Powertrain suspension system and all-terrain vehicle

Abstract

A powertrain suspension system and a vehicle. The powertrain suspension system is mounted on a vehicle frame (1) and comprises a first suspension assembly (2), a second suspension assembly (3), and a third suspension assembly (4). The vehicle frame (1) comprises a left longitudinal beam (11), a right longitudinal beam (12), and a first beam body (13). The first beam body (13) connects the left longitudinal beam (11) and the right longitudinal beam (12) and is located between the left longitudinal beam (11) and the right longitudinal beam (12). The powertrain comprises an engine (6) and a gearbox (7). A plurality of pistons of the engine (6) are arranged in the front-to-rear direction. The first suspension assembly (2) is connected to the left longitudinal beam (11), the second suspension assembly (3) is connected to the right longitudinal beam (12), the third suspension assembly (4) is connected to the first beam body (13), and the third suspension assembly (4) is adjacent to a reference plane and is located on a front side or a rear side of the engine (6). The reference plane is a plane in which axes of the plurality of pistons are located.

Description

Powertrain suspension systems and all-terrain vehicles

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application is based on the Chinese patent application with application number 202322908731.3 and application date October 27, 2023, and claims the priority of the Chinese patent application. The entire content of the Chinese patent application is hereby introduced into this application as a reference. Technical Field

[0003] The present disclosure relates to the technical field of all-terrain vehicles, and in particular to a powertrain suspension system and an all-terrain vehicle. Background Art

[0004] The powertrain of an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) often utilizes an inline four-cylinder engine, mounted longitudinally on the vehicle frame, with the four pistons arranged in a front-to-back direction. In related art, this longitudinally mounted powertrain is often secured to the left and right longitudinal beams of the vehicle frame via a suspension system. This system is located at a significant distance from the plane of the piston axes. To effectively offset the engine's overturning moment, the suspension system requires enhanced shock absorption and structural strength, resulting in high costs.

[0005] Utility Model Content

[0006] The present disclosure aims to solve one of the technical problems in the related art at least to a certain extent.

[0007] To this end, an embodiment of the present disclosure provides a powertrain suspension system, which has the advantages of good overturning moment offsetting effect and low cost.

[0008] An embodiment of the present disclosure also provides an all-terrain vehicle.

[0009] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a powertrain suspension system is installed on a vehicle frame, wherein the vehicle frame includes a left longitudinal beam, a right longitudinal beam and a first beam body, wherein the first beam body connects the left longitudinal beam and the right longitudinal beam and is located between the left longitudinal beam and the right longitudinal beam, wherein the powertrain includes an engine and a gearbox, wherein a plurality of pistons of the engine are arranged in a front-to-rear direction, wherein the powertrain suspension system includes a first suspension assembly, a second suspension assembly and a third suspension assembly, wherein the first suspension assembly is connected to the left longitudinal beam, the second suspension assembly is connected to the right longitudinal beam, and the third suspension assembly is connected to the first beam body, wherein the third suspension assembly is adjacent to a reference plane and is located on the front or rear side of the engine, wherein the reference plane is a plane where the axes of the plurality of pistons are located.

[0010] According to the powertrain suspension system of the disclosed embodiment, the powertrain is secured to the vehicle frame via a first suspension assembly, a second suspension assembly, and a third suspension assembly. The multiple pistons of the engine in the powertrain are arranged in a front-to-back direction, and the axial direction of the output shaft is also in the front-to-back direction. By positioning the third suspension assembly adjacent to the plane containing the axes of the multiple pistons and located on the front or rear side of the engine, the distance between the third suspension assembly and the center of mass of the engine in the front-to-back direction is increased. When the pistons in the engine move sequentially, generating a front-to-back overturning moment, the third suspension assembly can better offset the overturning moment. Furthermore, the first and second suspension assemblies, respectively connected to the left and right longitudinal beams, are primarily used to offset the reciprocating and rotational inertia forces of the engine. No structural or shock-absorbing enhancements are required to offset the overturning moment, resulting in a lower cost powertrain suspension system.

[0011] In some embodiments, the vehicle frame further includes a second beam, the second beam being spaced apart from the first beam in a front-to-rear direction, the second beam connecting the left longitudinal beam and the right longitudinal beam and being located between the left longitudinal beam and the right longitudinal beam;

[0012] The powertrain suspension system also includes a fourth suspension assembly, which is connected to the second beam and adjacent to the reference plane. The fourth suspension assembly and the third suspension assembly are arranged on opposite sides of the engine along the front-rear direction.

[0013] In some embodiments, the first suspension assembly has a first mounting position connected to the left longitudinal beam, the second suspension assembly has a second mounting position connected to the right longitudinal beam, the third suspension assembly has a third mounting position connected to the first beam body, and the second suspension assembly has a fourth mounting position connected to the second beam body;

[0014] A height of each of the third mounting position and the fourth mounting position is higher than a height of each of the first mounting position and the second mounting position.

[0015] In some embodiments, the transmission and the engine are arranged along the front-to-back direction, the third suspension assembly is connected to the housing of the engine, and the fourth suspension assembly is connected to the housing of the transmission. The height of at least one of the third mounting position and the fourth mounting position is greater than the height of the crankshaft axis of the engine, and a height difference h1 is formed between at least one of the third mounting position and the fourth mounting position and the crankshaft axis, wherein 115mm≤h1≤135mm.

[0016] In some embodiments, the height of at least one of the first mounting position and the second mounting position is lower than the height of the crankshaft axis, and a height difference h2 is formed between the at least one of the first mounting position and the second mounting position and the crankshaft axis, wherein 49mm≤h2≤69mm.

[0017] In some embodiments, the third mounting position includes three mounting holes distributed in a triangle.

[0018] In some embodiments, there is a height difference h3 between the first installation position and the second installation position, wherein 52 mm ≤ h3 ≤ 72 mm.

[0019] In some embodiments, there is a height difference h4 between the third installation position and the fourth installation position, wherein 131 mm ≤ h4 ≤ 151 mm.

[0020] In some embodiments, at least one of the first suspension assembly, the second suspension assembly, the third suspension assembly and the fourth suspension assembly includes a first bracket, a second bracket, and a shock absorber sandwiched between the first bracket and the second bracket, the first bracket and the second bracket are respectively connected to the powertrain and the frame, and the shock absorber is detachably connected to at least one of the first bracket and the second bracket.

[0021] An all-terrain vehicle according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes the powertrain suspension system as described in any of the above embodiments.

[0022] The technical advantages of the all-terrain vehicle according to the embodiment of the present disclosure are the same as the technical advantages of the powertrain suspension system of the above-mentioned embodiment, and will not be repeated here. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0023] FIG1 is an isometric view of a powertrain and a suspension assembly according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0024] FIG. 2 is a top view of a powertrain and a suspension assembly according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0025] FIG3 is a left side view of a powertrain and a suspension assembly according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0026] FIG. 4 is a front view of a powertrain and a suspension assembly according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0027] FIG5 is a rear view of a powertrain and a suspension assembly according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0028] FIG6 is an isometric view of a powertrain mount system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0029] FIG. 7 is a top view of a powertrain mount system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0030] FIG8 is an exploded view of a third suspension assembly in a powertrain suspension system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0031] FIG9 is an exploded view of a fourth suspension assembly in the powertrain suspension system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0032] Reference numerals:

[0033] 1. Vehicle frame; 11. Left longitudinal beam; 12. Right longitudinal beam; 13. First beam; 14. Second beam; 2. First suspension assembly; 3. Second suspension assembly; 4. Third suspension assembly; 41. First bracket; 42. Shock absorber; 43. Second bracket; 431. Mounting hole; 5. Fourth suspension assembly; 6. Engine; 7. Gearbox; X. Reference plane. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0034] The embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail below, and examples of the embodiments are shown in the accompanying drawings. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are exemplary and intended to be used to explain the present disclosure, but should not be understood as limiting the present disclosure.

[0035] The powertrain suspension system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will be described below with reference to FIG. 1 to FIG. 9 .

[0036] The powertrain suspension system according to the disclosed embodiment of the present invention is mounted on a vehicle frame 1. The vehicle frame 1 includes a left longitudinal beam 11, a right longitudinal beam 12, and a first beam body 13. The first beam body 13 connects the left and right longitudinal beams 11, 12 and is located between the left and right longitudinal beams 11, 12. The powertrain includes an engine 6 and a transmission. The multiple pistons of the engine 6 are arranged in a front-to-back direction. The powertrain suspension system includes a first suspension assembly 2, a second suspension assembly 3, and a third suspension assembly 4. The first suspension assembly 2 is connected to the left longitudinal beam 11, the second suspension assembly 3 is connected to the right longitudinal beam 12, and the third suspension assembly 4 is connected to the first beam body 13. The third suspension assembly 4 is adjacent to a reference plane X and is located in front of or behind the engine 6. The reference plane X is the plane in which the axes of the multiple pistons lie.

[0037] According to the powertrain suspension system of the disclosed embodiment, the powertrain is secured to the vehicle frame 1 via a first suspension assembly 2, a second suspension assembly 3, and a third suspension assembly 4. The multiple pistons of the engine 6 in the powertrain are arranged in a front-to-back direction, and the axial direction of the output shaft is also in the front-to-back direction. By positioning the third suspension assembly 4 adjacent to the plane containing the multiple piston axes and located on the front or rear side of the engine 6, the distance between the third suspension assembly 4 and the center of mass of the engine 6 in the front-to-back direction is increased. When the pistons in the engine 6 sequentially move, generating a front-to-back overturning moment, the third suspension assembly 4 can better offset the overturning moment. Furthermore, the first suspension assembly 2 and the second suspension assembly 3, respectively connected to the left longitudinal beam 11 and the right longitudinal beam 12, are primarily used to offset the reciprocating and rotational inertia of the engine 6. No structural or shock-absorbing enhancements are required to offset the overturning moment, resulting in a lower cost powertrain suspension system.

[0038] It should be noted that the engine 6 is an inline engine, that is, the multiple pistons therein are arranged in a straight line along the front-to-back direction. In addition, the number of each of the first suspension assembly 2, the second suspension assembly 3 and the third suspension assembly 4 can be one, or two or more.

[0039] For ease of understanding, the direction indicated by arrow A in FIG2 is the front-to-back direction of the powertrain suspension system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the direction indicated by arrow B in FIG2 is the left-right direction of the powertrain suspension system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, and the direction indicated by arrow C in FIG3 is the up-down direction of the powertrain suspension system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0040] In some embodiments, as shown in Figures 2, 6, 7, and 9, the vehicle frame 1 further includes a second beam 14, which is spaced apart from the first beam 13 in the front-to-rear direction. The second beam 14 connects the left longitudinal beam 11 and the right longitudinal beam 12 and is located between the left longitudinal beam 11 and the right longitudinal beam 12. The powertrain mounting system further includes a fourth mounting assembly 5, which is connected to the second beam 14 and is adjacent to the reference plane X. The fourth mounting assembly 5 and the third mounting assembly 4 are disposed on opposite sides of the engine 6 in the front-to-rear direction.

[0041] The fourth suspension assembly 5 connects the second beam 14 and the power assembly, and together with the third suspension assembly 4, offsets the overturning moment of the engine 6. The suspension assembly has a better effect of offsetting the overturning moment of the engine 6, and has lower requirements on the structure and shock absorption performance of the third suspension assembly 4 and the fourth suspension assembly 5, and the required cost is lower.

[0042] Specifically, as shown in Figures 2 and 7 , the first suspension assembly 2, the second suspension assembly 3, the third suspension assembly 4, and the fourth suspension assembly 5 are each arranged in a near-diamond shape when viewed from above. The third suspension assembly 4 and the fourth suspension assembly 5 are located on the left and right sides of the reference plane X. In this case, the third suspension assembly 4 and the fourth suspension assembly 5 can also effectively offset the reciprocating inertia force and the rotational inertia force of the engine 6.

[0043] In some embodiments, as shown in Figures 2 and 6, the first suspension assembly 2 has a first mounting position connected to the left longitudinal beam 11, the second suspension assembly 3 has a second mounting position connected to the right longitudinal beam 12, the third suspension assembly 4 has a third mounting position connected to the first beam body 13, and the second suspension assembly 3 has a fourth mounting position connected to the second beam body 14. The height of each of the third mounting position and the fourth mounting position is higher than the height of each of the first mounting position and the second mounting position.

[0044] The third and fourth mounting positions are higher than the left longitudinal beam 11 and the right longitudinal beam 12 of the frame 1, and both are higher than the height of the first and second mounting positions. This ensures that the engine 6 is connected to the frame 1 through the third mounting assembly 4 and the fourth mounting assembly 5, and also avoids the third mounting assembly 4 and the fourth mounting assembly 5 from interfering with the output end of the powertrain. The installation of the powertrain on the frame 1 is more convenient and flexible.

[0045] Specifically, the third suspension assembly 4 is located behind the engine 6, and the fourth suspension assembly 5 is connected to the transmission 7 in the powertrain and located in front of the engine 6. The first beam 13 is the rear crossbeam of the frame 1, and the second beam 14 is a connecting beam located in the middle of the frame 1 and above the left and right longitudinal beams 11 and 12.

[0046] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG5 , the transmission 7 and the engine 6 are arranged in a front-to-rear direction, the third mounting assembly 4 is connected to the housing of the engine 6, and the fourth mounting assembly 5 is connected to the housing of the transmission 7. The height of at least one of the third mounting position and the fourth mounting position is greater than the height of the crankshaft axis of the engine 6. A height difference h1 is formed between at least one of the third mounting position and the crankshaft axis, where 115 mm ≤ h1 ≤ 135 mm.

[0047] At this time, at least one of the third suspension assembly 4 and the fourth suspension assembly 5 is closer to the crankshaft axis without affecting the operation of the engine 6, and is closer to the center of mass of the engine 6 in the left and right directions. The third suspension assembly 4 and the fourth suspension assembly 5 have a better effect in offsetting the overturning moment.

[0048] Specifically, the first suspension assembly 2 and the second suspension assembly 3 are both connected to the gearbox 7 , and the height difference h1 between the third mounting position and the crankshaft axis can be 115 mm, 125 mm, and 135 mm.

[0049] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG5 , the height of at least one of the first mounting position and the second mounting position is lower than the height of the crankshaft axis, and a height difference h2 is formed between at least one of the first mounting position and the second mounting position and the crankshaft axis, wherein 49 mm ≤ h2 ≤ 69 mm.

[0050] At least one of the first mounting position and the second mounting position and at least one of the third mounting position and the fourth mounting position are respectively arranged on both sides of the crankshaft axis in the up and down directions, and 49mm≤h2≤69mm, which effectively realizes the offset of the reciprocating inertia force, the rotational inertia force and the overturning moment, and also makes the connection position of the first suspension assembly 2 and the second suspension assembly 3 to the powertrain and the frame 1 convenient and flexible.

[0051] Specifically, the height difference h2 between the first installation position and the crankshaft axis can be 49 mm, 59 mm, and 69 mm, while the second installation position can be closer to the crankshaft axis, such as less than 49 mm.

[0052] In some embodiments, the third mounting position includes three mounting holes 431 distributed in a triangle.

[0053] That is, at least three connection points are formed between the third suspension assembly 4 and the first beam body 13, thereby making the connection strength between the third suspension assembly 4 and the first beam body 13 higher and more stable, and also enabling the powertrain suspension system to effectively offset the rotational inertia force and the reciprocating inertia force.

[0054] Specifically, the three mounting holes 431 are distributed in a triangle on a horizontal plane perpendicular to the up-down direction.

[0055] In some embodiments, a height difference h3 is defined between the first mounting position and the second mounting position, wherein 52 mm ≤ h3 ≤ 72 mm. A height difference h4 is defined between the third mounting position and the fourth mounting position, wherein 131 mm ≤ h4 ≤ 151 mm.

[0056] When the powertrain is arranged longitudinally, the selection of the connection positions of the first to fourth suspension assemblies 2 to 5 with the vehicle frame 1 and the powertrain is more convenient and flexible, so that the powertrain suspension system and the powertrain occupy less space in the left and right directions within the vehicle frame 1, and the space utilization rate within the vehicle frame 1 is higher.

[0057] Specifically, as shown in Figures 3 and 4, the third mounting position is lower than the fourth mounting position, and the height difference h4 between the third mounting position and the fourth mounting position can be 131 mm, 141 mm, and 151 mm. The first mounting position is lower than the second mounting position, and the height difference h3 between the first mounting position and the second mounting position can be 52 mm, 62 mm, and 72 mm.

[0058] In some embodiments, as shown in Figures 1 to 9, at least one of the first suspension assembly 2, the second suspension assembly 3, the third suspension assembly 4 and the fourth suspension assembly 5 includes a first bracket 41, a second bracket 43, and a shock absorber 42 clamped between the first bracket 41 and the second bracket 43. The first bracket 41 and the second bracket 43 are respectively connected to the powertrain and the frame 1, and the shock absorber 42 is detachably connected to at least one of the first bracket 41 and the second bracket 43.

[0059] Taking the example of the shock absorber 42 being detachably connected to each of the first bracket 41 and the second bracket 43, when the powertrain is installed on the frame 1 through the suspension assembly, the assembly sequence between the powertrain, the first bracket 41, the shock absorber 42, the second bracket 43 and the frame 1 can be adjusted to effectively reduce the difficulty of assembling the powertrain on the frame 1.

[0060] Specifically, the shock absorber 42 can be rubber. The shock absorber 42 in the third suspension assembly 4 is non-detachably connected to the second bracket 43 and is detachably connected to the first bracket 41. The shock absorber 42 in the fourth suspension assembly 5 can also be non-detachably connected to each of the first bracket 41 and the second bracket 43.

[0061] An all-terrain vehicle according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a powertrain suspension system according to any of the above embodiments.

[0062] The technical advantages of the all-terrain vehicle according to the embodiment of the present disclosure are the same as the technical advantages of the powertrain suspension system of the above-mentioned embodiment, and will not be repeated here.

[0063] In the description of the present disclosure, it should be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inside", "outside", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", "axial", "radial", "circumferential" and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the present disclosure and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be understood as a limitation to the present disclosure.

[0064] Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of technical features being referred to. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one such feature. Throughout the present disclosure, "plurality" means at least two, such as two, three, etc., unless otherwise specifically defined.

[0065] In this disclosure, unless otherwise expressly specified or limited, terms such as "mounted," "connected," "connect," and "fixed" should be understood in a broad sense. For example, they may refer to fixed connections, detachable connections, or integration; mechanical connections, electrical connections, or communication between them; direct connections or indirect connections through an intermediate medium; and internal communication between two elements or interaction between two elements, unless otherwise expressly limited. Those skilled in the art will understand the specific meanings of the above terms in this disclosure based on specific circumstances.

[0066] In the present disclosure, unless otherwise expressly specified or limited, when a first feature is "above" or "below" a second feature, it may mean that the first and second features are in direct contact, or the first and second features are in indirect contact through an intermediate medium. Furthermore, when a first feature is "above," "above," or "above" a second feature, it may mean that the first feature is directly above or diagonally above the second feature, or simply means that the first feature is at a higher level than the second feature. When a first feature is "below," "below," or "below" a second feature, it may mean that the first feature is directly below or diagonally below the second feature, or simply means that the first feature is at a lower level than the second feature.

[0067] In the present disclosure, the terms "one embodiment", "some embodiments", "examples", "specific examples", or "some examples" mean that the specific features, structures, materials or characteristics described in conjunction with the embodiment or example are included in at least one embodiment or example of the present disclosure. In this specification, the schematic expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Moreover, the specific features, structures, materials or characteristics described can be combined in any one or more embodiments or examples in a suitable manner. In addition, those skilled in the art can combine and combine different embodiments or examples described in this specification and features of different embodiments or examples without contradiction.

[0068] Although the above embodiments have been shown and described, it is understood that the above embodiments are illustrative and are not to be construed as limitations on the present disclosure. Changes, modifications, substitutions and variations of the above embodiments by those skilled in the art are all within the scope of protection of the present disclosure.

Claims

1. A powertrain suspension system, mounted on a vehicle frame, the vehicle frame comprising a left longitudinal beam, a right longitudinal beam and a first beam body, the first beam body connecting the left longitudinal beam and the right longitudinal beam and being located between the left longitudinal beam and the right longitudinal beam, the powertrain comprising an engine and a gearbox, a plurality of pistons of the engine being arranged in a front-to-rear direction, the powertrain suspension system comprising: A first suspension assembly, a second suspension assembly and a third suspension assembly, wherein the first suspension assembly is connected to the left longitudinal beam, the second suspension assembly is connected to the right longitudinal beam, the third suspension assembly is connected to the first beam body, and the third suspension assembly is adjacent to a reference plane and is located at the front side or the rear side of the engine, and the reference plane is the plane where the axes of the multiple pistons are located.

2. The powertrain suspension system according to claim 1, wherein: The frame further includes a second beam body, the second beam body and the first beam body are arranged in a spaced relationship along the front-rear direction, the second beam body connects the left longitudinal beam and the right longitudinal beam and is located between the left longitudinal beam and the right longitudinal beam; The powertrain suspension system also includes a fourth suspension assembly, which is connected to the second beam and adjacent to the reference plane. The fourth suspension assembly and the third suspension assembly are arranged on opposite sides of the engine along the front-rear direction.

3. The powertrain suspension system according to claim 2, wherein: The first suspension assembly has a first mounting position connected to the left longitudinal beam, the second suspension assembly has a second mounting position connected to the right longitudinal beam, the third suspension assembly has a third mounting position connected to the first beam body, and the second suspension assembly has a fourth mounting position connected to the second beam body; A height of each of the third mounting position and the fourth mounting position is higher than a height of each of the first mounting position and the second mounting position.

4. The powertrain suspension system according to claim 3, wherein: The gearbox and the engine are arranged along the front-to-back direction, the third suspension assembly is connected to the housing of the engine, the fourth suspension assembly is connected to the housing of the gearbox, the height of at least one of the third mounting position and the fourth mounting position is greater than the height of the crankshaft axis of the engine, and a height difference h1 is formed between at least one of the third mounting position and the fourth mounting position and the crankshaft axis, wherein 115mm≤h1≤135mm.

5. The powertrain suspension system according to claim 4, wherein: The height of at least one of the first mounting position and the second mounting position is lower than the height of the crankshaft axis, and a height difference h2 is formed between the at least one of the first mounting position and the second mounting position and the crankshaft axis, wherein 49 mm≤h2≤69 mm.

6. The powertrain suspension system according to claim 5, wherein: The third mounting position includes three mounting holes distributed in a triangle.

7. The powertrain suspension system according to claim 3, wherein: There is a height difference h3 between the first installation position and the second installation position, wherein 52 mm≤h3≤72 mm.

8. The powertrain suspension system according to claim 3, wherein: There is a height difference h4 between the third installation position and the fourth installation position, wherein 131 mm≤h4≤151 mm.

9. The powertrain suspension system according to any one of claims 2 to 8, wherein: At least one of the first suspension assembly, the second suspension assembly, the third suspension assembly and the fourth suspension assembly includes a first bracket, a second bracket, and a shock absorber sandwiched between the first bracket and the second bracket, the first bracket and the second bracket are respectively connected to the powertrain and the frame, and the shock absorber is detachably connected to at least one of the first bracket and the second bracket.

10. An all-terrain vehicle comprising a powertrain and a powertrain suspension system according to any one of claims 1 to 9.

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