some embodiments, the first sample comprise a cell lysate comprising the target protein. In some preferred embodiments, the step (b) of the first aspect of the invention further comprises incubating the cell lysate with a nuclease or a mixture of nucleases under a second temperature for a second duration, wherein the nuclease or the mixture of nucleases is capable of digesting both DNA and RNA.
[0018] In some embodiments, the fluorescence probe used in the first aspect of the invention comprises a protein-binding moiety and a detectable moiety, wherein the protein-binding moiety specifically binds to the target protein.
[0019] In some embodiments, the protein-binding moiety is selected from the group consisting of HCAb, VHH (nanobody) , Fab, Fab’, F (ab') 2, Fd, Fd’, scFv and dAb. In some preferred embodiments, the protein-binding moiety is a VHH.
[0020] In some embodiments, the detectable moiety is a fluorescence dye. In some embodiments, the fluorescence dye has a fluorescence lifetime of 4-64 ns, 4-50 ns, 4-40 ns, 4-30 ns, 4-25 ns, 10-64 ns, 10-50 ns, 10-40 ns. 10-30 ns, 10-25 ns, 15-64 ns, 15-50 ns, 15-40 ns, 15-30 ns or 15-25 ns. In some embodiments, the fluorescence dye has a fluorescence lifetime of about 15 ns, 16 ns, 17 ns, 18 ns, 19 ns, 20 ns, 21 ns, 22 ns, 23 ns, 24 ns or 25 ns. In some preferred embodiments, the fluorescence dye has a fluorescence lifetime of about 20 ns.
[0021] In some embodiments, the fluorescence dye is selected from the group consisting of N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA, Rhodamine, TRITC, Cyanine, and BODIPY. In some preferred embodiments, the fluorescence dye is a N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA dye. In more preferred embodiments, the protein-binding moiety is labelled with the N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA dye by a maleimide reaction or an NHS reaction.
[0022] In some embodiments, the first temperature is between 40℃-60℃. In some embodiments, the first temperature is between 45℃-55℃. In some preferred embodiments, the first temperature is between 48℃-52℃. In more preferred embodiments, the first temperature is about 48℃, 49℃, 50℃, 51℃ or 52℃.
[0023] In some embodiments, the first duration is between 1-10 minutes. In some embodiments, the first duration is between 3-8 minutes. In some preferred embodiments, the first duration is between 5-6 minutes. In more preferred embodiments, the first duration is about 5 or 6 minutes.
[0024] In some embodiments, the second temperature is between 35℃-40℃. In some preferred embodiments, the second temperature is about 37℃.
[0025] In some embodiments, the second duration is between 1-2 hours. In some preferred embodiments, the second duration is about 1.5 hours.
[0026] In some embodiments, the test molecule is a protein, a short peptide, a polynucleotide, or a small molecule. In some preferred embodiments, the test molecule is a small molecule.
[0027] In a second aspect, the present invention provides the method according to the first aspect of the invention, for use in identifying or screening a molecule that is capable of binding to the target protein.
[0028] In a third aspect, the present invention provides the method according to the first aspect of the invention, for use in determining the binding affinity of a molecule that is capable of binding to the target protein.
[0029] In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides the method according to the first aspect of the invention, for use in quantifying the target protein, determining the expression level of the target protein or determining protein stoichiometry ratio of the target proteins.
[0030] In a fifth aspect, the present invention provides the method according to the first aspect of the invention, for use in screening for therapeutic drugs, discovery of drug targets, disease diagnosis, determining efficacy of drug therapies, predicting protein function or mapping temporal cellular interactions.
[0031] In a sixth aspect, the present invention provides an instrument for use in the method according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein the instrument comprises a heating device, a separation device for separating soluble fraction of a sample from insoluble fraction of the sample and a detection device for detecting FP and / or FA.
[0032] In a seventh aspect, the present invention provides a fluorescence probe, comprising a protein-binding moiety and a detectable moiety, wherein the protein-binding moiety specifically binds to a target protein, and the detectable moiety is a fluorescence dye.
[0033] In some embodiments, the protein-binding moiety of the fluorescence probe is selected from the group consisting of HCAb, VHH (nanobody) , Fab, Fab’, F (ab') 2, Fd, Fd’, scFv and dAb. In some preferred embodiments, the protein-binding moiety of the fluorescence probe is a VHH.
[0034] In some embodiments, the fluorescence dye of the fluorescence probe has a fluorescence lifetime of 4-64 ns, 4-50 ns, 4-40 ns, 4-30 ns, 4-25 ns, 10-64 ns, 10-50 ns, 10-40 ns. 10-30 ns, 10-25 ns, 15-64 ns, 15-50 ns, 15-40 ns, 15-30 ns or 15-25 ns. In some embodiments, the fluorescence dye of the fluorescence probe has a fluorescence lifetime of about 15 ns, 16 ns, 17 ns, 18 ns, 19 ns, 20 ns, 21 ns, 22 ns, 23 ns, 24 ns or 25 ns. In some preferred embodiments, the fluorescence dye of the fluorescence probe has a fluorescence lifetime of about 20 ns.
[0035] In some embodiments, the fluorescence dye is selected from the group consisting of N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA, Rhodamine, TRITC, Cyanine, and BODIPY. In some preferred embodiments, the fluorescence dye is a N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA dye. In more preferred embodiments, the protein-binding moiety is labelled with the N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA dye by a maleimide reaction or an NHS reaction.
[0036] In an eighth aspect, the present invention provides a method for quantifying a target protein, comprising the steps of:
[0037] (a) providing a test sample comprising the target protein and preparing serial dilutions of the test sample diluted with a matrix solution;
[0038] (b) contacting a fluorescence probe with the serial dilutions of the test sample, wherein the fluorescence probe specifically binds to the target protein;
[0039] (c) detecting the fluorescence polarization (FP) and / or the fluorescence anisotropy (FA) of the fluorescence probe that binds to the target protein in the serial dilutions of the test sample;
[0040] (d) creating a calibration curve based on the FP values / FA values;
[0041] (e) comparing the calibration curve with a standard curve created with a reference sample with a known concentration of the target protein; and
[0042] calculating the concentration of the target protein in the test sample.
[0043] In some embodiments, the standard curve is created with FP values / FA values of serial dilutions of the reference sample with the matrix solution.
[0044] In some embodiments, the reference sample is obtained by adding purified target protein to the matrix solution.
[0045] In some embodiments, the method is for quantifying the target protein in a cell and the test sample is prepared from a lysate of the cell.
[0046] In some embodiments, the target protein is expressed within the cell and / or expressed on the cell surface.
[0047] In some embodiments, the method is for absolute quantification of the target protein. In some embodiments, the test sample is prepared from the lysate of the cell comprises incubating the lysate with a nuclease or a mixture of nucleases, wherein the nuclease or the mixture of nucleases is capable of digesting both DNA and RNA.
[0048] In some embodiments, the incubation is conducted under a temperature between 35℃-40℃; preferably, the temperature is about 37℃. In some embodiments, the incubation is conducted for a duration between 1-2 hours; preferably, the duration is about 1.5 hours.
[0049] In some embodiments, the matrix solution is prepared from a lysate of the cell in which the target protein is knocked out.
[0050] In some embodiments, the method utilizes the fluorescence probe described in the seventh aspect of the application, as described above.
[0051] DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0052] Figs. 1A-1B illustrate that a probe labelled with N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA dye is sensitive in reflecting mP changes. (A) The correlation of mP with the fluorescence life time of the fluorescence dye. (B) CETSA western blot performed on cellular PARP1 when DMSO or PARP1 inhibitor olaparib is added to cells expressing PARP1. CFAST performed using DAOTA-PARP1-VHH probe and DAOTA-GFP-VHH probe on cells treated in a similar manner. CFAST performed using FITC-labeled PARP1 and GFP VHH probes on cells treated in a similar manner.
[0053] Fig 2 illustrates that N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA-VHH probe efficiently detects the presence of p53 protein in a dose-depend manner. N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA-p53 / PARP1 / GFP probes were incubated with different concentrations of recombinant p53 protein and FPs were measured. The same experiments were repeated with FITC-p53 / PARP1 / GFP probes.
[0054] Figs. 3A-3C illustrate that CFAST probes bind specifically to their protein targets. (A) PARP1, p53 and EGFP probes were incubated with different concentrations of recombinant PARP1 protein and FPs were measured. The same experiments in (A) were repeated with recombinant (B) p53 and (C) MK2 protein. ΔmP expresses the divergence between the mP of a specific protein concentration and the mP of 0 nM protein. Data are presented as mean ±SD, n = 2, measured 8 times per sample.
[0055] Figs. 4A-4B illustrate that a nuclease incubation step can reduce background readings. After the samples were lysed, nuclease (2 units / 1*107 cell) was added and incubated at 37℃ for 1.5 hrs. One control group was incubated at 37℃ without nuclease for 1.5 hrs. The other group was not incubated and nuclease was not added. ΔmP (A, B) is calculated by the mP reading of PARP1 or MK2 probe group minus the mP reading of corresponding GFP probe group. Data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 2, measured ≥ 8 times per sample.
[0056] Fig. 5 illustrates a workflow of CFAST for cellular protein quantification (1.5 mL tube) .
[0057] Figs. 6A-6B illustrate that CFAST can specifically quantify cellular protein levels. (A) CFAST measurements of WT and KO cell lines with their respective PARP1, MK2 probes, and CFAST measurements of 293T MK2 and 293T EGFP cell lines with EGFP and PARP1 probes. with EGFP probe as a control. ΔmP results are obtained by normalizing with GFP FP readings. (B) Western blots for PARP1 and ACTB loading control in Hela WT and PARP1 KO cells, 293T MK2 and 293T cells, and 293T MK2 and 293T EGFP cells. Data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 5, measured 8 times per replicate.
[0058] Fig. 7 illustrates a workflow of CFAST for detecting cellular protein-small molecule interactions (1.5 mL tube) .
[0059] Figs. 8A-8D illustrate that CFAST can detect binding of Olaparib to cellular PARP1. (A) FP measurement for CFAST temperature curves. (B) Western Blot result of CETSA in intact 293T cells with Olaparib and DMSO respectively at different temperature degree points. (C) Fluorescence -polarization measurement curves for CETSA drug dose response curves. (D) Western Blot result of CETSA in intact 293T cells with Olaparib and DMSO respectively at different drug concentration points. Data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 5, measured ≥ 8 times per replicate.
[0060] Figs. 9A-9B illustrate that CFAST specifically identifies known PARP1 inhibitors. (A) Fluorescence polarization measurement for CFAST in 293T cells with 6 PARP1 inhibitors: Olaparib, Fluzoparib, Rucaparib phosphate, Veliparib, Niraparib and Talazoparib. Metoclopramide is another negative control. ΔmP expresses the divergence between drug group's PARP1 probe mP with GFP probe mP. (B) Western Blot for CETSA in 293T cells with 6 PARP1 inhibitors. Data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 5, measured ≥ 8 times per replicate.
[0061] Figs. 10A-10D illustrates that CFAST can detect binding of inhibitor to MK2 in 293T MK2 cells. (A) Fluorescence polarization measurement for CFAST temperature curves. (B) Western Blot result of CETSA in intact 293T MK2 cells with PF-3644022 and DMSO respectively at different temperature degree points. (C) FP measurement curve for CETSA drug dose response curves. (D) Western Blot result of CETSA in intact 293T MK2 cells with PF-3644022 and DMSO respectively at different drug concentration points. Data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 5, measured ≥ 8 times per replicate.
[0062] Fig. 11 illustrates that CFAST can identify a PARP1 inhibitor from a pool of drugs. CFAST measurements were performed in 293T cells with different drug conditions and a PARP1 probe. The concentration of each drug was 10 μM, ΔmP expresses the divergence between drug group's PARP1 probe mP with GFP probe mP. Data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 5, measured 8 times per replicate.
[0063] Fig. 12 illustrates a workflow of CFAST for high-throughput screening (384-well plate) .
[0064] Fig. 13A-13B illustrate that CFAST can identify PARP1 or MK2 inhibitors from a pool of chemicals. Diamonds shown in figures are representations of the mP values for each well with PARP1or MK2 probe, with the red marks representing Olaparib or PF-3644022 and the blue marks representing the mP values of the DMSO negative control. X-axis represents the position of the 384-well plate, and the other drugs marked on the graph represent the PARP1 or MK2 inhibitors in the wells. Data are presented as means ± SD, n = 2, read ≥ 8 times in independent experiments.
[0065] Fig. 14A-14C illustrates that CFAST can identify and accurately quantify PARP1 in cells. (A) The FA standard curve of pure protein in Hela KO PARP1 cell lysate. (B) The FP fitting curve of Hela cell lysate at different concentrations. (C) The Western blot results of pure protein in Hela KO PARP1 cell lysate, and the WB results of Hela cell lysate at different concentrations. Data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 5, measured ≥ 8 times per replicate.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0066] The aforementioned features and advantages of the invention as well as additional features and advantages thereof will be more clearly understood hereafter as a result of a detailed description of the following embodiments when taken in conjunction with the drawings.
[0067] The embodiments described herein with reference to drawings are explanatory, illustrative, and used to generally understand the present invention. The embodiments shall not be construed to limit the scope of the present invention. The same or similar elements and the elements having same or similar functions are denoted by like reference numerals throughout the descriptions.
[0068] Unless indicated or defined otherwise, all terms used have their usual meaning in the art, which will be clear to the skilled person. Reference is for example made to the standard handbooks, such as Leuenberger, H.G.W, Nagel, B. and Klbl, H. eds., "A multilingual glossary of biotechnological terms: (IUPAC Recommendations) " , Helvetica Chimica Acta (1995) , CH-4010 Basel, Switzerland; Sambrook et al, "Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual" (2nd Ed. ) , Vols. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989) ; F. Ausubel et al, eds., "Current protocols in molecular biology" , Green Publishing and Wiley InterScience, New York (1987) ; Roitt et al., "Immunology (6th Ed. ) , Mosby / Elsevier, Edinburgh (2001) ; and Janeway et al., "Immunobiology" (6th Ed. ) , Garland Science Publishing / Churchill Livingstone, New York (2005) , as well as the general background art cited above.
[0069] As used herein, singular forms “a” , “and, ” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “an antibody” includes a plurality of antibodies and reference to “an antibody” in some embodiments includes multiple antibodies, and so forth.
[0070] The term “and / or” as used herein should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with “and / or” should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the “and / or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and / or B” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B) ; in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A) ; in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements) , etc.
[0071] The term “about” in relation to a numerical value x is optional and means, for example, x±20%, x±15%, x±10%, x±9%, x±8%, x±7%, x±6%, x±5%, x±4%, x±3%, x±2%or x±1%.
[0072] Throughout this disclosure, certain embodiments may be disclosed in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the disclosed ranges. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible sub-ranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed sub-ranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.
[0073] Unless indicated or defined otherwise, the term “comprise” and variations such as “comprises” and “comprising” , should be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated elements or step or group of elements or steps but not the exclusion of any other element or step or group of elements or steps. The term “comprising” encompasses “including” as well as “consisting” e.g., a composition “comprising” X may consist exclusively of X or may include something additional e.g., X + Y.
[0074] As used herein, the term “nucleic acid” or “polynucleotide” , in its broadest sense, refers to any compound and / or substance that is or can be incorporated into an oligonucleotide chain. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid is a compound and / or substance that is or can be incorporated into an oligonucleotide chain via a phosphodiester linkage. In some embodiments, “nucleic acid” refers to an individual nucleic acid residue (e.g., a nucleotide and / or nucleoside) ; in some embodiments, “nucleic acid” refers to an oligonucleotide chain comprising individual nucleic acid residues. A “nucleic acid” may be, for example, double-stranded, partially double-stranded, or single-stranded. As single-stranded nucleic acid, the nucleic acid may be the sense or antisense strand. A “nucleic acid” may be circular or linear. As used herein, the term “nucleic acid” encompasses DNA and RNA, including genomes, pre-mRNA, mRNA, cDNA, recombinant or synthetic nucleic acids including vectors. In some embodiments, a “nucleic acid” is or comprises RNA; in some embodiments, a “nucleic acid” is or comprises DNA. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid is, comprises, or consists of one or more natural nucleic acid residues. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid is, comprises, or consists of one or more nucleic acid analogs.
[0075] The terms “protein” and “polypeptide” are used interchangeably herein and generally refer to polymers of amino acid residues linked by peptide bonds, which has specific function and / or independent three-dimensional structure. “Protein” and “polypeptide” encompass full-length proteins and fragments thereof. The term also includes post-expression modifications of protein or polypeptide, such as glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and the like. In some circumstances, “protein” or “polypeptide” can be further divided into functional subunits or functional fragments that have independent and distinct functions. Therefore, these functional subunits or functional fragments can also be deemed as “proteins” or “polypeptides” and can be expressed independently. In addition, for the purposes of the present invention, “protein” and “polypeptide” also refer to variants obtained after modification, such as deletion, addition, insertion, and substitution (such as conservative amino acid substitutions) , of the amino acid sequence of a wild type protein or polypeptide.
[0076] As used herein, the term “wild type” refers to a nucleic acid, an amino acid sequence or a protein that is naturally occurs in an organism. A variant has at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to a wild type nucleic acid, a wild type amino acid sequence or a wild type protein, provided that the variant retains the original function or activity of the wild type nucleic acid, the wild type amino acid sequence or the wild type protein.
[0077] Percent identity between two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the two sequences being compared, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which needs to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences. Comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. For example, percent identity between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences can be determined using the algorithm of Meyers and Miller (CABIOS, 1989, 4: 11-17, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety) , which has been incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0) . Other examples of such mathematical algorithms include the algorithm of Myers and Miller (1988) CABIOS 4: 11-17, the local homology algorithm of Smith et al. (1981) Adv. Appl. Math. 2: 482, homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443-453, the method for searching homology of Pearson and Lipman (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85: 2444-2448, a modified version of the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:2264 and the algorithm described in Karlin and Altschul (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 5873-5877. By using a program based on such a mathematical algorithm, sequence comparisons (i.e., alignments) for determining sequence identity can be performed. The program can be appropriately executed by a computer. Examples of such programs include, but are not limited to, CLUSTAL of the PC / Gene program, ALIGN program (Version 2.0) , and GAP, BESTFIT, BLAST, FASTA, and TFASTA of the Wisconsin Genetics software package. Alignment using these programs may be performed, for example, by using initial parameters.
[0078] As used herein, the term “expression” refers to the transcription and / or translation of a gene so that a nucleic acid chain or an amino acid chain is synthesized. A protein is “expressed” or “to be expressed” in the cytoplasm or on the cell membrane means that the protein is finally located at the corresponding place and functions here.
[0079] The term “target protein” as used herein, refers to a protein which is being measured in the method of the present invention for determining intermolecular interactions. The target protein can therefore be any protein which is present in a sample. The target protein may be naturally occurring, e.g., in a cell or cell lysate or animal or patient sample or may be recombinantly expressed, e.g., may be expressed from a plasmid which has been transformed into a cell. Alternatively, the target protein may not initially be present in the sample but may be added thereto to investigate the interactions between the target protein and the other molecules present in the sample. Thus, according to the present invention, the “sample” is the test sample that may be different from the starting sample, e.g., the clinical sample. Likewise, other molecules may be added to the test sample. Additions of known amounts of target protein or other molecules may assist in obtaining quantitative data.
[0080] Typically, the target protein will have a native or native-like conformation and will be soluble. Native or native-like proteins are expressed in soluble form and / or correctly folded. Native-like membrane proteins do not have to be present free in solution, but may be present in cellular membranes or membrane vesicles rather than inclusion bodies. Thus, native-like proteins are generally not insoluble, present in inclusion bodies, aggregated or misfolded.
[0081] The target protein may be in wildtype form, i.e., as it usually occurs in nature or may comprise one or more naturally occurring mutations. Thus, genes / cDNA / coding regions encoding a protein can be mutated to produce variants of the target protein, e.g., mutants with varying abilities to bind a ligand. The target protein or a variant thereof can be produced in an expression system (e.g., a cell or a cell-free system) for further detection.
[0082] The target protein may exist in the form of numerous variants across an animal population. These variants may exist within a healthy animal population, or the variation in the protein may lead to disease or drug resistance within a population. The methods of the invention provide a means of screening a small molecule across a range of different target protein variants. Such information may be useful in order to develop small molecules that bind to certain protein variants specifically, or to determine which form of therapy may be most adequate for a patient based on the protein variant which they naturally express.
[0083] A “soluble protein” can be defined in reference to possession of a native or native-like conformation. Further, a soluble protein can be described as a protein which remains in the supernatant after centrifugation of a sample (with a prior lysis step if said protein is within a cell) . Centrifugation can typically be carried out between 100g and 20000g. The duration of centrifugation can be from 1 minute (typically at least 10 minutes) to at least 1 hour, where the duration required generally decreases as the centrifugal force increases. Accordingly, the term “insoluble protein” as used herein refers to a protein possess a misfolded conformation and is present in the pellet after centrifugation of a sample. The “insoluble protein” in a cell usually forms an inclusion body and can be separated from the soluble fraction of a cell, e.g., by centrifugation or filtration.
[0084] The term “non-purified target protein” refers to the target protein when not in isolated form. In some embodiments, the target protein to be used in the method of the invention is non-purified target protein, which is in non-purified form before the addition of the test molecule or in the absence of the test molecule. Thus, the non-purified target protein is present with compounds other than the test molecule which is tested to determine whether or not there is an interaction between the target protein and the test molecule. The non-purified target protein thus includes a target protein when comprised within a cell or on the cell surface, within a cell lysate and within a sample obtained directly from a patient (ahuman patient or an animal patient or a disease model, e.g., dog, cat, monkey, rabbit, mouse, rat etc. ) such as tissue sample, blood, serum, plasma, lymph, etc. The non-purified target protein includes target protein when comprised in one or more cell colonies, where a cell colony is defined as a circumscribed group of cells, normally derived from a single cell or small cluster of cells growing on a solid or semi-solid medium. The non-purified target protein may also be comprised in a liquid culture of cells. A liquid culture of cells may comprise cells which are all originated from a single cell, i.e., the cells within the liquid culture may be clonal, or the liquid culture may comprise a suspension of different cells. The cells of the colonies or in liquid culture may be prokaryotic, i.e., bacteria or eukaryotic cells, e.g., yeast, unicellular eukaryotes such as Leishmainia, insect cells or mammalian cells or cell lines. Cells in liquid culture or grown as colonies may be cells of E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus lividens, Lactococcus lactis, Staphylococcus aureas, Aspergillus niger, Picia pastoris, Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Schizosaccaromyces pombe. All of the above are examples of a sample comprising a target protein.
[0085] In some aspects, the target protein to be used in the method of the present invention is in a purified form. The “purified target protein” or “isolated target protein” can be used interchangeably and refers to the target protein that is separated from other cellular components or other reaction components by which the target protein is produced. Usually, a sample comprising a purified target protein do not have non-related biological materials that would affect the interaction between the target protein and the test molecule or affect the detection of the interaction. The methods can be used for purification of the target protein of the present invention are well-known to the skilled person, include but are not limited to protein precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, and exclusion chromatography.
[0086] The term “test molecule” as used herein refers to any molecule or compound, which is tested in the method of the invention to determine whether there is an interaction between the target protein and another molecule. Alternatively, the test molecule is a potential ligand for the target protein. Thus, the test molecule or ligand may be a protein, polypeptide, peptide, RNA, or DNA molecule. In some embodiments, the test molecule may be a drug or a pharmaceutical product, a cell metabolite or a hormone, e.g., in serum. The test molecule may be naturally occurring or may be synthetically or recombinantly produced, using any of the methods already disclosed in the art.
[0087] The test molecule used may or may not bind to the target protein. In one aspect, the method of the invention determines or assesses whether a particular molecule or compound is capable of binding to the target protein, i.e., whether there is an interaction between the target protein and the test molecule. Thus, the method of the invention can be used to screen a small molecule library for molecules which are capable of binding to the target protein. Some of the molecules tested may not bind, whereas others may bind to the target protein. Additionally, the method of the invention can be used to identify variants of a small molecule known to bind to the target protein, which can bind the target protein with higher affinity (or alternatively with lower affinity) .
[0088] The term “bind” as used herein, includes any physical attachment or close association, which may be permanent or temporary. Generally, an interaction of hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic forces, van der Waals forces, covalent and ionic bonding etc., facilitates physical attachment between the molecule of interest and the analyte being measuring.
[0089] The term “luminescence” and / or “fluorescence” , as used herein, refers to any process of emitting electromagnetic radiation (light) from an object, chemical and / or compound. Luminescence results from a system which is “relaxing” from an excited state to a lower state with a corresponding release of energy in the form of a photon. These states can be electronic, vibronic, rotational, or any combination of the three. The transition responsible for luminescence can be stimulated through the release of energy stored in the system chemically or added to the system from an external source. The external source of energy can be of a variety of types including chemical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, electromagnetic, physical or any other type capable of causing a system to be excited into a state higher than the ground state. For example, a system can be excited by absorbing a photon of light, by being placed in an electrical field, or through a chemical oxidation-reduction reaction. The energy of the photons emitted during luminescence can be in a range from low-energy microwave radiation to high-energy x-ray radiation. Typically, luminescence refers to photons in the range from UV to IR radiation.
[0090] Thermal Shift Assay (TSA)
[0091] Protein-ligand interactions are not only involved in almost every process in biological systems, but are also play a role in the external modulation of protein function by drugs. Protein thermal shift assays (TSAs) are a set of techniques to investigate protein-ligand interactions by detecting the changes in thermodynamic stability of the protein under varying conditions, including ligand binding. It is based on a finding that binding of a ligand with a target protein will increase the thermodynamic stability of the target protein. If the binding events occurs, more target protein will remain in the soluble fraction of a sample after heating the sample to a preset temperature. Therefore, the relative amount of the target protein retained in the soluble fraction of the sample can reflect the binding ability of the test molecule to the target protein.
[0092] As one of the primary analysis tools of life and chemistry scientists, protein thermal shift assays (also known as thermal denature assay, differential scanning fluorimetry, or ThermoFluor) are an effective assay in measuring protein-drug engagement in the drug industry and in detecting protein interaction. Protein thermal stability is very sensitive to protein dynamics and will change accordingly when protein binds to other molecules such as ligand or other protein to form complexes. Such thermal stability change is called thermal shift and can be measured using fluorescence, western blot, or mass spectrometer analysis. However, these methods have a variety of drawbacks. For example, mass spectrum-based TSAs are very expensive and labor / time intensive while many fluorescence-based TSA approaches suffer from sensitivity issues. These disadvantages limit the capability of these techniques to detect small thermal shifts, particularly for low abundance or large, complex proteins. Other limitations include, but are not limited to, time-consuming workflow, expensive equipment, technical experience, a lack of reliant labels and / or demand for large amounts of purified proteins. These limitations present a barrier to the broader applications of TSA in life science and medicine, particularly in the areas sensitive to efficiency and cost such as pharmaceutical industry and fast diagnosis.
[0093] Fluorescence Polarization (FP)
[0094] Fluorescence Polarization (FP) is the difference in fluorescence emission observed in the parallel and perpendicular plane when a fluorescent molecule, excited with plane-polarized light, rotates at different rates. This method is traditionally applied to measure binding between a protein-of-interest and a fluorescence dye-labeled small molecule probe. The utility of FP in drug screening is therefore limited to protein targets that already have a known small molecule binder.
[0095] FP measurement provides a sensitive and homogeneous assay to determine protein-ligand interactions. Plane polarized light, obtained using a suitable polarizer, is used to excite the sample. Only a fraction of molecules, which are aligned in the direction of the plane polarized light, will be excited. Small molecule fluorophores undergo rapid rotation, thus depolarizing the polarized light during emission. The effective size of a ligand that is bound to a protein increases enormously, thus restricting its motion considerably. Since the molecules stay relatively aligned, the emitted light remains significantly polarized and shows greater polarization values. To study the protein-ligand interaction, practically, the change in polarization of free ligand in solution and upon binding to the protein needs to be determined.
[0096] For measuring polarization, two polarizers are required to be attached with a spectrofluorometer. One that polarizes the light is attached between the light source and the sample, and the second one that detects the vertical and horizontal emission components of light is placed between the sample and the detector. The fluorescence lifetime of a fluorophore used in FP detection is important for efficiency and sensitivity of FP detection. It is preferable to choose a fluorophore which has a short fluorescence lifetime as compared to its rotational correlation time. This allows the fluorophore molecules to stay aligned during the emission. Yet, the fluorescence lifetime should not be too small to result in a negligible change in polarization upon binding to the target protein.
[0097] Method for Detecting Target Protein-Test Molecule Interactions and Uses thereof
[0098] In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for detecting an intermolecular interaction between a target protein and a test molecule, comprising the steps of:
[0099] (a) contacting a first sample comprising the target protein with a test molecule to form a mixture;
[0100] (b) heating the mixture under a first temperature for a first duration;
[0101] (c) separating the soluble fraction of the mixture from the insoluble fraction of the mixture, wherein the target protein bound by the test molecule is retained in the soluble fraction of the mixture;
[0102] (d) contacting a fluorescence probe with the target protein bound by the test molecule, wherein the fluorescence probe specifically binds to the target protein;
[0103] (e) detecting the fluorescence polarization (FP) and / or fluorescence anisotropy (FA) of the fluorescence probe that binds to the target protein.
[0104] In some embodiments, the first sample comprises an intact cell comprising the target protein, and the target protein is expressed within the intact cell and / or expressed on the cell surface of the intact cell. The target protein can be an endogenous protein that naturally expressed in a host cell. Also, the target protein can be an exogeneous protein that is artificially introduced into a host cell. In such cases, a nucleic acid or a vector comprising the coding sequence of the target protein can be introduced into a host cell by a well-known method in the art.
[0105] The term “coding sequence” means a polynucleotide encoding the amino acid sequence of a protein or polypeptide. The boundaries of a coding sequence are generally determined by an open reading frame, which begins with a start codon (such as ATG, GTG or TTG) and ends with a stop codon (such as TAA, TAG or TGA) . The coding sequence may be derived from genomic DNA, synthetic DNA, or a combination thereof. A skilled person in the art will recognize that due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, several nucleic acids may encode polypeptides having the same amino acid sequence. A codon preference table suitable for the target host cell may be used to modify the codons in the coding sequence of the protein to obtain optimal expression in a particular host cell, such as a prokaryotic cell or a eukaryotic cell. Codon preferences in various hosts (for example, in E. coli, yeast, Arabidopsis, tobacco, maize, insect, mouse, rat, human, etc. ) are well-known in the art.
[0106] Vector can be a linear or a circular DNA or RNA with either single strand or double strands. In some embodiments, vector is free in cytoplasm of a cell after entering into the cell. In some embodiments, vector is integrated into the genome of a cell after entering into the cell.
[0107] In some embodiments, vector further carrying a selected marker, such as an antibiotic resistance gene and / or a fluorescence reporter gene. The vector may be, for example, a vector derived from a bacterial plasmid, a viral vector, a vector derived from a yeast plasmid, a vector derived from a phage, a cosmid, a phagemid, or the like.
[0108] Any cell may be used as a host cell for expressing the target protein used in the present invention. In some embodiments, the cell can be a prokaryotic cell, fungal cell, yeast cell, or higher eukaryotic cells such as a mammalian cell. Suitable prokaryotic cells include, without limitation, eubacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive organisms, for example, Enterobactehaceae such as Escherichia, e.g., E. coli; Enterobacter; Erwinia; Klebsiella; Proteus; Salmonella, e.g., Salmonella typhimurium; Serratia, e.g., Serratia marcescans, and Shigella; Bacilli such as B. subtilis and B. licheniformis; Pseudomonas such as P. aeruginosa; and Streptomyces. In some embodiments, the cell is a mammal cell. In some embodiments, host cells include, for example, Hela cells, HCT116 cells, CHO cells, such as CHOS cells and CHO-K1 cells, or HEK293 cells, such as HEK293A, HEK293T and HEK293FS.
[0109] In some preferred embodiments, the first sample comprises an intact cell comprising the target protein is incubated with the test molecule at about 37℃ for about 2 hrs.
[0110] For the circumstance that the first sample comprises an intact cell comprising the target protein, the step (b) further comprises:
[0111] (i) destructing the cell membrane of the intact cell to form a lysis product;
[0112] (ii) incubating the lysis product with a nuclease or a mixture of nucleases under a second temperature for a second duration, wherein the nuclease or the mixture of nucleases is capable of digesting both DNA and RNA.
[0113] The method for destructing the cell membrane is well-known in the art. Preferably, the lysis step is non-denaturing, allowing target proteins to retain a native, i.e., correctly folded or native-like conformation. This can be carried out chemically or otherwise using reagents which are well known in the art, e.g., urea, lysozyme-containing buffers or detergents. The degree of lysis must be sufficient to allow proteins of the cell to pass freely out of the cell. Typically, when dealing with membrane bound proteins, lysis is performed in the presence of detergents or amphiphiles, for example Triton X-100 or dodecylmaltoside, to release the protein from the membrane. The lysis step can alternatively be carried out by freeze-thawing the cells or colonies. More preferably, lysis is carried out using both native lysis buffer and freeze-thawing the cells. The step of freeze-thawing is preferably repeated, i.e., two or more cycles, preferably 3 or more cycles of freeze-thawing are performed.
[0114] In some embodiments, the cell comprising the target protein is subjected to the repeated freezing ang thawing approach to destruct cell membrane. In some embodiments, the cell comprising the target protein is subjected to freeze and thaw with liquid nitrogen for at least 2 times, at least 3 times, at least 4 times or at least 5 times. In some embodiments, the cell comprising the target protein is subjected to freeze and thaw with liquid nitrogen for at least 3 times. In some preferred embodiment, the cell comprising the target protein is subjected to freeze and thaw with liquid nitrogen for 3 times.
[0115] In some embodiments, the first sample comprise a cell lysate comprising the target protein. In some preferred embodiments, the step (b) further comprises incubating the cell lysate with a nuclease or a mixture of nucleases under a second temperature for a second duration, wherein the nuclease or the mixture of nucleases is capable of digesting both DNA and RNA.
[0116] The term “nuclease” refers to an enzyme capable of degrading nucleic acid chain (e.g., DNA and / or RNA) by cleaving a phosphodiester bond. The meaning of nuclease in its broadest scope comprises Dnase, Rnase and / or a combination of Dnase and Rnase. The nuclease can be divided into specific nuclease and non-specific nuclease. The specific nuclease would recognize a certain conformation and / or sequence of the nucleic acid chain. While the degradation of nucleic acid chain by non-specific nuclease is independent from the conformation and / or sequence of the nucleic acid chain.
[0117] Commercially available nucleases are able to degrade DNA and / or RNA in any forms with any sequences, regardless of a single chain, a double chain, a linear, a circular, a natural or a denatured DNA or RNA. Such nucleases are also known as ultranuclease, which is commonly used in the removal of nucleic acid impurities in the production of biological products.
[0118] In some embodiments, the nuclease used to incubate with the lysis product or the cell lysate is an ultranuclease. A skilled person in the art would know how to obtain a suitable dosage of the nuclease to achieve an optimal effect according to the description herein. In some preferred embodiments, the 2 units of the ultranuclease is used to incubate with the lysis product or the cell lysate of about 1x107 cells.
[0119] The incubation temperature and incubation duration depend on multiple factors, such as sample type, cell type, cell number, and the like. A skilled person would recognize how to obtain an optimal incubation condition based on the disclosure herein.
[0120] In some embodiments, the incubation temperature is between 35℃-40℃. In some preferred embodiments, the incubation temperature is about 37℃. In some embodiments, the incubation duration is between 1-2 hours. In some preferred embodiments, the incubation duration is about 1.5 hours.
[0121] The heating step (i.e., step (b) ) of the method is based on the principle of thermal shift. When a target protein is bound to a ligand, the thermal stability of the target protein is generally increased and thus the target protein may melt at a higher temperature when ligand is bound than when no ligand is present. Applying a temperature to a sample which usually melts / unfolds unbound target protein may therefore result in unbound target protein being unfolded and target protein to which a ligand is bound remaining folded to a larger extent. The detection of higher levels of folded target protein is therefore indicative of ligand binding. Folded target proteins are generally soluble whereas unfolded proteins are generally insoluble. Hence, the solubility of a protein is linked to its thermal stability. Thus, the detection of higher levels of soluble target protein after heat treatment using a temperature at which the target protein usually starts to precipitate and become insoluble indicates the presence of folded target protein with an increased thermal stability and hence ligand binding.
[0122] A suitable heating temperature and heating duration could efficiently differentiate the target proteins with and without the binding of a test molecule, thus achieving a high sensitivity of the method of the present invention. The suitable heating temperature depends on different protein with different melting properties. Testing the sensitivity of the method with a range of temperature, a range of duration, or a combination of temperature and duration will find an optimal heating condition. A skilled person would recognize how to obtain an optimal heating condition to a specific target protein based on the disclosure herein.
[0123] In some embodiments, the heating temperature is between 40℃-60℃. In some embodiments, the heating temperature is between 45℃-55℃. In some embodiments, the heating temperature is between 48℃-55℃. In some preferred embodiments, the heating temperature is between 48℃-52℃. In more preferred embodiments, the heating temperature is about 48℃, 49℃, 50℃, 51℃, 52℃, 53℃, 54℃ or 55℃. In more preferred embodiments, the heating temperature is about 48℃, 49℃, 50℃, 51℃ or 52℃. In most preferred embodiments, the heating temperature is about 50℃.
[0124] In some embodiments, the heating duration is between 1-10 minutes. In some embodiments, the heating duration is between 3-8 minutes. In some preferred embodiments, the heating duration is between 5-6 minutes. In more preferred embodiments, the heating duration is about 5 or 6 minutes. In most preferred embodiments, the heating duration is about 6 minutes.
[0125] In some embodiments, the step (c) can be achieved by separating the soluble fraction of the sample from step (b) , for example, by centrifugation, filtration or affinity capture. In some embodiments, the step (c) is achieved by centrifugation. In some preferred embodiments, the step (c) is achieved by centrifugation at 20000 g, 20 mins.
[0126] Besides, a filter can be used to separate soluble proteins from insoluble proteins where soluble proteins will pass through a filter. Standard filter membranes can be used for filtering the heated samples where the filters will typically have a pore size from 0.015 μm to 12 μm, preferably from 0.35 to 1.2 μm, more preferably from 0.45 μm to 0.8 μm. Preferably the filters have pore sizes below 4.0 μm, typically below 2.0 μm, more preferably below 1.0 μm. When the target protein is produced or expressed in cells, such as bacteria e.g. E. coli, an optimal pore size may be 0.1-1.5 μm. When the target protein is from a eukaryotic cell, preferred pore sizes may be larger. It will be appreciated that filters are manufactured and marketed as having a particular pore size but the manufacturing process may occasionally result in a few smaller or larger pores; the sizes listed, which refer to the diameter, are thus the most common pore size of a given filter. Although reference is made to a range of potential pore sizes, any single filter will usually have one designated pore size, e.g., 0.45 μm.
[0127] It will be appreciated that target proteins from eukaryotic and prokaryotic samples and from different cell types may require the use of filters with different pore sizes. Selection of a suitable filter is well within the competency of someone skilled in this field. For example, it is possible to select an appropriate pore size, by using a set of test proteins for the desired cell type or sample and investigating their behavior with filters of varying pore sizes.
[0128] Furthermore, affinity capture can be carried out to separate soluble proteins from insoluble proteins. Many antibodies and affinity reagents that recognize the folded structure of the protein will bind the soluble protein with much higher affinity than the unfolded and precipitated protein. Also, the recognition of smaller tags such as poly-Histidine tags binding to metal conjugates will often correlate with solubility when these tags are less accessible in the precipitated protein. Antibodies, metal conjugates and other affinity reagents can be linked to magnetic beads or column resin which is mixed with the heat treated non-purified sample. This mix can in a subsequent step be put in an appropriate valve and washed to remove insoluble protein when this does not have high affinity to the affinity reagent.
[0129] In some embodiments, the fluorescence probe used in the method of the invention comprises a protein-binding moiety and a detectable moiety, wherein the protein-binding moiety specifically binds to the target protein.
[0130] In some embodiments, the protein-binding moiety is an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof.
[0131] The term “antibody” as used herein should be understood in its broadest meaning, and includes monoclonal antibodies (including full-length monoclonal antibodies) , polyclonal antibodies, antibody fragments, and multi-specific antibodies containing at least two different antigen binding regions (e.g., bi-specific antibodies) . The antibody may contain additional modifications, such as non-naturally occurring amino acids, mutations in Fc regions, and mutations in glycosylation sites. Antibodies also include post-translation modified antibodies, fusion proteins containing the antigenic determinants of the antibody, and immunoglobulin molecules containing any other modifications to antigen recognition sites, as long as these antibodies exhibit desired biological activity.
[0132] The terms “heavy chain-only antibody” , “heavy chain antibody” and “HCAb” are used interchangeably herein and refer, in the broadest sense, to antibodies, or one or more portions of an antibody, e.g., one or more arms of an antibody, lacking the light chain of a conventional antibody. The terms specifically include, without limitation, homodimeric antibodies comprising the antigen-binding domain of the heavy chain variable region (VH) and the CH1, CH2 and CH3 constant domains; functional (antigen-binding) variants of such antibodies, soluble VH variants, Ig-NAR comprising a homodimer of one variable domain (V-NAR) and five C-like constant domains (C-NAR) and functional fragments thereof; and soluble single domain antibodies (sUniDabsTM) .
[0133] The heavy chain-only antibody can be in the form of a dimer, in which two heavy chains are disulfide bonded or otherwise, covalently or non-covalently, attached with each other. The heavy chain-only antibody may belong to the IgG subclass, but antibodies belonging to other subclasses, such as IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE subclass, are also included herein.
[0134] As used herein, the term “antigen binding fragment” of an antibody refers to one or more fragments of an antibody that retain the ability to specifically bind to an antigen (e.g., ROR1) . It has been shown that the antigen binding function of an antibody can be performed by fragments of a full-length antibody.
[0135] Examples of antigen binding fragments encompassed within the term “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody include (i) a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and CH1 domains; (ii) a F (ab') 2 fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fab' fragment, which is essentially an Fab with part of the hinge region (see, FUNDAMENTALIMMUNOLOGY (Paul ed., 3. sup. rd ed. 1993) ; (iv) a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains; (v) a Fd' fragment having VH and CH1 domains and one or more cysteine residues at the C-terminus of the CH1 domain; (vi) a Fv fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody, (vii) a dAb fragment (Ward et al., (1989) Nature 341: 544-546) , which consists of a VH domain; (viii) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR) ; and (ix) a nanobody (also known as VHH) , containing a single heavy chain variable domain. Furthermore, although the two domains of the Fv fragment, VLand VH are coded for by separate genes, they can be joined, using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single protein chain in which the VL and VH regions pair to form monovalent molecules (known as single chain Fv (scFv) ; see e.g., Bird et al. (1988) Science 242: 423-426; and Huston et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 5879-5883) . Such single chain antibodies are also intended to be encompassed within the term “antigen binding fragment” of an antibody. Furthermore, the term also includes a "linear antibody" comprising a pair of tandem Fd segments (VH-CH1-VH-CH1) , which forms an antigen binding region together with a complementary light chain polypeptide, and a modified version of any of the foregoing fragments, which retains antigen binding activity.
[0136] These antigen binding fragments can be obtained using conventional techniques known to those with skill in the art, and the fragments are screened for utility in the same manner as are intact antibodies.
[0137] The term “VHH” and “nanobody” can be used interchangeably herein, refers to a single heavy chain variable domain antibody. Preferably a VHH is derived from an antibody of the type that can be found in Camelidae which are naturally devoid of light chains or a synthetic and non-immunized VHH which can be heterologous expressed in a host cell. They are just about 14 kDa in size, about one-tenth of a traditional IgG molecule. They have found numerous useful applications, for example as crystallization chaperones, as tools in affinity chromatography, for localizing proteins in cells or as an animal-friendly substitute for secondary antibodies.
[0138] In some embodiments, the protein-binding moiety of the fluorescence probe is selected from the group consisting of HCAb, VHH (nanobody) , Fab, Fab’, F (ab') 2, Fd, Fd’, scFv and dAb. In some preferred embodiments, the protein-binding moiety is a VHH.
[0139] In some embodiments, the detectable moiety of the fluorescence probe is a fluorescence dye. The fluorescence polarization reading (mP) of a fluorescence probe is affected by the fluorescence lifetime of the fluorescence dye. When the same target protein is bound by different probes comprising different fluorescence dyes, mP changes between binding and non-binding state will be different because of the different fluorescence lifetime of the fluorescence dye. In a certain range of fluorescence lifetime, the mP change is increased with the increase of fluorescence lifetime, thus the fluorescence dye with longer fluorescence lifetime achieves a higher sensitivity in detecting binding and non-binding events. Meanwhile, it is preferable to choose a fluorescence dye which has a short fluorescence lifetime as compared to its rotational correlation time.
[0140] In some embodiments, the fluorescence dye has a fluorescence lifetime of 4-64 ns, 4-50 ns, 4-40 ns, 4-30 ns, 4-25 ns, 10-64 ns, 10-50 ns, 10-40 ns. 10-30 ns, 10-25 ns, 15-64 ns, 15-50 ns, 15-40 ns, 15-30 ns or 15-25 ns. In some embodiments, the fluorescence dye has a fluorescence lifetime of about 15 ns, 16 ns, 17 ns, 18 ns, 19 ns, 20 ns, 21 ns, 22 ns, 23 ns, 24 ns or 25 ns. In some preferred embodiments, the fluorescence dye has a fluorescence lifetime of about 20 ns.
[0141] In some embodiments, the fluorescence dye is selected from the group consisting of N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA, Rhodamine, TRITC, Cyanine, and BODIPY. In some preferred embodiments, the fluorescence dye is a N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA dye. In more preferred embodiments, the protein-binding moiety is labelled with the N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA dye by a maleimide reaction or an NHS reaction.
[0142] In some embodiments, the test molecule is a protein, a short peptide, a polynucleotide, or a small molecule. In some preferred embodiments, the test molecule is a small molecule. In some preferred embodiments, the test molecule is a small molecule drug.
[0143] In some embodiments, the interaction between a target protein and a test molecule can be reflected by comparing the mP readings of an experimental group and a control group (where the second sample comprising the test molecule used in step (a) is replaced with a sample without the test molecule) .
[0144] In some embodiments, the interaction between a target protein and a test molecule can be reflected by comparing the mP readings of an experimental group and a control group (where the first sample comprising the target protein used in step (a) is replaced with a sample without the target protein) .
[0145] In some embodiments, the interaction between a target protein and a test molecule can be reflected by comparing the divergences of mP readings detected by a specific fluorescence probe or a non-specific fluorescence probe respectively.
[0146] In another aspect, the aforementioned method can be used in identifying or screening a molecule that is capable of binding to the target protein.
[0147] In another aspect, the aforementioned method can be used in determining the binding affinity of a molecule that is capable of binding to the target protein.
[0148] In another aspect, the aforementioned method can be used in quantifying the target protein, determining the expression level of the target protein or determining protein stoichiometry ratio of the target proteins.
[0149] In another aspect, the aforementioned method can be used in screening for therapeutic drugs, discovery of drug targets, disease diagnosis, determining efficacy of drug therapies, predicting protein function or mapping temporal cellular interactions.
[0150] The initial phase in developing novel biologically active compounds such as, e.g., therapeutically or prophylactically active drug compounds is to identify and characterize one or more binding ligand (s) for a given biological target. These biological targets may be cellular proteins exhibits abnormal express levels under a disease condition, or cellular protein mutants with disordered function. Thus, these proteins can be the target protein used in the method of the present invention.
[0151] Most drug compounds act by binding to and altering the function of proteins. These can be intracellular proteins such as, for example enzymes and transcription factors, or they can be extracellular proteins, for example enzymes, or they can be membrane proteins. Membrane proteins constitute a numerous and varied group whose function is either structural, for example being involved in cell adhesion processes, or the membrane proteins are involved in intercellular communication and communication between the cell exterior and the interior by transducing chemical signals across cell membranes, or they facilitate or mediate transport of compounds across the lipid membrane. Membrane proteins are for instance receptors and ion channels to which specific chemical messengers termed ligands bind resulting in the generation of a signal, which gives rise to a specific intracellular response (this process is known as signal transduction) . Membrane proteins can, for example also be enzymes which are associated to the membrane for functional purposes, e.g., proximity to their substrates. Most membrane proteins are anchored in the cell membrane by a sequence of amino acid residues, which are predominantly hydrophobic to form hydrophobic interactions with the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. Such membrane proteins are also known as integral membrane proteins. In most cases, the integral membrane proteins extend through the cell membrane into the interior of the cell, thus comprising an extracellular domain, one or more transmembrane domains and an intracellular domain. A large fraction of current drugs act on membrane proteins and among these the majority are targeted towards the G protein coupled receptors (GPCR) with their seven transmembrane segments, also called 7TM receptors.
[0152] In some embodiments, the target protein used in the present invention is an intracellular protein, for example an enzyme or a transcription factor. In some embodiments, the target protein used in the present invention is an extracellular protein, for example an enzyme that is biosynthesis within a cell followed by secreted outside the cell. In some embodiments, the target protein used in the present invention is a membrane protein, for example a receptor such as GPCR, an ion channel or an enzyme that anchors to the membrane. In some embodiments, the target protein is a full-length protein. In some embodiments, the target protein is a fragment or a domain of the full-length protein.
[0153] In some embodiments, the target protein can be a biomarker. The expression level of these biomarker can reflect the physical condition or disease status of a subject. Examples of the target protein include but are not limited to PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, AZAR, CD40, CD40L, galectin-9, IDOl, CTLA-4, KIRs, 4-1BB, GITR, TIM-3, LAG-3, lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1, KIRs, VISTA, MHC I, MHC II, STAT-1, STAT-2, STAT-3, STAT-4, JAK-1, IAK-2, IRF-1, IRF-9, EGFR, PTEN, PI3K, PDK1, AKT, mTOR, S6, S6-Kinase, CREB, GSK3B, mTORCl, mTORC2, Src, Fak, Ras, Raf, Mek, Erk, CREB, Sos-1, SHC, NFkB, cMyc, ELK-1, Tristetraprolin, c-Fos, c-Jun, RET, EGFR, MET, KIT, ALK, HER2, ROS1, JAK2, VEGFR, PDGFR, Hif-la, Hif-2a, GP130, IL1R, TNFR, IL2Ra / b / g, TRAF2, TRAF-5, TRAF-6, I-Kappa B, MyD88, IRAKI, IRAK2, IRAK3, IRAK4, MKK, IKB, IKK, NFATcl, p38, p48, JNK, API, IRS, SHC, GRB2, SOS, Toll like receptor (TLR) , NKG2D, B3NT3, NFkBP65, SWESNF complex, BRG1, BAF180, CTCF, IFN-a, IFN-b, IFN-g, IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, IL-35, FGF, EGF, VEGF, prostaglandin E2, prostacyclin, prostaglandin D2, prostaglandin F2a, IDO, GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta.
[0154] Instruments
[0155] In another aspect, the present invention provides an instrument for use in the method disclosed herein.
[0156] In some embodiments, the instrument comprises a heating device, a separation device for separating soluble fraction of a sample from insoluble fraction of the sample and a detection device for detecting FP and / or FA.
[0157] In some preferred embodiments, the instrument is arranged such that a sample is first contacted with the heating device, then the separation device and finally the detection device.
[0158] The term “heating device” as used herein refers to any heat source which is capable of heating a sample to a particular temperature. Thus, the heating device may consist or comprise of a hot plate which can be programmed to heat a sample to a particular temperature, e.g., a PCR machine can be used to heat a sample in this way. Further, a heating device could comprise an incubator or a water bath.
[0159] The term “separation device” refers to any known apparatus which is capable of separating soluble and insoluble protein. Thus, the separation device may comprise a filter paper where soluble protein will pass through the filter paper. Alternatively, the means may comprise an apparatus which is capable of imparting a centrifugal force on the heated sample, e.g., a centrifuge. Additionally, the means may comprise an apparatus which is capable of affinity capture of the soluble protein. Such an apparatus may comprise antibodies or other affinity reagents which are capable of recognizing the folded structure of the soluble protein. Antibodies, metal conjugates or other affinity reagents may be linked to magnetic beads or column resin. Insoluble protein can be removed by washing.
[0160] The term “detection device” as used herein refers to any apparatus which would be capable of detecting the FP and / or FA of the fluorescence probe used in the present invention. Thus, the detection device may comprise an excitation light source, a polaroid and a receiver apparatus that is capable of receiving the emitted light, e.g., a fluorescence spectrophotometer or a plate reader.
[0161] The term “absolute quantification” as used herein refers to a method used to accurately determine the amount of a specific protein present in a sample. It utilizes standards of known protein concentration to create a standards curve, which is then used to calculate the exact concentration of the protein in the sample. By providing precise measurements, absolute quantification protein technology is valuable in various research fields, such as biomarker discovery, drug development, and disease diagnosis.
[0162] EXAMPLES
[0163] The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology, microbiology and cell biology, which are within the capabilities of a person of ordinary skill in the art. The function and advantage of these and other embodiments of the present invention will be more fully understood from the Examples below. The following Examples are intended to illustrate the benefits of the present invention and to describe particular embodiments but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. It should be understood that various changes and modifications to the Examples will become apparent to those skilled in the art and will fall within the scope of the present invention.
[0164] The present invention developed Cellular Fluorescence Polarization (CFAST) by innovating on the principles of fluorescence polarization (FP) and protein thermal stability assay (TSA) from small molecule binding. To enable FP to quantify the amount of native, soluble cellular protein in cell lysate, the triangulenium dye-labeled nanobody probes specific to the proteins-of-interest were applied. Triangulenium dyes have a longer fluorescence lifetime, increasing the range of masses by which fluorescence polarization can be observed. These dyes allow significant changes in FP when comparing unbound nanobody probes with bound nanobody-protein complexes. Unbound probes rotate quickly in solution, reflecting low polarization while protein-target bound probes rotate more slowly, resulting in high polarization.
[0165] The resolution of FP methods is also affected by viscosity. To enable measurement of cellular protein in complex, viscous cell lysate, a centrifugation step and a nuclease incubation step were introduced to remove unwanted cellular components after cell lysis. Utilizing commercially available cell lines and protein-specific nanobody probes, the results demonstrate that CFAST robustly detects cellular PARP1, MK2 and EGFP protein levels after a short 3 hrs protocol.
[0166] Adding small molecule incubation followed by heating and centrifugation allows CFAST to detect protein-small molecule interactions. Small molecule binders thermally stabilize proteins, so heating at a preselected temperature causes unbound proteins to denature and become insoluble. CFAST measures the remaining soluble protein levels and an increase reflects small molecule binding and stabilization. The results demonstrate that CFAST can detect PARP1 inhibitor olaparib and MK2 inhibitor PF-3644022 in a dose-response manner. CFAST can therefore measure cellular protein levels and protein-small molecule interactions. This method can be applied to a broad range of proteins by simply utilizing the appropriate nanobody.
[0167] CFAST can be scaled for high-throughput chemical screening. The optimized CFAST protocol is to be carried out in 384-well plate format in less than 10 hrs. As an example, a pooled 3,000-compound FDA-approved drug library was screened on HEK293T cells and CFAST was used to identify PARP1 binders. The known PARP1 inhibitors in the library were identified successfully, which validated that CFAST can provide scalable identification of cellular protein-small molecule binding events. These beneficial effects fully demonstrated that CFAST is a straightforward, cost-effective, and broadly applicable technique that can potentially improve life science research and drug discovery processes.
[0168] CFAST can be used to determine the absolute quantification of a protein in cells. The quantification method also has the advantages of CFAST, which is straightforward, cost-efficient, and effective. As an example, an absolute quantification method of PARP1 protein level in Hela cells was achieved by CFAST. This method generates a standard curve by spiking PARP1 protein into Hela KO PARP1 cell lysate and measuring its FP and / or FA value. The concentration result of PARP1 protein in Hela cells calculated based on the standard curve closely aligns with previous findings from a study that utilized mass spectrometry for quantification (Erdem Coskun, Identification and quantification of DNA repair protein poly (ADP ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) in human tissues and cultured cells by liquid chromatography / isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry. DNA Repair. 75,48-59, (2019) ) , validating the accuracy of the detecting results.
[0169] Materials and Methods
[0170] 1. Chemicals and Buffers
[0171] Lysate buffer: PBS PH7.2 (Gibco #20012027) , 5 mM MgCl2 (Invitrogen #AM9530G) , 0.01 (v / v) Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich #T8787) , protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche #11836170001)
[0172] Labeling buffer: PBS PH7.4 (Gibco #11965092) , 5 mM EDTA (Sigma-Aldrich #E8008) , 150 mM NaCl (Sigma-Aldrich #S6546) .
[0173] Reagents: Olaparib (Selleck #S1060) , Nutlin3 (TOPSCIENCE #T2158) , PF-3644022 (MCE #HY-107427) , A771726 (Sigma-Aldrich #100128) , Pronethalol (MCE #HY-B1238) , DMSO (Aladdin #D103276) , Mycophenolic acid (MPA) (Sigma-Aldrich #475913) , Fluzoparib (MCE #HY-114778) , Rucaparib phosphate (MCE #HY-10617) , Veliparib (MCE #HY-10129) , Niraparib (MCE #HY-10619) , UltraNuclease (Yeason #20156ES60) , N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA (KU DYES #KU560-R-6 / KU560-R-4) .
[0174] 2. Antibodies
[0175] VHH antibody: ChromoTek GFP VHH (13.9 kDa) (Proteintech #gt, ) , ChromoTek p53 N-term VHH (12.96 kDa) (Proteintech #pt) , ChromoTek MK2 VHH (14.4 kDa) (Proteintech #mt) , ChromoTek PARP1 VHH (14.36 kDa) (Proteintech #xt) .
[0176] Conventional antibody: ChromoTek GFP Polyclonal antibody (Proteintech #pabg1) , P53 Polyclonal antibody (Proteintech #10442-1-AP) , MAPKAPK2 Polyclonal antibody (Proteintech #13949-1-AP) , PARP1 Polyclonal antibody (Proteintech #22999-1-AP) , β-Actin (13E5) Rabbit mAb (Cell Signaling #93473SF) .
[0177] 3. Western Blotting
[0178] Samples were boiled in 5X SDS-PAGE loading buffer (Beyotime) at 95℃ for 10 mins. The sample can be frozen and stored at -20℃ for later use. Proteins were separated by Express Plus PAGE Gels (GenScript) and transferred to a Mini-size PVDF membrane (TransBlot Turbo) . Blocking and antibody incubation were performed with Beyotime Quick Block, according to the manufacturer’s instruction. Antibody detection was carried out by Clarity Western ECL Substrate (BIO-RAD) .
[0179] 4. Cell Culture
[0180] Human embryonic kidney 293T cells (293T cells, ATCC CRL-3216) , 293T MK2, 293T KO MK2 (Beyotime) , and 293T EGFP were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (Gibco) ; Hela (ATCC CRM-CCL-2) and Hela KO PARP (Abclonal) were in Dμlbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium also; HCT116 (Ubigene) and HCT116 KO P53 (Ubigene) were maintained in McCoy's 5A Medium (Gibco) . All culture media contain 0.1 g / L L-glutamine and 10%fetal bovine serum (FBS, AusGeneX, Australia) , 100 units / mL penicillin and streptomycin (Gibco) .
[0181] 5. Heterologous Protein Expression
[0182] To generate stable 293T MK2 cell line, HEK-293T cells were cultured in DMEM medium supplemented with 10%FBS and 1X penicillin / streptomycin. 70%confluent HEK293T cells were transfected in Opti-MEM (#31985-088, Gibco) using 3.0 μg of the Homo-MK2 / EGFP (GS230452-1 / IG210381) , 1.5 μg pMD2. G (#12259, Addgene) , 1.5 μg psPAX2 (#12260, Addgene) , and 13 μL of Lipo2000 (#11668019, Invitrogen) as per protocol. Cells were incubated for 4 hrs and media was replaced. Virus was collected 48 hrs post transfection and filtered through 0.45 μm filter (Merck Millipore) , fresh media was added for second virus harvest. Lenti-concentrate virus precipitation (EMB810A-1, excel Bio) was added and kept overnight at 4℃. The next day, the virus pellet was collected by centrifugation at 3000 rpm, 4℃ for 30 mins. After centrifugation, the supernatant was removed, and viral pellet was resuspended in ice cold supplemented media. Concentrated virus was added to desired cell line with polybrene at 8 ug / ml. Puro selection was started at 48 hrs post-transduction. After 7 days, cells were collected and allowed to recover for three additional days before further analysis.
[0183] 6. CFAST Protocols
[0184] Workflow of CFAST for cellular endogenous protein quantification (1.5 mL tube)
[0185] 1.5*107 cells were washed with PBS twice. The remaining PBS was then removed after 400 g centrifugation for 5 mins. Cell pellets were re-suspended with 300 μL of lysate buffer. Cell suspensions were freeze-thawed three times with liquid nitrogen to lyse the cells. Cell lysate was incubated with UltraNuclease (2 units per 1*107cells) for 1.5 hrs at 37℃. Next, the lysate was centrifuged at 20000 g for 20 mins at 4℃. The supernatants were transferred to a 384 well plate (Greiner #784076) , 10 μL / well. Probe was diluted with lysate buffer (1: 500-1: 1000) and 5 μL diluted probe was added per well. Mix by gently pipetting and incubate for 10 mins. Fluorescence polarization was detected with a plate reader (Biotek #8040036) 8 times per well.
[0186] Workflow of CFAST for detecting cellular protein-small molecule interactions (1.5 mL tube)
[0187] Equal numbers of cells (1.5×107) were seeded in 12-well cell culture plates (Biofil #TCP 011006) with the appropriate amount of cell culture medium and incubated with drug for 2 hrs in an incubator. After the cells were harvested, they were washed twice with PBS to remove excess drug and culture medium. Remaining PBS was then removed after 400 rcf centrifugation for 5 mins. Cell pellets were re-suspended with 300 μL of lysate buffer. After heating at the corresponding temperature in a thermocycler (Bio-Rad, CFX96 Deep Well Dx) for 6 mins, the cell suspensions were freeze-thawed three times with liquid nitrogen to lyse the cells. Cell lysate was incubated with UltraNuclease (2 units per 1*107 cells) for 1.5 hrs at 37℃. Next, the lysate was centrifuged at 20000 g for 20 mins at 4℃ to remove insoluble material. The supernatants were transferred to a 384 well plate (Greiner #784076) , 10 μL / well. Probe was diluted with lysate buffer (1: 500-1: 1000) and 5 μL diluted probe was added per well. Mix by gently pipetting and incubate for 10 mins. Detect fluorescence polarization with plate reader (Biotek #8040036) 8 times per well.
[0188] Workflow of CFAST for high-throughput screening (384-well plate)
[0189] Equal numbers of cells (1×106) were seeded in 384-well PCR plates (Biorad#HSP3801) with 25 μL cell culture medium and incubated with drug for 2 hrs in an incubator. After the cells were harvested, they were washed twice with PBS to remove excess drug and culture medium. Remaining PBS was then removed after 400 rcf centrifugation for 5 mins. Cell pellets were re-suspended with 30 μL of lysate buffer. After heating at the corresponding temperature in a thermocycler for 6 mins, the cell suspensions were freeze-thawed three times with liquid nitrogen to lyse the cells. Cell lysate was incubated with UltraNuclease (2 units per 1*107cells) for 1.5 hrs at 37℃. Next, the lysate was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 60 mins at 4℃ to remove insoluble material. The supernatants were transferred to a 384 well plate (Greiner #784076) , 10 μL / well. Probe was diluted with lysate buffer (1: 500-1: 1000) and 5 μL diluted probe was added per well. Mix by gently pipetting and incubate for 10 mins. Fluorescence polarization was detected with a plate reader (Biotek #8040036) 8 times per well.
[0190] Workflow of absolute quantification of a target protein by CFAST
[0191] Hela cell lysate at concentrations of 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1ug / ul were prepared by diluting it with 1ug / ul of Hela KO PARP1 cell lysate as a buffer. At the same time, pure PARP1 protein in Hela KO PARP1 cell lysate was dissolved with serial concentrations of 0, 0.0125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 1.5ng / ul using 1ug / ul of Hela KO PARP1 cell lysate as a buffer. For the Hela cell lysate concentration gradient samples, 5uL of 3nM PARP1 probe was added to 10uL of sample, and 5uL of 3nM GFP probe was added to another 10uL of sample; fluorescence polarization was detected with a plate reader; the fluorescence values (ΔmP) were calculated by subtracting GFP mP from PARP1 mP. A calibration curve was generated based on these fluorescence values. The standard curve is constructed with pure PARP1 protein in a similar way to generating the calibration curve. The results from the standard curve were used to estimate the PARP1 protein content in Hela cell lysate at corresponding concentrations in the calibration curve.
[0192] 7. Procedure for Labeling Nanobody with N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA
[0193] (1) N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA-maleimide dye (N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA-maleimide dyes, KU560-R-6) Wet the ultrafiltration tube with cold labeling buffer at 5000 rcf for 1.5 hrs at 4℃. Add 125 μL nanobody and fill with cold labeling buffer. After mixing, centrifuge with the above conditions. Incubate nanobody and fluorescein-5-maleimide reaction for 2 hrs at room temperature. Remove unreacted fluorescein by processing with the dye removal columns (Thermo Scientific #22858) . Store labeled nanobody at 4℃ for up to one month away from light.
[0194] (2) N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA-NHS dye (N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA-NHS dyes, KU560-R-4)
[0195] Wet the ultrafiltration tube with cold PBS (pH7.4) at 5000 rcf for 1.5 hrs at 4℃. Add 125 μL nanobody and fill with cold PBS. After mixing, centrifuge with the above conditions. Incubate nanobody and Fluorescein-NHS reaction for overnight at 4℃. Remove excess fluorescein by dye removal columns (Cytiva #28918007) . Store labeled nanobody at 4℃ for up to one month away from light.
[0196] 8. FP Measurement and FA Measurement
[0197] Fluorescence polarization measurement, commonly used in a variety of biochemical applications, provide information on the size and shape of macromolecules or the rigidity of various molecular environments. Polarization measurements are based on the principle that linearly polarized excitation light selectively excites the fluorophores, the absorption transition dipole of which is parallel to the electric vector of the excitation. In an isotropic solution, the fluorophores are randomly oriented, so that this selective excitation results in a partially oriented population of excited fluorophores, provided the excitation pulse duration is shorter or of the same order of magnitude as the fluorophore reorientation time (e.g., with femtosecond pulses) . The fluorescence emission, in turn, is polarized along the direction of the emission transition dipole of the fluorescent molecule. The polarization (P) of the emission is defined as follows: P=I||-I⊥ / I||+I⊥
[0198] Formula of FP
[0199] where I∥ and I⊥ are the fluorescence intensities, respectively, measured parallel and perpendicular to the polarization direction of the excitation light.
[0200] Fluorescence anisotropy measurement is similar as fluorescence polarization measurement, which also uses the parameters I∥ and I⊥ to calculate FA values. The formula of FA is defined as follows:
[0201] Formula of FA
[0202] If the parameters I∥ and I⊥ are detected, the FP or FA can be calculated based on the above formulas. Therefore, both FP and FA can be used in this study to reflect the bound or non-bound status of a probe. As an example, the FP measurement was used in the following Examples.
[0203] Example 1. Developing a Useful Probe for Measuring FP
[0204] To develop a technology that can robustly identify cellular protein-small molecule interactions or quantify cellular protein levels, a useful fluorescence probe was developed. It is based on a hypothesized that a long life-time triangulenium dye-labeled nanobody probe can quantify a specific protein-of-interest by measuring changes in FP in the bound and unbound form. Hence, the probes for PARP1 and GFP control that labelled with a N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA dye or a FITC dye were synthesized respectively. These probes were tested for their ability to detect FP changes.
[0205] Fluorescence lifetime of FITC is around 4 ns, based on Fig. 1A. The mP of 0-50 KD molecular weight increases the most, while the mP of molecular weight greater than 50 KD gradually slows down. Therefore, FITC is theoretically suitable for proteins of 0~50 KD. Fluorescence lifetime of N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA is around 20 ns. The mP value of molecules with a molecular weight of 0-250 KD has been increasing at a relatively uniform speed. Therefore, N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA is theoretically suitable for proteins of 0~250KD, have a larger scope of use.
[0206] A nanobody (VHH) (about 14 KD) was selected to be labelled with the DAOTA dye. The VHH is superior to a normal antibody (about 150 KD) as the greater the difference between the molecular sizes of an antibody and a target protein, the more pronounced the polarization results.
[0207] In the CETSA western blotting experiment, the protein content of PARP1 (114 KD) in the cell lysates of the positive group (Olaparib, PARP1 inhibitor) group was much higher than that of the negative group (DMSO) (Fig. 1B, left panel) . Consistent results showed that the mP value of the Olaparib group was much higher than that of the DMSO group in the DAOTA-PARP1-VHH assay (Fig. 1B, middle panel) . In the FITC-PARP1-VHH assay, the mP value of the Olaparib group was even lower than that of the DMSO group (Fig. 1B, right panel) . FITC dye is not suitable for CFAST detection with VHH antibodies, while DAOTA can be applied here.
[0208] The N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA-labelled probes were also validated with pure protein p53. In the N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA dye group, only the N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA-p53 probe shows a significant increase at high concentration p53. While in the FITC group, all curves are flat, they show high mP results even at 0 nM protein solution, which means the FITC probe itself is at the highest mP value, and it couldn’t increase mP value even when it binds to the target protein (Fig 2) .
[0209] Next, N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA-labelled probes for PARP1, MK2, p53, as well as a GFP non-specific binding control probe were synthesized. All the probes were tested for their specificity in binding to their respective recombinant protein targets. Significant changes in FP (expressed as ΔmP) were observed in probes incubated with their specific target protein but not when incubated with other proteins (Figs. 3A-3C) . The GFP probe showed no FP change when incubated with other proteins (Figs. 3A-3C) . This experiment demonstrates that the probes for PARP1, MK2 and p53 are specificity to their target protein and are useful for detecting the presence of their target protein in a sample.
[0210] Also, this result suggests that GFP probe can be used as a negative control if there is no GFP in the test sample.
[0211] Example 2. CFAST Can Quantify Cellular Protein Levels
[0212] Next, a protocol enables the probes to detect cellular protein with the minimum number of steps was established. Freeze-thaw cycles were used to lyse cells, followed by centrifugation to remove insoluble material. Probe was then incubated with the resultant supernatant, after which FP was measured.
[0213] This protocol was tested in 293T wildtype (WT) cells and 293T overexpress MK2. MK2 probe and GFP probe were used separately in two aliquots of the sample. FP readings of both MK2 group and GFP group were measured. The relative amount of the cellular MK2 can be expressed as ΔmP, which is calculated by the mP value of MK2 group minus the mP value of corresponding GFP group. However, initial results showed high background in FP readings compared to in vitro results, whatever a MK2 probe or a GFP probe was used (Fig. 4B) .
[0214] It is suspected that the high background was due to the presence of nucleic acids, which contribute to an unacceptable high viscosity of the solution. By adding an incubation step with a nuclease that digests both DNA and RNA, the background FP was significantly reduced, allowing for robust quantification of MK2. Similar experiments were conducted on Hela wildtype (WT) cells and Hela cells with PARP1 knockout (KO) . The result showed that the addition of nucleases had no significant effect (Fig. 4A) . This may be related to the size of the PARP1 protein, which has a molecular weight of 110 kDa. Due to the large size of the protein, interference from RNA and DNA did not affect the fluorescence assay results for this protein. (Figs. 4A-4B) .
[0215] The optimized CFAST protocol (Fig. 5) was applied to detect PARP1, MK2 protein in a variety of WT and KO cell lines. CFAST robustly detects these proteins in their respective WT cell lines, with an expected reduction or increase in FP in the KO cell lines (Fig. 6A) . These cells were also collected and subjected to Western Blot assay. Results show that FP data corresponded with Western Blot data (Fig. 6B) . The specificity control GFP probe showed insignificant results in all cases, except in the HEK293T EGFP-expression cell line, where it showed an expectedly high FP (Figs. 6A and 6B) . This indicates that the GFP probe is functional and can serve as a valid negative control in non-EGFP-expressing cell lines.
[0216] These results demonstrate that CFAST can robustly measure the abundance of a wide range of cellular target proteins.
[0217] Example 3. CFAST Can Detect Cellular Binding of Inhibitors to Their Target Proteins To enable CFAST detection of cellular protein-small molecule interactions, a small molecule incubation step and a heating step were incorporated to the protocol (Fig. 7) . Drug binding to cellular protein stabilizes the targeted protein, so when heat is applied to denature proteins, more drug-bound protein remains in its native soluble state. This difference in protein abundance can be measured by immunoblotting (D. Martinez Molina, R. Jafari, M. Ignatushchenko, T. Seki, E. A. Larsson, C. Dan, L. Sreekumar, Y. Cao, P. Nordlund, Monitoring drug target engagement in cells and tissues using the cellular thermal shift assay. Science. 341, 84–87 (2013) ) , so called CETSA assay.
[0218] The modified protocol of this invention was applied to live PARP1-expressing HEK293T cells incubated with a fixed concentration of known PARP1 inhibitor, olaparib, and processed at different temperatures. CFAST was able to detect a shift in the thermal stability of cellular PARP1 owing to olaparib binding (Figs. 8A and 8C) . In addition, CFAST could quantify the increase in stability of PARP1 with olaparib treatment in a dose-response manner, which is consistent with the result of CETSA (Figs. 8B and 8D) .
[0219] In addition, 6 known PARP1 inhibitors were tested. The results demonstrate that CFAST successfully detects the association of these inhibitors with cellular PARP1, with a significant difference to DMSO group (Fig. 9A) . This is also in concordance with the result of CETSA (Fig. 9B) .
[0220] To assess the applicability of small molecule binding detection by CFAST to other proteins, the HEK293T cells overexpressing MK2 were treated with known MK2 inhibitor PF-3644022. Similar to PARP1, CFAST was able to detect increased thermal stability of cellular MK2 with PF-3644022 treatment, comparable with the result of CETSA (Figs. 10A-10D) .
[0221] These results demonstrate that CFAST is capable of detecting cellular binding of inhibitors to a target protein, and this method is universal to different proteins.
[0222] CETSA assay and the conventional FP detection have limitations impeding their use in detecting protein-small molecule interaction. Whatever Western blotting or AlphaLISA is used in CETSA for downstream analysis, it requires high sample purity and a large amount of the sample. FP experiments need to operate at the pure protein level, and generally label small molecules rather than antibodies. Labeling small molecule compounds requires understanding the structure of the compound, which is difficult to label, and it is difficult to apply to high-throughput such as large-scale drug screening.
[0223] In contrast, CFAST exhibits significant advantages: 1. Operate at the level of cell lysate, and the demand is small, each sample only needs 10 μL lysate; 2. No protein purification step, saving cost and shortening operation time; 3. FP detection is simple, just choose the appropriate polarizing filter; 4. Short detection time, 384 microplate detection takes about 1 min; 5. Data export and analysis are simple. mP value is exported by excel, and it can be easily obtained by using common statistical software such as Graphparism, to analyze data.
[0224] Example 4. CFAST is Scalable For High-Throughput Detection Of PARP1 Binders To assess the scalability of CFAST for drug screening, the ability of CFAST to identify PARP1 inhibitors from a pool of 5 small molecules was tested. When olaparib was pooled with four other small molecules, CFAST robustly detected the stabilization of cellular PARP1 by olaparib (Fig. 11) .
[0225] Next, the protocol of CFAST was adapted for 384-well format, scaling down reagents and utilizing a lower centrifugation speed (Fig. 12) . A library of 3139 FDA-approved drugs were screened on HEK293T cells and CFAST was utilized to identify PARP1 binders. The drugs were divided into multiple groups, each group contains 5 drugs. As show in Fig. 13A, the marks are the representations of the mP values for each well, with the red mark representing Olaparib and the blue mark representing the mP value for the negative control well DMSO. There is a number on the X-axis that represents the position of the 384-well plate, and the other drugs marked on the graph represent the PARP1 inhibitors in the wells.
[0226] Another screening for identifying MK2 binders was also conducted by CFAST, wherein a library of 2385 FDA-approved drugs on HEK293T MK2 cells was utilized. As show in Fig. 13B, the marks are the representations of the mP values for each well, with the red marks representing PF-3644022 and the blue marks representing the mP values of the DMSO negative control. The X-axis represents the position of the 384-well plate, and the other drugs marked on the graph represent the MK2 inhibitors in the wells.
[0227] These results demonstrate that CFAST is capable of identifying pools containing known PARP1 or MK2 inhibitors, validating that utility of this technique in high-throughput screening.
[0228] Example 5. CFAST Can Identify and Accurately Quantify PARP1 In Cell
[0229] In the past, PARP1 expression levels in tissue samples have generally been estimated by indirect and semi-quantitative immunohistochemical methods. To achieve absolute quantification of PARP1 protein levels in Hela cells, a standard curve was generated by spiking PARP1 protein into Hela KO PARP1 cell lysate and measuring its fluorescence polarization (FP) value (Fig. 14A) .
[0230] Subsequently, the Hela cell lysate was analyzed (Fig. 14B) and the PARP1 protein level was calculated to be 0.78117 ng / μg through curve fitting. This result closely aligns with previous findings from a study that utilized mass spectrometry for quantification (Erdem Coskun, Identification and quantification of DNA repair protein poly (ADP ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) in human tissues and cultured cells by liquid chromatography / isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry. DNA Repair. 75, 48-59, (2019) ) , validating the accuracy of the results.
[0231] Other Embodiments
[0232] All of the features disclosed in this specification may be combined in any combination. Each feature disclosed in this specification may be replaced by an alternative feature serving the same, equivalent, or similar purpose. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is only an example of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.
[0233] From the above description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of the present invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions.Thus, other embodiments are also within the claims.
Claims
1.A method for detecting an intermolecular interaction between a target protein and a test molecule, comprising the steps of:(a) contacting a first sample comprising the target protein with a test molecule to form a mixture;(b) heating the mixture under a first temperature for a first duration;(c) separating the soluble fraction of the mixture from the insoluble fraction of the mixture, wherein the target protein bound by the test molecule is retained in the soluble fraction of the mixture;(d) contacting a fluorescence probe with the target protein bound by the test molecule, wherein the fluorescence probe specifically binds to the target protein;(e) detecting the fluorescence polarization (FP) and / or the fluorescence anisotropy (FA) of the fluorescence probe that binds to the target protein.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the first sample comprises an intact cell comprising the target protein, and the target protein is expressed within the intact cell and / or expressed on the cell surface of the intact cell.3.The method of claim 2, wherein the step (b) further comprises:(i) destructing the cell membrane of the intact cell to form a lysis product;(ii) incubating the lysis product with a nuclease or a mixture of nucleases under a second temperature for a second duration, wherein the nuclease or the mixture of nucleases is capable of digesting both DNA and RNA.4.The method of claim 1, wherein the first sample comprise a cell lysate comprising the target protein.5.The method of claim 4, wherein the step (b) further comprises incubating the cell lysate with a nuclease or a mixture of nucleases under a second temperature for a second duration, wherein the nuclease or the mixture of nucleases is capable of digesting both DNA and RNA.6.The method of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the fluorescence probe comprises a protein-binding moiety and a detectable moiety, wherein the protein-binding moiety specifically binds to the target protein.7.The method of claim 6, wherein the protein-binding moiety is selected from the group consisting of HCAb, VHH (nanobody) , Fab, Fab’, F (ab') 2, Fd, Fd’, scFv and dAb.8.The method of claim 7, wherein the protein-binding moiety is a VHH.9.The method of any one of claims 6-8, wherein the detectable moiety is a fluorescence dye; preferably, the fluorescence dye has a fluorescence lifetime of 4-64 ns, 10-50 ns 15-30 ns or 15-25 ns.10.The method of claim 9, wherein the fluorescence dye has a fluorescence lifetime of about 15 ns, 16 ns, 17 ns, 18 ns, 19 ns, 20 ns, 21 ns, 22 ns, 23 ns, 24 ns or 25 ns; preferably, the fluorescence dye has a fluorescence lifetime of about 20 ns.11.The method of claim 9 or 10, wherein the fluorescence dye is selected from the group consisting of N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA, Rhodamine, TRITC, Cyanine, and BODIPY.12.The method of claim 11, wherein the fluorescence dye is a N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA dye.13.The method of claim 12, wherein the protein-binding moiety is labelled with the N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA dye by a maleimide reaction or an NHS reaction.14.The method of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the first temperature is between 40℃-60℃; preferably, the first temperature is between 45℃-55℃; more preferably, the first temperature is between 48℃-52℃ or 48℃-54℃, such as about 48℃, 49℃, 50℃, 51℃, 52℃ or 54℃.15.The method of any one of claims 1-14, wherein the first duration is between 1-10 minutes; preferably, the first duration is between 3-8 minutes; more preferably, the first duration is between 5-6 minutes, such as about 5 or 6 minutes.16.The method of any one of claims 3 and 5-15, wherein the second temperature is between 35℃-40℃; preferably, the second temperature is about 37℃.17.The method of any one of claims 3 and 5-16, wherein the second duration is between 1-2 hours; preferably, the second duration is about 1.5 hours.18.The method of any one of claims 1-17, wherein the test molecule is a protein, a short peptide, a polynucleotide, or a small molecule; preferably, the test molecule is a small molecule.19.The method of any one of claims 1-18, for use in identifying or screening a molecule that is capable of binding to the target protein.20.The method of any one of claims 1-18, for use in determining the binding affinity of a molecule that is capable of binding to the target protein.21.The method of any one of claims 1-18, for use in quantifying the target protein, determining the expression level of the target protein or determining protein stoichiometry ratio of the target proteins.22.The method of any one of claims 1-18, for use in screening for therapeutic drugs, discovery of drug targets, disease diagnosis, determining efficacy of drug therapies, predicting protein function or mapping temporal cellular interactions.23.An instrument for use in the method of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the instrument comprises a heating device, a separation device for separating soluble fraction of a sample from insoluble fraction of the sample and a detection device for detecting FP and / or FA.24.A fluorescence probe, comprising a protein-binding moiety and a detectable moiety, wherein the protein-binding moiety specifically binds to a target protein, and the detectable moiety is a fluorescence dye.25.The fluorescence probe of claim 24, wherein the protein-binding moiety is selected from the group consisting of HCAb, VHH (nanobody) , Fab, Fab’, F (ab') 2, Fd, Fd’, scFv and dAb.26.The fluorescence probe of claim 25, wherein the protein-binding moiety is a VHH.27.The fluorescence probe of any one of claims 24-26, wherein the fluorescence dye has a fluorescence lifetime of 4-64 ns, 10-50 ns, 15-30 ns or 15-25 ns.28.The fluorescence probe of claim 27, wherein the fluorescence dye has a fluorescence lifetime of about 15 ns, 16 ns, 17 ns, 18 ns, 19 ns, 20 ns, 21 ns, 22 ns, 23 ns, 24 ns or 25 ns; preferably, the fluorescence dye has a fluorescence lifetime of about 20 ns.29.The fluorescence probe of any one of claims 24-28, wherein the fluorescence dye is selected from the group consisting of N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA, Rhodamine, TRITC, Cyanine, and BODIPY.30.The fluorescence probe of claim 29, wherein the fluorescence dye is a N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA dye.31.The fluorescence probe of claim 30, wherein the protein-binding moiety is labelled with the N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA dye by a maleimide reaction or an NHS reaction.32.A method for quantifying a target protein, comprising the steps of:(a) providing a test sample comprising the target protein and preparing serial dilutions of the test sample diluted with a matrix solution;(b) contacting a fluorescence probe with the serial dilutions of the test sample, wherein the fluorescence probe specifically binds to the target protein;(c) detecting the fluorescence polarization (FP) and / or the fluorescence anisotropy (FA) of the fluorescence probe that binds to the target protein in the serial dilutions of the test sample;(d) creating a calibration curve based on the FP values / FA values;(e) comparing the calibration curve with a standard curve created with a reference sample with a known concentration of the target protein; andcalculating the concentration of the target protein in the test sample.33.The method of claim 32, wherein the standard curve is created with FP values / FA values of serial dilutions of the reference sample with the matrix solution.34.The method of claims 32 or 33, wherein the reference sample is obtained by adding purified target protein to the matrix solution.35.The method of any one of claims 32-34, wherein the method is for quantifying the target protein in a cell and the test sample is prepared from a lysate of the cell.36.The method of claim 35, wherein the target protein is expressed within the cell and / or expressed on the cell surface.37.The method of any one of claims 32-36, wherein the method is for absolute quantification of the target protein.38.The method of any one of claims 32-37, wherein preparing the test sample from the lysate of the cell comprises incubating the lysate with a nuclease or a mixture of nucleases, wherein the nuclease or the mixture of nucleases is capable of digesting both DNA and RNA 39.The method of any one of claims 32-38, wherein matrix solution is prepared from a lysate of the cell in which the target protein is knocked out.40.The method of any one of claims 32-39, wherein the fluorescence probe comprises a protein-binding moiety and a detectable moiety, wherein the protein-binding moiety specifically binds to the target protein.41.The method of claim 40, wherein the protein-binding moiety is selected from the group consisting of HCAb, VHH (nanobody) , Fab, Fab’, F (ab') 2, Fd, Fd’, scFv and dAb.42.The method of claim 41, wherein the protein-binding moiety is a VHH.43.The method of any one of claims 40-42, wherein the detectable moiety is a fluorescence dye; preferably, the fluorescence dye has a fluorescence lifetime of 4-64 ns, 10-50 ns 15-30 ns or 15-25 ns.44.The method of claim 43, wherein the fluorescence dye has a fluorescence lifetime of about 15 ns, 16 ns, 17 ns, 18 ns, 19 ns, 20 ns, 21 ns, 22 ns, 23 ns, 24 ns or 25 ns; preferably, the fluorescence dye has a fluorescence lifetime of about 20 ns.45.The method of claim 43 or 44, wherein the fluorescence dye is selected from the group consisting of N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA, Rhodamine, TRITC, Cyanine, and BODIPY.46.The method of claim 45, wherein the fluorescence dye is a N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA dye.47.The method of claim 46, wherein the protein-binding moiety is labelled with the N-Methyl-N- (4-malimide-butyl) -DAOTA dye by a maleimide reaction or an NHS reaction.48.The method of any one of claims 38-47, wherein the incubation is conducted under a temperature between 35℃-40℃; preferably, the temperature is about 37℃.49.The method of any one of claims 38-47, wherein the incubation is conducted for a duration between 1-2 hours;preferably, the duration is about 1.5 hours.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Method for determining endurance of interaction between ligand and target protein in cell
CN109690316A
Methods for measuring binding and cellular engagement of ligands with target proteins
EP3337905B1
Quick screening method of material having intermolecular interaction using fluorescence polarization method
JP2010164551A
Biomarkers for Assessment of the Molecular Quality in Biospecimens
US20140087401A1
Methods for determining ligand binding to a target protein using a thermal shift assay
US20150133336A1