Delivery system for mitochondrial health enhancers

Abstract

A preparation including a delivery carrier having amorphous particles having an average size of 1 nm to 250 pm loaded with a deliverable is disclosed. The deliverable is selected from an emblica extract, a chebula extract, an isolated compound constituent of emblica extract, chebula extract, or a metabolite thereof, a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with the isolated compound constituent of emblica extract, chebula extract or metabolite thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, or a combination thereof. Also disclosed are methods of treating or preventing mitochondrial dysfunction, methods of treating or preventing a skin disease or condition, and methods of treating or preventing a scalp or hair disease or condition by administering a composition containing the loaded delivery carriers. Also disclosed are methods of producing the loaded delivery earner.

Description

[0001] Docket No. Y2008-7005WO DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR MITOCHONDRIAL HEALTH ENHANCERS FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein relate to compositions and methods for delivery of mitochondrial health enhancers. More specifically, aspects and embodiments disclosed herein relate to compositions and methods for targeted delivery of emblica extract, chebula extract, and isolated constituents thereof. BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction, such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion, is involved in many diseases and conditions, such as mtDNA depletion syndromes, mitochondrial diseases, aging, aging-associated chronic diseases or conditions, reduced energy levels and vitality, characteristics of hair aging including hair loss and graying, characteristics of skin aging including skin wrinkles and senile lentigines, skin diseases and conditions, and other human pathologies. There is a need for compositions and treatment methods for diseases and conditions related to mitochondrial dysfunction, such as mtDNA depletion. SUMMARY In accordance with certain aspects, there is provided a preparation comprising a delivery carrier comprising amorphous particles having an average size of 1 nm to 250 µm loaded with a deliverable. The deliverable may be selected from an emblica extract, a chebula extract, an isolated compound constituent of emblica extract, chebula extract, or metabolite thereof, a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with the isolated compound constituent of emblica extract, chebula extract, or metabolite thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, at least some of the amorphous particles comprise silica. In some embodiments, the amorphous particles have an average size of 1 nm to 10 µm. In some embodiments, the deliverable comprises an isolated ellagitannin. In some embodiments, the deliverable is selected from isolated emblicanin A, isolated emblicanin B, isolated chebulinic acid, isolated chebulagic acid, isolated gallic acid, isolated chebulic acid, isolated kaempferol, isolated punicalagin, or a combination thereof. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO In some embodiments, the deliverable is derived from, purified from, or isolated from an extract. In some embodiments, the extract is an extract of Emblica officinalis, Terminilia chebula, Terminalia arborea, or Lumnitzera racemose. In some embodiments, the deliverable is synthetic. In some embodiments, the deliverable is purified, e.g., at least 80% purified, at least 85% purified, at least 90% purified, at least 95% purified, at least 98% purified, at least 99% purified, at least 99.9% purified, at least 99.99% purified, or at least 99.999% purified. In some embodiments, the particles have an average size of 1 to 50 nm, 10 to 500 nm, 500 to 1000 nm, 1 to 5 µm, 5 to 10 µm, 10 to 15 µm, 15 to 20 µm, 20 to 25 µm, 25 to 30 µm, 30 to 35 µm, 35 to 40 µm, 40 to 45 µm, 45 to 50 µm, 50 to 60 µm, 60 to 70 µm, 70 to 80 µm, 80 to 90 µm, 90 to 100 µm, 100 to 150 µm, 150 to 200 µm, or 200 to 250 µm. In some embodiments, the particles have a size distribution with a span (D90-D10) / (D50) in the range of from 1.0 to 2.5, 1.5 to 2.0, 2.5 to 3.0, or greater than 3.0. In some embodiments, the delivery carrier has a surface modifier. In some embodiments, the surface modifier is a mitochondrial targeting agent. In some embodiments, the surface modifier is selected from a mitochondrial targeting antibody, polyethylene glycol (PEG), triphenylphosphine (TPP), and a mitochondrial targeting peptide (MPP). In some embodiments, the surface modifier is an octyl group. In some embodiments, the deliverable is conjugated to a mitochondrial targeting agent. In some embodiments, the mitochondrial targeting agent is selected from a mitochondrial targeting antibody, polyethylene glycol (PEG), triphenylphosphine (TPP), and a mitochondrial targeting peptide (MPP). In some embodiments, the delivery carrier encapsulates an effective amount of the deliverable. In some embodiments, the effective amount is a load factor (LF) of 0.1-50 wt%, e.g., 0.1- 1 wt%, 1-5 wt%, 5-10 wt%, 10-30 wt%, 30-40 wt%, or 40-50 wt%. In some embodiments, the delivery carrier is provided in a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable vehicle formulated in a composition for topical administration to a subject. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO In some embodiments, the composition comprises an effective amount of the delivery carrier. In some embodiments, the effective amount of the delivery carrier is a particle content (PC) of from 0.1-90 wt%. In some embodiments, the composition comprises an effective amount of the deliverable. In some embodiments, the effective amount of the deliverable is from 0.01 – 45 wt%. In some embodiments, the composition for topical administration is a topical solution, oil, cream, emulsion, foam, or gel. In some embodiments, the composition for topical administration is a shampoo, conditioner, spray, cream, foam, gel, balm, body wash, soap, lotion, or make-up. In some embodiments, the delivery carrier is provided in a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable vehicle formulated in a composition for parenteral administration to the subject. In some embodiments, the composition for parenteral administration is a parenteral liquid solution. In some embodiments, the delivery carrier is provided in a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable vehicle formulated in a composition for enteral administration to the subject. In some embodiments, the composition for enteral administration is an enteral capsule or tablet, or dietary supplement or food, e.g., food, food supplement, medical food, food additive, nutraceutical, or drink. In some embodiments, the delivery carrier is formulated for immediate release of the deliverable. In some embodiments, the delivery carrier is formulated for extended or sustained release of the deliverable. In some embodiments, the delivery carrier is formulated for administration in combination with hyaluronic acid, caffeine, a B vitamin, e.g., B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B8, B9 and / or B12 vitamin, vitamin C, iron, magnesium, zinc, a UV-blocking agent, moisturizer, sunscreen, wrinkle cream, retinoid, alpha-hydroxy acid, beta-hydroxy acid, squalene, antioxidant, e.g., CoQ10, vitamin E, carotenoid, e.g., beta-carotene, mineral, e.g., selenium or manganese, glutathione, lipoic acid, flavonoid, betaflavonoid, phenol, polyphenol, phytoestrogen, mitoquinol Docket No. Y2008-7005WO mesylate, ubiquinone, tretinoin, glycosaminoglycan (GAG), lactic acid, malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, hydroquinone, kojic acid, L-ascorbic acid, licorice extract, N-acetylglucosamine, niacinamide, soy, dermal filler or injection, e.g. hyaluronic acid or calcium hydroxylapatite, botulinum toxin, laser resurfacing procedure, ultrasound therapy, chemical peel, e.g., glycolic acid peel, trichloroacetic acid or salicylic acid, dermabrasion procedure, or combination thereof. In some embodiments, the delivery carrier is formulated for administration in combination with an antioxidant, e.g., melatonin, an exfoliator, e.g., salicylic acid, N-acetyl glucosamine, an anti-inflammatory, e.g., curcumin, turmeric extract, or a combination thereof. In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a method of treating or preventing mitochondrial dysfunction in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition comprising the preparation in a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable vehicle. In some embodiments, the disease or condition associated with mitochondrial dysfunction is a cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, neurological disorder, skin disease or condition, hair or scalp disease or condition, or symptom thereof. In some embodiments, the disease or condition associated with mitochondrial dysfunction is aging, an aging-associated chronic disease or condition, reduced energy levels and vitality, or symptom thereof. In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a method of treating or preventing a skin disease or condition in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition comprising the preparation in a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable vehicle. In some embodiments, the skin disease or condition is a characteristic of skin aging, skin wrinkles, change in skin pigmentation, senile lentigines, or a disease or condition of sebaceous glands. In some embodiments, administration promotes firmness, hydration, elasticity, radiance, brightness, tone evenness, texture, visual smoothness, or tactile smoothness of skin of the subject. In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a method of treating or preventing a scalp or hair disease or condition in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an Docket No. Y2008-7005WO effective amount of a composition comprising the preparation in a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable vehicle. In some embodiments, the scalp or hair disease or condition is hair loss, hair thinning, or change in hair pigmentation. In some embodiments, the hair loss is total alopecia, partial alopecia, androgenetic alopecia, or telogen effluvium. In some embodiments, the hair loss is a genetic condition or associated with an autoimmune disease, an environmental factor, or a course of treatment. In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a method of producing a preparation comprising delivery carriers loaded with a deliverable. The method may comprise selecting the deliverable from an emblica extract, a chebula extract, an isolated compound constituent of emblica extract, chebula extract, or metabolite thereof, a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with the isolated compound constituent of emblica extract, chebula extract, or metabolite thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, or a combination thereof. The method may comprise combining a silica sol-gel hydrogel with a solution comprising an effective amount of the deliverable in a solvent to produce a loaded silica sol-gel hydrogel. The method may comprise drying the loaded silica sol-gel hydrogel to produce a dried silica composition comprising the deliverable. The method may comprise granulating the dried silica composition to produce the delivery carriers formed of amorphous silica particles loaded with the deliverable. In some embodiments, the method further comprises selecting one or more combination compound from hyaluronic acid, caffeine, a B vitamin, e.g., B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B8, B9 and / or B12 vitamin, vitamin C, iron, magnesium, zinc, a UV-blocking agent, retinoid, alpha-hydroxy acid, beta-hydroxy acid, squalene, antioxidant, e.g., CoQ10, vitamin E, carotenoid, e.g., beta- carotene, mineral, e.g., selenium or manganese, glutathione, lipoic acid, flavonoid, betaflavonoid, phenol, polyphenol, phytoestrogen, mitoquinol mesylate, ubiquinone, tretinoin, glycosaminoglycan (GAG), lactic acid, malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, hydroquinone, kojic acid, L-ascorbic acid, licorice extract, N-acetylglucosamine, niacinamide, soy. The method may further comprise combining the silica sol-gel hydrogel with a solution comprising an effective amount of the combination compound in a solvent to produce the loaded silica sol-gel hydrogel . In some embodiments, the silica sol-gel hydrogel comprises polyethylene glycol (PEG). Docket No. Y2008-7005WO In some embodiments, the deliverable comprises an isolated ellagitannin. In some embodiments, the deliverable is selected from isolated emblicanin A, isolated emblicanin B, isolated chebulinic acid, isolated chebulagic acid, isolated gallic acid, isolated chebulic acid, isolated kaempferol, isolated punicalagin, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the deliverable is derived from, purified from, or isolated from an extract. In some embodiments, the extract is an extract of Emblica officinalis, Terminilia chebula, Terminalia arborea, or Lumnitzera racemose. In some embodiments, the deliverable is synthetic. In some embodiments, the deliverable is purified, e.g., at least 80% purified, at least 85% purified, at least 90% purified, at least 95% purified, at least 98% purified, at least 99% purified, at least 99.9% purified, at least 99.99% purified, or at least 99.999% purified. In some embodiments, the method further comprises attaching a surface modifier to the loaded delivery carriers to produce functionalized loaded delivery carriers. In some embodiments, the surface modifier is a mitochondrial targeting agent. In some embodiments, the surface modifier is selected from a mitochondrial targeting antibody, polyethylene glycol (PEG), triphenylphosphine (TPP), and a mitochondrial targeting peptide (MPP). In some embodiments, the surface modifier is an octyl group. In some embodiments, the deliverable is conjugated to a mitochondrial targeting agent. In some embodiments, the mitochondrial targeting agent is selected from a mitochondrial targeting antibody, polyethylene glycol (PEG), triphenylphosphine (TPP), and a mitochondrial targeting peptide (MPP). In some embodiments, the method may comprise granulating the dried silica composition to produce the delivery carriers having an average size of average size of 1 to 50 nm, 10 to 500 nm, 500 to 1000 nm, 1 to 5 µm, 5 to 10 µm, 10 to 15 µm, 15 to 20 µm, 20 to 25 µm, 25 to 30 µm, 30 to 35 µm, 35 to 40 µm, 40 to 45 µm, 45 to 50 µm, 50 to 60 µm, 60 to 70 µm, 70 to 80 µm, 80 to 90 µm, 90 to 100 µm, 100 to 150 µm, 150 to 200 µm, or 200 to 250 µm. In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining the delivery carriers with a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable vehicle formulated for topical administration to a subject. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO In some embodiments, the method comprises combining an effective amount of the delivery carriers to produce a composition for topical application with 0.01 – 45 wt% of the deliverable. In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining the delivery carriers and the pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable vehicle with an emblica extract, a chebula extract, or a fucus extract. In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining the delivery carriers with a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable vehicle formulated for enteral administration to a subject. In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining the delivery carriers with a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable vehicle formulated for parenteral administration to a subject. In some embodiments, the effective amount is sufficient to produce the delivery carriers loaded with 0.1-50 wt% of the deliverable. In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising amorphous particles, each of the amorphous particles comprising a silica network and at least one deliverable selected from an emblica extract, a chebula extract, an isolated compound constituent of emblica extract, chebula extract, or metabolite thereof, a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with the isolated compound constituent of emblica extract, chebula extract, or metabolite thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, at least 10% of the amorphous particles, at least 30% of the amorphous particles, at least 50% of the amorphous particles, or at least 75% of the amorphous particles has a load factor (LF) of at least 50 wt% or 0.1-1 wt%, 1-10 wt%, 10-20 wt%, 20-30 wt%, 30-40 wt%, or 40-50 wt% of the at least one deliverable. In some embodiments, a porosity of the amorphous particles as measured by Brunauer- Emmett-Teller (BET) is zero. In some embodiments, the amorphous particles are homogeneous to an extent that for at least 90 or 95% of 5,000 adjacent cubical regions measuring 2 nm, 3 nm, 5 nm or 10 nm on each side, a content of each element is within 2% of a particular value for that element. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO In some embodiments, the amorphous particles have an average particle size in the range of from 1 to 10 nm, 10 to 100 nm, 100 nm to 1 µm, 1 to 10 µm, 10 to 50 µm, or 50 to 250 µm. In some embodiments, the at least one deliverable comprises at least one of chebulinic acid or chebulagic acid. In some embodiments, for at least 10% of the amorphous particles, at least 30% of the amorphous particles, at least 50% of the amorphous particles, or at least 75% of the amorphous particles, at least some of the silica network is octyl-functionalized. In some embodiments, at least some of the amorphous particles comprise polyethylene glycol (PEG). In some embodiments, at least some of the amorphous particles comprise ethylcellulose. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises at least one vehicle, wherein a particle content (PC) of the composition is in the range of 1 to 10 wt%, 10 to 30 wt%, 30 to 50 wt%, 50 to 70 wt%, or 70 to 90 wt%. In some embodiments, for at least some of the amorphous particles, release of deliverable satisfies one or more of the following: after 10 minutes, no more than 50% of the deliverable has been released; after 30 minutes, no more than 65% of the deliverable has been released; after 60 minutes, no more than 80% of the deliverable has been released; after 120 minutes, no more than 95% of the deliverable has been released; 100% of the deliverable has been released at 1 minute; 5-35% of the deliverable has been released at 1 minute; 25-85% of the deliverable has been released at 5 minutes; 35-95% of the deliverable has been released at 15 minutes; 45-100% of the deliverable has been released at 30 minutes; 55-100% of the deliverable has been released at 60 minutes; 70-100% of the deliverable has been released at 120 minutes; and 85-100% of the deliverable has been released at 240 minutes. In some embodiments, at least 10% of the amorphous particles, at least 30% of the amorphous particles, at least 50% of the amorphous particles, or at least 75% of the amorphous particles has a load factor (LF) of at least 50 wt% or 0.1-1 wt%, 1-10 wt%, 10-20 wt%, 20-30 wt%, 30-40 wt%, or 40-50 wt% of the at least one deliverable; the porosity of the amorphous Docket No. Y2008-7005WO particles as measured by BET is zero; the amorphous particles are homogeneous to an extent that for at least 90 or 95% of 5,000 adjacent cubical regions measuring 2 nm, 3 nm, 5 nm or 10 nm on each side, a content of each element is within 2% of a particular value for that element; and the amorphous particles have an average particle size in the range of from 1 to 10 nm, 10 to 100 nm, 100 nm to 1 µm, 1 to 10 µm, 10 to 50 µm, or 50 to 250 µm. In some embodiments, the at least one deliverable comprises at least one of chebulinic acid and chebulagic acid. In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a method of producing delivery carriers comprising a deliverable. The method may comprise preparing a solution having a pH of less than or equal to 3, the solution comprising at least one silane dissolved in at least one solvent. The method may comprise raising the pH of the solution and adding water to the solution to form a hydrogel, wherein the hydrogel comprises silanes linked to form at least one monolith network. The method may comprise loading the hydrogel with at least one deliverable to form a deliverable-loaded hydrogel, the at least one deliverable selected from an emblica extract, a chebula extract, an isolated compound constituent of emblica extract, chebula extract, or metabolite thereof, a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with the isolated compound constituent of emblica extract, chebula extract, or metabolite thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, or a combination thereof. The method may comprise drying the deliverable-loaded hydrogel to form the delivery carriers, In some embodiments, loading the hydrogel with the at least one deliverable is conducted after the hydrogel has been formed and before drying. In some embodiments, the at least one deliverable is selected from chebulinic acid and chebulagic acid. The disclosure contemplates all combinations of any one or more of the foregoing aspects and / or embodiments, as well as combinations with any one or more of the embodiments set forth in the detailed description and any examples. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO The accompanying drawings are not intended to be drawn to scale. In the drawings, each identical or nearly identical component that is illustrated in various figures is represented by a like numeral. For purposes of clarity, not every component may be labeled in every drawing. In the drawings: FIGS.1A-1D include graphs showing expression of COXII at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after in vitro administration of a chebulinic acid, optionally encapsulated in a delivery carrier, according to one embodiment; FIGS.2A-2D include graphs showing expression of TFAM at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after in vitro administration of chebulinic acid, optionally encapsulated in a delivery carrier, according to one embodiment; FIGS.3A-3B include graphs showing expression of COXII at 6 hours after in vitro administration of emblica extract encapsulated in a delivery carrier, according to one embodiment; FIGS.4A-4D include graphs showing expression of COXII at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after in vitro administration of emblica extract encapsulated in a delivery carrier, according to one embodiment; FIGS.5A-5D include graphs showing expression of TFAM at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after in vitro administration of emblica extract encapsulated in a delivery carrier, according to one embodiment; FIGS.6A-6D include graphs showing expression of COXII at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after in vitro administration of emblica extract encapsulated in a delivery carrier, according to one embodiment; FIGS.7A-7D include graphs showing expression of COXII at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after in vitro administration of emblica extract encapsulated in a delivery carrier, according to one embodiment; and FIGS.8A-8D include graphs showing expression of TFAM at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after in vitro administration of emblica extract encapsulated in a delivery carrier, according to one embodiment; FIG.9 is a graph showing percent improvement of certain skin metrics over placebo product after application of a test formulation, according to certain embodiments; Docket No. Y2008-7005WO FIGS.10A-10F are graphs showing percent improvement of certain skin metrics (skin elasticity, skin wrinkles, evenness / skin tone, skin firmness, skin brightness / complexion, skin texture) over placebo product after application of a test formulation for 28 days and 56 days, according to certain embodiments; FIG.11 is a graph showing distribution in percent increase of hair density after application of a test formulation for 90 days, according to certain embodiments; FIG.12 is a graph showing size distribution results of loaded delivery carrier particles in a test composition, in accordance with certain embodiments; FIG.13 is a heatmap of gene expression after administration of Y100, according to one embodiment; FIG.14 is a Venn diagram showing gene expression in three subjects after administration of Y100, according to one embodiment; FIGS.15A-15B are graphs showing gene expression of DNER and THRSP, respectively, on sun-exposed and non-exposed skin, according to certain embodiments; FIGS.16A-16C are graphs showing biological roles of differentially expressed genes as a whole from one subject, according to one embodiment; FIGS.17A-17C are graphs showing biological roles of differentially expressed genes as a whole from another subject, according to one embodiment FIGS.18A-18C are graphs showing biological roles of differentially expressed genes as a whole from another subject, according to one embodiment; and FIGS.19A-19C are graphs showing upregulation of COL1A1 at 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, respectively, after administration of Y100 in vitro, according to one embodiment; FIG.20 is a graph showing release of a deliverable from a sample of loaded particles over time, according to one embodiment; FIGS.21 and 22 include X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of two samples of loaded particles, in accordance with certain embodiments; and FIG.23 is a graph showing release of a deliverable from a sample of loaded particles over time, according to one embodiment. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO DETAILED DESCRIPTION Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with many mitochondrial diseases, many of which are the result of dysfunctional mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Mitochondrial OXPHOS accounts for the generation of most of the cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a cell. The OXPHOS function largely depends on the coordinated expression of proteins encoded by both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. The human mitochondrial genome encodes for 13 polypeptides of the OXPHOS system, and the nuclear genome encodes the remaining more than 85 polypeptides required for the assembly of OXPHOS system. mtDNA depletion impairs OXPHOS and leads to mtDNA depletion syndromes (Alberio,et al., Mitochondrion 7, 6–12, 2007; Ryan, Met al., Annu. Rev. Biochem.76, 701–722, 2007). The mtDNA depletion syndromes are a heterogeneous group of disorders, characterized by low mtDNA levels in specific tissues. In different target organs, mtDNA depletion leads to specific pathological changes (Tuppen, et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1797, 113–128, 201)). mtDNA depletion syndromes result from the genetic defects in the nuclear- encoded genes that participate in mtDNA replication, and mitochondrial nucleotide metabolism and nucleotide salvage pathway (Alberio,et al., Mitochondrion 7, 6–12, 2007). mtDNA depletion is also implicated in other human diseases and conditions, such as, but not limited to, mtDNA depletion syndromes, mitochondrial diseases, aging, aging-associated chronic diseases or conditions, reduced energy levels and vitality, characteristics of hair aging including hair loss and graying, characteristics of skin aging including skin wrinkles and senile lentigines, skin diseases and conditions, and other human pathologies. A general decline in mitochondrial function has been extensively reported during aging. Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction is known to be a driving force underlying age-related human diseases. A mouse that carries a specific mtDNA mutation has been shown to present signs of premature aging (i.e., a mtDNA depleter mouse). In addition to mutations in mtDNA, studies also suggest a decrease in mtDNA content and mitochondrial copy number with age. Low mtDNA copy number is linked to frailty and, for a multiethnic population, is a predictor of all-cause mortality. A recent study revealed that humans on an average lose about four copies of mtDNA every ten years. This study also identified an association of decrease in mtDNA copy number with age-related physiological parameters. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO Accumulating evidence suggests a strong link between mitochondrial dysfunction, mitochondrial diseases, aging, and aging-associated diseases. Notably, increased somatic mtDNA mutations and decline in mitochondrial functions have been extensively reported during human aging. Studies also suggest a decrease in mtDNA content and mitochondrial number with age. Definitions As used herein, the term “carrier” refers to a diluent or vehicle with which a compound is administered. The carrier may be a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The carrier may be a cosmetically acceptable carrier. Examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” by E. W. Martin. As used herein, “treatment” of a disease or condition refers to reducing or lessening the severity or frequency of at least one symptom of that disease or condition, compared to a similar but untreated patient. Treatment can also refer to halting, slowing, or reversing the progression of a disease or condition, compared to a similar but untreated patient. Treatment may comprise addressing the root cause of the disease and / or one or more symptoms. As used herein, the term “effective amount” refers to an amount of a compound or composition of the disclosure administered to a subject, which is effective to provide a desired response and / or effect in the subject. The response and / or effect may be a cosmetic response and / or effect. The response and / or effect may be a therapeutic response and / or effect. The response and / or effect may be a prophylactic or preventative response and / or effect. As used herein, the term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of compound or composition of the disclosure administered to a subject, which is effective to treat a disease or condition described herein in a subject and / or to produce a desired physiological response and / or therapeutic effect in the subject. One example of a desired physiological response includes increasing mtDNA copy number and / or concentration. The actual dose which comprises the “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” may depend upon the route of administration, the size and health of the subject, the disorder being treated, and the like. In some embodiments, the “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” in the context of the present disclosure is sufficient to induce mitochondrial biogenesis. The Docket No. Y2008-7005WO “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” may be sufficient to induce mitochondrial biogenesis locally. The “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” may be sufficient to induce mitochondrial biogenesis systemically. In some embodiments, the “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” in the context of the disclosure decreases an inflammatory phenotype, increases expression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complexes, increases collagen content of the skin, decreases epidermal thickness, decreases epidermal hyperplasia, decreases acanthosis, decreases hyperkeratosis, decreases wrinkle length, decreases wrinkle depth, decreases the number of wrinkles in a defined area, increases spacing between wrinkles, decreases hyperpigmentation, decreases hypopigmentation, increases stability of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complexes, alters, e.g., decreases expression of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of: NF-κB, COX-2, INF-β1, CCL5, MMP1, MMP2, MMP9, MMP13, IGF1R, VEGF, and MRPS5, alters, e.g., increases expression of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of: TIMP1 KLOTHO, COL1A1, MTCO2, TFAM, and VDAC, activates a gene associated with mitochondrial health and activity, selected from: FGF2, FGFR1, COX7A1, PDK4, FAM173A, MRPL12, and WNT11, decreases inflammatory infiltrate in the skin and / or hair follicles, decreases aberrant hair follicles, such as, but not limited to, aberrant telogen and anagen hair follicles with defective sebaceous glands), decreases hair loss, decreases hair thinning, increases an amount of hair follicles in growth phase, decreases hair graying, decreases incidence of hair with an irregular hair shaft, decreases incidence of hair with a rough outer surface, decreases incidence of hair with a medulla of irregular width, decreases incidence of hair with an irregular septation, and / or decreases incidence of hair with a medullary space having decreased melanin concentration in a subject, and / or increases expression of at least one protein selected from PGC-1a, TFAM, NRF-1, and COXII. In some embodiments, the “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” in the context of the disclosure increases mtDNA copy number or concentration by at least 5%, for example, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100%. In each of the foregoing, when a reduction or increase is specified, such reduction or increase may be determined with respect to a subject or non-human animal that has not been treated with a Docket No. Y2008-7005WO compound or composition of the disclosure and that is suffering from a disease or condition described herein. In some embodiments, the “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” in the context of the disclosure prevents incidence of an inflammatory phenotype, prevents a decrease in expression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complexes, prevents a decrease in stability of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complexes, prevents a decrease in collagen content of the skin, prevents an increase in epidermal thickness, prevents an increase in epidermal hyperplasia, prevents an increase in acanthosis, prevents an increase in hyperkeratosis, prevents an increase in wrinkle length, prevents an increase in wrinkle depth, prevents an increase in the number of wrinkles in a defined area, prevents an increase in spacing between wrinkles, prevents an increase in hyperpigmentation, prevents an increase in hypopigmentation, prevents an increase in expression of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of: NF-κB, COX-2, INF-β1, CCL5, MMP1, MMP2, MMP9, MMP13, IGF1R, VEGF, and MRPS5, prevents a decrease in expression of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of: TIMP1, KLOTHO, COL1A1, MTCO2, TFAM, and VDAC, prevents a deactivation of a gene associated with mitochondrial health and activity, selected from: FGF2, FGFR1, COX7A1, PDK4, FAM173A, MRPL12, and WNT11, prevents an increase in inflammatory infiltrate in the skin and / or hair follicles, prevents an increase in aberrant hair follicles, such as, but not limited to, aberrant telogen and anagen hair follicles with defective sebaceous glands), prevents an increase in hair loss, prevents an increase in hair thinning, prevents a decrease in amount of hair follicles in growth phase, prevents an increase in hair graying, prevents an increase in incidence of hair with an irregular hair shaft, prevents an increase in incidence of hair with a rough outer surface, prevents an increase in incidence of hair with a medulla of irregular width, prevents an increase in incidence of hair with an irregular septation, prevents an increase in incidence of hair with a medullary space having decreased melanin concentration in a subject, prevents a decrease in mtDNA copy number or concentration, and / or prevents a decrease in expression of at least one protein selected from PGC-1a, TFAM, NRF-1, and COXII. As used herein, the term “excipient” means a substance formulated alongside the active ingredient of a composition included for purposes such as, but not limited to, long-term stabilization, bulking up solid formulations that contain potent active ingredients in small Docket No. Y2008-7005WO amounts (thus often referred to as bulking agents, fillers, or diluents), or to confer a therapeutic enhancement on the active ingredient in the final dosage form, such as facilitating drug absorption, reducing viscosity, or enhancing solubility. Excipients can also be useful in the manufacturing process, to aid in the handling of the active substance concerns such as by facilitating powder flowability or non-stick properties, in addition to aiding in vitro stability such as prevention of denaturation or aggregation over the expected shelf life. The excipient may be a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. The excipient may be a cosmetically acceptable excipient. Examples of suitable excipients are described in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” by E. W. Martin. As used herein, the term “in need of” (such as in the phrase “in need of treatment”) refers to a judgment made by a healthcare professional that a subject requires or will benefit from administration of a compound of the disclosure. This judgment is made based on a variety of factors that are in the realm of a healthcare professional's expertise, such as, but not limited to, the knowledge that the subject is ill, or will be ill, as the result of a disease or condition that is treatable by a method or drug composition of the disclosure. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to a compound that is compatible with the other ingredients of a composition and not deleterious to the subject receiving the compound or composition. In some embodiments, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans. As used herein, the term “cosmetically acceptable” refers to a compound that is compatible with the other cosmetic ingredients of a composition and not deleterious to the subject receiving the compound or composition. A cosmetically acceptable composition or compound may be pharmaceutically acceptable. However, a cosmetically acceptable composition or compound need not be pharmaceutically acceptable. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable form” is meant to include known forms of a compound of the disclosure that may be administered to a subject, including, but not limited to, solvates, hydrates, prodrugs, isomorphs, polymorphs, pseudomorphs, neutral forms and salt forms of a compound of the disclosure. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention: i.e., salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects to the compounds disclosed. For oligonucleotides, exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable salts include but are not limited to (a) salts formed with cations such as sodium, potassium, ammonium, magnesium, calcium, polyamines such as spermine and spermidine and the like; (b) acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids, for example hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid and the like; (c) salts formed with organic acids such as, for example, acetic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, citric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, tannic acid, palmitic acid, alginic acid, polyglutamic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, p- toluenesulfonic acid, naphthalenedisulfonic acid, polygalacturonic acid, and the like; and (d) salts formed from elemental anions such as chlorine, bromine, and iodine. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a mixture of one or more of the compounds of the disclosure, with other components, such as, but not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and / or excipients. The purpose of a pharmaceutical composition is to facilitate administration of a compound of disclosure. In some embodiments, a “cosmetically acceptable” excipient refers to a cosmetically acceptable material, composition, or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, solvent, or encapsulating material. In some embodiments, each excipient is cosmetically acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of a cosmetic formulation, and suitable for use in contact with the tissue or organ of humans and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, immunogenicity, or other problems or complications, commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. As used herein, the term “solvate” means a compound of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein one or more molecules of a suitable solvent are incorporated in the crystal lattice. A suitable solvent is physiologically tolerable at the dosage administered. Examples of suitable solvents are ethanol, water and the like. When water is the solvent, the molecule may be referred to as a “hydrate.” As used herein, the terms “subject” or “patient” include all members of the animal kingdom including, but not limited to, vertebrates, mammals, animals (e.g., cats, dogs, horses, Docket No. Y2008-7005WO swine, rodents, etc.) and humans. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human. In certain embodiments, the subject is an animal, e.g., a research animal, e.g., a mouse, a rat. As used herein, the terms “similarity” or “similarity score” when used with respect to a compound refers to a degree of similarity between two or more compounds in chemical structure, chemical function, and / or one or more chemical properties. The compounds may be isolated from the same or different sources, e.g., isolated from the same or different extracts. One or more of the compounds may be synthetic. In certain embodiments, a compound having a high similarity score as another compound may be a chemically modified version of the other compound. The similarity score may be quantified by augmenting data generated by a deep neural network trained to model a plurality of chemical reactions for any given compound. The data may be augmented by a multi-dimensional vector defining a matrix of properties of the compound or a chemical reaction involving the compound to generate an embedding score for the compound. The embedding score for two or more compounds may be compared to generate the similarity score between the two or more compounds. As used herein, a "hydrogel" is a colloidal solution (sol) gelled to form a three- dimensional network structure (sol-gel) that has not undergone extensive drying. A “xerogel” is a sol-gel that has undergone extensive drying. The terms hydrogel and sol-gel are used interchangeably herein. As used herein, "Brinker" chemistry, method, methodology, process and protocol refer to the chemistry and process set forth in Brinker, CJ. and Scherer, G.W. Sol-Gel Science. The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing. Academic Press, Inc.1990. As used herein, the phrase "small molecule(s)" and analogous terms include, but are not limited to, peptides, peptidomimetics, amino acids, amino acid analogs, polynucleotides, polynucleotide analogs, nucleotides, nucleotide analogs, and other organic and inorganic compounds (i.e., including hetero-organic and organometallic compounds) having a molecular weight less than about 10,000 grams per mole, organic or inorganic compounds having a molecular weight less than about 5,000 grams per mole, organic or inorganic compounds having a molecular weight less than about 1,000 grams per mole, organic or inorganic compounds having a molecular weight less than about 500 grams per mole, organic or inorganic compounds having a molecular weight less than about 100 grams per mole, or salts, esters, and other pharmaceutically acceptable forms of such compounds. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO All patent applications, patents, and printed publications cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, for all purposes. Impact of Mitochondrial Function on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aging Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in both intrinsic and extrinsic aging. The presence of skin wrinkles, acanthosis, epidermal hyperplasia with hyperkeratosis, and marked inflammatory infiltrate in the skin has been observed in mtDNA-depleter mice (an animal model exhibiting a decrease in mtDNA copy number and / or concentration) and represent characteristics similar to the extrinsic aging of skin in humans. Furthermore, the changes in expression of intrinsic aging-associated genetic markers support intrinsic mechanisms underlying the phenotypic changes observed in mtDNA-depleter mice. Loss of collagen fibers is reported to underlie skin wrinkles. A tight balance between the proteolytic matrix metalloprotease (MMP) enzymes and their tissue-specific inhibitor tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP1) is essential to maintain the collagen fiber content in the skin. Expression of MMPs is altered in the aged skin. Consistent with these reports, the skin of mtDNA-depleter mice showed increased expression of MMPs and decreased expression of TIMP1, indicating loss of balance contributing to the development of skin wrinkles. Repletion of mtDNA content (increase in mtDNA copy number and / or concentration) restored MMP expression leading to a reversal of wrinkled skin and hair loss. Thus, mitochondria have been shown to be regulators of aging. This observation is surprising and suggests that epigenetic mechanisms underlying mitochondria-to-nucleus cross-talk must play an important role in the restoration of normal skin and hair phenotype. mtDNA stress triggers inflammatory response. Inflammation also underlies aging and age-related diseases. Increased levels of markers of inflammation in the mtDNA-depleter mice indicate an activated immune response in the skin of mtDNA-depleter mice. Increased expression of NF-κB, a master regulator of the inflammatory response upon mtDNA depletion and its reduced expression after the restoration of mtDNA content suggests that NF-κB signaling is a critical mechanism contributing to the skin and hair follicle pathologies observed in mtDNA- depleter mice. Furthermore, a unique feature of proteins encoded by mtDNA is N-formyl- methionine at the N terminus. N-formylated peptides when present in the extracellular space are Docket No. Y2008-7005WO known to act as mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns and activate neutrophils or activate keratinocyte-intrinsic responses resulting in the recruitment of immune cells. While previous animal models have shown alternations in mtDNA homeostasis and / or mtDNA copy number or concentration using a localized approach (for example targeting only a specific cell type), other animal models have been shown to provide for the global and targeted disruption of mtDNA homeostasis and / or mtDNA copy number of concentration in a controlled manner. Using such an animal model, whole plant extracts were previously identified that are effective in treating diseases and conditions relating to mitochondrial dysfunction in a background of significant mtDNA depletion. In addition, the such extracts reverse the physiological and phenotypic effects mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction. Exemplary physiological and phenotypic effects of intrinsic and extrinsic aging reversed include a decrease in skin wrinkles, a decrease in hair loss, an increase in hair follicles in growth phase, decreased inflammatory gene expression, decreased inflammatory infiltrate in the skin and hair follicles, and increased collagen content in the skin. Further, due to the short lifespan of the animal models of the conventional practice, prior studies were prevented from determining the effect of mitochondrial dysfunction on the aging process and such studies did not observe the appearance of many of the physiological and phenotypic changes related to mitochondrial dysfunction. As such, the conventional practice was not capable of identifying compounds effective to treat such physiological and phenotypic changes related to mitochondrial dysfunction reported herein. The foregoing limitations make identifying effective treatments for the skin diseases and conditions where mitochondrial dysfunction is at issue difficult. In addition, due to aberrations in normal epithelial development and hair follicle morphogenesis in current models, the issue of false positive and false negative results is high. An inducible non-human animal model expressing a mutated POLG1 polypeptide (such as, but not limited to, a POLG1 polypeptide expressing a dominant-negative (DN) mutation) that induces mitochondrial dysfunction (for example by depletion of mtDNA) in the whole animal or selected cells / tissues was previously disclosed in International Application Publication No. WO / 2022 / 198066, titled “COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR IMPROVING MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION,” which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO The non-human animal model was used to identify whole extracts effective in treating mtDNA-related diseases and conditions. Further in vitro and human studies have been performed to identify specific compounds, such as isolated compounds, and formulations, such as amorphous silica particle formulations, that are effective in treating mtDNA-related diseases and conditions. Methods of Treatment The disclosure provides compounds and compositions effective to treat or prevent diseases and conditions related to mitochondrial dysfunction, including mtDNA depletion. In certain embodiments, the diseases and conditions related to mitochondrial dysfunction, including mtDNA depletion, include treating or preventing an aging-associated chronic disease or condition, improving or preventing a decrease in energy levels and vitality treating or preventing a characteristic of aging, and / or treating, improving, or preventing skin diseases or conditions. While not being bound to any particular theory, such compounds may exert the observed effects through inhibiting a decrease in mitochondrial DNA copy number or concentration, inhibiting depletion of mitochondrial DNA, inhibiting degradation of mitochondrial DNA, contributing to an increase in mitochondrial DNA copy number or concentration, repleting mitochondrial DNA, and / or promoting increased activity of mitochondrial DNA. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a method for treating or preventing mitochondrial dysfunction in a subject, the method comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a preparation of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a method for treating or preventing a disease or condition associated with mitochondrial dysfunction or a symptom thereof in a subject, the method comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a preparation of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a method for treating or preventing an aging- associated chronic disease or condition related to mitochondrial dysfunction or a symptom thereof in a subject, the method comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a preparation of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a method for treating or preventing a Docket No. Y2008-7005WO characteristic of aging related to mitochondrial dysfunction or a symptom thereof in a subject, the method comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a preparation of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a method for improving or preventing a decrease in energy level and / or vitality in a subject, the method comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a preparation of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a method for improving or preventing a skin disease or condition in a subject, the method comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a preparation of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof. Exemplary diseases or conditions associated with mitochondrial dysfunction include cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and neurological disorders, such as aging-associated neurological disorders. Thus, exemplary aging-associated diseases related to mitochondrial dysfunction include neurological disorders. Examples of treating or preventing a characteristic of aging includes, but is not limited to, treating and / or preventing skin wrinkles, decreasing wrinkle length, decreasing wrinkle depth, decreasing the number of wrinkles in a defined area, increasing the spacing between wrinkles, preventing hair loss, preventing hair graying, providing hair with a regular hair shaft, providing hair with a smooth outer surface, providing hair with a medulla of regular width, providing hair with a regular septation, providing hair with a medullary space filled with melanin, or a combination of the foregoing. In certain aspects, treating or preventing a characteristic of aging includes treating and / or preventing skin wrinkles. In certain aspects, treating or preventing a characteristic of aging includes preventing hair loss. In certain aspects, treating or preventing a characteristic of aging includes preventing hair graying. In certain aspects, treating or preventing a characteristic of aging includes preventing a change in skin or hair pigmentation. In certain aspects, treating or preventing a characteristic of aging includes treating or preventing senile lentigines. Thus, the methods disclosed herein may include treating or preventing a skin disease or condition. The methods disclosed herein may include treating or preventing a hair or scalp disease or condition. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO In some embodiments, the characteristic of aging may be triggered by exposure to a chemical or therapeutic agent. For instance, the characteristic of aging may be a side effect of a chemical or therapeutic agent. In certain embodiments, the characteristic of aging may be a side effect of chemotherapy and / or radiation therapy. Exemplary side effects of chemotherapy and / or radiation therapy that may be treated, limited, inhibited, or prevented by the methods disclosed herein include hair loss, skin wrinkles, changes in skin elasticity, changes in skin or hair pigmentation, blistering, scarring, or photoaging. In certain embodiments, the characteristic of aging may be triggered by an environmental factor, e.g., exposure to ultraviolet radiation, extreme cold, or extreme heat. In accordance with one or more aspects, a method of reducing an appearance or effect of aging in a subject is disclosed. The method may comprise administering to said subject an effective amount of a preparation of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, thereby reducing the appearance or effect of aging in the subject. In some embodiments, skin diseases or conditions include aging-associated diseases or conditions, as previously described. In some embodiments, the skin diseases or conditions are not associated with age. The skin diseases or conditions may be associated with a course of treatment, e.g., chemotherapy or radiation therapy. The skin diseases or conditions may be genetic. The skin diseases or conditions may be associated with an autoimmune disease. The skin diseases or conditions may be associated with environmental factors, such as exposure to ultraviolet radiation, extreme cold, or extreme heat. Thus, the skin diseases or conditions treatable by the methods disclosed herein may be aging-associated or not. Exemplary skin diseases or conditions include skin wrinkles, changes in skin pigmentation, e.g., senile lentigines, hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, acanthosis, hypomelanosis, melanogenesis, or vitiligo, diseases or conditions of the sebaceous glands, psoriasis, erythema, scaling, telangiectasia, skin rashes, acrocyanosis, hyperplasia, changes in collagen content of the skin, changes in epidermal thickness, e.g., hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, orthokeratosis, or keloid scars, inflammation, changes in skin elasticity, blisters, scarring, e.g., scars relating to sunburns, bed sores, wounds, inflammatory lesions, stretch marks, or burns, cracks, fissures, helomas, spider or varicose veins, freckles, changes in firmness, changes in hydration, changes in radiance, changes in tone, changes in smoothness, e.g., visual or tactile, and others. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO In accordance with one or more aspects, a method of treating skin of a subject is disclosed. The method may comprise administering to said subject an effective amount of a preparation of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, thereby treating the skin of the subject. In accordance with one or more aspects, a method of improving skin integrity in a subject is disclosed. The method may comprise administering to said subject an effective amount of a preparation of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, thereby improving the skin integrity of the subject. In accordance with one or more aspects, a method of improving skin surface topology in a subject is disclosed. The method may comprise administering to said subject an effective amount of a preparation of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, thereby improving the skin surface topology of the subject. In accordance with one or more aspects, a method for reducing or preventing degradation of collagen in the skin of a subject or increasing the collagen content in the skin of a subject is disclosed. The method may comprise administering to said subject an effective amount of a preparation of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, thereby reducing or preventing degradation of collagen in the skin of a subject or increasing the collagen content in the skin of the subject. In accordance with one or more aspects, a method for reducing or preventing inflammation in the skin or a hair follicle of a subject is disclosed. The method may comprise administering to said subject an effective amount of a preparation of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, thereby reducing or preventing inflammation in the skin or a hair follicle of the subject. In accordance with one or more aspects, a method of preventing, limiting, or inhibiting progression of an appearance or effect of aging in the skin of a subject is disclosed. The method may comprise administering to said subject an effective amount of a preparation of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, thereby preventing, limiting, or inhibiting progression of the appearance or effect of aging in the skin of the subject. In accordance with one or more aspects, a method of preventing, limiting, or inhibiting skin inflammation in a subject is disclosed. The method may comprise administering to said subject an effective amount of a preparation of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable Docket No. Y2008-7005WO form thereof, thereby preventing, limiting, or inhibiting skin inflammation of the subject. In accordance with one or more aspects, a method of preventing, limiting, or inhibiting injury to skin integrity or condition in a subject is disclosed. The method may comprise administering to said subject an effective amount of a preparation of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, thereby preventing, limiting, or inhibiting injury to skin integrity or condition of the subject. In accordance with one or more aspects, a method of substantially maintaining a state of skin integrity or condition in a subject is disclosed. The method may comprise administering to said subject an effective amount of a preparation of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, thereby substantially maintaining the state of skin integrity or condition of the subject. In accordance with one or more aspects, a method of preventing, limiting, or inhibiting a topographical change of a cutaneous layer of skin of a subject is disclosed. The method may comprise administering to said subject an effective amount of a preparation of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, thereby preventing, limiting, or inhibiting the topographical change of the cutaneous layer of skin of the subject. In some embodiments, hair or scalp diseases or conditions include aging-associated diseases or conditions, as previously described. In some embodiments, hair or scalp diseases or conditions are not associated with age. Hair or scalp diseases or conditions may be associated with a course of treatment, e.g., chemotherapy or radiation therapy. The hair or scalp diseases or conditions may be genetic. The hair or scalp diseases or conditions may be associated with an autoimmune disease. The hair or scalp diseases or conditions may be associated with environmental factors, such as exposure to ultraviolet radiation, extreme cold, or extreme heat. Thus, the hair or scalp diseases or conditions treatable by the methods disclosed herein may be aging-associated or not. Exemplary hair or scalp diseases or conditions include hair loss, hair thinning, changes in hair pigmentation, e.g., hair graying, or changes in melanin concentration of the medullary space, inflammation in the hair follicle, aberrant hair follicles, changes in hair shaft, or surface, changes in hair width, irregular septation, total or partial alopecia including, e.g., androgenetic alopecia, or telogen effluvium, and others. In accordance with one or more aspects, a method of treating or preventing a change in Docket No. Y2008-7005WO skin or hair pigmentation of a subject is disclosed. The method may comprise administering to said subject an effective amount of a preparation of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, thereby treating or preventing a change in the skin or hair pigmentation of the subject. Treating or preventing a change in skin or hair pigmentation may include treating, preventing, limiting, or inhibiting a change in melanocyte function. The change in melanocyte function may be associated with one or more of vitiligo, senile lentigines, mottled pigmentation, reticular pigmentation, punctate pigmentation, ectopic pigmentation, perifollicular pigmentation, interfollicular pigmentation, hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation (e.g., patchy, focal, or diffuse hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation), erythema, scaling, and telangiectasia. The change in skin or hair pigmentation and / or melanocyte function may be local or systemic. Treating or preventing a change in skin or hair pigmentation may include treating, preventing, limiting, or inhibiting a change in dermal pigmentation and / or epidermal pigmentation (e.g., basal and / or suprabasal pigmentation). In certain embodiments, the change may comprise formation of localized high and low pigmentation in a dermal layer. In some embodiments, the change may comprise increased pigmentation in an epidermal layer. The change in skin or hair pigmentation may be associated with hyperplasia, acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, orthokeratosis, hypomelanosis, melanogenesis, and / or increase epidermal thickness. In certain embodiments, the change in skin or hair pigmentation may be triggered by exposure to ultraviolet light. For instance, exposure to ultraviolet light may produce mutations in mtDNA, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction that contribute to photoaging. In certain embodiments, the change in skin or hair pigmentation may be triggered by exposure to a chemical or therapeutic agent, e.g., chemotherapy or radiation therapy. In certain embodiments, the change in skin or hair pigmentation may be triggered by aging. In certain embodiments, the change in skin or hair pigmentation may comprise a change in pigment distribution. For instance, the change in skin or hair pigmentation may comprise a change in melanocyte morphology and / or color. The change in skin or hair pigmentation may comprise a change in epidermal melanocyte number. The change in skin or hair pigmentation may comprise a change in dermal melanocyte number. The change in skin or hair pigmentation Docket No. Y2008-7005WO may be associated with deregulated secretion of growth factors KGF, HGF, SCF, and / or EDN1. In accordance with one or more aspects, a method of treating, preventing, limiting, or inhibiting senile lentigines is disclosed. The method may comprise reducing a number and / or size of senile lentigines. The method may comprise preventing incidence of senile lentigines. The method may comprise inhibiting growth of senile lentigines. The senile lentigines may be associated with hyperpigmentation. The senile lentigines may be associated with hypopigmentation. The senile lentigines may be associated with an increase in number of melanocytes in lesional over perilesional epidermis. The senile lentigines may be associated with an increase in melanocyte cell number, increase in dendricity, elongation of dendrites, increased granularity of dermal melanocytes, keratinocyte senescence, and / or increased epidermal thickness. In another embodiment, the disclosure provides a method for treating skin wrinkles in a subject, the method comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a preparation of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof. In certain aspects of this embodiment, the administration decreases wrinkle length, decreases wrinkle depth, decreases the number of wrinkles in a defined area, decreases the spacing between wrinkles, or a combination of the foregoing. In another embodiment, the disclosure provides a method for treating hair loss in a subject, the method comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a preparation of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof. In certain aspects of this embodiment, the administration prevents hair graying, provides hair with a regular hair shaft, provides hair with a smooth outer surface, provides hair with a medulla of regular width, provides hair with a regular septation, provides hair with a medullary space filled with melanin, or a combination of the foregoing. The methods disclosed herein may comprise administering to said subject an effective amount of a promoter of mtDNA. The methods disclosed herein may comprise administering to said subject an effective amount of an inhibitor of mtDNA. Certain extracts have been identified as comprising one or more compounds that promote and / or inhibit mtDNA. Emblica extract, fucus extract, and chebula extract are described herein. It should be understood that similar extracts, in particular, extracts comprising one or more compounds disclosed herein, compounds that are constituents of an extract disclosed herein, Docket No. Y2008-7005WO optionally isolated from an extract disclosed herein or synthetic compounds, and / or compounds having a similarity score of at least 95% with one or more compounds disclosed herein, are expected to provide similar mtDNA promotion and / or inhibition. Accordingly, other extracts, compounds derived from, constituents of, or purified from other extracts, and compounds having a similarity score of at least 95% with compounds derived from, constituents of, or purified from other extracts are within the scope of the disclosure. Exemplary extracts include extracts of extract of Emblica officinalis, Terminilia chebula, Terminalia arborea, or Lumnitzera racemose. Other exemplary extracts include extracts of Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus serratus, Fucus, spiralis, Fucus guiryi, Polygonum aviculare extract, Physalis gngulata extract, Dunaliella salina extract, Camellia sinensis leaf extract, Tremella fuciformis sporocarp extract, Alteromonas ferment extract, Theobroma cacao (cocoa) seed extract, Vitis vinifera (grape) flower cell extract, Mirabilis jalapa callus extract, Alteromonas ferment extract, and Vibrio alginolyticus ferment filtrate. Accordingly, the compounds described herein may be derived from, purified from, or isolated from the extract. The compounds described herein may be derived from, purified from, or isolated from a source other than the extract. A compound constituent of an extract may be derived from, purified from, or isolated from another natural or artificial source. In other embodiments, the compounds described herein may be synthetic. For instance, the compounds of the disclosure may be synthesized in a laboratory, manufacturing, or other setting. The above applies to compounds contained in or constituents of an extract, as well as compounds having a high similarity score thereof. The methods disclosed herein may comprise administering to said subject an effective amount of an emblica extract, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof. The methods disclosed herein may comprise administering to said subject an effective amount of a compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from an emblica extract, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, or a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from an emblica extract, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof. The methods disclosed herein may comprise administering to said subject an effective amount of a fucus extract, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof. The methods disclosed herein may comprise administering to said subject an effective Docket No. Y2008-7005WO amount of a compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from a fucus extract, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, or a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from a fucus extract, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof. The methods disclosed herein may comprise administering to said subject an effective amount of a chebula extract, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof. The methods disclosed herein may comprise administering to said subject an effective amount of a compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from a chebula extract, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, or a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from a chebula extract, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof. The disclosure may generally be related to extracts and compounds derived from, constituents of, or purified from extracts. It should be understood that compounds having a similarity score of at least 95%, for example, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.9%, at least 99.95%, at least 99.99%, at least 99.995%, or at least 99.999% with a compound derived from, constituents of, or purified from the extract may be utilized in any composition as described herein. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed the administration of the compositions disclosed herein may involve inhibition of a decrease in mitochondrial DNA copy number or concentration, inhibition of a depletion of mitochondrial DNA, inhibition of a degradation of mitochondrial DNA, or a combination of the foregoing. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed the administration of the compositions disclosed herein may involve inducing mitochondrial biogenesis and / or improving mitochondrial function. In accordance with certain aspects, administration of the compositions disclosed herein may involve an increase in expression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complexes, an increase in stability of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complexes, and / or an increase in expression of at least one protein selected from PGC-1a, TFAM, NRF-1, and COXII. In certain aspects, the emblica extract is derived from Emblica officinalis (also known as Phyllanthus emblica, Indian gooseberry, or by its Hindi name Amla). Such an extract from Emblica officinalis may be derived from any portion of the plant as desired. For example, the extract may be derived from the stem portion, the fruit portion, or both the stem portion and the Docket No. Y2008-7005WO fruit portion of Emblica officinalis. In preparing such an extract, the Emblica officinalis may be provided in a powdered from and extracted using chemical solvents known in the art, such as, but not limited to, aqueous ethyl acetate ethanol, and methanol. Other solvents or excipients disclosed herein may be used. In certain exemplary embodiments, the chemical solvent may be methanol. In certain aspects, the effective amount of an emblica extract or a compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from and emblica extract is from 1 to 100 mg such as 1 mg, 5, mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg, 60 mg, 70 mg, 80 mg, 90 mg, or 100 mg. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from an emblica extract is a breakdown product of a tannin, wherein the emblica extract is optionally as described above. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from an emblica extract is an ellagitannin. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from an emblica extract is emblicanin A, emblicanin B, punigluconin, pedunculagin, chebulagic acid, gallic acid, chebulic acid, kaempferol, punicalagin, and / or chebulinic acid. In certain aspects, the compound is an ellagitannin or a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with an ellagitannin. Exemplary ellagitannins and compounds having a high similarity score with such ellagitannins are listed in Table 1. Other compounds having a high similarity score with ellagitannins are within the scope of the disclosure. Table 1: Ellagitannins and compounds having a high similarity score with ellagitannins Ellagitannin Compound having high similarity score with ellagitannin Docket No. Y2008-7005WO Emblicanin b Arjuna Emblicanin a Hyemaloside A Docket No. Y2008-7005WO dihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid Emblicanin a Chebulagic Acid n certan aspects, t e compound s c ebu nc acd or a compound avng a smlarity score of at least 95% with chebulinic acid (formula I below). Exemplary compounds having a high similarity score with chebulinic acid are listed in Table 2. Formula I (chebulinic acid):

[0002] Docket No. Y2008-7005WO Table 2: Compounds having a high similarity score with chebulinic acid. Compound ID from Structure COCONUT Database Docket No. Y2008-7005WO

[0003] Docket No. Y2008-7005WO Docket No. Y2008-7005WO Docket No. Y2008-7005WO In certain aspects, the compound is chebulagic acid or a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with chebulagic acid. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from an emblica extract is a benzoic acid substituted with 1 to 5 hydroxy groups and optionally 1 to 3 O- (C1-C5 alkyl) or O-(C1-C5 alkenyl) groups. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from an emblica extract is a benzoic acid substituted with 1 to 3 hydroxy groups and optionally 1 to 2 O-(C1-C5 alkyl) or O-(C1-C5 alkenyl) groups. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from an emblica extract is a benzene substituted with –CH=CH-(CH2)a-C(O)OH, wherein a is 0 to 5, and 1 to 5 hydroxy groups. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from an emblica extract is a benzene substituted with –CH=CH-(CH2)a-C(O)OH, wherein a is 0 to 5, and 1 to 3 hydroxy groups. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from an emblica extract is a benzene substituted with –CH=CH-(CH2)a-C(O)OH, wherein a is 0, and 1 to 3 hydroxy groups. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from an emblica extract is gallic acid, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, coumaric aid, quercetin, emblicanin A, emblicanin B, punigluconin, pedunculagin, punicafolin, phyllanemblin, kaempferol, ellagic acid, chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, punicalagin, or a metabolite of any of the foregoing, or a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with any of the foregoing. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from an emblica extract is ascorbic acid (vitamin C) or citric acid, a metabollite thereof or a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) or citric acid. In accordance with certain embodiments, the composition may comprise an emblica extract fortified with one or more compound that is a constituent of an emblica extract. The compound constituent of the emblica extract or combination of compounds constituents of the emblica extract may be isolated. The compound constituent of the emblica extract or combination of compounds constituents of the emblica extract may be purified, e.g., at least 50% purified, at least 60% purified, at least 70% purified, at least 80% purified, at least 85% purified, at least 90% purified, at least 95% purified, at least 98% purified, at least 99% purified, at least 99.9% purified, at least 99.99% purified, or at least 100% purified. In certain aspects, the effective amount of an active agent of the composition, is from 1 to 100 mg of the, such as 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg, 60 mg, 70 mg, 80 mg, 90 mg, or 100 mg of the compound. In certain embodiments, the preparation may be formulated Docket No. Y2008-7005WO to have a concentration of 0.25 to 100 µM of the compound or an active agent of the composition, for example, 0.25 to 0.5 µM, 0.5 to 1 µM, 1 to 2.5 µM, 2.5 to 5 µM¸5 to 10 µM, 10 to 20 µM, 20 to 50 µM, or 50 to 100 µM of the compound or an active agent of the composition. In certain aspects, the fucus extract is derived from Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus serratus, Fucus, spiralis, or Fucus guiryi. In certain aspects, the fucus extract is derived from Fucus vesiculosus. Such an extract may be derived from any portion of the algae as desired. In preparing such an extract, the Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus serratus, Fucus, spiralis, or Fucus guiryi may be provided in a powdered from and extracted using chemical solvents known in the art, such as, but not limited to, aqueous ethyl acetate ethanol, and methanol. Other solvents or excipients disclosed herein may be used. In certain exemplary embodiments, the chemical solvent may be methanol. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from a fucus extract is a breakdown product of a tannin. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from a fucus extract is an ellagitannin. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from a fucus extract is fucoidan. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from a fucus extract is a benzoic acid substituted with 1 to 5 hydroxy groups and optionally 1 to 3 O-(C1-C5alkyl) or O-(C1-C5 alkenyl) groups. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from a fucus extract is a benzoic acid substituted with 1 to 3 hydroxy groups and optionally 1 to 2 O-(C1-C5alkyl) or O-(C1-C5alkenyl) groups. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from a fucus extract is a benzene substituted with –CH=CH-(CH2)a-C(O)OH, wherein a is 0 to 5, and 1 to 5 hydroxy groups. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from a fucus extract a benzene substituted with –CH=CH-(CH2)a-C(O)OH, wherein a is 0 to 5, and 1 to 3 hydroxy groups. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from a fucus extract a benzene substituted with –CH=CH-(CH2)a-C(O)OH, wherein a is 0, and 1 to 3 hydroxy groups. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from a fucus extract is gallic acid, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, coumaric aid, or a metabolite of any of the foregoing. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO In certain aspects, the active agent in the composition is gallic acid or a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with gallic acid. In certain aspects, the active agent in the composition is chebulinic acid or a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with chebulinic acid (see, e.g., Table 2 above). The active agent may be or comprise an ellagitannin or a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with an ellagitannin (see, e.g., Table 1 above). The active agent may be or comprise chebulagic acid or a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with chebulagic acid. The active agent may be or comprise fucoidan or a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with fucoidan. In accordance with certain embodiments, the composition may comprise a fucus extract fortified with one or more compound that is a constituent of a fucus extract. The compound constituent of the fucus extract or combination of compounds constituents of the fucus extract may be isolated. The compound constituent of a fucus extract or combination of compounds constituents of a fucus extract may be purified, e.g., at least 50% purified, at least 60% purified, at least 70% purified, at least 80% purified, at least 85% purified, at least 90% purified, at least 95% purified, at least 98% purified, at least 99% purified, at least 99.9% purified, at least 99.99% purified, or at least 100% purified. In certain aspects, the chebula extract is derived from Terminilia chebula, Terminalia arborea, or Lumnitzera racemose. In certain aspects, the chebula extract is derived from Termibnilia chebula. Such an extract may be derived from any portion of the plant as desired. In preparing such an extract, the Terminilia chebula, Terminalia arborea, or Lumnitzera racemose may be provided in a powdered from and extracted using chemical solvents known in the art, such as, but not limited to, aqueous ethyl acetate ethanol, and methanol. Other solvents or excipients disclosed herein may be used. In certain exemplary embodiments, the chemical solvent may be methanol. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from a chebula extract is a breakdown product of a tannin. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from a chebula extract is an ellagitannin. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from a chebula extract is chebulinic acid. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from a chebula extract is chebulagic acid. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from a chebula extract is chebulic acid. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from a chebula extract is a benzoic acid substituted with 1 to 5 hydroxy groups and optionally 1 to 3 O-(C1-C5 alkyl) or O-(C1-C5 alkenyl) groups. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from a chebula extract is a benzoic acid substituted with 1 to 3 hydroxy groups and optionally 1 to 2 O-(C1-C5 alkyl) or O-(C1-C5 alkenyl) groups. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from a chebula extract is a benzene substituted with –CH=CH-(CH2)a-C(O)OH, wherein a is 0 to 5, and 1 to 5 hydroxy groups. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from a chebula extract a benzene substituted with –CH=CH-(CH2)a-C(O)OH, wherein a is 0 to 5, and 1 to 3 hydroxy groups. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from a fucus extract a benzene substituted with –CH=CH-(CH2)a-C(O)OH, wherein a is 0, and 1 to 3 hydroxy groups. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from a chebula extract is chebulinic acid, ellagic acid, gallic acid, tannic acid, punicalagin, chebulagic acid, or a metabolite of any of the foregoing. In certain aspects, the compound derived from, constituent of, or purified from a fucus extract is chebulinic acid. In certain aspects, the active agent in the composition is chebulinic acid or a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with chebulinic acid (see, e.g., Table 2 above). The active agent may be or comprise an ellagitannin or a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with an ellagitannin (see, e.g., Table 1 above). The active agent may be or comprise chebulagic acid or a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with chebulagic acid. The active agent may be or comprise chebulic acid or a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with chebulic acid. In accordance with certain embodiments, the composition may comprise a chebula extract fortified with one or more compound that is a constituent of a chebula extract. The compound constituent of the chebula extract or combination of compounds constituents of the chebula extract may be isolated. The compound constituent of a chebula extract or combination of compounds constituents of a chebula extract may be purified, e.g., at least 50% purified, at least 60% purified, at least 70% purified, at least 80% purified, at least 85% purified, at least Docket No. Y2008-7005WO 90% purified, at least 95% purified, at least 98% purified, at least 99% purified, at least 99.9% purified, at least 99.99% purified, or at least 100% purified. The methods, and any of aspects of the foregoing, may comprise administering a composition comprising an effective amount of two or more of an emblica extract or a compound constituent of an emblica extract, an effective amount of a fucus extract or a compound constituent of a fucus extract, and an effective amount of a chebula extract or a compound constituent of a chebula extract. In accordance with certain embodiments, the two or more of emblica extract or compound constituent of the emblica extract, the fucus extract or compound constituent of the fucus extract, and the chebula extract or compound constituent of the chebula extract may provide synergistic effects in the treatment of the disease or condition. The compositions disclosed herein may comprise or be fortified with one or more of: an emblica extract or compound constituent of an emblica extract, a fucus extract or compound constituent of a fucus extract, a chebula extract or a compound constituent of a chebula extract, BAMLET 10, BAMLET 50, ferulic acid, quercetin, urolithin A, pterostilbene, acadesine, embelin, EGCG, eriocitrin, gallic acid, gomsin A, lutein, luteolin, NAD, rutin, zeaxanthin, and melatonin. To provide targeted delivery and / or improve skin penetration, the compounds of the disclosure may be formulated in a delivery carrier, for example, a nanoparticle delivery carrier. The delivery carriers disclosed herein may be selected or designed to provide enhanced skin penetration, higher stability, site specific targeting, e.g., efficiently deliver cargo inside the mitochondrial matrix, high entrapment efficiency, and / or time-controlled, e.g., delayed or sustained, release of the compounds. Properties of the delivery carrier that may be designed to effectively deliver compounds of the formulation to a target site of a subject include surface chemistry, coating, structure, size, ability to aggregate, and solubility. The compounds of the disclosure may be formulated with a functional agent, e.g., mitochondria-targeting agent. For instance, in certain embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure may be conjugated to a functional agent, such as a mitochondria-targeting agent. The compounds of the disclosure (whether or not conjugated to a functional agent) may have an average diameter of between about 5 µm and 15 µm, for example, about 9 µm – 12 µm. In certain embodiments, methods may include reducing the average particle size of the compounds. The compounds may be reduced to an average diameter 1 nm to 5 µm, for example, Docket No. Y2008-7005WO 1 nm to 10 nm, 10 nm to 50 nm, 50 nm to 100 nm, 100 nm to 500 nm, 500 nm to 1 µm, 1 µm to 2 µm, 2 µm to 3 µm, 3 µm to 4 µm, or 4 µm to 5 µm. In certain embodiments, the composition may have an average diameter of less than 5 µm, for example, less than 4 µm, less than 3 µm, less than 2 µm, or less than 1 µm. In certain embodiments, the average diameter of the compounds of the disclosure may be reduced before loading the compounds in a delivery carrier. In some embodiments, a composition of the compounds may be granulated through milling, for example, ball milling or jet milling. Ball milling and jet milling may generally produce mostly microparticles with some submicron particles, the average dimensions and ratio of each being a result of the type of milling selected. The method may include a second granulation of such a composition. In some embodiments, dry milled particles may be wet milled to produce nanoparticles. Other methods of granulating include using a mortar and pestle and other mechanical devices. The methods disclosed herein, for example, the treatment methods, and any aspects of the foregoing, may further comprise one or more of the steps: (i) identifying a subject in need or treatment; and (ii) providing a compound of the disclosure or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the disclosure. In any of the foregoing embodiments, and any aspects of the foregoing, when the term “preventing” is used the term may refers to at least a partial inhibition, for example a 10% inhibition, a 20% inhibition, a 30% inhibition, a 40% inhibition, 50% inhibition, a 60% inhibition, a 70% inhibition, an 80% inhibition, a 90% inhibition, a 95% inhibition or greater than 95% inhibition. In any of the foregoing embodiments, and any aspects of the foregoing, the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, may be administered alone or as a part of a pharmaceutical composition. The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated by combining a solution of the compound with a pharmaceutically suitable carrier. The solution of the compound may comprise 1 to 1,000 mg of the compound, for example, 10 to 600 mg, 20 to 500 mg, 30 to 200 mg, 50 to 100 mg, or 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg, 60 mg, 70 mg, 80 mg, 90 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, 600 mg, 700 mg, 800 mg, 900 mg, or 1,000 mg of the compound. The compound and the pharmaceutically suitable carrier may be combined in a ratio of 1:5 to 5:1. The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated to have a concentration of 1 to Docket No. Y2008-7005WO 1,000 mg / ml of the compound, for example, 10 to 600 mg / ml, 20 to 500 mg / ml, 30 to 200 mg / ml, 50 to 100 mg / ml, or 1 mg / ml, 5 mg / ml, 10 mg / ml, 20 mg / ml, 30 mg / ml, 40 mg / ml, 50 mg / ml, 60 mg / ml, 70 mg / ml, 80 mg / ml, 90 mg / ml, 100 mg / ml, 200 mg / ml, 300 mg / ml, 400 mg / ml, 500 mg / ml, 600 mg / ml, 700 mg / ml, 800 mg / ml, 900 mg / ml, or 1,000 mg / ml of the compound. The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated to have a concentration of 0.01 wt% to 2 wt % of the compound, for example, 0.01 wt%, 0.02 wt%, 0.05 wt%, 0.1 wt%, 0.2 wt%, 0.5 wt%, 1 wt%, or 2 wt% of the compound. The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated to have a concentration of 1 wt% to 5 wt % of the compound, for example, 1 wt%, 1.5 wt%, 2 wt%, 2.5 wt%, 3 wt%, 3.5 wt%, 4 wt%, 4.5 wt%, or 5 wt% of the compound. The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated to have a concentration of 1-5 wt%, 5-10 wt%, 10-20 wt%, 20- 30 wt%, 30-40 wt%, 40-50 wt%, of the compound or more. The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated to have a concentration of 0.25 to 100 µM of the compound, for example, 0.25 µM, 0.5 µM, 1 µM, 2.5 µM, 5 µM, 10 µM, 20 µM, 50 µM, or 100 µM of the compound. The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated to have a concentration of 50 to 500 µM of the compound, for example, 50 µM, 100 µM ¸200 µM ¸ 300 µM, 400 µM ¸or 500 µM of the compound. The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated to have a concentration of 0.25 to 100 µg / L of the compound, for example, 0.25 µg / L, 0.5 µg / L, 1 µg / L, 2.5 µg / L, 5 µg / L, 10 µg / L, 20 µg / L, 50 µg / L, or 100 µg / L of the compound. The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated to have a concentration of 50 to 500 µg / L of the compound, for example, 50 µg / L, 100 µg / L ¸200 µg / L ¸300 µg / L, 400 µg / L ¸or 500 µg / L of the compound. In any of the foregoing embodiments, and any aspects of the foregoing, the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, may be administered alone or as a part of a cosmetic composition. The cosmetic composition may be formulated by combining a solution of the compound with a cosmetically suitable carrier. In any of the methods, and any aspects of the foregoing, a compound described herein is in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate. Such a compound may be formulated as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, e.g., acid addition salt, and complexes thereof. The preparation of such salts can facilitate the pharmacological use by altering the physical characteristics of the agent without preventing its physiological effect. Examples of useful Docket No. Y2008-7005WO alterations in physical properties include, but are not limited to, increasing the solubility to facilitate administering higher concentrations of the compound. In any of the methods, and any aspects of the foregoing, a compound or an extract described herein is administered topically, intravenously, intraperitoneally, parenterally, intramuscularly, orally or via the respiratory tract. In any of the methods, and any aspects of the foregoing, the compound or the extract is administered topically. The compound or an extract described herein may be administered locally, e.g., at a local site of the disease or condition. The compound or an extract described herein may be formulated for local administration, e.g., to a target site of the disease or condition. The compound or an extract described herein may be administered systemically. Systemic administration may be, e.g., topical, intravenous, intraperitoneal, parenteral, intramuscular, oral, or via the respiratory tract. The compound or an extract described herein may be formulated for systemic administration. In any of the methods, and any of the aspects of the foregoing, the subject animal is a vertebrate. In any of the methods, and any aspects of the foregoing, the subject is a mammal. In any of the methods, and any aspects of the foregoing, the subject is a human. In any of the methods, and any of aspects of the foregoing, the subject is a non-human mammal, e.g., a rodent, e.g., a mouse. In some aspects, the subject may be female. In some aspects, the subject may be male. The subject may be characterized as one of the following ethnicity / race: Asian, Black or African American, Hispanic or Latino, white, or multi-racial. The subject may have a Fitzpatrick Scale score of from I to IV. The subject may be of an age less than 1, or between 1-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20- 30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60, or over 60 years. In any of the methods, and any aspects of the foregoing, the compound or the extract is administered in an effective amount. Suitable effective amounts are described in more detail herein. In any of the methods, and any of the aspects of the foregoing, the compound or the extract is administered in a therapeutically effective amount. In any of the methods, and any aspects of the foregoing, the administering step may comprise administering a single dose of a compound or extract according to a course of treatment (where the dose may contain an effective amount). In any of the methods, and any aspects of the foregoing, the administering step may comprise administering more than one dose of a compound or extract according to a course of Docket No. Y2008-7005WO treatment (where one or more doses may contain an effective amount). The amount of a compound or extract in each dose administered during a course of treatment is not required to be the same. For example, the administering step may comprise administering at least one loading dose and at least one maintenance dose during a course of treatment. Dosing is described in more detail herein. The compound may be administered as a prophylactic treatment. The compound may be administered as a cosmetic or therapeutic treatment. The subject may be diagnosed with a skin disease or disorder, e.g., skin wrinkles. In some aspects, at least one wrinkle may comprise a fine line, surface line, or deep furrow. An amount and / or a frequency of administration may be sufficient to decrease an appearance, e.g., severity, of wrinkle in the subject. An amount and / or a frequency of administration may be sufficient to decrease a width of wrinkle in the subject. An amount and / or a frequency of administration may be sufficient to decrease a length of wrinkle in the subject. An amount and / or a frequency of administration may be sufficient to decrease a depth of wrinkle in the subject. The subject may be diagnosed with a hair or scalp disease or disorder, e.g., hair loss. In some aspects, hair loss may comprise total alopecia, partial alopecia, male / female pattern baldness (such as androgenetic alopecia), receding hair line, hair thinning, or a decrease in an amount of hair follicles in growth phase (such as telogen effluvium). An amount and / or a frequency of administration may be sufficient to increase an appearance of hair volume or length in the subject. An amount and / or a frequency of administration may be sufficient to increase an amount of hair follicles in growth phase in a subject. An amount and / or frequency may be sufficient to induce hair growth of dormant hair follicles in a subject. An amount and / or a frequency of administration may be sufficient to decrease an appearance of hair loss. An amount and / or a frequency of administration may be sufficient to decrease an amount of hair follicles in a transition or resting phase in a subject. An amount and / or frequency may be sufficient to decrease an amount of dormant hair follicles in a subject. The compounds disclosed herein may be used in various applications, e.g., cosmetic and / or therapeutic applications. The compounds may be administered in an effective amount for an intended use, e.g., a cosmetic or a therapeutic application. In some embodiments, a composition may comprise a concentration or amount, e.g., an effective amount, of the compound sufficient to have a desired cosmetic effect. In some embodiments, a composition Docket No. Y2008-7005WO may comprise a concentration or amount, e.g., an effective amount, of the compound sufficient to have a desired therapeutic effect. An amount and / or frequency of administration may be sufficient to induce mitochondrial biogenesis. An amount and / or a frequency of administration may be sufficient to treat, inhibit, or prevent the progression of at least one of mitochondrial dysfunction, a disease or condition associated with mitochondrial dysfunction or a symptom thereof, an aging-associated chronic condition associated with mitochondrial dysfunction or a symptom thereof, and / or a decrease in energy level or vitality. An amount and / or frequency of administration may be sufficient to modify a score of a parameter on a qualitative scale, as graded by the subject or a clinical grader. The qualitative scale may comprise the following categories: none (best possible condition), mild, moderate, severe (worst possible condition). The qualitative scale may refer to perceived or actual energy levels and / or vitality. An amount and / or a frequency of administration may be sufficient to treat, inhibit, or prevent the progression of at least one skin disease or disorder, e.g., scarring (e.g., scar relating to sunburn, bed sore, wound, inflammatory lesion, or burn), skin thickening (e.g. keloid scarring), crack, fissure, heloma, sebum secretion, skin thickening, wrinkle, sun spot, skin tag, dark patch, stretch mark, spider vein, varicose vein, age spot, or pore appearance in the subject. An amount and / or a frequency of administration may be sufficient to treat, inhibit, or prevent the progression of hair loss. An amount and / or a frequency of administration may be sufficient to reduce, inhibit, or prevent the progression of a skin disease or disorder, e.g., blotchiness or discoloration (e.g., vitiligo or post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation) associated with skin of the subject. An amount and / or a frequency of administration may be sufficient to reduce, inhibit, or prevent the progression of freckles associated with skin of the subject. An amount and / or a frequency of administration may be sufficient to promote firmness, hydration, elasticity, radiance, brightness, tone evenness, texture, visual smoothness, or tactile smoothness associated with skin of the subject. An amount and / or frequency of administration may be sufficient to modify or reduce a score of a parameter on the Griffiths’ 10-point scale, for example, as graded by the subject or a clinical grader, according to the following medical definitions (with half-point scores assigned as necessary to accurately describe the skin condition): 0 = none (best possible condition) Docket No. Y2008-7005WO 1 to 3 = mild 4 to 6 = moderate 7 to 9 = severe (worst possible condition). Exemplary parameters include oily appearance (shine and feel) with 0 = no shine, flat / matte appearance and 9 = strong shiny / oily appearance; pore appearance with 0 = small, tight, barely perceptible pores and 9 = large, noticeable pores; radiance with 0 = radiant, luminous appearance and 9 = dull / matte and or sallow appearance; blotchiness with 0 = no blotchiness / clear and 9 = blotchy skin appearance; skin tone (color) evenness with 0 = even, healthy skin color and 9 = uneven, discolored appearance; visual smoothness with 0 = smooth, even looking skin texture and 9 = rough, uneven looking skin texture; and tactile smoothness with 0 = smooth, even feeling skin texture and 9 = rough, uneven feeling skin texture. The modification or reduction of score may be by 9 points, 8 points, 7 points, 6 points, 5 points, 4 points, 3 points, 2 points, or 1 point. In some aspects, administering an effective amount of the compound may limit or inhibit injury to skin integrity of a cutaneous layer of skin in the subject. Administering an effective amount of the compound may prevent an undesired topographical change of the cutaneous layer of skin in the subject. Administering an effective amount of the compound may slow progression from a first topographical, structural, or matrix profile to a second topographical, structural, or matrix profile associated with the cutaneous layer of skin in the subject. In some aspects, the cutaneous layer may pertain to an epidermis (e.g. stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, or stratum basalis), a basement membrane, a dermal-epidermal junction, a dermis (e.g. papillary dermis, reticular dermis, or any vasculature comprising the dermis), or subcutis (e.g. subcutaneous fat layer) of the subject. In some aspects, administering an effective amount of the compound may limit or inhibit at least one of mitochondrial dysfunction, a disease or condition associated with mitochondrial dysfunction or a symptom thereof, an aging-associated chronic condition associated with mitochondrial dysfunction or a symptom thereof, and / or a decrease in energy level or vitality. For example, the effective amount of the compound may slow progression of the at least one of mitochondrial dysfunction, a disease or condition associated with mitochondrial dysfunction or a symptom thereof, an aging-associated chronic condition associated with mitochondrial dysfunction or a symptom thereof, and / or a decrease in energy level or vitality. In some Docket No. Y2008-7005WO embodiments, administering an effective amount of the compound may promote mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial function, and / or an increase in energy level or vitality. In some aspects, the skin of the subject may be substantially non-diseased. The skin of the subject may be substantially uninjured. The skin of the subject may be substantially free of inflammatory lesions. The skin of the subject may be substantially free of a mild to severe crack, fissure, or wrinkle. The skin of the subject may be substantially free of a mild to severe scar (e.g., scar relating to sunburn, bed sore, wound, inflammatory lesion, or burn) or stretch mark. The skin of the subject may be substantially free of a mild to severe sun spot, dark patch, or age spot. The skin of the subject may be substantially free of a mild to severe heloma, skin thickening, skin tag, or keloid scar. The skin of the subject may be substantially free of an appearance of a varicose vein or a spider vein. The skin of the subject may be substantially free of a mild to severe appearance of pores. The skin of the subject may be substantially free of mild to severe cellulitis. In some aspects, the compound may be administered prior to onset of the disease or condition in the subject. The compound may be administered during incidence of the disease or condition in the subject. The compound may be administered subsequent to at least partial reduction of the disease or condition in the subject. The compound may be administered in response to a trigger or warning sign of a mitochondrial dysfunction or aging-associated condition, e.g., aging, premature aging, habitual sleep conditions, habitual sleep position, habitual facial expression, weight loss, ultraviolet (UV) light exposure, treatment with a chemical or therapeutic agent, e.g., chemotherapy and / or radiation therapy, smoking, dehydration, or immersion. The subject may be predisposed for a mitochondrial dysfunction condition, e.g., based on age, race, skin type, eye color, habit, or heredity. A method may further comprise determining whether the subject is in need of treatment. The composition comprising the compound may additionally comprise a moisturizing agent, deodorizing agent, scent, colorant, insect repellant, cleansing agent, or UV-blocking agent. The composition may include microspheres or microcapsules. The composition may be formulated for immediate release or extended release. The composition may be formulated for controlled or sustained release. For example, the composition may be formulated for sustained release over a period of 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, or more. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO The subject may be characterized as having normal mitochondrial function. The subject may be characterized as having reduced mitochondrial function. The subject may be characterized as experiencing premature aging or a symptom of premature aging. In certain embodiments, the subject may be characterized by one or more of: an inflammatory phenotype in the skin, a change in mitochondrial protein expression, reduced expression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complexes, reduced stability of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complexes, a decrease in collagen content of the skin, increased epidermal thickness, increased epidermal hyperplasia, acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, increased expression of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of: NF-κB, COX-2, INF-β1, CCL5, MMP1, MMP2, MMP9, MMP13, IGF1R, VEGF, and MRPS5, decreased expression of at least one of gene selected from the ground consisting of TIMP1, KLOTHO, COL1A1, MTCO2, TFAM, and VDAC, and increased inflammatory infiltrate in skin. The subject may be characterized as having decreased expression at least one protein selected from PGC-1a, TFAM, NRF-1, and COXII. In some aspects, a method may further comprise administering a second amount of the compound to the subject. The second amount may be administered as a second dose of the same formulation. The second amount may be administered in another formulation. The second amount may be administered in another formulation by the same route of administration, e.g., a topical solution or oil with a shampoo, conditioner, spray, cream, gel, body wash, soap, or lotion. The second amount may be administered by another route of administration, e.g., each amount may independently be administered topically, parenterally, or enterally. In some aspects, a method may further comprise administering a second compound to the subject. The second compound may be a compound that is a constituent of the same extract. The second compound may be a compound that is a constituent of another extract. The second compound may be a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with the first compound. The second compound may be administered in the same formulation. The second compound may be administered in another formulation. The compound may be administered as part of a combination therapy. The method may further comprise administering a second treatment in combination with the compound. The compound may be administered for a period of time prior to initiating the second treatment. The compound may be administered concurrently with the second treatment. The compound may be Docket No. Y2008-7005WO administered for a period of time subsequent to ceasing the second treatment. The second treatment may be administered via an alternate mode of administration. The second treatment may be a cosmetic and / or therapeutic treatment. The compound may be administered in combination with a second agent, e.g., cosmetic or therapeutic agent, approved to treat or commonly used to treat the disease or condition or a symptom thereof. The compound may be administered in combination with caffeine, B vitamins (e.g., B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B8, B9 and / or B12), vitamin C, iron, magnesium, and / or zinc. The compound may be administered in combination with UV-blocking agent, moisturizer, sunscreen, wrinkle cream, retinoid, alpha-hydroxy acid, beta-hydroxy acid, squalene, antioxidant, tretinoin, glycosaminoglycan (GAG), lactic acid, malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, hydroquinone, kojic acid, L-ascorbic acid, licorice extract, N-acetylglucosamine, niacinamide, squalene, soy, dermal filler or injection, e.g. hyaluronic acid or calcium hydroxylapatite, botulinum toxin, laser resurfacing procedure, ultrasound therapy, chemical peel, e.g. glycolic acid peel, trichloroacetic acid or salicylic acid, or dermabrasion procedure. The compound may be administered in combination with an antioxidant. Exemplary antioxidants include CoQ10, vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, e.g., beta-carotene, minerals, e.g., selenium and manganese, glutathione, lipoic acid, flavonoids, betaflavonoid, phenols, polyphenols, phytoestrogens, mitoquinol mesylate, and ubiquinone. The compound may be administered in combination with an antioxidant, e.g., melatonin, an exfoliator, e.g., salicylic acid or N-acetyl glucosamine, an anti-inflammatory, e.g., curcumin or turmeric extract. The fucus compound may be administered in combination with an emblica extract or a compound constituent of an emblica extract. The fucus compound may be administered in combination with a chebula extract or a compound constituent of a chebula extract. The emblica compound may be administered with a fucus extract or a compound constituent of a fucus extract. The emblica compound may be administered with a chebula extract or a compound constituent of a chebula extract. In accordance with certain embodiments, the combination of two or more of an emblica compound, a fucus compound, and a chebula compound may provide synergistic effects in the treatment of the disease or condition. In accordance with one or more embodiments, an effective amount of the compound may Docket No. Y2008-7005WO be administered to a face of a subject. In accordance with one or more embodiments, the compound may be administered to the scalp of the subject. In accordance with one or more embodiments, the compound may be administered to the body of the subject. For example, the compound may be applied to one or more of the more of the forehead, eye region, neck, scalp, head, shoulder, arm, hands, leg, underarm, torso, chest, feet, knee, ankle, back, buttock, or genitals of the subject. Delivery Carriers In accordance with certain aspects, the compositions of the disclosure may be loaded in a drug delivery platform or “delivery carrier” that can be designed with selected physical and functional properties. For instance, the composition of the carrier may be designed to provide a desired release profile of the deliverable (i.e., composition or active agent). The delivery carrier may be loaded with an effective amount of the deliverable. In some embodiments, the delivery platform may carry multiple deliverables. Thus, the delivery carriers disclosed herein may be formulated to provide combination therapy. The methods may comprise selecting the deliverable. The deliverable may be selected from a composition or active agent disclosed herein. In certain exemplary embodiments, the deliverable may be selected to be an emblica extract, a chebula extract, an isolated compound constituent of emblica extract, chebula extract, or metabolite thereof, a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with the isolated compound constituent of emblica extract, chebula extract, or metabolite thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, or a combination thereof. Other deliverables disclosed herein may be selected. The effective loading amount for each deliverable or the combination of deliverables in the delivery carrier, also referred to as load factor (LF) herein, may be 0.1 wt%, 0.1-1 wt%, 1 wt%, 1-5 wt%, 5 wt%, 5-10 wt%, 10 wt%, 10-20 wt%, 20 wt%, 20-30 wt%, 30 wt%, 30-40 wt%, 40 wt%, 40-50 wt%, 50 wt%, or more. In practice, the LF for each deliverable or combination of the deliverables in the delivery carrier may be + / - 1-5% of the target or design loading amount. The delivery carriers may be incorporated into one or more formulations for administration. The formulations may contain an effective amount of the delivery carrier (also referred to as particle content (PC) herein), with a suitable amount of an acceptable vehicle to provide a form proper for administration to a subject. For instance, the vehicle may be selected to Docket No. Y2008-7005WO produce a formulation suitable for topical, parenteral, enteral, or other modes of administration. The effective amount of the delivery carrier may be selected to produce a formulation having a desired concentration of the deliverable or active agent. In some embodiments, the effective amount of the delivery carrier in the formulation may be 0.01-1 wt%, 1-2 wt%, 1-5 wt%, 5-10 wt%, 10-20 wt%, 20-30 wt%, 30-40 wt%, 40-50 wt%, 50-60 wt%, 60-70 wt%, 70-80 wt%, 80-90 wt%, or more, or in some instances, as low as 0.001 wt% or less. Conceivably, a PC could be as high as 100 wt% in some embodiments, e.g., for an inhalable. Other specific representative examples include (i.e., are not limited to) 10 wt% for an injectable, 50-90 wt% for a pill, 0.001 wt% for a homeopathic formulation. The effective amount of the delivery carrier in the formulation may be selected to produce a formulation having a concentration of the deliverable or active agent between 0.25 to 100 µM, for instance, 0.25 µM, 0.5 µM, 1 µM, 2.5 µM, 5 µM, 10 µM, 20 µM, 50 µM, or 100 µM. The effective amount of the deliverable may be equal to the LF times the PC. Thus, in some embodiments, the effective amount of the deliverable is from 0.01 to 45 wt%, for example, 0.01-0.1 wt%, 0.1-1 wt%, 1-5 wt%, 5-10 wt%, 10-15 wt%, 15-20 wt%, 20-25 wt%, 25-30 wt%, 30-35 wt%, 35-40 wt%, or 40-45 wt%.The formulation may comprise one or more additional active agents or combination therapies. The additional active agent or combination therapy may be incorporated in a similar delivery carrier or provided independently of the delivery carriers of the disclosure. Methods of preparing the loaded delivery carriers are disclosed herein. The methods, which are described in more detail below, may generally include steps such as hydrolysis, condensation, loading the deliverable, drying (e.g., lyophilization, air drying), milling (e.g., ball mill, jet mill, wet mill), and introducing post-production surface modifications, such as PEGylation or attachment of targeting molecules, including peptides and antibodies. The delivery carriers may be in the form of amorphous silica particles. In certain embodiments, the delivery carriers are polycaprylylsilsesquioxane silicate particles. Silica particle delivery carriers may be produced from hydrogels formed from polymerized silanes, such as tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) or tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). The hydrogel is formed by hydrolysis and condensation. The properties of the hydrogel may be controlled by selecting formation conditions, such as temperature, water to alcohol ratio, and pH of the hydrolysis and condensation steps. The controllable properties include, for example, polymer size and degree of Docket No. Y2008-7005WO polymer packing in the hydrogel, which may be used to control the release profile of the carriers. Thus, the hydrogel may be formulated to provide immediate release of the deliverable or extended or sustained release of the deliverable. The hydrogel may have a liquid phase and a solid phase. The basic structure or morphology of the solid phase may range from discrete colloidal particles to a continuous polymer network. In certain embodiments, the interior of the delivery carriers may be functionalized. For instance, the hydrogel may be formulated to include side chains for modification of charge, hydrophobicity or polarity of the delivery carrier. The delivery carriers may comprise chemical modifications, such as thiols, amines, lipids, sugars, starches, or polysaccharides, alkyl chains, fatty chains, carboxyl groups, carbonyl groups, peptides, combinations thereof, or others. The delivery carriers may comprise polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains or polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) chains in the hydrogel matrix. The functionalization may allow for control and customization of loading and release properties of the carriers, selected for the target deliverable and treatment. For instance, the size of the PEG chain, which may optionally range from 200 Daltons to 10,000 Daltons, for example, 200 Daltons to 400 Daltons, may inform release rate of the deliverable. One exemplary method of functionalizing the carriers includes doping the hydrogel- forming silanes (TMOS or TEOS) with TMOS-derivatives having the modifier at the fourth conjugation site, Si(OCH3)3(X), where X is the desired modifier. Modifications for the interior of the delivery carrier may be introduced during the hydrogel formation step, for example, during condensation. Thus, in certain embodiments, the hydrogel-forming silanes may be doped with TMOS-derivatives having modifiers, such as a thiol-containing side chain, a lipid-containing side chain, a PEG-containing side chain, a PVA-containing side chain, or an alkyl side chain, at the fourth conjugation site. Other methods of functionalizing a hydrogel may be used. In certain embodiments, the delivery carrier may include exterior surface modifications. Exterior surface modifications may control interfacial properties, such as how the carriers interact with each other and with cells and tissues (including charge and dispersibility), detection by immune cells, targeting abilities, imaging abilities, and others. The exterior surface modifications may include, for example, PEGylation, targeting molecules, such as peptides or antibodies, imaging agents, anions, such as methylphosphonate, cations, such as amines, alkanes, such as octyl groups, and others. PEGylation may generally prevent the carriers from occluding in the veins and may render the carriers undetectable by macrophage and other immune cells. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO Attaching charged particles, for example, anions or cations, to the exterior surface may render the delivery carriers dispersible in a target fluid. In some embodiments, the exterior surface modifier may be or comprise an octyl group. Thus, the delivery carriers may be functionalized with an octyl group (e.g., blank octyl- functionalized silica CAS ID: 3069-40-7). Octyl-functionalization (also referred to as octyl- doping herein) may improve bioavailability of the delivery carrier and / or deliverable. Octyl- functionalization may improve or provide extended release, enhanced stability, and / or the targeted delivery (e.g., mitochondria-targeted delivery) of the delivery carrier and / or deliverable. The carriers may be functionalized with exterior surface modifications by any method known in the art. For instance, PEGylation may be used to attach the modifier to the exterior surface of the carrier. In general, the carriers may be functionalized after production, for instance, after the drying and milling steps. The delivery carrier may be formulated to be a nanoparticle carrier. Exemplary nanoparticle carriers may be dimensioned to have an average size of about 1 to 5000 nm, for example, 1 to 10 nm, 10 to 50 nm, 10 to 100 nm, 50 to 500 nm, 50 to 100 nm, 100 to 500 nm, 500 to 1000 nm, or 1000 nm to 5000 nm, which can be selected based on the target tissue, compound to be delivered, and other properties of the nanomaterial. In some embodiments, exemplary nanoparticle carriers may be dimensioned to have an average size of about 100 nm to 200 nm, 200 nm to 300 nm, 250 nm to 350 nm, 300 nm to 400 nm, or 400 nm to 500 nm. The delivery carrier may be formulated to be a microparticle carrier. Exemplary microparticle carriers may be dimensioned to have an average size of about 1 to 50 µm, for example, 1 to 5 µm, 5 to 10 µm, 10 to 15 µm, 15 to 20 µm, 20 to 30 µm, 30 to 40 µm, or 40 to 50 µm, which can be selected based on the target tissue, compound to be delivered, and other properties of the nanomaterial. In some embodiments, exemplary microparticle carriers may be dimensioned to have an average size of about 1 to 2 µm, 2 to 3 µm, 3 to 4 µm, 4 to 5 µm, 5 to 6 µm, 6 to 7 µm, 7 to 8 µm, 8 to 9 µm, or 9 to 10 µm. The delivery carriers may be produced as blank (i.e., lacking a deliverable) sol-gel (hydrogel) blocks which can then be loaded with the deliverable. Blank silane-derived sol-gel blocks may be prepared using the Brinker methodology. The basic sol-gel monoliths are generally produced by hydrolysis of the starting silanes followed by condensation to produce the polymeric network of the sol-gel. The starting silane may be a tetra substituted silane, such as Docket No. Y2008-7005WO tetramethoxy silane (TMOS), tetraethoxy silane (TEOS), or another silane. The methods may comprise hydrolyzing the tetra substituted silane. Hydrolyzed silanes may be combined with functional modifiers, for example, with X-trimethoxy silanes, as previously described. The X-trimethoxy silanes may also be hydrolyzed. The hydrolyzed combination may be subjected to a condensation reaction by combination with an aqueous buffer to create the monolith silica sol-gel. The combination of the hydrolyzed compounds produces the doped polymeric network with functional side chains incorporated into the polymer. The methods may comprise loading the blank silica sol-gel with the deliverable or active agent. The blank sol-gels may be loaded with the deliverable by introducing into the sol-gel a solution of the deliverable in a suitable solvent. Any solvent may be used, as long as the solvent may then be removed through a drying process, such as lyophilization. Aqueous and non- aqueous solvents may be used to load the deliverable, as selected based on the solubility properties of the deliverable. The solution of the deliverable may be combined with the hydrolyzed silanes (before condensation), simultaneously with the aqueous buffer, or with the monolith sol-gel (after condensation). The methods may include drying the loaded silica sol-gel. The loaded sol-gel may be dried by lyophilization or other suitable drying method. The loaded sol-gel may be dried until the material appears fully dry or desiccated. Thus, the loaded sol-gel may be dried to produce a dehydrated loaded carrier of silica. All or substantially all solvent in the sol-gel may be removed through drying. The methods may include granulating the dried material to produce a fine powder of amorphous silica particles. In some embodiments, the dried material may be granulated through milling, for example, ball milling or jet milling. Ball milling and jet milling may generally produce mostly microparticles with some submicron particles, the average dimensions and ratio of each being a result of the type of milling selected. The method may include a second granulation of such a composition. In some embodiments, dry milled particles may be wet milled to produce nanoparticles. Other methods of granulating include using a mortar and pestle and other mechanical devices. The deliverable-loaded amorphous silica particles may be combined with exterior functionalizing modifiers. In some embodiments, the exterior modifiers may be attached to the dried material prior to granulating. In other embodiments, the exterior modifiers may be attached Docket No. Y2008-7005WO to the particles after granulating. The resulting composition of deliverable-loaded carrier particles may be stored in a suitable freezer for extended periods of time without obvious loss of efficacy or content. The polymeric network structure of the sol-gel may be designed to select the release rate of the deliverable from the resulting delivery carrier. Specifically, the gelation (hydrolysis and condensation) conditions may determine average pore size and size distribution of the pores within the sol-gel. Such properties may be selected by controlling conditions, such as pH, identity of any modifiers, ratio of water to alcohol, temperature, and others. Furthermore, drying time of the sol-gel may be selected to control the release rate of the particle delivery carrier. In particular, drying time may have an effect on pore size (if any) of the amorphous silica particles. In one exemplary embodiment, the initial hydrolysis process may be carried out under low water conditions, which favors the formation of a composition having a majority population of silanes having only one of four sites hydrolyzed. Hydrolysis may be performed in a low pH solution, e.g., having a pH of less than 3, for example, a pH of 0.5-1.0, 1.0-1.5, 1.5-2.0, 2.0-2.5, or 2.5-3.0. Hydrolysis may be performed at an elevated temperature, e.g., 60 ºC, for 1-2 hours, e.g., about 1.5 hours. The hydrolyzed mixture may be sonicated. The selection of the following condensation conditions (e.g., rapid or slow condensation / polymerization) may determine pore size and size distribution, which has an effect on release rate of the formed delivery carriers. Condensation may be initiated by introducing a buffer, e.g., an aqueous buffer, configured to induce gelation of the hydrolyzed silanes. A buffer having a lower pH value may induce a slow condensation reaction. Slow condensation typically forms a polymer having smaller pores, providing a slower release rate of the loaded deliverable. A buffer having a higher pH value may induce a fast condensation reaction. Fast condensation typically forms a polymer having larger pores, providing a faster release rate of the loaded deliverable. Water to alcohol ratio of the condensation buffer may also have an effect on pore size of the formed delivery carrier. For instance, during alcohol condensation, the free OH on the hydrolyzed silane reacts with a methoxy group of another silane, displacing methanol and producing a linear polymer with tighter polymer packing in the hydrogel. Thus, conditions which favor alcohol condensation typically produce a delivery carrier with a slower release rate of the loaded deliverable. During water condensation, a free hydroxyl from water replaces the methoxy, producing a branched polymer with looser polymer packing in the hydrogel. Conditions which Docket No. Y2008-7005WO favor water condensation typically produce a delivery carrier with a faster release rate of the loaded deliverable. The condensation buffer may have an alcohol concentration of 25 – 75%. In some embodiments, a water to alcohol ratio of 3:1 – 1:1 may favor water condensation. In some embodiments, a water to alcohol ratio of 1:1 – 3:1 may favor alcohol condensation. Additionally, the starting silane molecules may be modified or designed to have a selected charge. A charged polymeric network may reduce the release rate of the loaded deliverable. In one exemplary embodiment, sol-gels modified with an amine group, such as by the addition of an amine containing silane, such as 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS), produces a delivery carrier having a much slower release profile of negatively charged deliverables. Similar delivery carriers may be designed to provide slower release rates of positively charged deliverables. Thus, the delivery carriers may be cationic or anionic. Furthermore, drying time of the sol-gel may be selected to control release properties of the delivery carriers. In accordance with certain exemplary embodiments, the delivery carriers may be produced as a porous medium when in gel form. The deliverable may be “loaded” into the gel and nest inside the pores. The porous structure may be selected by controlling drying time of the gel into the silica powder. For instance, upon rapid drying to form the silica powder the pores may “collapse” around the deliverable, producing a physical binding. However, upon slow drying to form the silica powder, the pores do not “collapse” around the deliverable. In certain embodiments, the sol-gel may be rapidly dried, for example, in less than 48 hours, 24 hours, 12 hours, or 6 hours, to produce an extended or controlled release formulation. In other embodiments, the sol-gel may be slowly dried, for example, dried over a period of several days, weeks, or months, to produce an immediate release formulation. In some embodiments, the loaded delivery carriers may be combined with a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable vehicle. While the deliverable does not generally diffuse out of the delivery carrier in a dry state, upon combination with an appropriate solvent, the deliverable may be free to diffuse out of the delivery carrier. Thus, the pharmaceutically or cosmetically active vehicle may be selected to avoid premature dissolution of the deliverable. A hydrophobic deliverable will not diffuse out of the delivery carrier when combined with an aqueous solution, because the deliverable is not soluble in water. However, a hydrophobic deliverable that is soluble in alcohol, e.g., ethanol (such as chebulinic acid) will generally diffuse when combined with ethanol. So, in accordance with certain embodiments, Docket No. Y2008-7005WO combining chebulinic acid loaded delivery carriers with ethanol may initiate the release of chebulinic acid from the carrier. Thus, in accordance with certain embodiments, an aqueous vehicle may be used to produce a composition. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that upon contact with the skin of a subject, the lipid matrix of the skin acts as a good solvent for such hydrophobic molecules. The rate of release of the deliverable may be selected by controlling one or more of particle size, solvent viscosity, pore structure, and other properties of the delivery carriers. In certain embodiments, the loaded carriers comprise 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60, 60-70, 70-80, 80-90, 90-100 µg or more of the deliverable per mg of carrier. In certain embodiments, the loaded carriers comprise 20-60, 20-40, 25-40, 50-60 µg or more of deliverable per mg of carrier. In certain embodiments, the loaded carriers comprise 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60, 60-70, 70-80, 80-90, 90-100 µg or more of deliverable per mg of carrier per unit time. In certain embodiments, the loaded carriers comprise 20-60, 20-40, 25-40, 50-60 µg or more of deliverable per mg of carrier per unit time. In certain embodiment, the unit time is 1- 5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50, 50-60 secs, 1-2 mins, 2-5 mins, 5-10 mins, 10-30 mins, 30-60 mins, or more. In certain embodiments, the composition of loaded carriers has an average core size of 50-60, 60-70, 70- 80, 80-90, 90-100, 100-110, 110-120, 120-130, 130-140, 140-150, 150-160, 160-170, 170-180, 180-190, 190-200, 200-300, 300-400, 400-500 nm, or more. In certain embodiments, the composition of loaded carriers has an average core size of 70-150 nm. In certain embodiments, the composition of loaded carriers may have an average diameter in dry form of 1 nm to 1000 µm, 1 nm to 10 nm, 1 nm to 50 nm, 10 nm to 500 nm, 50 nm to 200 µm, 50 nm to 1 µm, 50 nm to 500 nm, 100 nm to 500 nm, 200 nm to 500 nm, 100 nm to 200 nm, 500 nm to 1000 nm, 50 nm to 100 nm, 1 µm to 5 µm, 5 µm to 10 µm, 10 µm to 15 µm, 15 µm to 20 µm, 20 µm to 50 µm, 50 µm to 100 µm, 100 µm to 200 µm, 200 µm to 500 µm, or 500 µm to 1000 µm. In certain embodiments, the composition of loaded carriers may have an average diameter in dry form of less than 500 nm, for example, less than 400 nm, less than 200 nm, or less than 100 nm. In certain embodiments, the loaded carriers have a size distribution of 0-5%, 5-10%, 10- 15%, 15-20%, 20-25%, 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%, less than 50%, less than Docket No. Y2008-7005WO 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, or less than 5%. In certain embodiments, the loaded carriers have a size distribution of less than 1%. In certain embodiments, the loaded carriers have a size distribution of less than 0.1%. The loaded carriers may have a size distribution with a span (D90-D10) / (D50) in the range of from 1.0 to 2.5, 1.5 to 2.0, 2.5 to 3.0, or greater than 3.0, where D90 is the diameter at which 90% of the total particles have a smaller diameter, D10 is the diameter at which 10% of the total particles have a smaller diameter, and D50 is the diameter at which 50% of the total particles have a smaller diameter. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed the delivery carriers disclosed herein have improved permeability as compared to compositions lacking the delivery carriers. Improved permeability may be in the form of skin penetration, crossing the blood brain barrier, cell membrane penetration, and others. In certain embodiments, the delivery carriers may have increased permeability as compared to other compositions lacking the delivery carriers on the order of at least 10, 10-102, 102-103, 103-104, 104-105or more. In certain embodiments, the delivery carriers are 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, or more fold more efficient in permeability than compositions lacking the delivery carriers. Additionally, any of the delivery carriers disclosed herein may comprise, be formed of, and / or be functionalized with one or more of carbon-based nanomaterials, liposomal delivery vehicles, polymeric nanocarriers, micelles, dendrimers, lipophilic cations, solid-lipid nanoparticles (SLN), peptide-based nanomaterials, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), niosomes, nanoemulsions, metal nanoparticles, nanospheres, polymerosomes, cubosomes, and combinations thereof. Exemplary nanomaterials are described in “Nanotherapeutic Approaches to Target Mitochondria in Cancer,” (Mani, 2021) and “Role of Nanotechnology in Cosmeceuticals: A Review of Recent Advances,” (Kaul, 2018), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. The delivery carrier may be designed for mitochondrial targeting or specific cell type targeting. Exemplary mitochondrial targeting agents include antibodies, polymeric functional moieties, such as PEG, lipophilic cations, such as triphenylphosphine (TPP), and peptides, such as mitochondrial penetrating peptides (MPP). The delivery carrier may be formed of a targeting moiety, for example, encapsulating or conjugated with the compounds disclosed herein, and / or the delivery carrier may be functionalized with a surface targeting moiety. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO Exemplary carbon-based nanomaterials include carbon dots (C-dots or CD), carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene derivatives, nanodiamonds (ND), quantum dots (QD), and magnetic nanoparticles (MNP). Carbon nanoparticles may be formed into different shapes including, for example, spherical, elliptical, tube, horn-shaped, and combinations thereof. CNTs are graphene sheets formed into cylindrical tubes. CNTs have demonstrated low toxicity profile, good biocompatibility, and targeted accumulation. CNTs of the disclosure may be single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and / or multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). SWCNTs have a smaller diameter, in the range of 1 to 10 nm. MWCNTs have a larger diameter, in the range of 2 to 50 nm. CNTs may be functionalized with a targeting sequence. For instance, CNTs may be functionalized to target mitochondria and / or a specific cell type. Graphene derivatives also include two-dimensional carbon allotropes. Graphene derivatives may be designed to exhibit specific physicochemical properties, such as a high surface area and selected multifaceted surface properties. Graphene derivatives may be functionalized, e.g., surface functionalized, for targeted delivery to mitochondria and / or a specific cell type. CNTs have been used successfully in hair colorants and cosmetic hair care formulations. Nanodiamonds have been shown to provide high affinity to biomolecules, biocompatibility, and non- or low-cytotoxicity. Nanodiamonds, quantum dots, and magnetic nanoparticles may be conjugated with the compounds disclosed herein for targeted delivery. Certain MNP may be designed to encapsulate the compounds disclosed herein. QDs are generally formed of a semiconductive core layered by a shell designed to provide selected physical and chemical characteristics. MNPs are formed of a magnetic core, such as an iron oxide material core, and surface coating designed to improve stability and biocompatibility in physiological environments. Thus, MNPs and QDs are highly adaptable for their selected use. Liposome based delivery vehicles are typically formed of enclosed spherical vesicles composed of a lipid bilayer with an internal bilayer and internal aqueous core region. The liposome may have a unilamellar or multilamellar structure. Liposomes may be designed to have a surface chemistry effective for targeted delivery and / or controlled release delivery. For instance, engineered liposomes have shown improved cellular update and accumulation of a delivery compound in the mitochondria. Antioxidants, such as carotenoids, CoQ10, lycopene and agents such as vitamin A, E, and K, may be incorporated into liposomes to amplify physical and chemical stability. Liposomes may be formulated with phosphatidylcholine to provide Docket No. Y2008-7005WO moisturizing properties to skin and hair care products. Vegetable phospholipids and soya phospholipids may be used with topical formulations for their high content of esterified essential fatty acids. For example, when applied with an active agent, the barrier function of the skin is increased and water loss is decreased. It has been shown that certain liposomes have an effect on wrinkle reduction, decreasing efflorescence in acne treatment, and increasing skin smoothness. Niosomes are vesicles having a bilayer structure composed of self-assembled hydrated nonionic surfactants. Niosomes may have cholesterol incorporated into their lipids or may be free of cholesterol. Niosomes may be formulated as multilamellar or unilamellar structures encapsulating the compounds disclosed herein by a membrane formed when the surfactant macromolecules are organized as a bilayer. Exemplary nonionic surfactants include spans, tweens, brijs, alkyl amides, sorbitan ester, crown ester, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, and steroid- linked surfactants. Niosomes may encapsulate the compounds disclosed herein, providing prolonged systemic circulation and enhanced penetration into target tissue. Niosomes in cosmetic and skin care applications provide skin penetration, increased stability of entrapped ingredients, and improved bioavailability of typically poorly adsorbed compounds. Niosomes may be designed for a target application by controlling the nature and structure of surfactants, membrane composition, and temperature of hydration, which influences size and shape of the particle. Specialized niosomes called proniosomes may be used. Proniosomes are nonionic based surfactant vesicles which are hydrated immediately before use to yield aqueous noisome dispersions. To further enhance drug delivery, niosomes and proniosomes may be combined in a formulation. Polymeric nanocarriers are generally formed of biodegradable polymers. The polymeric nanocarriers may be reservoir type (nanocapsules in which compounds are dissolved / distributed in the core of the polymer), matrix type (nanospheres, in which compounds are entrapped in the polymer matrix), and combinations thereof. Polymeric nanocarriers may offer the benefits of low toxicity, easy modification (for example, for targeted delivery), high drug loading capacity, small size, good aqueous solubility, and biocompatibility. Exemplary polymeric nanocarriers for mitochondrial targeting include hydrophilic block polymer, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly E-caprolactone (PCL). Other nanoparticles disclosed herein may be modified for mitochondrial targeting, such as by including surface hydrophilic block polymers (e.g., PEGylation). Polymerosomes are artificial vesicles formed of self-assembling block copolymer Docket No. Y2008-7005WO amphiphiles. Polymerosomes typically have a hydrophilic core and lipophilic bilayer. Polymerosomes are highly customizable. Drug encapsulation and release capabilities may be controlled by forming the polymerosome with block copolymers that are biodegradable and / or responsive to stimuli. The composition and molecular weight of the polymerosome may be selected to control properties, such as, response to stimuli, membrane thickness, permeability, flexibility, and size (polymerosomes may be designed to have a radius from 50 nm to 5000 nm or more). Polymerosomes provide benefits, such as, improved skin elasticity and skin cell activation energy enhancement. Cubosomes are nanostructured particles formed from self-assembled liquid crystalline particles of aqueous lipids and surfactants. Cubosomes are formed of a bicontinuous liquid phase, enclosing two separate vesicles of aqueous formulations divided by a surfactant- controlled bilayer in a strongly packed structure. Cubosomes may be designed as a honeycombed structure having more than two separate vesicles. Release of each vesicle may be separately controlled. Cubosomes may provide benefits, such as, providing controlled and / or targeted release of the compounds, possessing lipid biodegradability, and having a high internal surface area with different drug-loading modalities. Micelles are colloidal aggregates that are generally amphiphilic in nature, having a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. The size and shape of micelle nanoparticles may be selected by varying the solution’s isotonic strength, pH, temperature, and the nature of the amphiphilic molecule. Micelles may be utilized to improve uptake of the compounds disclosed herein in mitochondria. For instance, micelle formulations have been found to improve bioavailability of low absorption compounds, prevent mitochondrial swelling (indicating less mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening and prevention of injury), and protect cells from nitrosative stress, “Curcumin Micelles Improve Mitochondrial Function in Neuronal PC12 Cells and Brains of NMRI Mice – Impact on Bioavailability” (Hagl, 2015) (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes). Micelles may be functionalized with a targeting group, such as mitochondrial targeting TPP, MPP, or PEGyltaion. In some embodiments, micelle nanoparticles may be polymeric micelles. Dendrimers are hyperbranched macromolecules which may be formed of sugars, amino acids, and / or nucleotides. Dendrimers are generally formed of a central core, repeated branches, and diverse peripheral groups. The peripheral groups may be designed or functionalized for a Docket No. Y2008-7005WO target application, such as targeted delivery. Benefits of dendrimers include the ability to provide drug encapsulation, high aqueous solubility, high retention time, biodegradability, specificity, low toxicity, and surface modification capabilities that may provide properties such as monodispersity, polyvalence, and stability. Dendrimers may be functionalized with a targeting group, such as TPP, MPP, or PEGylation. Dendrimers may be formulated to encapsulate the compound or conjugate to the compound. Lipophilic cations are positively charged ions that can penetrate the plasma and mitochondrial membranes. The lipophilic cations tend to accumulate in the mitochondria. Thus, lipophilic cations, such as TPP, dequalinum, and rhodamine 123, may be utilized for mitochondrial-targeted therapeutic delivery. Delocalized lipophilic cations (DLC) have a strong mitochondrial targeting ability to cross the membrane and drive specific aggregation of attached moieties within the mitochondria of the cells. Thus, DLCs may be utilized as nanoparticle carriers and / or as surface modifications for targeted delivery. For instance, the compositions disclosed herein may be conjugated to a DLC, such as TPP, or encapsulated in another carrier having a TPP surface functionalization for targeted delivery. Solid-lipid nanoparticles are sub-micron colloidal carriers in the range of 50 to 1000 nm, for example 50 to 500 nm or 50 to 100 nm. SLNs are generally formed of physiological lipid disseminated in water or a liquid surfactant solution having an oil-based or lipoidal core. SLNs may be prepared from complex glyceride mixtures, purified triglycerides, and waxes having phospholipid hydrophobic chains in the fat matrix. SLNs provide benefits such as small size, large surface area, high drug loading capacity, and the contact of phases at the interface. SLNs may be designed to provide controlled or sustained release of the compound. In cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, SLNs may provide increased penetration of the compounds disclosed herein through the skin. SLNs may have ultraviolet (UV) resistant properties, occlusive properties which can be used to increase skin hydration, and good stability coalescence due to their solid nature, which reduces mobility and leakage of the active molecules. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) are a form of lipid nanoparticle formed by blending solid lipids with spatially incompatible liquid lipid compositions, forming an amorphous solid. NLCs may be of the imperfect type, amorphous type, or multiple type. NLC particles typically range in size from 10 nm to 1000 nm. When formulated from biodegradable and physiological lipids, NLCs show very little toxicity. Thus, NLC formulations may provide the benefits of Docket No. Y2008-7005WO reduced systemic side effects and higher drug loading capacity. NLCs may be designed to have a biphasic drug release pattern. For example, a first compound release profile may be immediate or controlled release, and a second compound release profile may be controlled or delayed release. Like SLNs, NLCs may also provide increased penetration of the compounds disclosed herein through the skin, ultraviolet (UV) resistant properties, occlusive properties which can be used to increase skin hydration, and good stability coalescence. Nanoemulsions are kinetically and thermodynamically stable dispersions of liquid formed from an oil phase and a water phase in combination with a surfactant. The nanoemulsions disclosed herein may be oil in water, water in oil, or bicontinuous formulations. Properties of nanoemulsions may be designed by controlling method of preparation. Nanoemulsions are typically dispersed phase, comprising small particles or droplets having low oil or water interfacial tension. Nanoemulsions are tupically formed of a lipophilic core surrounded by a monomolecular layer of phospholipids. Nanoemulsions provide benefits, such as, low viscosity, high kinetic stability, high interfacial area, high solubilization capacity, and increased rate of absorption. In cosmetic and pharmaceuticals, nanoemulsions may provide rapid penetration and active transport of active ingredients and hydration to the skin. Nanoemulsions may be formulated into foams, creams, sprays, or liquids. Certain nanoparticle formulations, such as SLNs, nanoemulsions, liposomes, and niosomes, may be used in moisturizing formulations, providing humectants that retain moisture for a prolonged period of time. Metal nanoparticles may be designed to have specific properties and may be shaped as nanospheres, nanoshells, nanoclusters, nanorods, nanostars, nanocubes, branched, and nanotriangles. Shape, size, and dielectric properties of metal nanoparticles may have an effect on resonance frequency. Metal nanoparticles may be designed to have high drug loading capacity and effectively penetrate the cell wall by controlling size, surface area, and crystallinity. Benefits of metal nanoparticles include acceleration of blood circulation, anti-inflammatory properties, antiseptic properties, improvising firmness and elasticity of skin, delaying aging, and vitalizing skin metabolism. Exemplary metal nanoparticles are gold, silver, and copper. Such metal nanoparticles have been shown to provide strong antifungal and / or antimicrobial properties. Another exemplary metal nanoparticle is titanium dioxide (TiO2), which has been shown to provide protection from ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Metal nanoparticles may be designed to be Docket No. Y2008-7005WO inert in nature, highly stable, biocompatible, and noncytotoxic. More than one metal may be used to form metal nanocomposites with selected properties. Nanospheres are spherical nanoparticles having a core-shell structure. The compounds may be encapsulated, conjugated, dissolved, or otherwise entrapped in the nanoparticle. The nanospheres may be crystalline or amorphous structures. The nanospheres may be biodegradable or nonbiodegradable. Exemplary biodegradable biospheres include gelatin, modified starch, and albumin nanospheres. One exemplary nonbiodegradable nanosphere is polylactic acid. In cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, nanospheres may be used to deliver the compounds disclosed herein into a deep layer of the skin more precisely and efficiently. Nanospheres have been shown to provide protection against actinic aging. Peptide-based nanomaterials are biomolecules made up of several amino acids linked by peptide bond. Peptides may generally provide rapid clearance in the kidney due to enzymatic degradation. Peptide nanomaterials may provide several benefits including targeting and accumulating capacity, small size, ease of production and customizability, and biocompatibility. Certain peptide nanomaterials may be designed to self-assemble into distinct shapes and sizes in response to environmental factors, such as temperature, pH, ionic strength, or molecular interaction between the host and peptide. Peptide nanoparticles may also be functionalized for targeted delivery. Functionalized peptides have been found to exhibit improved targetability and enhanced efficacy. One exemplary peptide nanomaterial with mitochondrial-targeting ability is mitochondrial penetrating peptides (MPP). MPPs are cell penetrating peptides which can efficiently penetrate mitochondrial double membranes. MPPs are generally designed or selected to be positively charged peptides. Due to the strongly negative charge of mitochondrial membranes, positively charged peptides are capable of penetrating mitochondria. MPPs are described in more detail in “Mitochondrial targeted strategies and their application for cancer and other diseases treatment,” (Li, 2020), incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. Thus, MPPs may be utilized as nanoparticle carriers and / or as surface modifications for targeted delivery. For instance, the compositions disclosed herein may be conjugated to an MPP or encapsulated in another carrier having an MPP surface functionalization for targeted delivery. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO Sol-Gel Hydrogel Delivery Carriers In accordance with one aspect, sol-gel / hydrogel delivery carriers may be produced by an in vitro method including an initial hydrolysis of a starting silane to produce a hydrolyzed silane and a condensation reaction of the hydrolyzed silane to produce a polymeric network that makes up the sol-gel. In some embodiments, tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and / or tetramethoxy silane (TMOS) (and / or one or more other similar tetra substituted silane) may be hydrolyzed. In some embodiments, hydrolyzed silane (e.g., TEOS and / or TMOS) may be mixed with one or more other hydrolyzed silane, such as an X-trimethoxy silane (where X may be a wide variety of side chains attached to the Si group including, but not limited to, thiols, amines, alkyl chains, fatty acids, carboxy groups, carbonyl groups, PEG chains, sugars, starches, peptides) to produce a hydrolyzed mix. The hydrolyzed mix may be caused to undergo a condensation reaction to create a monolith sol-gel. By combining the two or more hydrolyzed populations, the polymeric network may be doped with the X side chain, which becomes incorporated into the polymer. The sol-gel (blank sol-gel) may be loaded with one or more desired deliverable by introducing onto the sol-gel a suitably concentrated solution of the deliverable in a solvent that can be removed, e.g., by drying (such as through lyophilization). Aqueous and non-aqueous solvents, e.g., alcohols (such as ethanol and methanol), water, DMSO, or acetone, may be used individually or in combination to load the deliverable. The solvent may be selected based on the solubility properties of the deliverable. One exemplary method of preparing deliverable-containing particles includes preparing a solution having at least one silane dissolved in at least one solvent. The silane solution may have a controlled pH, for example, a pH of less than or equal to 3. The method may include forming a hydrogel by raising the pH of the silane solution. Water may be introduced to the silane solution during formation of the hydrogel. One exemplary solvent is methanol. The silane solution may additionally comprise a buffer. One exemplary buffer is acetic acid. The acetic acid may function as a buffer for the solution when the pH is increased, to encourage condensation into a monolith. The produced hydrogel may include silanes linked to form at least one monolith network. The method may include loading the hydrogel with at least one deliverable, as previously described. In certain embodiments, the method may include drying the deliverable-loaded hydrogel to form a dried material. In some embodiments, the method may include milling the dried Docket No. Y2008-7005WO material to form a plurality of deliverable-containing particles. Optionally, the hydrogel may be loaded with the at least one deliverable after formation of the hydrogel and before the drying step. In certain embodiments, at least some of the silane is modified. For instance, the silane may be functionalized. In certain embodiments, the silane may be functionalized by octyl- doping. Octyl-doped silane may optionally be combined with one or more other components, for example, one or more other silane compounds, e.g., TEOS. The octyl-doped silane may be incorporated prior to formation of the hydrogel. In certain embodiments, the silane solution may comprise octyl trimethoxy silane in a solvent. In some embodiments, the modifier (e.g., the octyl group) may be incorporated throughout the particles (silanes). In some embodiments, the modifier may be introduced predominantly at the surface of the particles (silanes). Other modifiers may also be used, for example, any organosilane, e.g., having any branched or unbranched alkyl substituents (and / or combinations thereof), for instance one or more of methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, to C18-functionalized silane. Drying the hydrogel to form a dried material may be achieved in any suitable way (e.g., to remove solvent). Exemplary suitable drying techniques include, for example, heated vacuum drying and lyophilization. During lyophilization where ethanol is involved, e.g., as a solvent, cooling and a high vacuum below the triple point of ethanol may be employed. Other known drying methods may be used. One exemplary drying methods that may be used include rotacone vacuum drying, vacuum drying with an oil pump at - 29.9 inches Hg, drying at 40 ºC, drying at 100 ºC, drying at 115 ºC, etc. Drying time may generally depend on temperature and vacuum. To dry at a temperature of 40 ºC or colder, a high vacuum may be used. Higher temperature drying may be achieved with hot / dry air. Drying time may also depend on batch size and equipment capacity. Representative drying times are listed in Table 3. However, drying time may vary based on the factors previously described. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO Table 3: Representative Drying Times Temperature Representative Drying Time 0 ºC and below 24-48 hours In addition to providing faster drying times, drying at a higher temperature may produce particles that have a slower release rate. Thus, in some embodiments, release rate of the particle may be controlled by selecting drying temperature. One exemplary drying method is steam jacketed drying. During steam jacketed drying, energy via heat of condensation is directed to the vessel walls, but the drying process is not performed at a set temperature. After drying, the loaded particles may be subjected to any suitable size reduction technique. In some embodiments, the loaded particles may be subjected to milling, such as planetary milling, ball milling, or jet milling. In some embodiments, the loaded particles may be dry milled. Dry milling may produce particles having an average particle size in the range of about 5 to 25 µm. In some embodiments, the loaded particles may be wet milled. Wet milling may produce smaller particles than dry milling, for example, particles having an average particle size in the range of about 100 nm to 5 µm. in some embodiments, particles are dry milled for only a few minutes (e.g., so that the particles have an average particle size up to 200 micrometers). In some embodiments, the loaded particles may be dry milled for a shorter period of time, for example, for only a few minutes, to produce larger particles. In certain embodiments, the loaded particles, optionally the milled particles, may be passed through a sieve to select for a certain size or range of sizes. In some embodiments, the dried material is ball milled or jet milled, producing a fine powder formed largely of micron Docket No. Y2008-7005WO sized particles with certain amount of submicron particles. The dimensions of the particles, and size distribution of the particles, may generally depend on the type and methods of milling. For instance, in some embodiments, dry milled powder may subsequently be wet milled to produce particles having a narrower size distribution, for example, with a peak distribution in the 100 to 200 nm diameter range. In some embodiments, dried particles may be wet ground using a mortar and pestle to generate intermediate-sized particles. The compositions and materials produced by the methods described herein may be stored in a suitable freezer for extended periods of time without significant loss of efficacy or content. Thus, in some embodiments, the compositions and methods described herein may have a long shelf life. The type and concentration of the deliverable may have an effect on the properties of the composition. For instance, deliverables may interact differently with the sol-gel hydrogel materials described herein (e.g., silica networks). Thus, different deliverables may present a wide variety of challenges and problems. Delivery characteristics for each deliverable, such as the amount and / or proportion of deliverable released over a respective time span, may vary. The compositions described herein have been designed to provide selected delivery characteristics. The methods of preparing the composition described herein have been selected to provide the desired delivery characteristics of the target deliverable. Pore structure of the sol-gel hydrogel may also have an effect on the release properties of the loaded particles. For instance, it has been determined that even particles having the same or identical porosity and surface area after rapid drying (as measured by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)) may exhibit different release properties if the pore structures of the particles at the gel stage are different. The pore structure may include, for example, average diameter of pores and / or geometry of the pores (e.g., elongated, substantially spherical, interconnected, etc.). A structure exhibiting smaller pores (e.g., having a narrower pore diameter) during the gel stage produces a particle having a slower release rate. In some embodiments, particles produced from a gel having a smaller average pore diameter may be produced by incorporating one or more of the following parameters during the particle production method: utilizing a lower r value (water / silane ratio) during hydrolysis; utilizing a higher pH during hydrolysis; utilizing a decreased amount or no organosilane relative to backbone silane (e.g., octyl trimethoxy silane / TEOS); omitting any organosilane with a long Docket No. Y2008-7005WO chain organic group (e.g., octyl); utilizing a lower ratio of solvent to silane (e.g., ethanol / TEOS); and / or utilizing a smaller loading amount of deliverable and / or filler small organics (e.g., PEG 400) in the particle. Generally, a smaller loading amount of deliverable produces gels having pores that become more collapsed during drying. In many instances, there is a desire to produce a particle having rapid release of the deliverable. A structure exhibiting larger pores (e.g., having a wider pore diameter) during the gel stage produces a particle having a faster release rate. Particles produced from a gel having a larger average pore diameter may be produced by incorporating one or more of the following parameters during the particle production method: utilizing a higher r value (water / silane ratio) during hydrolysis; utilizing a lower pH during hydrolysis; including an organosilane, or providing an increased amount of organosilane relative to backbone silane (e.g., octyl trimethoxy silane / TEOS); including an organosilane with a long chain organic group (e.g., octyl); utilizing a greater ratio of solvent to silane (e.g., ethanol / TEOS); and / or utilizing a larger loading amount of deliverable and / or filler small organics (e.g., PEG 400). Generally, a greater loading amount of deliverable produces a gel having pores that become less collapsed during drying. Pore diameter may be measured by capillary flow porometry (CFP), which involves measuring the fluid flow when an inert, pressurized gas is applied to displace an inert and nontoxic wetting fluid impregnated in the porous network of the sample. Additionally or alternatively, pore diameter may be measured by sieving, a method that uses molecules of different sizes (labeled beads / nanoparticles) to determine the smallest bead that cannot pass through the bulk gel. Additionally or alternatively, pore diameter may be measured by cryo- scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess pore morphology of frozen samples. In some embodiments, average pore diameter in the gel state may be in the range of about 10-300 nm, e.g., about 10-25 nm, about 25-50 nm, about 50-100 nm, about 100-200 nm or about 200-300 nm. Representative ranges of average pore diameter (in mesh size) are summarized in Table 4 below. Table 4: Representative Ranges of Average Pore Diameter Hydrogel Type Average Pore Diameter e Docket No. Y2008-7005WO mesoporous hydrogels 3 - 50 nm mesh size / physical pore size macroporous hydrogels greater than 50 nm mesh size / physical pore , , any of the above methods, and combinations thereof, to produce particles from a gel having a small average pore diameter. For example, the methods may include rapid drying, e.g., under conditions such that drying is completed by 10 hours, by 8 hours, by 6 hours, by 4 hours, or by 2 hours, to provide slow release (time-release) of deliverable from the finished particles. In some embodiments, drying at higher temperatures (e.g., 160ºC, 130-160ºC, 100-130ºC, or 70-100ºC) produces a particle exhibiting slower release rates. In certain embodiments, subjecting the particle to a second drying step after milling may produce a particle having an even slower release rate. Drying time may also have an effect on pore surface area of the particles. For instance, two gels are produced, one gel having smaller pores and the other gel having larger pores, and then quickly dried, the BET results for the dried product of both gels may be substantially similar. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that pores are too small to be detected by BET. If both gels are produced then slowly dried, the BET results may be different. A gel produced with smaller pores that is dried slowly may have a larger pore surface area, for example, 200-600 m2 / g, or about 400 m2 / g. A gel produced with larger pores larger pores that is dried slowly may have a smaller pore surface area, for example, 50-200 m2 / g, or about 100 m2 / g. In some embodiments, after drying of bulk solvent, an additional heat treatment may be performed to cure, sinter, or cause calcification of the particles. By conducting loss on drying (LOD) analysis and carbon analysis (via combustion analyzer), it has been seen that more ethoxy groups are removed with higher temperature drying, causing the carbon content to decrease and LOD to decrease. Removal of ethoxy groups may further collapse the pore, which causes slower release of the deliverable. Thus, in some embodiments, heat treatment produces particles with a slower release of the deliverable. LOD may be measured by gravimetric LOD analyzer with a heating element. The analysis program may include heating the sample to 160ºC and measuring LOD after 30 minutes. The measured carbon content may be in a range of from 3% up to 25%. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO The range of carbon content generally depends on the amount of PEG 400, octyl groups, and deliverable, and whether PEG 400 or octyl groups are included, as each of these contain carbon. The composition produced in example 10 below contains about 15.7% carbon from PEG, octyl groups, and the deliverable (chebulinic acid). Additional carbon from ethoxy groups remaining on the TEOS may produce a particle having a total measured carbon in a range of from 15.7% to 25%. Carbon content may also have an effect on the release profile of the particle. Generally, a lower carbon content produces a particle exhibiting a slower release rate. For instance, a particle having a carbon content of 15.7% has a very slow release. Such an exemplary particle may be produced by heating the gel sample at 160ºC for two hours. The extra high temperature heating step correlates with less ethoxy groups, which produce a particle approaching the minimum carbon content of 15.7% (characterized by tightly collapsed pores and more Si-O-Si bonds). A particle having a greater carbon content of 25% includes more ethoxy groups and has less tightly collapsed pores. This exemplary sample would release 100% of the deliverable within a few minutes. Pore size (and therefore release characteristics) of the finished particles may be controlled by controlling drying time and temperature, for instance, effective to control the degree to which the pores collapse. As disclosed herein, finished particle may generally refer to the produced particles which are ready for use or distribution. Release rates may be slower for pores that are collapsed to a greater degree. Release rates may be faster for pores that are collapsed to a lesser degree. Pore size of the finished particles may be analyzed using BET. Pore size may also be analyzed using a density functional theory (DFT) method. In some embodiments, the particles (i.e., the finished particles) may have zero porosity as measured by BET. Pores of diameter 2 nm or less are not detectable by BET. Thus, in some embodiments, the finished particles have pores of 2 nm or less, which are not detectable by BET. This zero porosity or very small pore size may be achieved by rapid drying after loading the deliverable. In some embodiments, finished particles have a mode of pore width (or most common pore width) of less than 1.5 nm, e.g., 1-1.5 nm, or 0.5-1 nm, e.g., about 0.5 nm, about 0.6 nm, about 0.7 nm, about 0.8 nm, about 0.9 nm, or about 1.9 nm. One produced sample had a mode of Docket No. Y2008-7005WO pore width of about 0.783 nm. The exemplary sample was produced by slowly drying the loaded gel, such that the silica matrix did not collapse. In some embodiments, particles with pores that are collapsed to a greater degree may be characterized by the release profiles summarized in Table 5 below. Table 5: Exemplary Release Profiles of Particles having More Collapsed Pores Sample After 10 minutes After 30 minutes After 60 minutes After 120 minutes 1 no more than 50% no more than 65% no more than 80% no more than 95% In some embodiments, particles with pores that are collapsed to a lesser degree may be characterized by the release profiles summarized in Table 6 below. Table 6: Exemplary Release Profiles of Particles having Less Collapsed Pores Sample After 3 minutes After 5 minutes After 10 minutes 1 l f he Size of the finished particles may also have an effect on release rates of the deliverable. In general, larger particles may provide slower release rates. Larger particles may be particles produced with limited or no milling. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO In some embodiments, the finished particles may have deliverable release characteristics in accordance with any one or more of the following: 100% release at 1 minute; 5-35% release at 1 minute; 25-85% release at 5 minutes; 35-95% release at 15 minutes; 45-100% release at 30 minutes; 55-100% release at 60 minutes; 70-100% release at 120 minutes; and 85-100% release at 240 minutes. Thus, in some embodiments, the particles may be produced to provide rapid or fast release of the deliverable (e.g., 100% release at 1 minute). In other embodiments, the particles may be produced to provide slow or extended release of the deliverable (e.g., more than 24 hours for 100% release). The finished particles may be designed to have a unique combination of properties. In some embodiments, the deliverable may be in amorphous form (i.e., non-crystalline), as determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Amorphous form may be described as a group of particles for which none of the spikes on the XRD plot (relative to background (unloaded silica)) (2θ in increments of 0.02) is greater than 3000 in intensity. In some embodiments, amorphous form may be described as a group of particles for which none of the spikes on the XRD plot is greater than 600 in intensity and / or no more than 5 of the spikes on the XRD plot are greater than 300 in intensity (where each spike is a 2θ range not wider than 2). FIGS.21-22 show XRD patterns for a first group of particles having 30% loading of deliverable and no PEG (FIG.21), and a second group of particles with 50% loading of deliverable, plus PEG (FIG.22). The particles having the plot shown in FIG.21 are amorphous because none of the spikes (relative to background (unloaded silica)) appearing in the plot (2θ in increments of 0.02) is greater than 3000 in intensity. In some embodiments, finished particles have an irregular shard-like appearance as a result of milling of dried loaded particle. The shard-like appearance may be similar to glass being broken into smaller and smaller pieces, i.e., having flat and jagged edges. Particle shape may be examined by any suitable technique, e.g., SEM imaging, brightfield imaging, etc. In some embodiments, finished particles formed by rapid drying may have a surface area in the range of 2-3 m2 / g. Finished particles formed by rapid drying may have a particle size in the range of 1–20 µm diameter. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO In some embodiments, finished particles formed by slow drying may have a matrix that did not collapse. Finished particles formed by slow drying may have a surface area in the range of 200-600 m2 / g. In some embodiments, finished particles may have a high degree of homogeneity. For instance, some embodiments phases may be interconnected, such that the matrix is homogeneous on a scale of several nanometers. Thus, in such embodiments, there is no solid phase separation, such that regions of silica are adjacent to regions of deliverable or other ingredients (e.g., PEG 400, ethylcellulose, etc.). Homogeneity may be measured by powder XRD, SEM / EDS mapping, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis (DSC / TGA), or other methods. For example, in some embodiments, powder XRD analysis of finished particles may show that none of the deliverable is crystalline. Crystallinity may be considered a sign of instability. Namely, if there is solid-solid phase separation (instability) such that there is a region of pure deliverable, the deliverable is expected to crystallize. Once crystals form, the crystals will tend to be energetically preferred, exacerbating the instability (Ostwald ripening). Thus, in some embodiments, the particles may be characterized as having limited or no crystalline deliverable. An SEM image of particles may be mapped by EDS to show that there are no regions of higher carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen content on the surface. The successful mapping may be interpreted as a confirmation of homogeneity on a nm length scale. DSC / TGA calorimetry may be used to determine whether there is any melting of crystals. In some embodiments, the particles may be characterized as having a DSC / TGA analysis showing no sharp melting transitions. In some embodiments, the finished particles may be homogeneous on a scale of 2 nm, 3 nm, 5 nm, or 10 nm. In some embodiments finished particles being homogeneous on a scale of 3 nm may be characterized by the following properties: for at least 90% of a number (e.g., 5,000) of adjacent cubical regions measuring 3 nm on each side, the content of each element (e.g., the carbon content) is within 2% of a particular value for that element, and / or in some embodiments, for at least 95% of the cubical regions, the content of each element is within 1% of a particular value for that element. Homogeneous particles may provide improved physicochemical stability of the deliverable, as demonstrated by particle size analysis and HPLC analysis of the material after being stored at high temperatures for a period of weeks or months; a more consistent release rate Docket No. Y2008-7005WO of the deliverable; and / or a material that readily mills down to small particle size with a narrow size distribution (SPAN is low). Thus, in some embodiments, the finished particles provide a consistent release rate of the deliverable. Consistent release rate of the deliverable may be determined by particles having limited or no pockets of concentrated deliverable that release simultaneously and / or limited or no regions in the matrix where the deliverable is in low concentration (releases the deliverable very slowly). In certain embodiments, consistency of release rate may be characterized by the following properties: for at least 90% of the particles, the respective amount of deliverable released after 30 minutes is within 20% of a particular 30-minute value for all particles, the respective amount of deliverable released after 60 minutes is within 20% of a particular 60- minute value for all particles, and / or the respective amount of deliverable released after 90 minutes is within 20% of a particular 90-minute value for all particles. Dosage and Administration In accordance with the methods, the compounds of the disclosure are administered to the subject (or are contacted with cells of the subject) in an effective amount. In certain embodiments, therapeutically the effective amount of a compound of the disclosure ranges from about 0.05 mg / kg / day to about 50 mg / kg / day. In certain embodiments, the effective amount ranges from about 0.05 mg / kg / day to about 40 mg / kg / day. In certain embodiments, the effective amount ranges from about 0.05 mg / kg / day to about 30 mg / kg / day. In certain embodiments, the effective amount ranges from about 0.05 mg / kg / day to about 20 mg / kg / day. In certain embodiments, the effective amount ranges from about 0.05 mg / kg / day to about 10 mg / kg / day. In certain embodiments, the effective amount ranges from about 0.05 mg / kg / day to about 8 mg / kg / day. In certain embodiments, the effective amount ranges from about 0.05 mg / kg / day to about 6 mg / kg / day. In certain embodiments, the effective amount ranges from about 0.05 mg / kg / day to about 4 mg / kg / day. In certain embodiments, the effective amount ranges from about 0.05 mg / kg / day to about 3 mg / kg / day. In certain embodiments, the effective amount ranges from about 0.05 mg / kg / day to about 2 mg / kg / day. In certain embodiments, the effective amount ranges from about 0.05 mg / kg / day to about 1 mg / kg / day. In certain embodiments, the effective amount ranges from about 0.05 mg / kg / day to about 0.8 mg / kg / day. In certain embodiments, the effective amount ranges from about 0.05 mg / kg / day to Docket No. Y2008-7005WO about 0.6 mg / kg / day. In certain embodiments, the effective amount ranges from about 0.05 mg / kg / day to about 0.4 mg / kg / day. In certain embodiment, the amounts per day described above are administered according to a course of treatment and may be administered in a single dose or in more than 1 dose per day. The amounts per day described above may be administered according to a course of treatment and administered in one dose (q.d.) or two doses each day (b.i.d.), wherein the amount of the compound of the disclosure in each dose need not be the same. In certain embodiments, each dose is administered according to a course of treatment. As used herein, the term “dose” refers to an amount of a compound of the disclosure administered at a given time point according to a course of treatment. For example, if a course of treatment for a compound of the disclosure is b.i.d (2 times / administrations per day) for 7 days, the two administrations on each of days 1-7 would each comprise administering a dose of a compound of the disclosure (for 2 doses each day). In certain embodiments, a dose is administered q.d. (1 time / administration per day) according to a course of treatment. In certain embodiments, a dose is administered b.i.d. according to a course of treatment. In certain embodiments, a dose is administered t.i.d. (three times / administrations per day) according to a course of treatment. When 2 or more doses are administered on a given day according to a course of treatment, each dose administered according to the course of treatment may contain the same amount of a compound of the disclosure or one or more of doses administered according to the course of treatment may contain a greater or lesser amount of a compound of the disclosure as compared to another dose administered according to the course of treatment. For example, if a course of treatment for a compound of the disclosure is b.i.d for 7 days, the first dose administered on day 1 may contain a first amount (i.e., 2 mg / kg) and the second dose administered on day 1 may contain a second amount (i.e., 0.5 mg / kg). As another example, if a course of treatment for a compound of the disclosure is b.i.d for 7 days, the first dose administered on day 1 may contain a first amount (i.e., 2 mg / kg), the second dose administered on day 1 may contain a second amount (i.e., 0.5 mg / kg), the two doses administered on each of days 2-4 may contain the second amount, and the two doses administered on each of days 5-7 may contain a third amount (i.e., 1 mg / kg). A dose may be further divided into a sub-dose. Any given dose may be delivered in a single unit dose form or more than one unit dose form. For example, a dose when given by IV Docket No. Y2008-7005WO administration may be provided as a single IV infusion (i.e., a single 5 mg / kg IV infusion) or as two or more IV infusions administered one after the other (i.e., two 2.5 mg / kg IV infusions). Further, a sub-dose might be, for example, a number of discrete loosely spaced administrations, such as multiple inhalations from an insufflator, by application of a plurality of drops into the eye, or multiple tablets for oral administration. In certain embodiments, more than one dose of a compound of the disclosure is administered during a course of treatment. Therefore, in the methods described herein, the methods may comprise the administration of multiple doses during the course of treatment. In certain embodiments, the course of treatment may range from months to years. In certain embodiments, the course of treatment may range from 2 days to 1 month, from 2 days to 3 weeks, from 2 days to 2 weeks, or from 2 days to 1 week. In certain embodiments, the course of treatment may range from 1 year to 20 years or longer. In certain embodiments, a dose is delivered at least 1 time per day (i.e., 1 to 3 times) during the course of treatment. In certain embodiments, a dose is not administered every day during the course of treatment (for example, a dose is be administered at least 1 timer per day every other day, every third day, every week, or every month during the course of treatment). Furthermore, the amount of a compound of the disclosure in each dose need not be the same as discussed above. In certain embodiments, of the foregoing, one or more doses, or all of the doses, contain an effective amount of a compound of the disclosure. In one embodiment, a course of treatment may comprise administering at least one dose as a loading dose and at least one dose as a maintenance dose, wherein the loading dose contains a greater amount of a compound of the disclosure as compared to the maintenance dose (such as, but not limited to, 2 to 10 times higher). In one aspect of this embodiment, the loading dose is administered initially, either as a single administration or more than one administration, followed by administration of one or more maintenance doses through the remaining course of treatment. For example, for a course of treatment that is q.d. every week for 10 years, a loading dose of 3 mg / kg may be administered as the first dose on week 1 of the course of treatment, followed by maintenance doses of 0.5 mg / kg every week for the remainder of the course of treatment. Furthermore, a loading dose may be given as a dose that is not the first dose administered during a course of treatment. For example, a loading dose may be administered as the first dose on week and as a dose on one or more additional weeks (for example, weeks 10 and 20). Docket No. Y2008-7005WO In one embodiment, a course of treatment may comprise administering a first dose formulated in a first composition and administering at least one second or subsequent dose formulated in a second composition. The first composition and the second composition may be the same formulation. The first composition and the second composition may be different formulations. The compositions may be formulated to have 0.1 wt% to 5.0 wt% of the active agent, for example, 0.5 wt% to 3.0 wt%, 0.5 wt% to 2.0 wt%, or 0.5 wt% to 1.0 wt% of the active agent. Certain exemplary compositions may have 0.1 wt%, 0.5 wt%, 1.0 wt%, 1.5 wt%, 2.0 wt%, 2.5 wt%, 3.0 wt%, 3.5 wt%, 4.0 wt%, 4.5 wt%, or 5.0 wt% of the active agent. Pharmaceutical, Cosmetic, and / or Dietary Compositions Pharmaceutical compositions are provided that comprise an amount, e.g., an effective amount, of a compound of the disclosure. In one embodiment, such pharmaceutical compositions contain a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the disclosure. In addition, other active agents may be included in such pharmaceutical compositions. Additional active agents to be included may be selected based on the disease or condition to be treated. The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed may comprise one or more compound of the disclosure, alone or in combination with additional active agents, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and / or excipient and / or in combination with a cosmetically acceptable carrier and / or excipient. Such pharmaceutical compositions may be used in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the methods described herein. The compounds of the disclosure are useful in both free form and in the pharmaceutically acceptable forms, such as pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and / or excipients and / or cosmetically acceptable carriers and / or excipients are well-known to those who are skilled in the art. The choice of carrier and / or excipient will be determined in part by the particular compound(s), as well as by the particular method used to administer the compound composition. Accordingly, there is a wide variety of suitable formulations of the composition of the disclosure. The following methods and excipients are merely exemplary and are in no way limiting. Suitable carriers and excipients include solvents such as water, alcohol, and propylene glycol, solid absorbants and diluents, surface active agents, suspending agent, tableting binders, lubricants, Docket No. Y2008-7005WO flavors, and coloring agents. The pharmaceutically and / or cosmetically acceptable carriers can include polymers and polymer matrices. Examples of acceptable carriers include carboxymethyl cellulose, crystalline cellulose, glycerin, gum arabic, lactose, magnesium stearate, methyl cellulose, powders, saline, sodium alginate, sucrose, starch, talc and water, among others. Typically, the acceptable carrier is chemically inert to the active agents in the composition and has no detrimental side effects or toxicity under the conditions of use. Surfactants such as, for example, detergents, are also suitable for use in the formulations. Specific examples of surfactants include polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohols, copolymers of vinyl acetate and of vinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycols, benzyl alcohol, mannitol, glycerol, sorbitol or polyoxyethylenated esters of sorbitan; lecithin or sodium carboxymethylcellulose; or acrylic derivatives, such as methacrylates and others, anionic surfactants, such as alkaline stearates, in particular sodium, potassium or ammonium stearate; calcium stearate or triethanolamine stearate; alkyl sulfates, in particular sodium lauryl sufate and sodium cetyl sulfate; sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate or sodium dioctyl sulphosuccinate; or fatty acids, in particular those derived from coconut oil, cationic surfactants, such as water- soluble quaternary ammonium salts of formula N+R'R''R'''R''''Y-, in which the R radicals are identical or different optionally hydroxylated hydrocarbon radicals and Y- is an anion of a strong acid, such as halide, sulfate and sulfonate anions; cetyltrimethylammonium bromide is one of the cationic surfactants which can be used, amine salts of formula N+R'R''R''', in which the R radicals are identical or different optionally hydroxylated hydrocarbon radicals; octadecylamine hydrochloride is one of the cationic surfactants which can be used, non-ionic surfactants, such as optionally polyoxyethylenated esters of sorbitan, in particular Polysorbate 80, or polyoxyethylenated alkyl ethers; polyethylene glycol stearate, polyoxyethylenated derivatives of castor oil, polyglycerol esters, polyoxyethylenated fatty alcohols, polyoxyethylenated fatty acids or copolymers of ethylene oxide and of propylene oxide, amphoteric surfactants, such as substituted lauryl compounds of betaine. Exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and / or excipients and / or cosmetically acceptable carriers and / or excipients include water, silica, glycerin, dimethicone, butylene glycol, pentylene glycol, ethoxydiglycol, polyacrylate-13, pentapeptide-34 trifluoroacetate, polyisobutene, lysolecithin, sclerotium gum, pullulan, polysorbate 20, diethylhexyl syringylidenemalonate, caprylyl glycol, glyceryl stearate, PEG-100 stearate, cetearyl alcohol, Docket No. Y2008-7005WO butyrospermum parkii (shea) butter, acetyl tetrapeptide-2, betaine, melanin, tocopheryl acetate, tocopherol, hydroxyacetophenone, caprylic / capric triglyceride, batyl alcohol, C12-15 alkyl benzoate, panthenol, ceteareth-20, xanthan gum, ethylhexylglycerin, disodium EDTA, propanediol, caprylyl glycol, potassium sorbate, sorbic acid, and phenoxyethanol. The compounds of the disclosure and pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds as described in the instant disclosure can be administered by any conventional method available for use in conjunction with pharmaceuticals, either as individual therapeutic agents or in combination with additional therapeutic agents. In one embodiment, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount, whether alone or as a part of a pharmaceutical composition. The effective amount and the dosage administered will, of course, vary depending upon known factors, such as the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the particular agent and its mode and route of administration, the age, health and weight of the recipient; the severity and stage of the disease state or condition; the kind of concurrent treatment; the frequency of treatment; and the effect desired. The total amount of the compound administered will also be determined by the route, timing and frequency of administration as well as the existence, nature, and extent of any adverse side effects that might accompany the administration of the compound and the desired physiological effect. It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that various conditions or disease states, in particular chronic conditions or disease states, may require prolonged treatment involving multiple administrations. In these pharmaceutical or cosmetic compositions, the compound(s) of the disclosure will ordinarily be present in an amount of about 0.5-95% weight based on the total weight of the composition, or about 0.1-99.9% weight based on the total weight of the composition. Multiple dosage forms may be administered as part of a single treatment. The active agent can be administered enterally in solid dosage forms, such as capsules, tablets, and powders, or in liquid dosage forms, such as milk, elixirs, syrups and suspensions. It can also be administered parenterally, in sterile liquid dosage forms. The compound(s) of the disclosure can also be administered intranasally (nose drops) or by inhalation via the pulmonary system, such as by propellant based metered dose inhalers or dry powders inhalation devices. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO Other dosage forms include topical administration, such as administration transdermally, via patch mechanism or ointment. Formulations suitable for enteral or oral administration may be liquid solutions, such as an effective amount of the compound(s) dissolved in diluents, such as milk, water, saline, buffered solutions, infant formula, other suitable carriers, or combinations thereof. Formulations suitable for enteral or oral administration of the compounds of the disclosure are known in the art as exemplified by: Shaji, et al., Indian J Pharm Sci.2008 May-Jun; 70(3): 269–277; Bruno, et al., Ther Deliv.2013 Nov; 4(11): 1443–1467; Ibrahim, et al., DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2020, 28, 403–416. The compound(s) can then be mixed to the diluent just prior to administration. In an alternate embodiment, formulations suitable for enteral or oral administration may be capsules, sachets, tablets, lozenges, and troches. In each embodiment, the formulation may contain a predetermined amount of the compound(s) of the disclosure, as solids or granules, powders, suspensions and suitable emulsions. Liquid formulations may include diluents, such as water and alcohols, for example, ethanol, benzyl alcohol, propylene glycol, glycerin, and the polyethylene alcohols, either with or without the addition of an acceptable surfactant, suspending agent, or emulsifying agent. Capsule forms can be of the ordinary hard- or soft-shelled gelatin type containing, for example, surfactants, lubricants, and inert fillers, such as lactose, sucrose, calcium phosphate, and corn starch. Tablet forms can include one or more of the following: lactose, sucrose, mannitol, corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid, microcrystalline cellulose, acacia, gelatin, guar gum, colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, stearic acid, and other excipients, colorants, diluents, buffering agents, disintegrating agents, moistening agents, preservatives, flavoring agents, and pharmacologically compatible carriers. Lozenge forms can comprise the active ingredient in a flavor, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth, as well as pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acadia, emulsions, and gels containing, in addition to the active ingredient, such carriers as are known in the art. Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous, isotonic sterile injection solutions, which can contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes that render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the patient, and aqueous and non- aqueous sterile suspensions that can include suspending agents, solubilizers, thickening agents, Docket No. Y2008-7005WO stabilizers, and preservatives. The compound(s) can be administered in a physiologically acceptable diluent in an acceptable carrier, such as a sterile liquid or mixture of liquids, including water, saline, aqueous dextrose and related sugar solutions, an alcohol, such as ethanol, isopropanol, or hexadecyl alcohol, glycols, such as propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol such as poly(ethyleneglycol) 400, glycerol ketals, such as 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol, ethers, an oil, a fatty acid, a fatty acid ester or glyceride, or an acetylated fatty acid glyceride with or without the addition of an acceptable surfactant, such as a soap or a detergent, suspending agent, such as pectin, carbomers, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, or carboxymethylcellulose, or emulsifying agents and other pharmaceutical adjuvants. Oils, which can be used in parenteral formulations include petroleum, animal, vegetable, or synthetic oils. Specific examples of oils include peanut, soybean, sesame, cottonseed, corn, olive, petrolatum, and mineral. Suitable fatty acids for use in parenteral formulations include oleic acid, stearic acid, and isostearic acid. Ethyl oleate and isopropyl myristate are examples of suitable fatty acid esters. Suitable soaps for use in parenteral formulations include fatty alkali metal, ammonium, and triethanolamine salts, and suitable detergents include (a) cationic detergents such as, for example, dimethyldialkylammonium halides, and alkylpyridinium halides, (b) anionic detergents such as, for example, alkyl, aryl, and olefin sulfonates, alkyl, olefin, ether, and monoglyceride sulfates, and sulfosuccinates, (c) nonionic detergents such as, for example, fatty amine oxides, fatty acid alkanolamides, and polyoxyethylene polypropylene copolymers, (d) amphoteric detergents such as, for example, alkyl .beta.-aminopropionates, and 2-alkylimidazoline quaternary ammonium salts, and (e) mixtures thereof. The parenteral formulations typically contain from about 0.5% to about 50% by weight of the compound(s) in solution. Suitable preservatives and buffers can be used in such formulations. In order to minimize or eliminate irritation at the site of injection, such compositions may contain one or more nonionic surfactants having a hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) of from about 12 to about 17. The quantity of surfactant in such formulations ranges from about 5% to about 15% by weight. Suitable surfactants include polyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, such as sorbitan monooleate and the high molecular weight adducts of ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic base, formed by the condensation of propylene oxide with propylene glycol. The compound(s) of the disclosure can be formulated into aerosol formulations to be administered via nasal or pulmonary inhalation. These aerosol formulations can be placed into Docket No. Y2008-7005WO pressurized acceptable propellants, such as dichlorodifluoromethane, propane, and nitrogen. Such aerosol formulations may be administered by metered dose inhalers. They also may be formulated as pharmaceuticals for non-pressured preparations, such as in a nebulizer or an atomizer. The compound(s) of the disclosure, alone or in combination with other suitable components, may be administered in an aqueous solution as a nasal or pulmonary spray and may be dispensed in spray form by a variety of methods known to those skilled in the art. Systems for dispensing liquids as a nasal spray are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.4,511,069. The formulations may be presented in multi-dose containers, for example in the sealed dispensing system disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.4,511,069. Additional aerosol delivery forms may include, e.g., compressed air-, jet-, ultrasonic-, and piezoelectric nebulizers, which deliver the active agent dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutical solvent, e.g., water, ethanol, or a mixture thereof. Nasal and pulmonary solutions of the disclosure may typically comprise the drug or drug to be delivered, optionally formulated with a surface-active agent, such as a nonionic surfactant (e.g., polysorbate-80), and one or more buffers. In some embodiments, the nasal spray solution further comprises a propellant. The pH of the nasal spray solution is optionally between about pH 3.0 and 6.0, or 4.5 + / - 0.5. Suitable buffers for use within these compositions are as described above or as otherwise known in the art. Other components may be added to enhance or maintain chemical stability, including preservatives, surfactants, dispersants, or gases. Suitable preservatives include, but are not limited to, phenol, methyl paraben, paraben, m-cresol, thiomersal, chlorobutanol, benzylalkonimum chloride, and the like. Suitable surfactants include, but are not limited to, oleic acid, sorbitan trioleate, polysorbates, lecithin, phosphatidyl cholines, and various long chain diglycerides and phospholipids. Suitable dispersants include, but are not limited to, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and the like. Suitable gases include, but are not limited to, nitrogen, helium, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), carbon dioxide, air, and the like. Within alternate embodiments, nasal and pulmonary formulations are administered as dry powder formulations comprising the active agent in a dry, usually lyophilized, form of an appropriate particle size, or within an appropriate particle size range, for intranasal delivery. Minimum particle size appropriate for deposition within the nasal or pulmonary passages is often about 0.5 µm. mass median equivalent aerodynamic diameter (MMEAD), commonly about 1 µm Docket No. Y2008-7005WO MMEAD, and more typically about 2 µm MMEAD. Maximum particle size appropriate for deposition within the nasal passages is often about 10 µm MMEAD, commonly about 8 µm MMEAD, and more typically about 4 µm MMEAD. Intranasally and pulmonaryly respirable powders within these size ranges can be produced by a variety of conventional techniques, such as jet milling, spray drying, solvent precipitation, supercritical fluid condensation, and the like. These dry powders of appropriate MMEAD can be administered to a patient via a conventional dry powder inhaler (DPI), which relies on the patient's breath, upon pulmonary or nasal inhalation, to disperse the power into an aerosolized amount. Alternatively, the dry powder may be administered via air-assisted devices that use an external power source to disperse the powder into an aerosolized amount, e.g., a piston pump. To formulate compositions for nasal or pulmonary delivery, the active agent can be combined with various pharmaceutically and / or cosmetically acceptable additives, as well as a base or carrier for dispersion of the active agent(s). Desired additives include, but are not limited to, pH control agents, such as arginine, sodium hydroxide, glycine, hydrochloric acid, citric acid, etc. In addition, local anesthetics (e.g., benzyl alcohol), isotonizing agents (e.g., sodium chloride, mannitol, sorbitol), adsorption inhibitors (e.g., Tween 80), solubility enhancing agents (e.g., cyclodextrins and derivatives thereof), stabilizers (e.g., serum albumin), and reducing agents (e.g., glutathione) can be included. When the composition for nasal or pulmonary delivery is a liquid, the tonicity of the formulation, as measured with reference to the tonicity of 0.9% (w / v) physiological saline solution taken as unity, is typically adjusted to a value at which no substantial, irreversible tissue damage will be induced in the nasal mucosa at the site of administration. Generally, the tonicity of the solution is adjusted to a value of about 1 / 3 to 3, more typically 1 / 2 to 2, and most often 3 / 4 to 1.7. The compound(s) of the disclosure may be dispersed in a base or vehicle, which may comprise a hydrophilic compound having a capacity to disperse the active agent and any desired additives. The base may be selected from a wide range of suitable carriers, including but not limited to, copolymers of polycarboxylic acids or salts thereof, carboxylic anhydrides (e.g., maleic anhydride) with other monomers (e.g., methyl (meth)acrylate, acrylic acid, etc.), hydrophilic vinyl polymers such as polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose derivatives such as hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, etc., and natural polymers such as chitosan, collagen, sodium alginate, gelatin, hyaluronic acid, and nontoxic Docket No. Y2008-7005WO metal salts thereof. Often, a biodegradable polymer is selected as a base or carrier, for example, polylactic acid, poly(lactic acid-glycolic acid) copolymer, polyhydroxybutyric acid, poly(hydroxybutyric acid-glycolic acid) copolymer and mixtures thereof. Alternatively or additionally, synthetic fatty acid esters such as polyglycerin fatty acid esters, sucrose fatty acid esters, etc. can be employed as carriers. Hydrophilic polymers and other carriers can be used alone or in combination, and enhanced structural integrity can be imparted to the carrier by partial crystallization, ionic bonding, crosslinking and the like. The carrier can be provided in a variety of forms, including, fluid or viscous solutions, gels, pastes, powders, microspheres and films for direct application to the nasal mucosa. The use of a selected carrier in this context may result in promotion of absorption of the active agent. The compounds of the disclosure may be formulated in a delivery carrier. The delivery systems disclosed herein may offer benefits in mitochondria-targeted delivery and improving the therapeutic ability of the compounds. For instance, nanoparticle formulations have been shown to effectively transport drug molecules in their original form, solubilize hydrophobic drug molecules, enhance half-life of molecules, and decrease side effects and immunogenicity attributable to the molecules. The delivery carriers disclosed herein may be selected or designed to provide enhanced skin penetration, higher stability, site specific targeting, e.g., efficiently deliver cargo inside the mitochondrial matrix, high entrapment efficiency, and / or time- controlled, e.g., delayed or sustained, release of the compounds. Properties of the delivery carrier that may be designed to effectively deliver compounds of the formulation to a target site of a subject include surface chemistry, coating, structure, size, ability to aggregate, and solubility. The formulations disclosed herein may comprise one or more skin penetration enhancer. Generally, small and moderately lipophilic molecules are likely to penetrate the skin barrier. Other compounds may require a suitable skin penetration enhancer to penetrate the barrier by either diminishing the barrier properties of the skin or actively driving movement of compounds across the skin with the input of external energy. Skin penetration enhancers are described in “Penetration Enhancement of Topical Formulations,” (Ng, 2018) and “Transdermal Delivery Systems in Cosmetics,” (Kim, 2020), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. The delivery carriers disclosed herein may provide skin penetration enhancement for the compounds. The formulations disclosed herein may additionally or alternatively contain one or Docket No. Y2008-7005WO more chemical or physical skin penetration enhancers. Exemplary chemical skin penetration enhancers include alcohols, such as, ethanol and glycol, sulfoxides, such as, dimethyl sulfoxide, laurocapram, pyrrolidones, dimethyl isosorbide, isopropyl myristate, propylene glycol, oleic acid, eucalyptol, water / aqua (hydration), surfactants, urea, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and terpenes and / or terpenoids. Exemplary physical skin penetration enhancers include rollers, scrapers, scrubbers, exfoliators, microdermabrasion needles, iontophoresis devices, electroporation devices, ultrasound devices, such as sonophoresis, thermal ablation, magnetophoresis, photomechanical waves, electron beam irradiation, and low light therapy devices, such as light emitting diode (LED) sources. Two or more skin penetration enhancers may be used in the formulation synergistically. Chemical skin penetration enhancers may be included in dermatological, transdermal, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products to enhance the dermal absorption of drug compounds. Chemical enhancers may enable or improve solubility, penetration, and / or absorption of the compounds disclosed herein. Exemplary chemical enhancers are described below. Water (aqua) generally increases fluidity of the composition, providing higher permeability. Additionally, water hydrates the skin barrier, altering skin lipids and / or proteins for improved permeation. Hydrating compounds, such as glycerol and urea, may promote transdermal permeation by facilitating hydration of the stratum corneum and forming hydrophilic diffusion channels within the barrier. Alcohol solvents, such as ethanol and propylene glycol, may provide penetration enhancement by increasing fluidity of the compound and also act as good solvents. Degree of permeation may be selected by controlling alkyl chain length of fatty alcohols. Surfactants generally solubilize lipophilic agents, including active ingredients of the formulation as well as lipids within the stratum corneum. Thus, surfactants may enhance skin permeability by partitioning into the epithelial cell membranes and disrupting the packing of membrane lipids, forming structural defects that reduce membrane integrity. The effect of the surfactant on skin permeation may be designed by selecting concentration and type of surfactant. The surfactant may be anionic, cationic, or nonionic. Anionic surfactants may be selected for skin or hair applications because they interact with keratin and lipids. Cationic surfactants may be selected for skin applications because they interact with skin proteins via poler interactions. Non-ionic surfactants are generally less irritating to the skin and have better tolerability. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO Fatty acids may increase percutaneous drug absorption. Long-chain fatty acids, which are carboxylic acids with typically long, unbranched aliphatic tails, have been demonstrated to increase percutaneous drug absorption as an effect of alkyl chain length. Low molecular weight alkanols may act as solubilizers to enhance the solubility of the compound in the fatty matric of the stratum corneum. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic, alpha-linoleic, and arachidonic acids, may enhance the skin permeation. One exemplary fatty acid chemical penetration enhancer is oleic acid. Oleic acid provides increased fluidity and reduced resistance toward the permeation of molecules. Terpenes are hydrocarbons commonly found in plant extracts. Terpenoids are terpenes containing additional functional groups. One group of terpenes that may provide penetration enhancement are oxygen-containing terpenes. Exemplary oxygen containing terpenes include menthol, thymol, carvacrol, menthone, and cineole. Such terpenes may enhance penetration in a similar mechanism as alcohols. However, terpenes may be considered natural products. Benefits of terpenes include high percutaneous ability with minimal irritancy and toxicity. The compounds of the disclosure may be formulated with a functional agent, e.g., mitochondria-targeting agent. For instance, in certain embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure may be linked with a functional agent, such as a mitochondria-targeting agent. Exemplary mitochondrial targeting agents include antibodies, polymeric functional moieties, such as PEG, lipophilic cations, such as triphenylphosphine (TPP), and peptides such as mitochondrial targeting peptides (MPP). The compounds of the disclosure may be formulated with a pharmaceutically and / or cosmetically acceptable vehicle. The pharmaceutically and / or cosmetically acceptable vehicle may be formulated for topical, parenteral, or enteral administration. The vehicle may comprise substances as required to approximate physiological conditions, such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, wetting agents and the like, for example, sodium acetate, sodium lactate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, etc. For solid compositions, conventional nontoxic pharmaceutically and / or cosmetically acceptable carriers can be used which include, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talcum, magnesium carbonate, and the like. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO Compositions of the disclosure can also be formulated as a solution, microemulsion, foam, or other ordered structure suitable for high concentration of active ingredients. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, glycols, diols, glycerin, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the carrier may be free of water. In some embodiments, the carrier may be free of alcohols, e.g., ethanol. Proper fluidity for solutions can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of a desired particle size in the case of dispersible formulations, and by the use of surfactants. In certain exemplary embodiments, viscosifiers may be incorporated, such as xanthan, cellulosics, or guar, to produce an end viscosity in the range of 1000 - 2000 cps. The selected viscosity will have an effect on aesthetics upon application of the formulation. The pH of the formulation may be controlled to be substantially neutral, for example, between 6-8, 6-7, or 6.5-7. In general, the delivery carriers disclosed herein may cause a pH shift of the formulation once combined with vehicle. Thus, pH may be monitored during and after combination of the delivery carriers with a vehicle. To reduce acidic shift, the combination may be performed at a temperature below 40ºC. Once a desired pH is obtained, phosphates may be incorporated to maintain the desired pH of the formulation. Exemplary phosphates may comprise mono or dibasic sodium phosphates and combinations thereof. The following exemplary ratios of sodium phosphate and disodium phosphate combinations to control for a pH of 6.5, 6.7 or 6.9 are shown in Table 7. Table 7: Phosphates for pH Control Compound Wt% pH Docket No. Y2008-7005WO The delivery carriers disclosed herein may be designed to provide time-controlled release, e.g., immediate release, extended release, or slow or sustained release of the deliverable. The formulations disclosed herein may additionally or alternatively be formulated for time- controlled release. In certain embodiments, compound(s) and compositions of the disclosure are administered in a time-release formulation, for example in a composition which includes a slow release polymer. Such compositions can be prepared with carriers that will protect against rapid release, for example a controlled release vehicle such as a polymer, microencapsulated delivery system or bioadhesive gel. Prolonged delivery, in various compositions of the invention can be brought about by including in the composition agents that delay absorption, for example, aluminum monosterate hydrogels and gelatin. When controlled release formulations is desired, controlled release binders suitable for use in accordance with the invention include any biocompatible controlled-release material which is inert to the active agent and which is capable of incorporating the biologically active agent. Numerous such materials are known in the art. Formulations suitable for topical administration include solutions, oils, creams, emulsions, foams, and gels containing, in addition to the active ingredient, such carriers as are known in the art. Topical formulations may be pharmaceutical or cosmetic formulations. In some embodiments, the compound is formulated as a shampoo, conditioner, spray, cream, gel, balm, body wash, soap, lotion, or make-up. The compounds of the disclosure and compositions of the disclosure can be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, such as ampules and vials, and can be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid excipient, for example, water, for injections, immediately prior to use. Suitable unit doses, i.e., effective amounts, may be determined during clinical trials designed appropriately for each of the conditions for which administration of a chosen compound is indicated and will, of course, vary depending on the desired clinical endpoint. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions can be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets. The requirements for effective pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for injectable compositions are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. See Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, J.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Banker and Chalmers, Eds., 238-250 (1982) and ASHP Handbook on Injectable Drugs, Toissel, 4thed., 622-630 (1986). Docket No. Y2008-7005WO Additionally, formulations suitable for rectal administration may be presented as suppositories by mixing with a variety of bases such as emulsifying bases or water-soluble bases. Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams, or spray formulas containing, in addition to the active ingredient, such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate. The compositions disclosed herein may be associated with a variety of natural products, and examples of such products are set out below. The compositions disclosed herein may be formulated as a natural product. The compositions disclosed herein may be administered in combination with a natural product. The compositions disclosed herein may be incorporated in a natural product. These natural products may be comprised of formulations or compositions disclosed throughout this disclosure. Natural products may be or comprise products for commercial purposes, and may refer to dietary supplements, and foods, e.g., food, food supplements, medical food, food additive, nutraceutical, or drink, produced from natural sources. Natural products may have pharmacological or biological activity that may be of therapeutic benefit, e.g., in treating disease or conditions. Natural products may be included in traditional medicines, treatments for cosmetological purposes, cosmetics, and spa treatments. A natural product referred to herein may comprise any one or more of the components described as a natural product to be incorporated into a composition or formulation comprising one or more other components, e.g., excipients. The preparation or formulation referred to as a natural product may comprise a natural product defined herein and one or more additional components or ingredients. Any of the compositions, preparations, or formulations discussed throughout this disclosure may be or comprise one or more natural products. One skilled in the art will appreciate that suitable methods of administering a compound of the disclosure to a patient are available, and, although more than one route can be used to administer a particular compound, a particular route can provide a more immediate and more effective reaction than another route. The compositions or formulations disclosed herein may be provided in an end-use container. The end-use container may be a single use container or a multi-use container. The end-use container may comprise an air-tight seal or be configured to be hermetically sealed. In some embodiments, the end-use container may also comprise an oxygen absorber. In some Docket No. Y2008-7005WO embodiments, the end-use container may comprise or be formed of a light-shielding material. For instance, the end-use container may comprise or be formed of a light-shielding polymer or composite material. The material may be selected to provide temperature control or reduce a degree of temperature fluctuations within the sealed end-use container. The compositions or formulations disposed in an end-use container may comprise storage instructions. In some embodiments, the compositions or formulations disposed in an end-use container may comprise instructions to store the container at a temperature of 2-8 ºC. The compositions or formulations disposed in an end-use container may comprise an indication of an expiration date. In some embodiments, the indication of the expiration date may be at 1 month, at 2 months, at 3 months, at 4 months, at 5 months, at 6 months, at 12 months, at 18 months, or at 24 months from a packaging date of the end-use container. Examples The function and advantages of these and other embodiments can be better understood from the following examples. These examples are intended to be illustrative in nature and are not considered to be limiting the scope of the invention. Example 1: Delivery Carrier Encapsulation of Emblica Extract and Isolated Chebulinic Acid Emblica extract (Y100), encapsulated emblica extract (Y100), isolated chebulinic acid, and encapsulated isolated chebulinic acid formulations were tested in vitro for induced expression of mitochondrial biogenesis regulatory proteins including mitochondrial complex IV subunit 2 (COXII), mitochondrial transcript factor A (TFAM) at timepoints of 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours post-administration. Formulations of varying concentrations were tested, including 10 µM, encapsulated 0.25 µM, encapsulated 0.5 µM, and encapsulated 1.0 µM. The test formulations were compared to DMSO, ciprofloxacin, blank carriers, and untreated vehicle controls. The results are presented in the graphs of FIGS.1A-1D (COXII) and 2A-2D (TFAM). The x-axis legend of the graphs of FIGS.1A-1D and 2A-2D is as follows: U: Untreated D: DMSO Docket No. Y2008-7005WO C: Ciprofloxacin Y: Y100-S-O 1: Chebulinic Acid 10 µM B: Blank Delivery Carriers 2: Encapsulated Chebulinic Acid 0.25 µM 3: Encapsulated Chebulinic Acid 0.5 µM 4: Encapsulated Chebulinic Acid 1 µM 5: Encapsulated Y100-S-O 4.38x104% (v / v) As shown in the graphs of FIGS.1A-1D and 2A-2D, the greater effect was shown by the encapsulated compositions. Encapsulated emblica extract formulations at varying delivery carrier loading concentration were also tested, including 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 50 µg / L, 100 µg / L, 200 µg / L, and 400 µg / L. The samples were tested for induced expression of COXII at 6 hours post- administration. The test formulations were compared to DMSO, ciprofloxacin, blank delivery carriers, and untreated vehicle controls. The results are presented in the graphs of FIGS.3A-3B. As shown in the graphs of FIGS.3A-3B, the greater effect was shown by encapsulated compositions, generally proportionately with increasing compound loading concentration. Formulations having varying sizes of delivery carriers were also tested, including 4.4 µm, 7.7 µm, 9.4 µm, 11.7 µm, and 95 µm. The varying formulations also included octyl-doped delivery carriers and undoped delivery carriers, as well as powder loaded and oil loaded delivery carriers. The samples were tested for induced expression of COXII and TFAM at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-administration. The results are presented in the graphs of FIGS.4A-4D (COXII), FIGS.5A-5D (TFAM), and FIGS.6A-6D (COXII). In the graphs, the x-axis legend is as follows: A: Y100 (emblica extract) powder loaded (40% LF; mean particle size = 11.6 µm) B: Y100 (emblica extract) oil loaded (42% LF; mean particle size = 9.4 µm) C: undoped blank (mean particle size = 7.7 µm) D: large size octyl-doped blank (mean particle size = 95 µm) E: small size octyl-doped blank (mean particle size = 4.4 µm) As shown in the graphs of FIGS.4A-4D, FIGS.5A-5D, and FIGS.6A-6D, the greater effect was generally observed as a result of smaller particles. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO Formulations having a similar size of delivery carriers, including octyl-doped and undoped carriers were also tested. The samples were tested for induced expression of COXII and TFAM at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-administration. The results are presented in the graphs of FIGS.7A-7D (COXII), and FIGS.8A-8D (TFAM). In the graphs of FIGS.7A-7D and FIGS. 8A-8D, the x-axis legend is as follows: U: Untreated D: DMSO C: Ciprofloxacin B: Blank Undoped O: Blank Octyl-Doped 5: Y100-S-O 0.005% 1: Y100-S-O 0.01% 2: Y100-S-O 0.02% As shown in the data presented in FIGS.7A-7D and FIGS.8A-8D, octyl-doped carriers showed a greater expression than their undoped counterparts. Overall, the data show that induction of mitochondrial biogenesis depends on delivery carrier load concentration and the size of delivery carriers. Differences in delivery carrier preparation (between octyl-doped and undoped) and load have an effect on mitochondrial biogenesis induction. Example 2: Production of 2.4 wt% Chebulinic Acid in Octyl-Functionalized Silica Delivery Carriers Test samples were produced in accordance with the methods disclosed herein, for example, as disclosed in Example 10. Silica (polycaprylylsilsesquioxane silicate) delivery carriers were produced. The delivery carriers were loaded with chebulinic acid (CAS ID: 18942- 26-2) to a target loading rate of 20 + / - 1% (w / w) (excluding moisture). The delivery carriers were formed into an amorphous dry powder and functionalized with exterior octyl-groups (octyl functionalized silica CAS ID: 3069-40-7). The delivery carriers were granulated to micron-sized particles with a target average diameter of 15 + / - 2 µm with a size distribution of 3.5 + / - 1.5 µm (D10) to less than 40 µm (D90) by laser diffraction. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO The loaded delivery carriers were tested to determine actual properties. The delivery carriers were confirmed to be amorphous by powder X-ray diffraction analysis. Load rate was measured to be 17.2% (w / w) (including mass of moisture), 19.42% (w / w) (excluding moisture) by gravimetric & UV-Vis analysis. Particle average diameter was measured to be 14.92 µm with a size distribution of 2.639 µm (D10) to 34.73 µm (D90) by laser diffraction. Size distribution results are shown in the graph of FIG.12. Loss on drying was determined to be 11.4% (w / w) by moisture analysis with an analytical balance. Accordingly, the delivery carrier composition was produced within the target specifications. The produced delivery carriers are suitable for use with a wide range of delivery vehicles (creams, lotions, foams, serums, and others) to form a 2.4 wt% chebulinic acid composition. The recommended storage conditions for the test product are storage in an air-tight container with oxygen absorbers at 2-8 ºC protected from light. The test samples have a target shelf life under recommended storage conditions of 3 months. Example 3: Safety Study of Isolated Chebulinic Acid Loaded Delivery Carriers A human repeat insult patch test (HRIPT) study was performed to determine skin irritation and sensitization of encapsulated 1.0% isolated chebulinic acid after repeated application to the skin of human subjects. In the study, 54 participants (42 female and 12 male, aged 18 to 64 years old) topically applied the test product in two phases: phase I included 9 inductions and phase II included 2 challenges. No adverse reactions of any kind were reported during the study. Accordingly, the encapsulated 1.0% isolated chebulinic acid test formulation was shown to be safe and well tolerated for human topical application. Example 4: Skin Aging Clinical Trial A clinical study was performed to assess treatment of skin aging metrics with encapsulated 1.0% isolated chebulinic acid formed by the methods disclosed herein, for example, in Example 10. In the study, 22 participants (female, aged 35 to 70 years old, median age 61) topically applied the test formulation to one side of their face and a placebo control formulation to the other side of their face twice daily for a test period of 2 months (56 days). The clinical objectives were to evaluate effectiveness of the composition on skin across the following Docket No. Y2008-7005WO metrics: 1. smoothness / wrinkles; 2. brightness; 3. firmness; 4. elasticity; 5. evenness; and 6. skin texture. After the test period, results were measured by the following examinations: 1. cutaneous acceptability performed by a licensed dermatologist; 2. optical 3D in vivo skin measurements taken with a charged-coupled device (CCD) camera (Primos CR® System, Canfield Scientific, Inc., Parsippany-Troy Hills, NJ); 3. measurement of skin viscoelastic properties (elasticity, firmness, tonicity and suppleness) taken with a negative pressure probe (Cutometer®, Courage + Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany); 4. measurement of hydration level of the stratum corneum taken with a fringing field capacitance sensor (Corneometer ®, Courage + Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany); and 5. a subjective evaluation performed by the subjects. The results of the study are presented in the graphs of FIG.9, and FIGS.10A-10F. As shown in the graph of FIG.9, the test formulation showed a statistically significant improvement over the placebo control across all six metrics: smoothness / wrinkles, elasticity, firmness, skin texture, evenness, and brightness. As shown in the graph of FIG.10A, the test formulation showed a 50% better skin elasticity improvement than the placebo control product after 56 days of application. As shown in the graph of FIG.10B, the test formulation showed a 57% better skin wrinkle improvement than the placebo control product after 56 days of application. As shown in the graph of FIG.10C, the test formulation showed a 23% better evenness / skin tone improvement than the placebo control product after 56 days of application. As shown in the graph of FIG.10D, the test formulation showed a 48% better skin firmness improvement than the placebo control product after 56 days of application. As shown in the graph of FIG.10E, the test formulation showed a 20% better brightness / complexion improvement than the placebo control product after 56 days of application. As shown in the graph of FIG.10F the test formulation showed a 47% better skin texture improvement than the placebo control product after 56 days of application. Moreover, after the test period, 90% of the study participants agreed that skin felt smoother, skin looked hydrated, skin wrinkles and fine lines were less noticeable, skin looked toned and firmed, and skin felt softer. After the test period, 90% of the study participants also agreed that skin looked less fatigued, skin looked younger and fresher, they felt positive about Docket No. Y2008-7005WO the appearance of skin, they would buy the test product after the study, and they preferred to use the test product over other anti-aging products. Accordingly, the encapsulated 1.0% isolated chebulinic acid test formulation was shown to provide skin aging treatment in the clinical trial. Example 5: Hair Aging Clinical Trial A clinical study was performed to assess treatment of hair and scalp metrics on subjects with androgenetic alopecia (AGA) or telogen effluvium (TE) by application of encapsulated 1.0% isolated chebulinic acid formed as described herein, for example, in Example 10. AGA is a hair loss condition characterized by progressive loss of terminal hair of the scalp. TE is a temporary hair loss condition caused by a stressor or change to the body. In TE, up to 70% of hairs in the anagen (growth) phase prematurely enter the telogen (shedding) phase, causing hair loss. Thus, prior to commencing the study, all participants were experiencing active hair loss. In the study, 34 participants (female, aged 38 to 68 years old) (28 subjects with AGA, 2 subjects with TE, 4 subjects with both AGA and TE) applied the test formulation to hair and scalp daily for a test period of 90 days. The clinical objectives were to evaluate effectiveness of the composition on hair and scalp across the following metrics: 1. improve scalp hydration; 2. improve hair density (hair growth); 3. improve hair thickness; and 4. reduce hair loss. The study also aimed to obtain consumer perception of the test product. No adverse reactions were reported during the study. The results are shown in Tables 8- 10 below and the graph of FIG.11. Table 8: Summary of study results after the 90 day test period. Parameter Mean Percent Difference Percent of Subjects Improved Docket No. Y2008-7005WO Table 9: Summary of scalp hydration (Corneometer®) results after 45 days and 90 days. Timepoint Mean Percent Difference Percent of Subjects Improved from Baseline . Participant Age Condition Measured Increase in Hair Density 5 64 AGA TE 909% Docket No. Y2008-7005WO 17 56 AGA 12.6% 15 64 AGA 9.1% After the 90 day test period, 82% of participants had a measured improvement in hair density. As shown in Table 8, the mean percent difference from baseline in measurement of density of terminal hairs (per cm2) was 20.44%, with 82.5% of subjects improved (statistically significant results); 38.24% of subjects saw an improvement in thickness (µm); and the mean percent difference from baseline in measurement of density of vellus hairs (per cm2) was 95.93% (a statistically significant result), with 52.94% of subjects improved. The graph of FIG.11 shows the distribution by subject of the percent increase in hair density (terminal hairs) (per cm2). As shown in Table 9, a majority of subjects experienced increased scalp hydration after 45 days and 90 days of application. Table 10 summarizes the distribution by subject of the measured percent increase in hair density. Moreover, after the test period, 90.91% of the study participants noticed new hair growth and regrowth, believed the regrowth treatment worked for them, would recommend the test product to friends and family, and would like to continue to use the test product after the trial; 93.94% of study participants felt more confident about their hair and were satisfied about the test product and its effect on their hair; and 87.88% of study participants believed their hair had more density, experienced less hair loss, and believed there were less hairs in their brush / comb / shower drain. Additionally, 51% of study participants reported a reduction in hair graying. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO Accordingly, the encapsulated 1.0% isolated chebulinic acid test formulation was shown to provide an increase in hair density in the clinical trial. Example 6: In vitro Studies for Induced Mitochondrial Biogenesis Several test compositions were administered in vitro to HEK293 cells, primary adult dermal fibroblast cells, or primary adult epidermal keratinocyte cells in various dosing schemes. Cells were harvested at 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, or 48 hours after administration of the test compound. Harvested cells were tested for COXII expression and TFAM expression for induced mitochondrial biogenesis. The test and control compounds are listed in Table 11 below. Table 11: Test and Control Compounds for In vitro Studies Compound Description Load Factor Concentration Docket No. Y2008-7005WO Chebulinic Acid in delivery carrier Test 10% 10 µM Chebulinic Acid in delivery carrier Test 20% 1 µM Various Dosages of Chebulinic Acid Administered to HEK293 Cells Chebulinic acid formulations having concentrations of 2.5 µM, 5 µM, 10 µM, 20 µM, 50 µM, or 100 µM were administered to HEK293 cells in vitro. COXII and TFAM expression increased after administration of the 2.5 µM concentration formulation at 6 hours (n=1) (4.73%, 3.90%, respectively) and 12 hours (n=1) (9.02%, 20.07%, respectively). COXII and TFAM expression increased after administration of the 5 µM concentration formulation at 12 hours (n=4) (2.95%, 0.63%, respectively) and 48 hours (n=1) (10.91%, 23.99%, respectively). TFAM expression also increased after administration of the 5 µM concentration formulation at 6 hours (n=3) (11.15%). COXII and TFAM expression increased after administration of the 10 µM concentration formulation at 6 hours (n=4) (1.94%, 7.92%, respectively), 12 hours (n=4) (2.76%, 4.88%, respectively), and 48 hours (n=1) (9.42%, 24.41%, respectively). COXII and TFAM expression increased after administration of the 20 µM concentration formulation at 12 hours (n=2) (11.46%, 5.48%, respectively). COXII and TFAM expression increased after administration of the 50 µM concentration formulation at 6 hours (n=2) (13.63%, 15.55%, respectively) and 12 hours (n=1) (1.91%, 3.48%, respectively). TFAM expression also increased after administration of the 50 µM concentration formulation at 48 hours (n=1) (29.36%). COXII and TFAM expression increased after administration of the 100 µM concentration formulation at 6 hours (n=1) (12.42%, 24.75%, respectively). TFAM expression also increased after administration of the 100 µM concentration formulation at 12 hours (n=1) (5.14%). COXII expression also increased after administration of the 100 µM concentration formulation at 24 hours (n=1) (11.36%). Docket No. Y2008-7005WO Chebulinic Acid Administered to Primary Adult Dermal Fibroblast Cells or Primary Adult Epidermal Keratinocyte Cells Chebulinic acid formulations having concentrations of 1 µM, 5 µM, or 10 µM were administered to primary adult dermal fibroblast cells or primary adult epidermal keratinocyte cells in vitro. TFAM expression increased in primary adult epidermal keratinocyte cells at 6 hours after administration (n=2) at all concentrations tested (1 µM, 5 µM, or 10 µM) by 19.34%, 19.53%, and 30.87%, respectively. Chebulinic Acid Combination Formulations Administered to HEK293 Cells Formulations having chebulinic acid (10 µM) alone or chebulinic acid (10 µM) with chebulagic acid (10 µM), gallic acid (50 µM), or kaempferol (10 µM) were administered to HEK293 cells in vitro. TFAM and COXII expression increased in the chebulinic acid with gallic acid samples (n=3) at 6 hours after administration by 21.77% and 0.07%, respectively. TFAM and COXII expression also increased in the chebulinic acid alone samples (n=6) at 12 hours after administration by 4.02% and 14.90%, respectively. Sequential Doses of Chebulinic Acid Administered to HEK293 Cells Sequential doses of chebulinic acid (10 µM) were administered to HEK293 cells in vitro. The cells received one, two, three, or four doses of chebulinic acid prior to harvesting, according to the dosing scheme summarized in Table 12 below. Table 12: Dosing Scheme for Sequential Dosing In vitro HEK293 Cells Study Plate 0 hr 6 hr 12 hr 24 hr 48 hr t COXII expression increased by 45% in the two-dose group. TFAM expression increased by 18%, 2.5%, and 24% in the two-dose, three-dose, and four-dose groups, respectively. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO Accordingly, sequential doses of chebulinic acid may increase mitochondrial biogenesis induction in cells. Chebulinic Acid in Delivery Carriers (10% Load Factor) Administered to HEK293 Cells Chebulinic acid loaded in delivery carriers at a 10% load factor was administered to HEK293 cells in vitro at concentrations of 0.25 µM, 0.5 µM, or 1 µM. COXII and TFAM expression increased after administration of the 0.25 µM concentration formulation at 12 hours (n=5) (40.66%, 9.28%, respectively) and at 24 hours (n=5) (3.67%, 4.55%, respectively). COXII and TFAM expression increased after administration of the 0.5 µM concentration formulation at all timepoints tested, namely at 6 hours (n=5) (14.95%, 5.21%, respectively), at 12 hours (n=5) (39.21%, 10.48%, respectively), and at 24 hours (n=5) (4.50%, 6.21%, respectively). COXII and TFAM expression increased after administration of the 1 µM concentration formulation at 24 hours (n=5) (16.60%, 18.27%, respectively). COXII expression also increased after administration of the 1 µM concentration formulation at 6 hours (n=5) (6.51%) and 12 hours (n=5) (21.41%). The 0.25 µM, 0.5 µM, and 1 µM concentration formulations were also tested at 18 hours. TFAM expression increased after administration of the 0.25 µM concentration formulation (n=1) (6.16%), COXII and TFAM expression increased after administration of the 0.5 µM concentration formulation (n=1) (25.08%, 37.98%, respectively), and COXII and TFAM expression increased after administration of the 1 µM concentration formulation (n=1) (57.73%, 45.66%, respectively). Chebulinic Acid in Delivery Carriers (10% Load Factor) Administered to HEK293 cells, Primary Adult Dermal Fibroblast Cells, or Primary Adult Epidermal Keratinocyte Cells Chebulinic acid loaded in delivery carriers at a 10% load factor was administered to HEK293 cells, primary adult fibroblast cells, or primary adult epidermal keratinocyte cells in vitro at concentrations of 1 µM, 5 µM, or 10 µM. COXII and TFAM expression increased in the HEK293 cells after administration of the 1 µM concentration formulation at 6 hours (n=1) (3.38%, 11.23%, respectively) and 12 hours (n=1) (51.47%, 62.39%, respectively). COXII and TFAM expression increased in the HEK293 cells after administration of the 5 µM concentration formulation at 12 hours (n=1) (35.67%, Docket No. Y2008-7005WO 42.13%, respectively). TFAM expression also increased in the HEK293 cells after administration of the 5 µM concentration formulation at 6 hours (n=1) (2.69%). COXII and TFAM expression increased in the HEK293 cells after administration of the 10 µM concentration formulation at 12 hours (n=1) (24.84%, 40.34%, respectively). COXII expression also increased in the HEK293 cells after administration of the 10 µM concentration formulation at 48 hours (n=1) (4.50%). COXII expression increased in the primary adult fibroblast cells after administration of all concentrations (1 µM, 5 µM, or 10 µM) at all timepoints (6 hr, 12 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr) (n=2). The results are presented in Table 13 below. TFAM expression also increased in the primary adult fibroblast cells after administration of the 5 µM concentration formulation at 24 hours (11.21%). COXII expression increased in the primary adult epidermal keratinocyte cells after administration of all concentrations (1 µM, 5 µM, or 10 µM) at all timepoints (6 hr, 12 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr), except the 10 µM concentration formulation at 24 hours after administration. The results are presented in Table 13 below. Table 13: Expression Increase of COXII in Primary Adult Fibroblast Cells or Primary Adult Epidermal Keratinocyte Cells Concentration (µM) Time (hr) COXII Expression Increase (%) n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Docket No. Y2008-7005WO 1 24 6.23 2 5 6 29.91 2 1 2 2 1 1 Various Load Factors of Chebulinic Acid in Delivery Carriers Administered to HEK293 Cells Chebulinic acid loaded in delivery carriers at a 10% load factor, 20% load factor, or 30% load factor was administered to HEK293 cells in vitro at concentrations of 1 µM or 5 µM. TFAM expression increased after administration of the 5 µM concentration formulation at all load factors (10%, 20%, 30%) at 6 hours after administration (n=1) (3.21%, 5.60%, 16.14%). High Load Factor (30%) Chebulinic Acid in Delivery Carriers Administered to HEK293 Cells Chebulinic acid loaded in delivery carriers at a 30% load factor was administered to HEK293 cells in vitro at concentrations of 0.25 µM, 0.5 µM, 1 µM, or 20 µM. COXII expression increased after administration of all concentrations (0.25 µM, 0.5 µM, 1 µM, and 20 µM) at all timepoints (6 hr, 12 hr, 24 hr), except the 20 µM concentration formulation at 6 hours after administration. COXII expression increase was especially noticeable at low concentrations, 1 µM or less. TFAM expression also increased after administration of the 0.25 µM and 0.5 µM concentration formulations at 12 hours (n=1) (12.49% and 1.36%, respectively). The results are presented in Table 14 below. Table 14: Expression Increase of COXII in HEK293 Cells Concentration (µM) Time (hr) COXII Expression Increase (%) n 1 1 1 Docket No. Y2008-7005WO 0.5 6 190.11% 1 0.5 12 96.66% 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 s s own n e a a presen e a ove, eren osages o e es formulation, with and without delivery carriers, showed increased expression of mitochondrial biogenesis proteins COXII and TFAM. Example 7: Differentially Expressed Gene Analysis of 3 Participants Three individuals were topically administered Y100 cream (chebulinic acid formed as described herein, for example, in Example 10). Subjects 1 and 3 were older than subject 2. RNA sequencing was performed on the three participants before and after use of the Y100 cream. The results are presented in Tables 15-16 and FIGS.13 through 18C. Notably, administration of the Y100 cream upregulated many keratin genes. FIG.13 shows a heatmap of gene expression. The heatmap depicts similarities and differences in the 3 samples. Samples 1 and 3 are age matched, as shown by the gene expression clustering on top of the dendrogram. Samples 1 and 3 show more similitude. FIG.14 is a Venn diagram showing gene expression from each sample. As shown in FIG. 14, there were 14 genes that showed regulated expression across all three samples. Table 15 lists the common 14 genes, each of which was either upregulated or downregulated. Although the 14 genes were common for all 3 samples, the direction of regulation (up or down) is opposite for sample 2, from the younger participant. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO Table 15: Common Genes Across Samples and Fold Change Gene Fold Change Sample 1 Sample 3 Sample 2 Accordingly, administration of Y100 was effective to alter, e.g., upregulate or downregulate, AQP5, ARGHGAP115-SCG5 (e.g., ARGHGAP115, SCG5), AWAT2, DNER, AIF3CL, KRT19, KRT8, KRT81, S100A7, SPDEF, STAC2, THRSP, TMEM139, PADI2. Additional information on these genes is listed in Table 16 below. Table 16: Genes Altered by Administration of Y100 Gene Name Description Docket No. Y2008-7005WO AWAT2 Acyl-CoA Wax Lipid metabolism in the skin, mostly in Alcohol undifferentiated peripheral sebocytes. e n. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO PADI2 Peptidyl Arginine Catalyzes the deimination of arginine Deiminase 2 residues of proteins. e wo genes, an , were es e or erences on sun expose an non- exposed skin expression. The results are presented in the graphs of FIGS.15A-15B. The graphs of FIGS.16A-16C, 17A-17C, and 18A-18C show biological roles of the differentially expressed genes as a whole (gene set enrichments) from subject 1 (FIGS.16A- 16C), subject 3 (FIGS.17A-17C), and subject 2 (FIGS.18A-18C), respectively. In vitro analysis of collagen gene COL1A1 Collagen gene COL1A1 expression as a result of the administration of Y100 (chebulinic acid) was also tested in vitro. The results are shown in the graphs of FIG.19A-19C. As shown in FIGS.19A-19C, Y100 had a significant upregulation of the collagen gene, COL1A1. Furthermore, Y100 outperformed retinol in upregulation of COL1A1 at 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours after administration. Administration of Y100 is believed to improve mitochondrial function in subjects. Specifically, administration of Y100 is believed to protect skin from dryness; reduce oxidative stress; target pigmentation; prevent inflammation (anti-inflammatory); boost collagen production; and increase ATP (“energy”) levels, providing more energy to skin cells to perform necessary functions. Example 8: Production of Loaded Delivery Carrier (Prophetic) The delivery carrier can be produced by the following method: Docket No. Y2008-7005WO A silane, such as tetramethoxy silane (TMOS), or any hydrolysable silane, is hydrolyzed with a methanol and water mixture (25-75% methanol, e.g., 45-50% methanol) having a pH of less than 3, e.g., about 1.4, at a temperature of 60 ºC for 1.5 hours to form a mixture. The mixture is sonicated. The mixture is combined with an aqueous solution having a pH between 5-8 to form a solid hydrogel monolith. The hydrogel monolith can be incubated with a solution containing a compound of the disclosure, optionally a chebulinic acid of formula II or a TPP-linked chebulinic acid of formula IV, in a solvent, in an amount effective to provide a desired loading rate concentration in the delivery carrier (50 µL of solution to 100 mg of hydrogel). The solution containing the compound of the disclosure may be introduced before the aqueous solution that forms the hydrogel monolith, concurrently with the aqueous solution, or after the aqueous solution. The compound and hydrogel monolith mixture is dried by lyophilization to form a dry material. The dry material is granulated by ball milling or jet milling to form a powder and / or by wet milling to form a slurry of particles until the powder or particles of the delivery carrier have a desired average size and size distribution. In certain embodiments, a functionalizing modifier may be combined with the powder or particles to produce delivery carriers having external modifications. Similarly, in certain embodiments, a functionalizing modifier may be combined with the hydrolyzed silane mixture to produce delivery carriers having internal modifications, directly or by combination with a hydrolyzed X-trimethoxy silane, where X is the modifier. Example 9: Production of Loaded Delivery Carrier The delivery carrier was produced by the following method: A mixture of tetramethoxy silane (TMOS) and a methanol and water mixture (55 parts water per 45 parts methanol), the mixture having a pH of 1.4 was formed, and tetramethoxy silane was hydrolyzed at a temperature of 70 ºC for 1 hour to form a mixture. The mixture was sonicated. The mixture was combined with an aqueous solution having a pH between 5-8 to form a solid hydrogel monolith. The hydrogel monolith was incubated with a solution containing chebulinic acid, in 50 µL of ethanol (50 µL of solution to 100 mg of hydrogel). The solution containing the chebulinic acid was introduced after the hydrogel monolith had formed. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO The compound and hydrogel monolith mixture was dried by lyophilization to form a dry material. The dry material was granulated by ball milling to form a powder. Example 10: Production of Loaded Delivery Carrier The delivery carrier was produced by the following method: A hydrolyzed octyl trimethoxy silane solution was prepared by mixing 0.933 g methanol, 0.234 g water and 0.069 g glacial acetic acid, then adding 0.137 g octyl trimethoxy silane (OTMS) and mixing, and holding at 22 ºC for 90 minutes while mixing. A hydrolyzed tetraethoxy silane solution was prepared by mixing 1.773 g of an alcohol solution (95% ethanol and 5% methanol) 0.407 g water and 0.021 g sulfuric acid, and then adding 4.992 g tetraethoxy silane (TEOS) and mixing, and then heating to 70 ºC and holding for 60 minutes while mixing. A condensation mixture was prepared by mixing 0.156 g PEG 400, 1.175 g water and 0.103 g of 1M NaOH. The hydrolyzed octyl trimethoxy silane solution and the hydrolyzed tetraethoxy solution were combined, and then the condensation mixture was added, followed by mixing and stirring to form a mixture that was then heated to 70 ºC and held for 2 hours, and by that time a firm gel had formed. The gel was then cooled to room temperature, after which the gel was broken up with a stainless steel spatula to form pieces of the gel with diameter of less than 2 mm. A loading solution was prepared by dissolving 0.514 g chebulinic acid powder in 0.735 mL ethanol under high shear mixing. The loading solution was added to the broken-up gel, and the loading solution / gel was stirred with a spatula for 1 minute, by which time the loading solution / gel was homogeneous. The loading solution / gel was dry loaded into a vacuum oven at 80 ºC / - 27.5 inches Hg) vacuum pressure to yield 2.517 g of dried material. Respective portions of the dried material were (1) jet milled to 12 micron, (2) pestled to 40 micron, and (3) jet milled to 12 micron and heated at 160 ºC for one hour. FIG.20 and FIG.23 are plots of release over time for (1) (uppermost plot), (2) (middle plot) and (3) (lower plot). Another portion was ground down to a powder with an agate mortar and pestle, and the resulting powder was added to a 100 mL zirconia milling jar with 120 g of 5 Docket No. Y2008-7005WO mm milling beads and milled in a Fritsch pulverisette 6 planetary mill for 15 minutes at 350 rpm to produce particles with particle size d10=2.5 micron; d50=15 micron; d90=3- micron. Example 11: Production of Loaded Delivery Carrier The delivery carrier was produced by the following method: A mixture of tetramethoxy silane (TMOS) and a methanol and water mixture (55 parts water per 45 parts methanol), the mixture having a pH of 1.4 was formed, and tetramethoxy silane was hydrolyzed at a temperature of 70 ºC for 1 hour to form a mixture. The mixture was sonicated. The mixture was combined with an aqueous solution having a pH between 5-8 to form a solid hydrogel monolith. The hydrogel monolith was incubated with a solution containing 4.93 mg TPP-linked chebulinic acid of formula IV, in 25 µL of DMSO (25 µL of solution to 94 mg of hydrogel). The solution containing the TPP-linked chebulinic acid was introduced after the hydrogel monolith had formed. The compound and hydrogel monolith mixture was dried by lyophilization to form a dry material. The dry material was granulated by mortar and pestle to form a powder comprising particles of an average particle size of about 40 microns. Example 12: Production of Loaded Delivery Carrier The delivery carrier was produced by the following method: A mixture of octyl trimethoxy silane, methanol, water (55 parts water per 45 parts methanol) and acetic acid was formed, the mixture having a pH of 1.4, and octyl trimethoxy silane was hydrolyzed at a temperature of 70 ºC for 1 hour to form a mixture. The mixture was sonicated. The mixture was combined with an aqueous solution having a pH between 5-8 to form a solid hydrogel monolith. The hydrogel monolith was incubated with a solution containing chebulinic acid, in ethanol (50 µL of solution to 100 mg of hydrogel). The solution containing the chebulinic acid was introduced after the hydrogel monolith had formed. The compound and hydrogel monolith mixture was dried by lyophilization to form a dry material. The dry material was granulated by ball milling to form a powder. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO Example 13: Production of Loaded Delivery Carrier The delivery carrier was produced by the following method: A mixture of tetramethoxy silane (TMOS), methanol, water (55 parts water per 45 parts methanol) and PEG was formed, the mixture having a pH of 1.4, and tetramethoxy silane (TMOS) was hydrolyzed at a temperature of 70 ºC for 1 hour to form a mixture. The mixture was sonicated. The mixture was combined with an aqueous solution having a pH between 5-8 to form a solid hydrogel monolith. The hydrogel monolith was incubated with a solution containing chebulinic acid, in ethanol (50 µL of solution to 100 mg of hydrogel). The solution containing the chebulinic acid was introduced after the hydrogel monolith had formed. The compound and hydrogel monolith mixture was dried by lyophilization to form a dry material. The dry material was granulated by ball milling to form a powder. Example 14: Production of Loaded Delivery Carrier The delivery carrier was produced by the following method: A mixture of tetraethoxy silane (TEOS) and an ethanol and water mixture (55 parts water per 45 parts ethanol), the mixture having a pH of 1.4 was formed, and tetraethoxy silane was hydrolyzed at a temperature of 70 ºC for 1 hour to form a mixture. The mixture was sonicated. The mixture was combined with an aqueous solution having a pH between 5-8 to form a solid hydrogel monolith. The hydrogel monolith was incubated with a solution containing TPP-linked chebulinic acid of formula IV, in DMSO (50 µL of solution to 100 mg of hydrogel). The solution containing the TPP-linked chebulinic acid was introduced after the hydrogel monolith had formed. The compound and hydrogel monolith mixture was dried by lyophilization to form a dry material. The dry material was granulated by ball milling to form a powder. Example 15: Production of Loaded Delivery Carrier The delivery carrier was produced by the following method: A mixture of tetraethoxy silane (TEOS), ethanol, water (55 parts water per 45 parts ethanol) and PEG was formed, the mixture having a pH of 1.4, and tetraethoxy silane (TEOS) was hydrolyzed at a temperature of 70 ºC for 1 hour to form a mixture. The mixture was Docket No. Y2008-7005WO sonicated. The mixture was combined with an aqueous solution having a pH between 5-8 to form a solid hydrogel monolith. The hydrogel monolith was incubated with a solution containing chebulinic acid, in ethanol (50 µL of solution to 100 mg of hydrogel). The solution containing the chebulinic acid was introduced after the hydrogel monolith had formed. The compound and hydrogel monolith mixture was dried by lyophilization to form a dry material. The dry material was granulated by ball milling to form a powder. Example 16: Production of Loaded Delivery Carrier The delivery carrier was produced by the following method: A mixture of tetramethoxy silane (TMOS) and a methanol and water mixture (55 parts water per 45 parts methanol), the mixture having a pH of 1.4 was formed, and tetramethoxy silane was hydrolyzed at a temperature of 70 ºC for 1 hour to form a mixture. The mixture was sonicated. The mixture was combined with an aqueous solution having a pH between 5-8 to form a solid hydrogel monolith. The hydrogel monolith was incubated with a solution containing chebulagic acid, in 50 µL of ethanol (50 µL of solution to 100 mg of hydrogel). The solution containing the chebulagic acid was introduced after the hydrogel monolith had formed. The compound and hydrogel monolith mixture was dried by lyophilization to form a dry material. The dry material was granulated by ball milling to form a powder. Example 17: Production of Loaded Delivery Carrier The delivery carrier was produced by the following method: A mixture of tetramethoxy silane (TMOS) and a methanol and water mixture (55 parts water per 45 parts methanol), the mixture having a pH of 1.4 was formed, and tetramethoxy silane was hydrolyzed at a temperature of 70 ºC for 1 hour to form a mixture. The mixture was sonicated. The mixture was combined with an aqueous solution having a pH between 5-8 to form a solid hydrogel monolith. Chebulinic acid, in the form of powder, was introduced after the hydrogel monolith had formed. Docket No. Y2008-7005WO The compound and hydrogel monolith mixture was dried by lyophilization to form a dry material. The dry material was granulated by ball milling to form a powder. As described above, in any of the methods of producing loaded delivery carrier as described herein (e.g., in any of Examples 10-17), a number of options are possible, including those described below: A medium-sized batch of gel can be made in any suitable space, e.g., in a glass-jacketed reactor (e.g., 1L, 5L, 10L), and a large batch of gel can be made in any suitable space, e.g., in a stainless steel-jacketed reactor with a planetary mixer (100L or larger). Load factor (LF) can be adjusted (e.g., 10 wt%, 20 wt%, 25 wt%, 30 wt%, 40 wt%). Different deliverables can be used (e.g., chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, oil chebula extract, water chebula extract, TPP-linked chebulinic acid, kaemferol. gallic acid). Different silanes can be used in forming the network, e.g., octyl trimethoxy silane, methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, ... C18-trimethoxy silane, TMOS, TEOS). In some embodiments, deliverable (e.g., chebulinic acid) is loaded as a powder into the hot gel, i.e., without using additional material (e.g., ethanol) to dissolve the deliverable. In some embodiments, the deliverable (e.g., chebulinic acid) is mixed into the sol phase, i.e., after the condensation mixture is added to the hydrolyzed silane solution and before the gel has formed (e.g., before heating, or at least before the gel has completely formed). The phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. As used herein, the term “plurality” refers to two or more items or components. The terms “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” and “involving,” whether in the written description or the claims and the like, are open-ended terms, i.e., to mean “including but not limited to.” Thus, the use of such terms is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter, and equivalents thereof, as well as additional items. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of,” are closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, with respect to the claims. Use of ordinal terms such as “first,” “second,” “third,” and the like in the claims to modify a claim element does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claim element over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are performed, but are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim Docket No. Y2008-7005WO element having a certain name from another element having a same name (but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish the claim elements. Having thus described several aspects of at least one embodiment, it is to be appreciated various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Any feature described in any embodiment may be included in or substituted for any feature of any other embodiment. Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part of this disclosure and are intended to be within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description and drawings are by way of example only. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that the parameters and configurations described herein are exemplary and that actual parameters and / or configurations will depend on the specific application in which the disclosed methods and materials are used. Those skilled in the art should also recognize or be able to ascertain, using no more than routine experimentation, equivalents to the specific embodiments disclosed.

Claims

Docket No. Y2008-7005WO CLAIMS 1. A preparation comprising a delivery carrier comprising amorphous particles having an average size of 1 nm to 250 µm loaded with a deliverable selected from an emblica extract, a chebula extract, an isolated compound constituent of emblica extract, chebula extract, or metabolite thereof, a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with the isolated compound constituent of emblica extract, chebula extract, or metabolite thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, or a combination thereof.

2. The preparation of claim 1, wherein at least some of the amorphous particles comprise silica.

3. The preparation of claim 1, wherein the amorphous particles have an average size of 1 nm to 10 µm.

4. The preparation of claim 1, wherein the deliverable comprises an isolated ellagitannin.

5. The preparation of claim 4, wherein the deliverable is selected from isolated emblicanin A, isolated emblicanin B, isolated chebulinic acid, isolated chebulagic acid, isolated gallic acid, isolated chebulic acid, isolated kaempferol, isolated punicalagin, or a combination thereof.

6. The preparation of claim 1, wherein the deliverable is derived from, purified from, or isolated from an extract.

7. The preparation of claim 6, wherein the extract is an extract of Emblica officinalis, Terminilia chebula, Terminalia arborea, or Lumnitzera racemose.

8. The preparation of claim 1, wherein the deliverable is synthetic.

9. The preparation of claim 1, wherein the deliverable is purified, e.g., at least 80% purified, at least 85% purified, at least 90% purified, at least 95% purified, at least 98% purified, at least 99% purified, at least 99.9% purified, at least 99.99% purified, or at least 99.999% purified.Docket No. Y2008-7005WO 10. The preparation of claim 1, wherein the particles have an average size of 1 to 50 nm, 10 to 500 nm, 500 to 1000 nm, 1 to 5 µm, 5 to 10 µm, 10 to 15 µm, 15 to 20 µm, 20 to 25 µm, 25 to 30 µm, 30 to 35 µm, 35 to 40 µm, 40 to 45 µm, 45 to 50 µm, 50 to 60 µm, 60 to 70 µm, 70 to 80 µm, 80 to 90 µm, 90 to 100 µm, 100 to 150 µm, 150 to 200 µm, or 200 to 250 µm.

11. The preparation of claim 10, wherein the particles have a size distribution the particles have a size distribution with a span (D90-D10) / (D50) in the range of from 1.0 to 2.5, 1.5 to 2.0, 2.5 to 3.0, or greater than 3.

0.

12. The preparation of claim 1, wherein the delivery carrier has a surface modifier.

13. The preparation of claim 12, wherein the surface modifier is a mitochondrial targeting agent.

14. The preparation of claim 13, wherein the surface modifier is selected from a mitochondrial targeting antibody, polyethylene glycol (PEG), triphenylphosphine (TPP), and a mitochondrial targeting peptide (MPP).

15. The preparation of claim 12, wherein the surface modifier is an octyl group.

16. The preparation of claim 1, wherein the deliverable is conjugated to a mitochondrial targeting agent.

17. The preparation of claim 16, wherein the mitochondrial targeting agent is selected from a mitochondrial targeting antibody, polyethylene glycol (PEG), triphenylphosphine (TPP), and a mitochondrial targeting peptide (MPP).

18. The preparation of claim 1, wherein the delivery carrier encapsulates an effective amount of the deliverable.Docket No. Y2008-7005WO 19. The preparation of claim 18, wherein the effective amount is a load factor (LF) of 0.1-50 wt%, e.g., 0.1-1 wt%, 1-5 wt%, 5-10 wt%, 10-30 wt%, 30-40 wt%, or 40-50 wt%.

20. The preparation of claim 1, wherein the delivery carrier is provided in a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable vehicle formulated in a composition for topical administration to a subject.

21. The preparation of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises an effective amount of the delivery carrier.

22. The preparation of claim 21, wherein the effective amount of the delivery carrier is a particle content (PC) of from 0.1-90 wt%.

23. The preparation of claim 20, wherein the composition comprises an effective amount of the deliverable.

24. The preparation of claim 23, wherein the effective amount of the deliverable is from 0.01 – 45 wt%.

25. The preparation of claim 20, wherein the composition for topical administration is a topical solution, oil, cream, emulsion, foam, or gel.

26. The preparation of claim 25, wherein the composition for topical administration is a shampoo, conditioner, spray, cream, foam, gel, balm, body wash, soap, lotion, or make-up.

27. The preparation of claim 1, wherein the delivery carrier is provided in a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable vehicle formulated in a composition for parenteral administration to the subject.

28. The preparation of claim 27, wherein the composition for parenteral administration is a parenteral liquid solution.Docket No. Y2008-7005WO 29. The preparation of claim 1, wherein the delivery carrier is provided in a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable vehicle formulated in a composition for enteral administration to the subject.

30. The preparation of claim 29, wherein the composition for enteral administration is an enteral capsule or tablet, or dietary supplement or food, e.g., food, food supplement, medical food, food additive, nutraceutical, or drink.

31. The preparation of claim 1, wherein the delivery carrier is formulated for immediate release of the deliverable.

32. The preparation of claim 1, wherein the delivery carrier is formulated for extended or sustained release of the deliverable.

33. The preparation of claim 1, wherein the delivery carrier is formulated for administration in combination with hyaluronic acid, caffeine, a B vitamin, e.g., B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B8, B9 and / or B12 vitamin, vitamin C, iron, magnesium, zinc, a UV-blocking agent, moisturizer, sunscreen, wrinkle cream, retinoid, alpha-hydroxy acid, beta-hydroxy acid, squalene, antioxidant, e.g., CoQ10, vitamin E, carotenoid, e.g., beta-carotene, mineral, e.g., selenium or manganese, glutathione, lipoic acid, flavonoid, betaflavonoid, phenol, polyphenol, phytoestrogen, mitoquinol mesylate, ubiquinone, tretinoin, glycosaminoglycan (GAG), lactic acid, malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, hydroquinone, kojic acid, L-ascorbic acid, licorice extract, N-acetylglucosamine, niacinamide, soy, dermal filler or injection, e.g. hyaluronic acid or calcium hydroxylapatite, botulinum toxin, laser resurfacing procedure, ultrasound therapy, chemical peel, e.g., glycolic acid peel, trichloroacetic acid or salicylic acid, dermabrasion procedure, or combination thereof.

34. The preparation of claim 1, wherein the delivery carrier is formulated for administration in combination with an antioxidant, e.g., melatonin, an exfoliator, e.g., salicylic acid, N-acetyl glucosamine, an anti-inflammatory, e.g., curcumin, turmeric extract, or a combination thereof.Docket No. Y2008-7005WO 35. A method of treating or preventing mitochondrial dysfunction in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition comprising the preparation of claim 1 in a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable vehicle.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein the disease or condition associated with mitochondrial dysfunction is a cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, neurological disorder, skin disease or condition, hair or scalp disease or condition, or symptom thereof.

37. The method of claim 35, wherein the disease or condition associated with mitochondrial dysfunction is aging, an aging-associated chronic disease or condition, reduced energy levels and vitality, or symptom thereof.

38. A method of treating or preventing a skin disease or condition in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition comprising the preparation of claim 1 in a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable vehicle.

39. The method of claim 38, wherein the skin disease or condition is a characteristic of skin aging, skin wrinkles, change in skin pigmentation, senile lentigines, or a disease or condition of sebaceous glands.

40. The method of claim 39, wherein administration promotes firmness, hydration, elasticity, radiance, brightness, tone evenness, texture, visual smoothness, or tactile smoothness of skin of the subject.

41. A method of treating or preventing a scalp or hair disease or condition in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition comprising the preparation of claim 1 in a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable vehicle.

42. The method of claim 41, wherein the scalp or hair disease or condition is hair loss, hair thinning, or change in hair pigmentation.Docket No. Y2008-7005WO 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the hair loss is total alopecia, partial alopecia, androgenetic alopecia, or telogen effluvium.

44. The method of claim 42, wherein the hair loss is a genetic condition or associated with an autoimmune disease, an environmental factor, or a course of treatment.

45. A method of producing delivery carriers loaded with a deliverable, comprising: selecting the deliverable from an emblica extract, a chebula extract, an isolated compound constituent of emblica extract, chebula extract, or metabolite thereof, a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with the isolated compound constituent of emblica extract, chebula extract, or metabolite thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, or a combination thereof; combining a silica sol-gel hydrogel with a solution comprising an effective amount of the deliverable in a solvent to produce a loaded silica sol-gel hydrogel; drying the loaded silica sol-gel hydrogel to produce a dried silica composition comprising the deliverable; and granulating the dried silica composition to produce the delivery carriers formed of amorphous silica particles loaded with the deliverable.

46. The method of claim 45, further comprising: selecting one or more combination compound from hyaluronic acid, caffeine, a B vitamin, e.g., B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B8, B9 and / or B12 vitamin, vitamin C, iron, magnesium, zinc, a UV-blocking agent, retinoid, alpha-hydroxy acid, beta-hydroxy acid, squalene, antioxidant, e.g., CoQ10, vitamin E, carotenoid, e.g., beta-carotene, mineral, e.g., selenium or manganese, glutathione, lipoic acid, flavonoid, betaflavonoid, phenol, polyphenol, phytoestrogen, mitoquinol mesylate, ubiquinone, tretinoin, glycosaminoglycan (GAG), lactic acid, malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, hydroquinone, kojic acid, L-ascorbic acid, licorice extract, N-acetylglucosamine, niacinamide, soy; and combining the silica sol-gel hydrogel with a solution comprising an effective amount of the combination compound in a solvent to produce the loaded silica sol-gel hydrogel.Docket No. Y2008-7005WO 47. The method of claim 45, wherein the silica sol-gel hydrogel comprises polyethylene glycol (PEG).

48. The method of claim 45, wherein the deliverable comprises an isolated ellagitannin.

49. The method of claim 48, wherein the deliverable is selected from isolated emblicanin A, isolated emblicanin B, isolated chebulinic acid, isolated chebulagic acid, isolated gallic acid, isolated chebulic acid, isolated kaempferol, isolated punicalagin, or a combination thereof.

50. The method of claim 45, wherein the deliverable is derived from, purified from, or isolated from an extract.

51. The method of claim 50, wherein the extract is an extract of Emblica officinalis, Terminilia chebula, Terminalia arborea, or Lumnitzera racemose.

52. The method of claim 45, wherein the deliverable is synthetic.

53. The method of claim 45, wherein the deliverable is purified, e.g., at least 80% purified, at least 85% purified, at least 90% purified, at least 95% purified, at least 98% purified, at least 99% purified, at least 99.9% purified, at least 99.99% purified, or at least 99.999% purified.

54. The method of claim 45, further comprising attaching a surface modifier to the loaded delivery carriers to produce functionalized loaded delivery carriers.

55. The method of claim 54, wherein the surface modifier is a mitochondrial targeting agent.

56. The method of claim 55, wherein the surface modifier is selected from a mitochondrial targeting antibody, polyethylene glycol (PEG), triphenylphosphine (TPP), and a mitochondrial targeting peptide (MPP).Docket No. Y2008-7005WO 57. The method of claim 54, wherein the surface modifier is an octyl group.

58. The method of claim 45, wherein the deliverable is conjugated to a mitochondrial targeting agent.

59. The method of claim 58, wherein the mitochondrial targeting agent is selected from a mitochondrial targeting antibody, polyethylene glycol (PEG), triphenylphosphine (TPP), and a mitochondrial targeting peptide (MPP).

60. The method of claim 45, comprising granulating the dried silica composition to produce the delivery carriers having an average size of 1 to 50 nm, 10 to 500 nm, 500 to 1000 nm, 1 to 5 µm, 5 to 10 µm, 10 to 15 µm, 15 to 20 µm, 20 to 25 µm, 25 to 30 µm, 30 to 35 µm, 35 to 40 µm, 40 to 45 µm, 45 to 50 µm, 50 to 60 µm, 60 to 70 µm, 70 to 80 µm, 80 to 90 µm, 90 to 100 µm, 100 to 150 µm, 150 to 200 µm, or 200 to 250 µm.

61. The method of claim 45, further comprising combining the delivery carriers with a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable vehicle formulated for topical administration to a subject.

62. The method of claim 61, comprising combining an effective amount of the delivery carriers to produce a composition for topical application with 0.01 – 45 wt% of the deliverable.

63. The method of claim 61, further comprising combining the delivery carriers and the pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable vehicle with an emblica extract, a chebula extract, or a fucus extract.

64. The method of claim 45, further comprising combining the delivery carriers with a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable vehicle formulated for enteral administration to a subject.Docket No. Y2008-7005WO 65. The method of claim 45, further comprising combining the delivery carriers with a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable vehicle formulated for parenteral administration to a subject.

66. The method of claim 45, wherein the effective amount is sufficient to produce the delivery carriers loaded with 0.1-50 wt% of the deliverable.

67. A composition comprising amorphous particles, each of the amorphous particles comprising a silica network and at least one deliverable selected from an emblica extract, a chebula extract, an isolated compound constituent of emblica extract, chebula extract, or metabolite thereof, a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with the isolated compound constituent of emblica extract, chebula extract, or metabolite thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, or a combination thereof.

68. The composition of claim 67, wherein at least 10% of the amorphous particles, at least 30% of the amorphous particles, at least 50% of the amorphous particles, or at least 75% of the amorphous particles has a load factor (LF) of at least 50 wt% or 0.1-1 wt%, 1-10 wt%, 10-20 wt%, 20-30 wt%, 30-40 wt%, or 40-50 wt% of the at least one deliverable.

69. The composition of claim 67, wherein a porosity of the amorphous particles as measured by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) is zero.

70. The composition of claim 67, wherein the amorphous particles are homogeneous to an extent that for at least 90 or 95% of 5,000 adjacent cubical regions measuring 2 nm, 3 nm, 5 nm or 10 nm on each side, a content of each element is within 2% of a particular value for that element.

71. The composition of claim 67, wherein the amorphous particles have an average particle size in the range of from 1 to 10 nm, 10 to 100 nm, 100 nm to 1 µm, 1 to 10 µm, 10 to 50 µm, or 50 to 250 µm.Docket No. Y2008-7005WO 72. The composition of claim 67, wherein the at least one deliverable comprises at least one of chebulinic acid or chebulagic acid.

73. The composition of claim 67, for at least 10% of the amorphous particles, at least 30% of the amorphous particles, at least 50% of the amorphous particles, or at least 75% of the amorphous particles, at least some of the silica network is octyl-functionalized.

74. The composition of claim 67, wherein at least some of the amorphous particles comprise polyethylene glycol (PEG).

75. The composition of claim 67, wherein at least some of the amorphous particles comprise ethylcellulose.

76. The composition of claim 67, further comprising at least one vehicle, wherein a particle content (PC) of the composition is in the range of 1 to 10 wt%, 10 to 30 wt%, 30 to 50 wt%, 50 to 70 wt%, or 70 to 90 wt%.

77. The composition of claim 67, wherein for at least some of the amorphous particles, release of deliverable satisfies one or more of the following: after 10 minutes, no more than 50% of the deliverable has been released; after 30 minutes, no more than 65% of the deliverable has been released; after 60 minutes, no more than 80% of the deliverable has been released; after 120 minutes, no more than 95% of the deliverable has been released; 100% of the deliverable has been released at 1 minute; 5-35% of the deliverable has been released at 1 minute; 25-85% of the deliverable has been released at 5 minutes; 35-95% of the deliverable has been released at 15 minutes; 45-100% of the deliverable has been released at 30 minutes; 55-100% of the deliverable has been released at 60 minutes; 70-100% of the deliverable has been released at 120 minutes; and 85-100% of the deliverable has been released at 240 minutes.Docket No. Y2008-7005WO 78. The composition of claim 77, wherein: at least 10% of the amorphous particles, at least 30% of the amorphous particles, at least 50% of the amorphous particles, or at least 75% of the amorphous particles has a load factor (LF) of at least 50 wt% or 0.1-1 wt%, 1-10 wt%, 10-20 wt%, 20-30 wt%, 30-40 wt%, or 40-50 wt% of the at least one deliverable; the porosity of the amorphous particles as measured by BET is zero; the amorphous particles are homogeneous to an extent that for at least 90 or 95% of 5,000 adjacent cubical regions measuring 2 nm, 3 nm, 5 nm or 10 nm on each side, a content of each element is within 2% of a particular value for that element; and the amorphous particles have an average particle size in the range of from 1 to 10 nm, 10 to 100 nm, 100 nm to 1 µm, 1 to 10 µm, 10 to 50 µm, or 50 to 250 µm.

79. The composition of claim 78, wherein the at least one deliverable comprises at least one of chebulinic acid and chebulagic acid.

80. A method of producing delivery carriers comprising a deliverable, the method comprising: preparing a solution having a pH of less than or equal to 3, the solution comprising at least one silane dissolved in at least one solvent; raising the pH of the solution and adding water to the solution to form a hydrogel, wherein the hydrogel comprises silanes linked to form at least one monolith network; loading the hydrogel with at least one deliverable to form a deliverable-loaded hydrogel, the at least one deliverable selected from an emblica extract, a chebula extract, an isolated compound constituent of emblica extract, chebula extract, or metabolite thereof, a compound having a similarity score of at least 95% with the isolated compound constituent of emblica extract, chebula extract, or metabolite thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, or a combination thereof; and drying the deliverable-loaded hydrogel to form the delivery carriers, wherein loading the hydrogel with the at least one deliverable is conducted after the hydrogel has been formed and before drying.Docket No. Y2008-7005WO 81. The method of claim 80, wherein the at least one deliverable is selected from chebulinic acid and chebulagic acid.

Images