Improvement, maintenance or reduction of decline of motor function associated with huntington disease using valbenazine

Abstract

Provided herein are methods for treatment of chorea associated with Huntington disease using a vesicular monoamine transporter isoform 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is valbenazine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Description

Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 METHODS FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF CERTAIN VMAT2 INHIBITORS CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 595,102, filed November 1, 2023; U.S. Provisional Application No.63 / 651,253, filed May 23, 2024; and U.S. Provisional Application No.63 / 711,091, filed October 23, 2024, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. BACKGROUND

[0002] Dysregulation of dopaminergic systems is integral to several central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including neurological and psychiatric diseases and disorders. These neurological and psychiatric diseases and disorders include hyperkinetic movement disorders, and conditions such as schizophrenia and mood disorders. The transporter protein vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) plays an important role in presynaptic dopamine release and regulates monoamine uptake from the cytoplasm to the synaptic vesicle for storage and release.

[0003] Huntington disease (HD) is a genetic, progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized clinically by chorea, cognitive dysfunction, and psychiatric symptoms. Pathologically, HD is associated with brain atrophy characterized by loss of striatal medium spiny neurons and cortical pyramidal neurons. Neurochemically, alterations in dopamine function and neurotransmission are observed in HD patients, with increased dopamine neurotransmission observed with early stage HD symptoms manifesting as hyperkinetic abnormal involuntary movements. Later stage motor symptoms are primarily hypokinetic in nature.

[0004] Patients with HD typically have onset of symptoms at approximately 30 to 50 years of age. Five to 10% of cases are classified as juvenile onset, with patients becoming symptomatic before the age of 20. The average lifespan after symptom onset is 15 to 20 years.

[0005] Gait and balance impairments and falls greatly impact the quality of life among people with HD, and being fall-prone is one of the strongest predictors of nursing-home placement. Gait impairment in HD is characterized by bradykinesia, reduced velocity, and increased variability in spatiotemporal features. Detrimental changes in symmetry, step length, stride time, balance measures, gait adaptability (external cues, dual tasking), postural sway, and hypo / hyperkinesia have also been observed. Balance impairment is characterizedAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 by impairments of anticipatory balance without a change in base of support, anticipatory balance with a change in base of support, and reactive balance. Moreover, individuals with HD are at relatively high risk for falls with fallers demonstrating a higher degree of chorea, truncal sway, and bradykinesia as compared to non-fallers.

[0006] While there is no established treatment to delay onset or progression of HD, improving, maintaining, or lessening the decline of motor functions associated with HD could benefit some patients through improved quality of life and lengthened personal independence. SUMMARY

[0007] Provided is a method for treating a hyperkinetic movement disorder in a subject, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b- hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and wherein the one or more sensors are coupled to the subject before and during the treatment.

[0008] Provided is a method for improving motor function, maintaining motor function, or lessening the decline of a motor function associated with Huntington disease (HD), comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b- hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0009] These and other aspects of the disclosure will be apparent upon reference to the following detailed description. To this end, various references are set forth herein which describe in more detail certain background information, procedures, compounds, and / or compositions, and are each hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] FIG.1 shows a schematic of the study design. The study included a Screening Period, a Dose-Adjustment Period, and a Maintenance Period.

[0011] FIG.2 shows a summary of participants in the study described in Example 1. At baseline, subjects were balanced between treatment groups in terms of demographics and disease characteristics. The chorea severity at baseline was similar between groups.

[0012] FIG.3 shows a summary of primary endpoints from the study described in Example 1. The primary endpoint of change of total maximal chorea (TMC) score from the screening-Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 baseline period to the maintenance period, was highly statistically significant, indicating greater improvement of chorea symptom severity in valbenazine treated subjects, compared to placebo. Least-squares mean change is shown for placebo and valbenazine groups, where N=61 (placebo), and N=64 (valbenazine). P values were derived from using a MMRM analysis on the full analysis set. Bars indicate one standard error.

[0013] FIG.4 shows mean change in chorea symptoms from screening period baseline by study visit from the study described in Example 1. Least-squared mean change from screening period baseline was graphed as a function of time via weekly study visit time points, from baseline and every two weeks until week 12 from initial baseline visit. Error bars shown are standard deviation, where N=61 (placebo), and N=64 (valbenazine) for each time point after baseline period. P values calculated against placebo as shown for ** and *** at each time point. Significance testing was performed as part of a post-hoc analysis. Improvement of chorea symptoms in the valbenazine treated group were noted as early as week 2 and continued to improve over the treatment course. This improvement over placebo at all study visits was significant.

[0014] FIG.5 shows gait parameters and gait asymmetry metrics. Duty factor for each leg (left and right) is defined as the ratio of stance time to stride time. Gait asymmetry metrics were based on the difference between left-side and right-side duty factors, normalized using 6 different models.

[0015] FIG.6 shows the change in truncal chorea index for valbenazine and placebo from the substudy described in Example 2; error bars show standard error of the mean.

[0016] FIG.7 is a schematic drawing of a control system that can be used to perform operations in accordance with the present disclosure. INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

[0017] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

[0018] In the following description, certain specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments. However, one skilled in the art willAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 understand that the disclosure may be practiced without these details. In other instances, well- known structures have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring descriptions of the embodiments. Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is, as “including, but not limited to.” Further, headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the claimed invention.

[0019] Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” or “some embodiments” or “a certain embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” or “in some embodiments” or “in a certain embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

[0020] Also, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

[0021] As used herein, in some embodiments, “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to acid addition salts with an inorganic or an organic acid. Lists of suitable salts are found in WO 87 / 05297, Johnston et al., published September 11, 1987; Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1985, p.1418; and J. Pharm. Sci., 66, 2 (1977), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. A reference for the preparation and selection of pharmaceutical salts of the present disclosure is P. H. Stahl & C. G. Wermuth “Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts,” Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta, Zurich, 2002, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The organic or inorganic acids include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, sulfamic, acetic, trifluoroacetic, trichloroacetic, propionic, hexanoic, cyclopentylpropionic, glycolic, glutaric, pyruvic, lactic, malonic, succinic, sorbic, ascorbic, malic, maleic, fumaric, tartaric, citric, benzoic, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic, picric, cinnamic, mandelic, phthalic, lauric, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, 1,2-ethane-disulfonic, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic, 2-naphthalenesulfonic, 4-toluenesulfonic, camphoric, camphorsulfonic, 4-methylbicyclo[2.2.2]-oct-2-ene-1- carboxylic, glucoheptonic, 3-phenylpropionic, trimethylacetic, tert-butylacetic, lauryl sulfuric, gluconic, benzoic, glutamic, hydroxynaphthoic, salicylic, stearic,Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 cyclohexylsulfamic, quinic, muconic acid, and the like. In some embodiments, “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to base addition salts with an inorganic or an organic base. Inorganic bases which may be used to prepare salts include, for example, sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, aluminum hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, phosphates, and the like; particularly preferred are the ammonium, potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, or phosphates. Organic bases from which may be used to prepare salts include, for example, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, basic ion exchange resins, and the like, specifically such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, and ethanolamine.

[0022] As used herein, “about” means ± 20% of the stated value, and includes more specifically values of ± 10%, ± 5%, ± 2% and ± 1% of the stated value.

[0023] As used herein, “co-administer” and “co-administration” and variants thereof mean the administration of at least two drugs (e.g., valbenazine and a co-therapeutic agent) to a patient either sequentially, simultaneously, approximately simultaneously, or consequently proximate in time to one another (e.g., within the same day, or week or period of 30 days, or sufficiently proximate that each of the at least two drugs can be simultaneously detected in the blood plasma). In some embodiments, the two drugs are administered sequentially in any order. In some embodiments, the two drugs are administered simultaneously or approximately simultaneously. In some embodiments, the two drugs are administered sequentially.

[0024] When co-administered, two or more active agents can be co-formulated as part of the same composition or administered as separate formulations. This also may be referred to herein as “concomitant” administration or variants thereof.

[0025] As used herein, “adjusting administration,” “altering administration,” “adjusting dosing,” or “altering dosing” are all equivalent and mean tapering off, reducing, or increasing the dose of the substance, ceasing to administer the substance to the patient, or substituting a different active agent for the substance.

[0026] As used herein, “administering to a patient” refers to the process of introducing a composition or dosage form into the patient via an art-recognized means of introduction.

[0027] As used herein the term “disorder” is intended to be generally synonymous, and is used interchangeably with, the terms “disease,” “syndrome,” and “condition” (as in medical condition), in that all reflect an abnormal condition of the human or animal body or of one ofAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 its parts that impairs normal functioning, is typically manifested by distinguishing signs and symptoms.

[0028] As used herein, “baseline” refers to the period of time just prior to initiation of therapy. The patient’s condition just prior to initiation of therapy can be referred to as the patient's baseline condition.

[0029] As used herein, “Clinical Global Impression of Change” or CGI-C refers to a rating instrument based on a 7-point scale (range: 1=very much improved to 7=very much worse) that can be used to rate the overall global improvement of chorea since the initiation of study drug dosing. This scale is a modification of a scale developed by the Psychopharmacology Research Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health to rate the subject’s overall improvement in clinical disorder and provides a global evaluation of improvement over time from the clinician’s perspective.

[0030] As used herein, “deutetrabenazine” may be referred to as (RR, SS)-1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11b- hexahydro-9, 10-di(methoxyd3)-3-(2-methylpropyl)-2H-benzo[a]quinolizin-2-one. Deutetrabenazine is a racemic mixture containing the following compounds:

[0031] Deutetrabenazine (or d6-tetrabenazine) as disclosed in U.S. Patent No.8,524,733 is administered resulting in an appropriate concentration over a specified period of time of metabolite (+)α-3-isobutyl-9, 10-d6-dimethoxy-l, 3, 4,6,7,1 lbhexahydro-2H-pyrido[2, l- a]isoquinolin-2-ol (deuterated (+)α-HTBZ) or deuterated (+)β-ΗΤΒΖ in the plasma). The d6- tetrabenazine may be administered by a variety of methods including the formulations as disclosed in PCT Publication WO 2014 / 047167, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0032] As used herein, dihydrotetrabenazine may be referred to as 2-hydroxy-3-(2- methylpropyl)-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-9,10-dimethoxy-benzo(a)quinolizine. The compound has three chiral centers and hence can, theoretically, exist in a total of eight isomeric forms as shown below:Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1The synthesis and characterization of the eight isomers is described by Sun et al. (2011) Eur. J. Med. Chem.1841-1848.

[0033] As used herein, a “dose” means the measured quantity of an active agent to be taken at one time by a patient. In certain embodiments, wherein the active agent is not valbenazine free base, the quantity is the molar equivalent to the corresponding amount of valbenazine free base. For example, often a drug is packaged in a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, for example valbenazine ditosylate, and the dosage for strength refers to the mass of the molar equivalent of the corresponding free base, valbenazine. As an example, 73 mg of valbenazine tosylate is the molar equivalent of 40 mg of valbenazine free base.

[0034] As used herein, “dosing regimen” means the dose of an active agent taken at a first time by a patient and the interval (time or symptomatic) at which any subsequent doses of theAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 active agent are taken by the patient such as from about 20 to about 160 mg once daily, e.g., about 20, about 40, about 60, about 80, about 100, about 120, or about 160 mg once daily. The additional doses of the active agent can be different from the dose taken at the first time.

[0035] As used herein, a “dosage” is the prescribed administration of a specific amount, number, and frequency of doses over a specific period of time.

[0036] As used herein, “effective amount” and “therapeutically effective amount” of an agent, compound, drug, composition, or combination is an amount which is nontoxic and effective for producing some desired therapeutic effect upon administration to a subject or patient (e.g., a human subject or patient). The precise therapeutically effective amount for a subject may depend upon, e.g., the subject’s size and health, the nature and extent of the condition, the therapeutics or combination of therapeutics selected for administration, and other variables known to those of skill in the art. The effective amount for a given situation is determined by routine experimentation and is within the judgment of the clinician.

[0037] As used herein, “improving” as it relates to motor function is meant to mean any appreciable increase in motor function as measured using standard methodology known in the field. Likewise, as used herein, “maintaining” is meant to mean that there is no significant change in motor function as measured using standard methodology known in the field. Further, as used herein, “lessening the decline” as it relates to motor function is meant to mean that there is no appreciable decrease in motor function as measured using standard methodology known in the field.

[0038] As used herein, “informing” means referring to or providing published material, for example, providing an active agent with published material to a user; or presenting information orally, for example, by presentation at a seminar, conference, or other educational presentation, by conversation between a pharmaceutical sales representative and a medical care worker, or by conversation between a medical care worker and a patient; or demonstrating the intended information to a user for the purpose of comprehension.

[0039] As used herein, “isotopic variant” means a compound that contains an unnatural proportion of an isotope at one or more of the atoms that constitute such a compound. In certain embodiments, an “isotopic variant” of a compound contains unnatural proportions of one or more isotopes, including, but not limited to, hydrogen (1H), deuterium (2H), tritium (3H), carbon-11 (11C), carbon-12 (12C), carbon-13 (13C), carbon-14 (14C), nitrogen-13 (13N), nitrogen-14 (14N), nitrogen-15 (15N), oxygen-14 (14O), oxygen-15 (15O), oxygen-16 (16O), oxygen-17 (17O), oxygen-18 (18O), fluorine-17 (17F), fluorine-18 (18F), phosphorus-31 (31P), phosphorus-32 (32P), phosphorus-33 (33P), sulfur-32 (32S), sulfur-33 (33S), sulfur-34 (34S),Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 sulfur-35 (35S), sulfur-36 (36S), chlorine-35 (35Cl), chlorine-36 (36Cl), chlorine-37 (37Cl), bromine-79 (79Br), bromine-81 (81Br), iodine-123 (123I), iodine-125 (125I), iodine-127 (127I), iodine-129 (129I), and iodine-131 (131I). In certain embodiments, an “isotopic variant” of a compound is in a stable form, that is, non-radioactive. In certain embodiments, an “isotopic variant” of a compound contains unnatural proportions of one or more isotopes, including, but not limited to, hydrogen (1H), deuterium (2H), carbon-12 (12C), carbon-13 (13C), nitrogen- 14 (14N), nitrogen-15 (15N), oxygen-16 (16O), oxygen-17 (17O), and oxygen-18 (18O). In certain embodiments, an “isotopic variant” of a compound is in an unstable form, that is, radioactive. In certain embodiments, an “isotopic variant” of a compound contains unnatural proportions of one or more isotopes, including, but not limited to, tritium (3H), carbon-11 (11C), carbon-14 (14C), nitrogen-13 (13N), oxygen-14 (14O), and oxygen-15 (15O). It will be understood that, in a compound as provided herein, any hydrogen can be2H, as example, or any carbon can be13C, as example, or any nitrogen can be15N, as example, and any oxygen can be18O, as example, where feasible according to the judgment of one of skill in the art. In certain embodiments, an “isotopic variant” of a compound contains an unnatural proportion of deuterium.

[0040] With regard to the compounds provided herein, when a particular atomic position is designated as having deuterium or “D” or “d,” it is understood that the abundance of deuterium at that position is substantially greater than the natural abundance of deuterium, which is about 0.015%. A position designated as having deuterium typically has a minimum isotopic enrichment factor of, in certain embodiments, at least 1000 (15% deuterium incorporation), at least 2000 (30% deuterium incorporation), at least 3000 (45% deuterium incorporation), at least 3500 (52.5% deuterium incorporation), at least 4000 (60% deuterium incorporation), at least 4500 (67.5% deuterium incorporation), at least 5000 (75% deuterium incorporation), at least 5500 (82.5% deuterium incorporation), at least 6000 (90% deuterium incorporation), at least 6333.3 (95% deuterium incorporation), at least 6466.7 (97% deuterium incorporation), at least 6600 (99% deuterium incorporation), or at least 6633.3 (99.5% deuterium incorporation) at each designated deuterium position. The isotopic enrichment of the compounds provided herein can be determined using conventional analytical methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art, including mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and crystallography.

[0041] As used herein, “labeling” means all labels or other means of written, printed, graphic, electronic, verbal, or demonstrative communication that is upon a pharmaceutical product or a dosage form or accompanying such pharmaceutical product or dosage form.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1

[0042] As used herein, “a medical care worker” means a worker in the health care field who may need or utilize information regarding an active agent, including a dosage form thereof, including information on safety, efficacy, dosing, administration, or pharmacokinetics. Examples of medical care workers include physicians, pharmacists, physician's assistants, nurses, aides, caretakers (which can include family members or guardians), emergency medical workers, and veterinarians.

[0043] As used herein, “Medication Guide” means an FDA-approved patient labeling for a pharmaceutical product conforming to the specifications set forth in 21 CFR 208, and other applicable regulations, which contains information for patients on how to safely use a pharmaceutical product. A medication guide is scientifically accurate and is based on, and does not conflict with, the approved professional labeling for the pharmaceutical product under 21 CFR 201.57, but the language need not be identical to the sections of approved labeling to which it corresponds. A medication guide is typically available for a pharmaceutical product with special risk management information.

[0044] As used herein, “Neuro-QoL” is a set of self-report measures that assesses the health- related quality of life (HRQOL) of adults and children with neurological disorders. Neuro- QoL Upper Extremity Function scale measures one’s ability across fine motor and activities of daily living involving digital, manual and reach-related function and self-care. Neuro-QoL Lower Extremity Function scale measures one’s ability to carry out various activities involving the trunk region and increasing degrees of bodily movement, ambulation, balance or endurance. See, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). User Manual for the Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL) Measures, Version 2.0, March 2015, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0045] As used herein, “patient” or “individual” or “subject” means a mammal, including a human, for whom or which therapy is desired, and generally refers to the recipient of the therapy.

[0046] As used herein, "hyperkinetic disorder" or "hyperkinetic movement disorder" or "hyperkinesias" refers to disorders or diseases characterized by excessive, abnormal, involuntary movements. These neurological disorders include tremor, dystonia, myoclonus, athetosis, Huntington disease, tardive dyskinesia, Tourette syndrome, dystonia, hemiballismus, chorea, senile chorea, or tics.

[0047] As used herein, “Patient Global Impression of Change (PGI-C)” refers to a rating instrument wherein subjects evaluate the change in their chorea symptoms since initiation ofAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 study drug dosing by choosing one of 7 responses (very much improved, much improved, minimally improved, not changed, minimally worse, much worse, and very much worse).

[0048] As used herein, “patient package insert” means information for patients on how to safely use a pharmaceutical product that is part of the FDA-approved labeling. It is an extension of the professional labeling for a pharmaceutical product that may be distributed to a patient when the product is dispensed which provides consumer-oriented information about the product in lay language, for example it may describe benefits, risks, how to recognize risks, dosage, or administration.

[0049] As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to a material that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the material may be incorporated into a pharmaceutical composition administered to a patient without causing any undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the other components of the composition in which it is contained. When the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” is used to refer to a pharmaceutical carrier or excipient, it is implied that the carrier or excipient has met the required standards of toxicological and manufacturing testing or that it is included on the Inactive Ingredient Guide prepared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. “Pharmacologically active” (or “active”) as in a “pharmacologically active” (or “active”) derivative or analog, refers to a derivative or analog having the same type of pharmacological activity as the parent compound and approximately equivalent in degree. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” include acid addition salts which are formed with inorganic acids such as, for example, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids, or such organic acids as acetic, oxalic, tartaric, mandelic, tosylic, and the like. Salts formed with the free carboxyl groups can also be derived from inorganic bases such as, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, or ferric hydroxides, and such organic bases as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, histidine, procaine, and the like.

[0050] The phrase “an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof” as used herein has the same meaning as the phrase “an isotopic variant; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound referenced therein; or an isotopic variant; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an enantiomer or a mixture of enantiomers of the compound referenced therein.”

[0051] As used herein, a “product” or “pharmaceutical product” means a dosage form of an active agent plus published material, and optionally packaging.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1

[0052] As used herein, “product insert” means the professional labeling (prescribing information) for a pharmaceutical product, a patient package insert for the pharmaceutical product, or a medication guide for the pharmaceutical product.

[0053] As used herein, “professional labeling” or “prescribing information” means the official description of a pharmaceutical product approved by a regulatory agency (e.g., FDA or EMEA) regulating marketing of the pharmaceutical product, which includes a summary of the essential scientific information needed for the safe and effective use of the drug, such as, for example indication and usage; dosage and administration; who should take it; adverse events (side effects); instructions for use in special populations (pregnant women, children, geriatric, etc.); safety information for the patient, and the like.

[0054] As used herein, “published material” means a medium providing information, including printed, audio, visual, or electronic medium, for example a flyer, an advertisement, a product insert, printed labeling, an internet web site, an internet web page, an internet pop- up window, a radio or television broadcast, a compact disk, a DVD, an audio recording, or other recording or electronic medium.

[0055] As used herein, “risk” means the probability or chance of adverse reaction, injury, or other undesirable outcome arising from a medical treatment. An “acceptable risk” means a measure of the risk of harm, injury, or disease arising from a medical treatment that will be tolerated by an individual or group. Whether a risk is “acceptable” will depend upon the advantages that the individual or group perceives to be obtainable in return for taking the risk, whether they accept whatever scientific and other advice is offered about the magnitude of the risk, and numerous other factors, both political and social. An “acceptable risk” of an adverse reaction means that an individual or a group in society is willing to take or be subjected to the risk that the adverse reaction might occur since the adverse reaction is one whose probability of occurrence is small, or whose consequences are so slight, or the benefits (perceived or real) of the active agent are so great. An “unacceptable risk” of an adverse reaction means that an individual or a group in society is unwilling to take or be subjected to the risk that the adverse reaction might occur upon weighing the probability of occurrence of the adverse reaction, the consequences of the adverse reaction, and the benefits (perceived or real) of the active agent. “At risk” means in a state or condition marked by a high level of risk or susceptibility. Risk assessment consists of identifying and characterizing the nature, frequency, and severity of the risks associated with the use of a product.

[0056] As used herein, “safety” means the incidence or severity of adverse events associated with administration of an active agent, including adverse effects associated with patient-Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 related factors (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity, race, target illness, abnormalities of renal or hepatic function, co-morbid illnesses, genetic characteristics such as metabolic status, or environment) and active agent-related factors (e.g., dose, plasma level, duration of exposure, or concomitant medication).

[0057] As used herein, “Unified Huntington Disease Rating Scale” or “UHDRS®” is the standard clinical assessment tool in Huntington disease. The UHDRS is divided into four domains: motor performance, cognitive function, behavioral abnormalities, and functional abilities. The motor section consists of 31 items assessing oculomotor, bradykinesia / rigidity, dystonia, chorea, and gait / balance. The items are rated from zero to four, with zero indicating normal findings and four indicating severe abnormalities. The range of the Total Motor Score (TMS) is 0 to 124, with higher scores indicating more severe motor impairment. The cognitive component includes the verbal fluency test, the symbol digit modalities test, and the Stroop test (color naming, word reading, and interference). Lower scores indicate worse cognitive performance. The behavioral assessment measures the frequency and severity of 11 items, which are rated from zero (almost never / absent) to four (almost always / severe). The items assess depression, anxiety, aggression, psychosis, and other behavioral abnormalities. The behavioral score ranges from 0 to 88, with higher scores indicating more severe psychiatric abnormalities. The functional domain comprises three components, namely the total functional capacity (TFC), the functional assessment scale (FAS), and the independence scale (IS). The TFC consists of five items (occupation, finances, domestic chores, activities of daily living, and care level) and ranges from 0 to 13. The FAS includes 25 yes / no questions about common daily tasks (range 0–25). The Independence Score (IS) measures the level of independence by one single score between 10 and 100. For all functional scores, lower scores indicate a worse function. See, Huntington Study Group, Unified Huntington Disease Rating Scale: reliability and consistency. Mov Disord.1996;11:136–142, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0058] As used herein, “VMAT2” refers to human vesicular monoamine transporter isoform 2, an integral membrane protein that acts to transport monoamines, particularly neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine, from cellular cytosol into synaptic vesicles.

[0059] As used herein, the terms “VMAT2 inhibitor,” “inhibit VMAT2,” or “inhibition of VMAT2,” refer to the ability of a compound disclosed herein to alter the function of VMAT2. A VMAT2 inhibitor may block or reduce the activity of VMAT2 by forming a reversible or irreversible covalent bond between the inhibitor and VMAT2 or throughAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 formation of a noncovalently bound complex. Such inhibition may be manifest only in particular cell types or may be contingent on a particular biological event. The terms and / or phrases “VMAT2 inhibitor,” “inhibit VMAT2,” or “inhibition of VMAT2” also refer to altering the function of VMAT2 by decreasing the probability that a complex forms between a VMAT2 and a natural substrate.

[0060] As used herein, “tetrabenazine” may be referred to as 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-9,10- dimethoxy-3-(2-methylpropyl)-2H-benzo[a]quinolizin-2-one. The compound has chiral centers at the 3- and 11b- carbon atoms and hence can, theoretically, exist in a total of four isomeric forms as shown below:

[0061] Commercially available tetrabenazine is a racemic mixture of the RR and SS isomers. Tetrabenazine may be administered by a variety of methods including the formulations disclosed in PCT Publications WO 2010 / 018408, WO 2011 / 019956, and WO 2014 / 047167, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0062] As used herein, “up-titration” of a compound refers to increasing the amount of a compound to achieve a therapeutic effect that occurs before dose-limiting intolerability for the patient. Up-titration can be achieved in one or more dose increments, which may be the same or different.

[0063] As used herein, “valbenazine” may be referred to as (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R, 3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,l- a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester; or as L-valine, (2R,3R,11bR)-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-9,10- dimethoxy-3-(2-methylpropyl)-2H-benzo[a]quinolizin-2-yl ester or as NBI-98854 and has the following chemical structure:Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1.

[0064] A formulation of valbenazine:4-toluenesulfonate (1:2) (referred to herein as “valbenazine ditosylate”) has been previously reported in the FDA approved drug label under the trade name INGREZZA®.

[0065] Valbenazine can be prepared according to U.S. Patent Nos.8,039,627 and 8,357,697, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In certain embodiments, the valbenazine for use in the compositions and methods provided herein is in polymorphic Form I as disclosed in U.S. Patent No.10,0659,52, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Methods of Use

[0066] Provided is a method for treating a hyperkinetic movement disorder in a subject, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b- hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein one or more sensors are coupled to the subject before and during the treatment.

[0067] In some embodiments, the hyperkinetic movement disorder is Huntington disease (HD). In some embodiments, the hyperkinetic movement disorder is chorea associated with Huntington disease (HD). In some embodiments, the hyperkinetic movement disorder is tardive dyskinesia (TD).

[0068] In some embodiments, the one or more sensors are used to assess motor function of the subject.

[0069] In certain embodiments, the motor function comprises truncal chorea.

[0070] In certain embodiments, the level of truncal chorea is assessed using a truncal chorea index. The truncal chorea index is a measurement of the amplitude of choreic movements and can be measured in units of gravity (1 g = 9.8 m / s2), which were multiplying by 4000 (0.25 g = index of 100) to scaled to compute an index range of 1 to 100. Larger index values indicate more severe chorea.

[0071] In certain embodiments, the motor function comprises gait.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1

[0072] In certain embodiments, gait is assessed using one or more of stance time, swing time, and stride time. See FIG.5.

[0073] In certain embodiments, gait is assessed using duty factor. The duty factor represents the proportion of time during a stride in which the foot touches the ground and is calculated as the ratio of stance time to stride time.

[0074] In certain embodiments, gait is assessed using gait asymmetry measurements and / or metrics. Gait asymmetry metrics were based on the difference between left-side and right- side duty factors, normalized using 6 different models.

[0075] In certain embodiments, the method is effective to result in an improvement in any one or more of the following: number of falls, truncal chorea, and gait asymmetry measures.

[0076] Provided is a method for improving motor function, maintaining motor function, or lessening the decline of a motor function associated with Huntington disease (HD), comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b- hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0077] In certain embodiments, the motor function comprises truncal chorea.

[0078] In certain embodiments, the level of truncal chorea is assessed using a truncal chorea index. The truncal chorea index is a measurement of the amplitude of choreic movements and can be measured in units of gravity (1 g = 9.8 m / s2), which were multiplying by 4000 (0.25 g = index of 100) to scaled to compute an index range of 1 to 100. Larger index values indicate more severe chorea.

[0079] In certain embodiments, the motor function comprises gait.

[0080] In certain embodiments, gait is assessed using one or more of stance time, swing time, and stride time. See FIG.5.

[0081] In certain embodiments, gait is assessed using duty factor. The duty factor represents the proportion of time during a stride in which the foot touches the ground and is calculated as the ratio of stance time to stride time.

[0082] In certain embodiments, gait is assessed using gait asymmetry measurements and / or metrics. Gait asymmetry metrics were based on the difference between left-side and right- side duty factors, normalized using 6 different models.

[0083] In certain embodiments, the method is effective to result in an improvement in any one or more of the following: number of falls, truncal chorea, and gait asymmetry measures.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1

[0084] In certain embodiments, prior to administration, the subject has a diagnosis of motor manifest HD, i.e., a UHDRS-motor score > 5.

[0085] In certain embodiments, prior to administration, the subject has a genetic diagnosis of HD with an expanded CAG repeat (≥37) in huntingtin (HTT) gene.

[0086] In certain embodiments, prior to administration, the subject has a total maximal chorea score ≥8.

[0087] In certain embodiments, prior to administration, the subject has a Total Functional Capacity (TFC) score ≥5.

[0088] In certain embodiments, the method is effective to result in an improvement in any one or more of the following: • Unified Huntington Disease Rating Scale total maximal chorea (TMC); • Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) response status; • Patient Global Impression of Change (PGI-C) response status; • Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders Upper Extremity Function; and Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders Neuro-QoL Lower Extremity Function.

[0089] In certain embodiments, the method is effective to result in an improvement in Unified Huntington Disease Rating Scale total maximal chorea (TMC). In certain embodiments, the improvement in TMC is a change from baseline of at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, or at least about 5. In certain embodiments, the improvement in TMC is a change from baseline of at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, or at least 5. In certain embodiments, the improvement in TMC is a change from baseline to week 2 of at least about 2, such as at least 2. In certain embodiments, the improvement in TMC is a change from baseline to week 4 of at least about 4, such as at least 4. In certain embodiments, the improvement in TMC of at least about 3 after 12 weeks of treatment.

[0090] In certain embodiments, the method is effective to result in an improvement in Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) response status, wherein subjects whose score is either a 1 (“very much improved”) or a 2 (“much improved”) in CGI-C were classified as responders. In certain embodiments, at least about 9% of subjects were classified as responders. In certain embodiments, at least about 10%, such as at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, or at least about 30% of subjects were classified as responders. In certain embodiments, at least about 25%, or at least about 30% of subjects were classified as responders after 12 weeks of treatment.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1

[0091] In certain embodiments, the method is effective to result in an improvement in Patient Global Impression of Change (PGI-C) response status, wherein subjects whose score is either a 1 (“very much improved”) or a 2 (“much improved”) in PGI-C were classified as responders. In certain embodiments, at least about 20%, such as at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, were classified as responders. In certain embodiments, at least about 25% of subjects were classified as responders after 12 weeks of treatment.

[0092] In certain embodiments, the method is effective to result in an improvement in Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders Upper Extremity Function and / or an improvement in Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders Neuro-QoL Lower Extremity Function.

[0093] Provided is a method of determining change in truncal chorea associated with a hyperkinetic movement disorder of a subject, the method comprising: receiving sensor data from a first sensor coupled to a right leg of the subject, a second sensor coupled to a left leg of the subject, and a third sensor coupled to a chest of the subject, wherein the subject is treated with a therapeutically effective amount of (S)-2-amino- 3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro- 2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and determining a change in truncal chorea of the subject using the sensor data from one or more of the first, second, and third sensors.

[0094] In some embodiments, the hyperkinetic movement disorder is Huntington disease (HD). In some embodiments, the hyperkinetic movement disorder is chorea associated with Huntington disease (HD). In some embodiments, the hyperkinetic movement disorder is tardive dyskinesia (TD).

[0095] In some embodiments, determination of the change in truncal chorea comprises comparing a baseline value of truncal chorea of the subject with a measured value of truncal chorea. In some further embodiments, the baseline value and the measured value of truncal chorea are determined by using the sensor data from the one or more of the first, second, and third sensors.

[0096] In some embodiments, the baseline value of truncal chorea is determined before treating the subject with the therapeutically effective amount of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl- butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H- pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1

[0097] In some embodiments, each of calculating the measured value of truncal chorea and determining the baseline value of truncal chorea comprises using a truncal chorea index.

[0098] In some embodiments, determining the baseline value of truncal chorea comprises capturing sensor data from one or more sensors coupled to the subject during a first period of time before treatment. In some embodiments, the first period of time is in a range of 1 day to 5 weeks.

[0099] In some embodiments, calculating the measured value of truncal chorea comprises receiving the sensor data from the first sensor, the second sensor, and the third sensor during a second period of time. In some embodiments, the second period of time is in a range of 2 weeks to 12 weeks.

[0100] Valbenazine can be administered according to the methods disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos.10,857,137; 10,874,648; 10,912,771; 10,940,141; 10,952,997; 10,857,148; and 10,993,941, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0101] In certain embodiments, the (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3- isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a ditosylate salt of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b- hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester. In a further embodiment, the initial dosage is 40 mg once daily as measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3- isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base.

[0102] In certain embodiments, the patient is administered a ditosylate salt of (S)-2-amino-3- methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H- pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester with an initial dosage of 40 mg once daily as measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b- hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base, and the dosage is increased by 20 mg increments every two weeks to a recommended dosage. In a further embodiment, the recommended dosage is 80 mg once daily as measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1- a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base. In another embodiment, the recommended dosage is 60 mg once daily as measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10- dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base.

[0103] In certain embodiments, the patient is monitored for one or more adverse reactions selected from somnolence, akathisia, fatigue, urticaria, rash, nausea, and middle insomnia. InAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 a further embodiment, the one or more adverse reactions is selected from somnolence, urticaria, and rash.

[0104] In certain embodiments, the (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3- isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered via a titration scheme that comprises the up-titration of the (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1- a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester over a period of no more than about six weeks until an optimized dose is administered.

[0105] In certain embodiments, the titration scheme comprises administering the (S)-2- amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b- hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at an initial dose equivalent to about 40 mg of (S)-2- amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b- hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base once daily for about two weeks, provided that the subject tolerates the initial dose and that the subject has not had an adequate response, increasing the dose and administering the increased dose to the subject.

[0106] In certain embodiments, the increased dose is equivalent to about 60 mg of the (S)-2- amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b- hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base once daily.

[0107] In certain embodiments, the increased dose is equivalent to about 80 mg of the (S)-2- amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b- hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base once daily.

[0108] In certain embodiments, the titration scheme further comprises administering the (S)- 2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b- hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at the increased dose for about two weeks.

[0109] In certain embodiments, if the subject does not tolerate the increased dose, the optimized dose is the initial dose.

[0110] In certain embodiments, if the subject tolerates the increased dose and if the subject has had an adequate response, the optimized dose is the increased dose.

[0111] In certain embodiments, the methods further comprise administering the optimized dose of the (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to the subject.

[0112] In certain embodiments, if the subject tolerates the increased dose and if the subject has not had an adequate response, the method further comprises increasing the dose.

[0113] In certain embodiments, the further increased dose is equivalent to about 80 mg of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b- hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base once daily.

[0114] In certain embodiments, if the subject does not tolerate the further increased dose, the optimized dose is the increased dose.

[0115] In certain embodiments, if the subject tolerates the further increased dose and if the subject has had an adequate response, the optimized dose is the further increased dose.

[0116] In certain embodiments, the (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3- isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in the afternoon or evening.

[0117] In some embodiments, administration of valbenazine orally once daily (QD) as adjunctive treatment in subjects with chorea associated with Huntington disease, wherein the valbenazine is administered at an initial dose for a period of time followed by a scheduled dose increase. In certain embodiments, the period of time for the initial dose is a week. In certain embodiments, the initial dose is equivalent to about 40 mg of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl- butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H- pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base. In certain embodiments, the increased dose is equivalent to about 60 mg of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl- 9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base. In certain embodiments, the increased dose is equivalent to about 80 mg of the (S)-2-amino-3- methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H- pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base.

[0118] In certain embodiments, the (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3- isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is in a solid dosage form.

[0119] In certain embodiments, the (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3- isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester orAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is orally administered.

[0120] In certain embodiments, the (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3- isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is in the form of a capsule.

[0121] In certain embodiments, the (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3- isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered daily.

[0122] In certain embodiments, the (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3- isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered once daily or twice daily.

[0123] In certain embodiments, the (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3- isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered once daily.

[0124] In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to from about 10 mg to about 90 mg of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3- isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base.

[0125] In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to from about 20 mg to about 80 mg of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3- isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base.

[0126] In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to about 20 mg of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10- dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base.

[0127] In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to about 40 mg of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10- dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1

[0128] In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to about 60 mg of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10- dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base.

[0129] In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to about 80 mg of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10- dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base.

[0130] In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to about 40 mg / day of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10- dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base.

[0131] In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to about 60 mg / day of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10- dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base.

[0132] In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to about 80 mg / day of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10- dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base.

[0133] In some embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is chosen from valbenazine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or isotopic variant thereof. In some embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is valbenazine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, the (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10- dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester is a free base.

[0134] In some embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is a valbenazine tosylate salt. In some embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is a ditosylate salt of valbenazine. In certain embodiments, the tosylate salt is (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3- isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester tosylate salt of structural Formula I:

[0135] In certain embodiments, the (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3- isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, is in crystalline form.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1

[0136] . In some embodiments, the crystalline form is Form I and has a DSC thermogram comprising an endothermic event with an onset temperature of about 240 °C and a peak at about 243 °C.

[0137] In certain embodiments, the crystalline form of the (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1- a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, is Form I of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2, l-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester tosylate salt having a differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) peak temperature within 2% of 243 °C.

[0138] In certain embodiments, the DSC peak temperature is within 1% of 243 °C.

[0139] In certain embodiments, the DSC peak temperature is within 0.5% of 243 °C.

[0140] In various embodiments, crystalline Form I of (S)-(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10- dimethoxy-2,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-1H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl 2-amino-3- methylbutanoate di(4-methylbenzenesulfonate) (Formula I) has an X-ray diffraction pattern. In some embodiments, the X-ray diffraction pattern of Form I of (S)-(2R,3R,11bR)-3- isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-2,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-1H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl 2-amino- 3-methylbutanoate di(4-methylbenzenesulfonate) (Formula I) includes an XRP diffraction peak at two-theta angles of approximately 6.3, 17.9, and 19.7°. In some embodiments, the X- ray powder diffraction pattern of Form I of (S)-(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 2,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-1H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl 2-amino-3-methylbutanoate di(4- methylbenzenesulfonate) (Formula I) includes an XRP diffraction peak at two-theta angles of approximately 6.3, 17.9, or 19.7°. In another embodiment, crystalline Form I of (S)- (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-2,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-1H-pyrido[2,1- a]isoquinolin-2-yl 2-amino-3-methylbutanoate di(4-methylbenzenesulfonate) (Formula I) includes an XRP diffraction peak at two-theta angles of approximately 6.3° and 19.7°. In another embodiment, crystalline Form I of (S)-(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 2,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-1H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl 2-amino-3-methylbutanoate di(4- methylbenzenesulfonate) (Formula I) includes an XRP diffraction peak at two-theta angles of approximately 6.3°.

[0141] In some embodiments, crystalline Form I has one or more characteristic XRP diffraction peaks at two-theta angles of approximately 6.3° and approximately 19.7°. In certain embodiments, crystalline Form I has one or more characteristic XRP diffraction peaks at two-theta angles of approximately 6.3°, approximately 17.9°, and approximately 19.7°. In some embodiments, crystalline Form I has one or more characteristic XRP diffraction peaksAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 at two-theta angles of approximately 6.3°, approximately 17.9°, approximately 19.7°, and approximately 22.7°. In certain embodiments, crystalline Form I has one or more characteristic XRP diffraction peaks at two-theta angles of approximately 6.3°, approximately 15.6°, approximately 17.9°, approximately 19.7°, and approximately 22.7°. In some embodiments, crystalline Form I has one or more characteristic XRP diffraction peaks at two-theta angles of approximately 6.3°, approximately 15.6°, approximately 16.6°, approximately 17.9°, approximately 19.7°, and approximately 22.7°. In certain embodiments, the crystalline form has an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern comprising a peak at a two-theta angle of 6.3°±0.2°. In certain embodiments, the crystalline form has an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern comprising a peak at a two-theta angle of 17.9°±0.2°. In certain embodiments, the crystalline form has an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern comprising a peak at a two-theta angle of 19.7°±0.2°.

[0142] In yet another embodiment, crystalline Form I has a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) plot comprising a mass loss of less than about 0.4% when heated from about 25 °C to about 140 °C.

[0143] In various embodiments, crystalline Form I has a gravimetric vapor system (GVS) plot. In some embodiments, crystalline Form I exhibit a mass increase of about 1% when subjected to an increase in relative humidity from about 0% to about 95% relative humidity. In certain embodiments mass gained upon adsorption is lost when the relative humidity (RH) is decreased back to about 0% RH. In still another embodiment, crystalline Form I is stable upon exposure to about 25 °C and about 60% relative humidity. In yet another embodiment, crystalline Form I is stable upon exposure to about 25 °C and about 60% relative humidity for about 24 months. Also in another embodiment, crystalline Form I is stable upon exposure to about 25 °C and about 60% relative humidity for about 3 months. In still another embodiment, crystalline Form I is stable upon exposure to about 25 °C and about 92% relative humidity. In another embodiment, crystalline Form I is stable upon exposure to about 40 °C and about 75% relative humidity. In another embodiment, crystalline Form I is stable upon exposure to about 40 °C and about 75% relative humidity for about 6 months. In another embodiment, crystalline Form I is stable upon exposure to about 40 °C and about 75% relative humidity for about 3 months.

[0144] In certain embodiments, crystalline form of Formula I in Form I may contain no less than about 95%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, no less than about 99%, or no less than about 99.5% by weight of the salt of Formula I. The crystalline form may alsoAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 contain no less than about 90%, no less than about 95%, no less than about 98%, no less than about 99%, or no less than 99.5% by weight of crystal Form I.

[0145] In certain embodiments, the crystalline form has a purity of no less than 97% by weight of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2, l-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester tosylate salt.

[0146] In certain embodiments, the crystalline form has a purity of no less than 98% by weight of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2, l-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester tosylate salt.

[0147] In certain embodiments, the crystalline form has a purity of no less than 97% by weight of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2, l-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester tosylate salt; and has an X- ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern comprising peaks at two-theta angles of 6.3°±0.2°, 17.9°±0.2°, and 19.7°±0.2°.

[0148] In certain embodiments, crystalline Form I has an aqueous solubility of about 17.58, about 18.58, about 19.58, about 26.75, about 26.87, about 26.96, about 27.06, about 27.75, about 27.87, about 27.97, about 28.06, about 28.75, about 28.87, about 28.97, about 29.06, about 27.45, about 28.45, about 29.45, about 30.61, about 31.61, about 32.61, about 32.17, about 32.98, about 33.17, about 33.98, about 34.17, about 34.35, about 34.98, about 35.35, about 36.35 mg / mL. In certain embodiments, crystalline Form I has an aqueous solubility of about 31.61 and about 33.17 at approximately pH 1.2; about 28.45 and about 27.97 at approximately pH 3; about 28.06 and about 27.77 at approximately pH 4; about 18.58 and about 27.87 at approximately pH 5; about 33.98 and about 35.35 at approximately pH 6.8.

[0149] In certain embodiments, crystalline Form I may contain no greater than about 0.1%, no greater than about 0.11%, no greater than about 0.12%, no greater than about 0.13%, no greater than about 0.14%, no greater than about 0.15%, no greater than about 0.16%, no greater than about 0.17%, no greater than about 0.18%, no greater than about 0.19%, no greater than about 0.2%, no greater than about 0.21%, no greater than about 0.22%, no greater than about 0.23%, no greater than about 0.24%, no greater than about 0.25%, no greater than about 0.26%, no greater than about 0.27%, no greater than about 0.28%, no greater than about 0.29%, no greater than about 0.3%, no greater than about 0.31%, no greater than about 0.32%, no greater than about 0.33%, no greater than about 0.34%, no greater than about 0.35%, no greater than about 0.36%, no greater than about 0.37%, no greater than about 0.38%, no greater than about 0.39%, no greater than about 0.4%, no greater than about 0.5%, no greater than about 0.6%, no greater than about 0.7%, no greaterAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 than about 0.8%, no greater than about 0.9%, no greater than about 1%, no greater than about 2%, no greater than about 3%, no greater than about 4%, or no greater than about 5% water by weight.

[0150] In certain embodiments Form I may be characterized by particle analysis. In certain embodiments, a sample of Form I comprises particles having rhomboid crystal morphology. In yet another embodiment, a sample of Form I comprises particles of about 100, about 90, about 80, about 70, about 60, about 50, about 40, about 30, about 20, about 10, or about 5 μM in length. In some embodiments, a sample of Form I comprises particles of about 70, about 60, about 40, about 20, or about 10 μM in length. In other embodiments, a sample of Form I comprises particles of about 69.39, about 56.22, about 34.72, about 17.84, or about 10.29 μM in length.

[0151] In certain embodiments, the crystalline form has a D90 particle size of about 70 μM in length.

[0152] In certain embodiments, the crystalline form has a D10 particle size of about 10 μM in length.

[0153] In some embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is an isotopic variant that is L-valine, (2R,3R,11bR)-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-9,10-di(methoxy-d3)-3-(2-methylpropyl)-2H- benzo[a]quinolizin-2-yl ester or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0154] In some embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is tetrabenazine (9,10-dimethoxy-3- isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or isotopic variant thereof. In some embodiments, tetrabenazine is chosen from the RR, SS, RS, and SR isomers of tetrabenazine, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, tetrabenazine is a mixture of the RR and SS isomers.

[0155] In some embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is deutetrabenazine.

[0156] In some embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is chosen from dihydrotetrabenazine (2- hydroxy-3-(2-methylpropyl)-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-9,10-dimethoxy-benzo(a)quinolizine), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or isotopic variant thereof. In some embodiments, dihydrotetrabenazine is chosen from the RRR, SSS, SSRR, RSS, SSR, RRS, RSR, and SRS isomers of dihydrotetrabenazine, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is the RRR isomer ((+)-α-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H- pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ol), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or isotopic variant thereof.

[0157] In some embodiments, provided herein is method for improving motor function, maintaining motor function, or lessening the decline of a motor function associated withAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 Huntington disease, wherein the patient is also being administered a strong cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) inhibitor, comprising: orally administering once daily to the patient a vesicular monoamine transport 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor chosen from (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3- isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in an amount equivalent to about 40 mg as measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester.

[0158] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for improving motor function, maintaining motor function, or lessening the decline of a motor function associated with Huntington disease, wherein the patient is a cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6) poor metabolizer, comprising: orally administering once daily to the patient a vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor chosen from (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3- isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in an amount of equivalent to about 40 mg as measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester.

[0159] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for improving motor function, maintaining motor function, or lessening the decline of a motor function associated with Huntington disease, comprising: (a) orally administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a vesicular monoamine transport 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor chosen from (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1- a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; (b) subsequently determining that the patient is a cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6) poor metabolizer; and (c) reducing dosage of the VMAT2 inhibitor administered to the patient to an amount equivalent to about 40 mg once daily as measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1- a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester.

[0160] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for improving motor function, maintaining motor function, or lessening the decline of a motor function associated with Huntington disease, comprising:Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 determining if the patient is a poor metabolizer of cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6); and if the patient is a poor metabolizer of cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6), then orally administering to the patient a first therapeutically effective amount of a vesicular monoamine transport 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor chosen from (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1- a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein the first therapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to about 40 mg once daily as measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester; or if the patient is not a poor metabolizer of cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6), then orally administering to the patient a second therapeutically effective amount of a vesicular monoamine transport 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor chosen from (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1- a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein the second therapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to about 40 mg once daily as measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester for one week, and subsequently administering an increased amount of the VMAT2 inhibitor after one week.

[0161] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for improving motor function, maintaining motor function, or lessening the decline of a motor function associated with Huntington disease, comprising: (a) orally administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a vesicular monoamine transport 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor which is a ditosylate salt of (S)-2-amino-3- methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H- pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to about 40 mg once daily as measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1- a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester; (b) subsequently determining that the patient is a poor metabolizer of cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6); and (c) administering the same therapeutically effective amount of the VMAT2 inhibitor to the patient.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1

[0162] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for improving motor function, maintaining motor function, or lessening the decline of a motor function associated with Huntington disease, wherein the patient is a cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6) poor metabolizer, comprising: orally administering once daily to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor chosen from (S)-2-amino-3-methyl- butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H- pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

[0163] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of administering a vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) inhibitor chosen from valbenazine and (+)-α-3-isobutyl- 9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ol, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or an isotopic variant thereof, to a patient in need thereof, wherein the patient is being treated with a strong cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4) inducer, comprising: discontinuing treatment of the strong CYP3A4 inducer and then administering the VMAT2 inhibitor to the patient, thereby avoiding the use of the VMAT2 inhibitor in combination with the strong CYP3A4 inducer.

[0164] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for improving motor function, maintaining motor function, or lessening the decline of a motor function associated with Huntington disease in a patient in need thereof, wherein the patient is being administered a strong cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4) inducer, comprising: discontinuing treatment of the strong CYP3A4 inducer, and then orally administering once daily to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor chosen from (S)-2-amino-3-methyl- butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H- pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, thereby avoiding the concomitant use of the VMAT2 inhibitor with the strong CYP3A4 inducer.

[0165] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for improving motor function, maintaining motor function, or lessening the decline of a motor function associated with Huntington disease, wherein the patient is also being administered a strong cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitor, comprising: orally administering once daily to the patient a vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor chosen from (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3- isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester andAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in an amount equivalent to about 40 mg as measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester.

[0166] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for improving motor function, maintaining motor function, or lessening the decline of a motor function associated with Huntington disease in a patient, comprising: (a) orally administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor chosen from (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1- a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; (b) subsequently determining that the patient is being administered a strong cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitor; and (c) reducing dosage of the VMAT2 inhibitor administered to the patient to an amount equivalent to about 40 mg as measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)- 3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester once daily.

[0167] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for improving motor function, maintaining motor function, or lessening the decline of a motor function associated with Huntington disease in a patient, comprising: (a) orally administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor which is a ditosylate salt of (S)-2-amino-3- methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H- pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to about 40 mg as measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1- a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester once daily; (b) subsequently determining that the patient is being administered a strong cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitor; and (c) administering the same therapeutically effective amount of the VMAT2 inhibitor to the patient.

[0168] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for improving motor function, maintaining motor function, or lessening the decline of a motor function associated with Huntington disease, wherein the patient is also being co-administered digoxin, comprising:Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 (a) administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a vesicular monoamine transport 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor chosen from (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3 sobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1- a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester, (+)-α-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H- pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ol, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and isotopic variants thereof, (b) monitoring the digoxin concentration in the patient’s blood; and (c) reducing the dose of digoxin when the digoxin exposure in the patient’s blood is increased as compared with the digoxin level in a patient who is administered digoxin alone.

[0169] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for improving motor function, maintaining motor function, or lessening the decline of a motor function associated with Huntington disease, wherein the patient is also in need of treatment with digoxin, the method comprising: orally administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a vesicular monoamine transport 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor which is (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1- a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester ditosylate, and administering the digoxin to the patient at a reduced dose to compensate for the expected increase in exposure resulting from co-administration of the digoxin and the VMAT2 inhibitor, wherein the reduced dose is relative to what the patient would be administered if the patient is not being administered the VMAT2 inhibitor.

[0170] In some embodiments, a method for improving motor function, maintaining motor function, or lessening the decline of a motor function associated with Huntington disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b- hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the subject is also being administered at least one co-therapeutic agent for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington disease is provided herein.

[0171] In some embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is administered via a titration scheme that comprises the up-titration of the VMAT2 inhibitor over a period of no more than about six weeks until an optimized dose is administered.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1

[0172] In some embodiments, the titration scheme comprises administering the VMAT2 inhibitor at an initial dose equivalent to about 40 mg of valbenazine free base once daily for about two weeks, provided that the patient tolerates the initial dose and that the patient has not had an adequate response, increasing the dose, and administering the increased dose to the patient.

[0173] In some embodiments, the increased dose is equivalent to about 60 mg of valbenazine free base once daily.

[0174] In some embodiments, the titration scheme further comprises administering the VMAT2 inhibitor at said increased dose for about two weeks.

[0175] In some embodiments, if the patient does not tolerate the increased dose, the optimized dose is the initial dose.

[0176] In some embodiments, if the patient tolerates the increased dose and if the patient has had an adequate response, the optimized dose is the increased dose.

[0177] In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering the optimized dose of the VMAT2 inhibitor to the patient.

[0178] In some embodiments, if the patient tolerates the increased dose and if the patient has not had an adequate response, the method further comprises increasing the dose.

[0179] In some embodiments, the further increased dose is equivalent to about 80 mg of valbenazine free base once daily.

[0180] In some embodiments, if the patient does not tolerate the further increased dose, the optimized dose is the increased dose.

[0181] In some embodiments, if the patient tolerates the further increased dose and if the patient has had an adequate response, the optimized dose is the further increased dose.

[0182] In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering the optimized dose of the VMAT2 inhibitor to the patient.

[0183] In one embodiment, provided herein is a method for improving motor function, maintaining motor function, or lessening the decline of a motor function associated with Huntington disease, comprising administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of (S)-(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-2,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-1H-pyrido[2,1- a]isoquinolin-2-yl 2-amino-3-methylbutanoate di(4-methylbenzenesulfonate) (Formula I) in an amorphous form, or crystalline Form I, II, III, IV, V, or VI; or an isotopic variant thereof; or solvate thereof.

[0184] In one embodiment, provided herein is a method for improving motor function, maintaining motor function, or lessening the decline of a motor function associated withAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 Huntington disease, comprising administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of (S)-(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-2,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-1H-pyrido[2,1- a]isoquinolin-2-yl 2-amino-3-methylbutanoate dihydrochloride (Formula II) in an amorphous form, or crystalline Form I, or II; or an isotopic variant thereof; or solvate thereof. PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS

[0185] Also provided is a composition for treating a patient in need of a vesicular monoamine transport 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor chosen from valbenazine and (+)-α-3-isobutyl- 9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ol, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or isotopic variant thereof, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the VMAT2 inhibitor.

[0186] In certain embodiments, the composition is for treating a neurological or psychiatric disease or disorder. In certain embodiments, the neurological or psychiatric disease or disorder is chorea associated with Huntington disease.

[0187] In certain embodiments, the composition is administered in an amount equivalent to from about 20 mg to about 120 mg of valbenazine free base of the VMAT2 inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the composition is administered in an amount equivalent to about 20 mg of valbenazine free base of the VMAT2 inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the composition is administered in an amount equivalent to about 40 mg of valbenazine free base of the VMAT2 inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the composition is administered in an amount equivalent to about 80 mg of valbenazine free base of the VMAT2 inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the composition is administered in an amount equivalent to about 60 mg of valbenazine free base of the VMAT2 inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the composition is administered in an amount equivalent to about 120 mg of valbenazine free base of the VMAT2 inhibitor.

[0188] In certain embodiments, the composition is administered for a first period of time in a first amount of the VMAT2 inhibitor and then the amount is increased to a second amount. In certain embodiments, the first period of time is a week. In certain embodiments, the first amount is equivalent to about 40 mg of valbenazine free base. In certain embodiments, the second amount is equivalent to about 80 mg of valbenazine free base.

[0189] Also provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition for use in treating neurological or psychiatric disease or disorders, comprising the VMAT2 inhibitor as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1

[0190] The choice of excipient, to a large extent, depends on factors, such as the particular mode of administration, the effect of the excipient on the solubility and stability of the active ingredient, and the nature of the dosage form.

[0191] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be provided in unit dosage forms or multiple-dosage forms. Unit-dosage forms, as used herein, refer to physically discrete units suitable for administration to human and animal subjects and packaged individually as is known in the art. Each unit-dose contains a predetermined quantity of the active ingredient(s) sufficient to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with the required pharmaceutical carriers or excipients. Examples of unit-dosage forms include ampoules, syringes, and individually packaged tablets and capsules. Unit dosage forms may be administered in fractions or multiples thereof. A multiple-dosage form is a plurality of identical unit-dosage forms packaged in a single container to be administered in segregated unit-dosage form. Examples of multiple-dosage forms include vials, bottles of tablets or capsules, or bottles of pints or gallons.

[0192] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be administered alone, or in combination with one or more other compounds provided herein, one or more other active ingredients. The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be formulated in various dosage forms for oral, parenteral, and topical administration. The pharmaceutical compositions may also be formulated as a modified release dosage form, including delayed-, extended-, prolonged-, sustained-, pulsatile-, controlled-, accelerated- and fast-, targeted-, programmed-release, and gastric retention dosage forms. These dosage forms can be prepared according to conventional methods and techniques known to those skilled in the art). The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be administered at once, or multiple times at intervals of time. It is understood that the precise dosage and duration of treatment may vary with the age, weight, and condition of the patient being treated, and may be determined empirically using known testing protocols or by extrapolation from in vivo or in vitro test or diagnostic data. It is further understood that for any particular individual, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the formulations. Oral Administration

[0193] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be provided in solid, semisolid, or liquid dosage forms for oral administration. As used herein, oral administration also includes buccal, lingual, and sublingual administration. Suitable oral dosage formsAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 include, but are not limited to, tablets, capsules, pills, troches, lozenges, pastilles, cachets, pellets, medicated chewing gum, granules, bulk powders, effervescent or non-effervescent powders or granules, solutions, emulsions, suspensions, solutions, wafers, sprinkles, elixirs, and syrups. In addition to the active ingredient(s), the pharmaceutical compositions may contain one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients, including, but not limited to, binders, fillers, diluents, disintegrants, wetting agents, lubricants, glidants, coloring agents, dye-migration inhibitors, sweetening agents, and flavoring agents.

[0194] Binders or granulators impart cohesiveness to a tablet to ensure the tablet remaining intact after compression. Suitable binders or granulators include, but are not limited to, starches, such as corn starch, potato starch, and pre-gelatinized starch (e.g., STARCH 1500); gelatin; sugars, such as sucrose, glucose, dextrose, molasses, and lactose; natural and synthetic gums, such as acacia, alginic acid, alginates, extract of Irish moss, Panwar gum, ghatti gum, mucilage of isabgol husks, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Veegum, larch arabogalactan, powdered tragacanth, and guar gum; celluloses, such as ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, carboxymethyl cellulose calcium, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC); microcrystalline celluloses, such as AVICEL-PH-101, AVICEL-PH-103, AVICEL RC-581, AVICEL-PH-105 (FMC Corp., Marcus Hook, Pa.); and mixtures thereof. Suitable fillers include, but are not limited to, talc, calcium carbonate, microcrystalline cellulose, powdered cellulose, dextrates, kaolin, mannitol, silicic acid, sorbitol, starch, pregelatinized starch, and mixtures thereof. The binder or filler may be present from about 50 to about 99% by weight in the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein.

[0195] Suitable diluents include, but are not limited to, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, lactose, sorbitol, sucrose, inositol, cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, sodium chloride, dry starch, and powdered sugar. Certain diluents, such as mannitol, lactose, sorbitol, sucrose, and inositol, when present in sufficient quantity, can impart properties to some compressed tablets that permit disintegration in the mouth by chewing. Such compressed tablets can be used as chewable tablets.

[0196] Suitable disintegrants include, but are not limited to, agar; bentonite; celluloses, such as methylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose; wood products; natural sponge; cation- exchange resins; alginic acid; gums, such as guar gum and Vee gum HV; citrus pulp; cross- linked celluloses, such as croscarmellose; cross-linked polymers, such as crospovidone; cross-linked starches; calcium carbonate; microcrystalline cellulose, such as sodium starchAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 glycolate; polacrilin potassium; starches, such as corn starch, potato starch, tapioca starch, and pre-gelatinized starch; clays; and mixtures thereof. The amount of disintegrant in the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein varies upon the type of formulation, and is readily discernible to those of ordinary skill in the art. The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may contain from about 0.5 to about 15% or from about 1 to about 5% by weight of a disintegrant.

[0197] Suitable lubricants include, but are not limited to, calcium stearate; magnesium stearate; mineral oil; light mineral oil; glycerin; sorbitol; mannitol; glycols, such as glycerol behenate and polyethylene glycol (PEG); stearic acid; sodium lauryl sulfate; talc; hydrogenated vegetable oil, including peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil, and soybean oil; zinc stearate; ethyl oleate; ethyl laureate; agar; starch; lycopodium; silica or silica gels, such as AEROSIL®200 (W.R. Grace Co., Baltimore, Md.) and CAB-O-SIL®(Cabot Co. of Boston, Mass.); and mixtures thereof. The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may contain about 0.1 to about 5% by weight of a lubricant. Suitable glidants include colloidal silicon dioxide, CAB-O-SIL®(Cabot Co. of Boston, Mass.), and asbestos-free talc. Coloring agents include any of the approved, certified, water soluble FD&C dyes, and water insoluble FD&C dyes suspended on alumina hydrate, and color lakes and mixtures thereof. A color lake is the combination by adsorption of a water- soluble dye to a hydrous oxide of a heavy metal, resulting in an insoluble form of the dye. Flavoring agents include natural flavors extracted from plants, such as fruits, and synthetic blends of compounds which produce a pleasant taste sensation, such as peppermint and methyl salicylate. Sweetening agents include sucrose, lactose, mannitol, syrups, glycerin, and artificial sweeteners, such as saccharin and aspartame. Suitable emulsifying agents include gelatin, acacia, tragacanth, bentonite, and surfactants, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (TWEEN®20), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate 80 (TWEEN®80), and triethanolamine oleate. Suspending and dispersing agents include sodium carboxymethylcellulose, pectin, tragacanth, veegum, acacia, sodium carbomethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrolidone. Preservatives include glycerin, methyl and propylparaben, benzoic add, sodium benzoate and alcohol. Wetting agents include propylene glycol monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, diethylene glycol monolaurate, and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether. Solvents include glycerin, sorbitol, ethyl alcohol, and syrup. Examples of non-aqueous liquids utilized in emulsions include mineral oil and cottonseed oil. Organic acids include citric and tartaric acid. Sources of carbon dioxide include sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1

[0198] It should be understood that many carriers and excipients may serve several functions, even within the same formulation. The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be provided as compressed tablets, tablet triturates, chewable lozenges, rapidly dissolving tablets, multiple compressed tablets, or enteric-coating tablets, sugar-coated, or film-coated tablets. Enteric coated tablets are compressed tablets coated with substances that resist the action of stomach acid but dissolve or disintegrate in the intestine, thus protecting the active ingredients from the acidic environment of the stomach. Enteric coatings include, but are not limited to, fatty acids, fats, phenylsalicylate, waxes, shellac, ammoniated shellac, and cellulose acetate phthalates. Sugar-coated tablets are compressed tablets surrounded by a sugar coating, which may be beneficial in covering up objectionable tastes or odors and in protecting the tablets from oxidation. Film-coated tablets are compressed tablets that are covered with a thin layer or film of a water-soluble material. Film coatings include, but are not limited to, hydroxyethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol 4000, and cellulose acetate phthalate. Film coating imparts the same general characteristics as sugar coating. Multiple compressed tablets are compressed tablets made by more than one compression cycle, including layered tablets, and press-coated or dry-coated tablets.

[0199] The tablet dosage forms may be prepared from the active ingredient in powdered, crystalline, or granular forms, alone or in combination with one or more carriers or excipients described herein, including binders, disintegrants, controlled-release polymers, lubricants, diluents, and / or colorants. Flavoring and sweetening agents are especially useful in the formation of chewable tablets and lozenges.

[0200] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be provided as soft or hard capsules, which can be made from gelatin, methylcellulose, starch, or calcium alginate. The hard gelatin capsule, also known as the dry-filled capsule (DFC), consists of two sections, one slipping over the other, thus completely enclosing the active ingredient. The soft elastic capsule (SEC) is a soft, globular shell, such as a gelatin shell, which is plasticized by the addition of glycerin, sorbitol, or a similar polyol. The soft gelatin shells may contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms. Suitable preservatives are those as described herein, including methyl- and propyl-parabens, and sorbic acid. The liquid, semisolid, and solid dosage forms provided herein may be encapsulated in a capsule. Suitable liquid and semisolid dosage forms include solutions and suspensions in propylene carbonate, vegetable oils, or triglycerides. The capsules may also be coated as known by those of skill in the art in order to modify or sustain dissolution of the active ingredient.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1

[0201] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be provided in liquid and semisolid dosage forms, including emulsions, solutions, suspensions, elixirs, and syrups. An emulsion is a two-phase system, in which one liquid is dispersed in the form of small globules throughout another liquid, which can be oil-in-water or water-in-oil. Emulsions may include a pharmaceutically acceptable non-aqueous liquids or solvent, emulsifying agent, and preservative. Suspensions may include a pharmaceutically acceptable suspending agent and preservative. Aqueous alcoholic solutions may include a pharmaceutically acceptable acetal, such as a di(lower alkyl) acetal of a lower alkyl aldehyde (the term “lower” means an alkyl having between 1 and 6 carbon atoms), e.g., acetaldehyde diethyl acetal; and a water-miscible solvent having one or more hydroxyl groups, such as propylene glycol and ethanol. Elixirs are clear, sweetened, and hydroalcoholic solutions. Syrups are concentrated aqueous solutions of a sugar, for example, sucrose, and may also contain a preservative. For a liquid dosage form, for example, a solution in a polyethylene glycol may be diluted with a sufficient quantity of a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carrier, e.g., water, to be measured conveniently for administration.

[0202] Other useful liquid and semisolid dosage forms include, but are not limited to, those containing the active ingredient(s) provided herein, and a dialkylated mono- or polyalkylene glycol, including, 1,2-dimethoxymethane, diglyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, polyethylene glycol-350-dimethyl ether, polyethylene glycol-550-dimethyl ether, polyethylene glycol-750- dimethyl ether, wherein 350, 550, and 750 refer to the approximate average molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol. These formulations may further comprise one or more antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl gallate, vitamin E, hydroquinone, hydroxycoumarins, ethanolamine, lecithin, cephalin, ascorbic acid, malic acid, sorbitol, phosphoric acid, bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, thiodipropionic acid and its esters, and dithiocarbamates.

[0203] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for oral administration may be in the forms of liposomes, micelles, microspheres, or nanosystems.

[0204] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be noneffervescent or effervescent, granules and powders, to be reconstituted into a liquid dosage form. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients used in the non-effervescent granules or powders may include diluents, sweeteners, and wetting agents. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients used in the effervescent granules or powders may include organic acids and a source of carbon dioxide. Coloring and flavoring agents can be used in all of the above dosage forms. The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be formulated asAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 immediate or modified release dosage forms, including delayed-, sustained, pulsed-, controlled, targeted-, and programmed-release forms.

[0205] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be co-formulated with other active ingredients which do not impair the desired therapeutic action, or with substances that supplement the desired action, such as antacids, proton pump inhibitors, and H2-receptor antagonists. Dosages

[0206] In the treatment of conditions, disorders or diseases associated with VMAT2 inhibition, an appropriate dosage level generally is about 0.001 to 100 mg per kg patient body weight per day (mg / kg per day), about 0.01 to about 80 mg / kg per day, about 0.1 to about 50 mg / kg per day, about 0.5 to about 25 mg / kg per day, or about 1 to about 20 mg / kg per day, which may be administered in single or multiple doses. Within this range the dosage may be 0.005 to 0.05, 0.05 to 0.5, or 0.5 to 5.0, 1 to 15, 1 to 20, or 1 to 50 mg / kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about 0.001 to 100 mg / kg per day.

[0207] In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about from 20 to 100 mg / kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about 0.01 to about 40 mg / kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about 0.1 to about 80 mg / kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about 0.1 to about 50 mg / kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about 0.1 to about 40 mg / kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about 0.5 to about 80 mg / kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about 0.5 to about 40 mg / kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about 0.5 to about 25 mg / kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about 1 to about 80 mg / kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about 1 to about 75 mg / kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about 1 to about 50 mg / kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about 1 to about 40 mg / kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about 1 to about 25 mg / kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about 1 to about 20 mg / kg per day.

[0208] In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about from 5.0 to 150 mg per day, and in certain embodiments from 10 to 100 mg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about 80 mg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about 40 mg per day.

[0209] For oral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions can be provided in the form of tablet or capsule containing 1.0 to 1,000 mg of the active ingredient, particularly about 1,Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 about 5, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 75, about 80, about 100, about 150, about 200, about 250, about 300, about 400, about 500, about 600, about 750, about 800, about 900, and about 1,000 mg of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the patient to be treated. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions can be provided in the form of tablet or capsule containing about 100 mg of the active ingredient. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions can be provided in the form of tablet or capsule containing about 80 mg of the active ingredient. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions can be provided in the form of tablet or capsule containing about 60 mg of the active ingredient. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions can be provided in the form of tablet or capsule containing about 50 mg of the active ingredient. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions can be provided in the form of tablet or capsule containing about 40 mg of the active ingredient. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions can be provided in the form of tablet or capsule containing about 20 mg of the active ingredient. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions can be provided in the form of tablet or capsule containing about 25 mg of the active ingredient. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions can be provided in the form of tablet or capsule containing about 20 mg of the active ingredient. The compositions may be administered on a regimen of 1 to 4 times per day, including once, twice, three times, and four times per day. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are administered on a regimen of once per day.

[0210] It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level and frequency of dosage for any particular subject may be varied and will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity of the particular condition, and the host undergoing therapy.

[0211] The compounds provided herein may also be combined or used in combination with other agents useful in the treatment, prevention, or amelioration of one or more symptoms of the diseases or conditions for which the compounds provided herein are useful.

[0212] Such other agents, or drugs, may be administered, by a route and in an amount commonly used thereof, simultaneously, or sequentially with the compounds provided herein. When compounds provided herein are used contemporaneously with one or more other drugs, a pharmaceutical composition containing such other drugs in addition to the compoundsAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 provided herein may be utilized but is not required. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein include those that also contain one or more other active ingredients or therapeutic agents, in addition to the compounds provided herein.

[0213] The weight ratio of the compounds provided herein to the second active ingredient may be varied and will depend upon the effective dose of each ingredient. Generally, an effective dose of each will be used. Thus, for example, when the compounds provided herein are used in combination with the second drug, or a pharmaceutical composition containing such other drug, the weight ratio of the particulates to the second drug may range from about 1,000:1 to about 1:1,000, or about 200:1 to about 1:200.

[0214] Combinations of the particulates provided herein and other active ingredients will generally also be within the aforementioned range, but in each case, an effective dose of each active ingredient should be used.

[0215] In certain embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is administered orally.

[0216] In certain embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is administered in the form of a capsule.

[0217] In certain embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is administered with or without food.

[0218] Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are provided in the following examples. The following examples are presented only by way of illustration and to assist one of ordinary skill in using the disclosure. The examples are not intended in any way to otherwise limit the scope of the disclosure. EXAMPLES Example 1

[0219] A Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of once-daily valbenazine in subjects with HD was conducted. The study included a 4-week screening period, an 8-week dose-adjustment period, a 4-week maintenance period, and a final study visit 2 weeks following the final dose of study drug. A schematic of the study design is shown in FIG.1.

[0220] Valbenazine was supplied as orally administered capsules containing 20 or 40 mg of valbenazine (free base equivalents as the ditosylate salt). Subjects swallowed the capsules with approximately 4 ounces of water or other liquid, with or without food.

[0221] The maximum doses during each week of the treatment period are shown in Table 1.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 Table 1.

[0222] During the dose-adjustment period, the investigator could increase a subject’s dose to the next dose level if, in the investigator’s opinion, the subject had tolerated the study drug at the current dose. Doses were adjusted in a blinded manner; subjects receiving placebo underwent the dose-adjustment process but continued to receive placebo. Dose increases were allowed at visits at the end of Weeks 2, 4, and 6. If the subject had not tolerated the current dose, the investigator could decrease the subject’s dose at any time during the dose adjustment period (the 40 mg dose can be decreased to 20 mg). Doses were to be decreased 1 dose level at a time and subjects could have multiple dose decreases during the dose- adjustment period; subjects who were unable to tolerate the 20 mg dose could remain in the study but study drug dosing was discontinued. Subjects who had a dose decrease could re- escalate during the dose adjustment period if the investigator considered that the dose increase would be reasonably tolerated.

[0223] During the maintenance period (beginning after the Week 8 visit through the end of Week 12), the subject’s dose was maintained. If the subject could not tolerate the maintenance dose, the investigator could reduce the subject’s dose a single time by 1 dose level (unless the subject is receiving 20 mg); if the subject could not tolerate the lower dose, he / she could remain in the study but study drug dosing was discontinued.

[0224] During the dose-adjustment and maintenance periods, the investigator could assess that a dose level is not tolerated if a subject experienced an adverse event (AE) that is (1) deemed associated with the study drug, and (2) of either moderate or severe intensity, or a serious AE.

[0225] The primary endpoint for the study was change from baseline to maintenance in the Unified Huntington Disease Rating Scale total maximal chorea (TMC).

[0226] Secondary endpoints included: • Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) response status (score ≥2 of “very much improved” or “much improved”) at Week 12;Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 • Patient Global Impression of Change (PGI-C) response status (score ≥2 of “very much improved” or “much improved”) at Week 12; • Change from baseline to Week 12 in the Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders Upper Extremity Function; and • Change from baseline to Week 12 in the Neuro-QoL Lower Extremity Function.

[0227] Exploratory endpoints included: • Wearable movement sensors using MC10 Inc., BIOSTAMP®NPOINT®system • Huntington Disease Health Index • Changes from the screening period baseline to each postbaseline study visit (Weeks 2 through 12) in the TMC based on site assessments • Changes from the screening period baseline to maintenance (the average of the Week 10 and Week 12 assessments) in the TMC based on video recording central rater assessments • CGI-C response at Weeks 2 through 10 • PGI-C response at Weeks 2 through 10 • The change from baseline to Weeks 4, 8, and 10 in the Neuro-QoL Upper Extremity Function T-score • The change from baseline to Weeks 4, 8, and 10 in the Neuro-QoL Lower Extremity Function T-score • CGI-S at Weeks 2 through 12 • PGI-S at Weeks 2 through 12 • SF-36 at Week 12 • HD-HI at Week 10 and Week 12 • EQ-5D-5L at Week 10 and Week 12 • UHDRS scores for motor, behavior, and functional capacity assessment at Weeks 2 through 12 • Other UHDRS scores including functional assessment and independence scale at Week 12 • AS at Week 12 • Change from screening period in physical activity by movement sensors at the Week 10 visit period

[0228] Key inclusion criteria included: • Male or female 18 to 75 years oldAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 • Clinical diagnosis of Huntington disease with chorea • Genetic diagnosis of Huntington disease with an expanded CAG repeat (≥37) in huntingtin (HTT) gene • Be able to walk, with or without the assistance of a person or device • Total Maximal Chorea score ≥8 at screening and baseline • Total Function Capacity (TFC) score ≥5 at screening • Participants with a TFC score between 5 and 10 (inclusive) must have a reliable caregiver to ensure study drug administration and attendance at study visits

[0229] Exclusion criteria included: • History of prior VMAT2 inhibitor therapy • Difficulty swallowing • Currently pregnant or breastfeeding • History or evidence of long QT syndrome, cardiac tachyarrhythmia, left bundle branch block, atrioventricular block, bradycardia (<60 bpm), or heart failure • Unstable or serious medical or psychiatric illness • Significant risk of suicidal behavior • Current substance dependence or substance (drug) or alcohol abuse • Have an untreated or undertreated psychiatric illness, such as depression • Participants receiving antidepressant therapy may be enrolled if they have been on a stable dose for at least 8 weeks prior to baseline • Have any of the following laboratory test abnormalities: serum creatinine >1.5 x ULN, AST ≥2.5 × ULN, ALT ≥2.5 × ULN, GGT ≥3.0 × ULN, total bilirubin >1.5 mg / dL

[0230] Baseline characteristics for the subjects are shown in Table 2, with additional subject information provided in FIG.2: Table 2.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1Data shown are n (%) unless otherwise specified

[0231] Provided below in Table 3 is a summary of results for the primary and secondary endpoints. Table 3.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1

[0232] The average TMC score during the baseline period was 12.2 (SD 2.3). Valbenazine demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in chorea severity with a placebo- adjusted mean reduction of 3.2 units in TMC score vs. placebo (LS Mean change from baseline -4.6 vs. -1.4; P<0.0001; see, e.g., FIG.3). Statistically significant secondary endpoints of Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) Response Status and Patient Global Impression of Change (PGI-C) Response Status favored valbenazine treatment. Neuro-QOL upper and lower extremity physical function endpoints did not meet statistical significance.

[0233] Overall, there were comparable rates of TEAEs in both treatment groups, comparable rates and low incidence of SAE and AE leading to discontinuation of study treatment, and no worsening of suicidal ideation or behavior in the valbenazine arm.

[0234] The most commonly reported AE was somnolence (valbenazine: 15.6%, placebo: 3.2%). No suicidal behavior or worsening of suicidal ideation was observed in the valbenazine treated subjects.

[0235] Once-daily administration of valbenazine was associated with a significant improvement in chorea (see e.g., FIGs.3-4). Valbenazine was well tolerated, and treatment emergent adverse events observed were consistent with the known safety profile of valbenazine.

[0236] Provided below in Table 4 is a summary of results for the exploratory endpoints.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 Table 4.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1ANCOVA=analysis of covariance; CGI-C=Clinical Global Impression of Change; CGI-S=Clinical Global Impression of Severity; EQ-5D-5L=EuroQol 5 Dimensions 5 Levels; HD-HI=Huntington Disease Health Index; MMRM=mixed-effect model repeated measures; Neuro-QoL=Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders; PGI-C=Patient Global Impression of Change; PGI-S=Patient Global Impression of Severity; SF-36=Short Form 36 Health Survey; TMC=Total Maximal Chorea; TMS=total motor score; UHDRS=Unified Huntington Disease Rating Scale.

[0237] Additional exploratory endpoints are described below. Clinical Global Impression of SeverityAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1

[0238] The investigator rated the severity of a subject’s chorea using the CGI-S at scheduled visits on a 7-point scale. The number and percentage of subjects in each CGI-S category was summarized by and treatment group and visit. Shifts in CGI-S scores from baseline were presented in a shift table by treatment and visit. Patient Global Impression of Severity

[0239] Subjects rated the severity of their chorea at scheduled visits on a 5-point scale. The PGI-S was analyzed using the same methods as the CGI-S. Short Form 36 Health Survey

[0240] The SF-36 is 36-item questionnaire that measures health on 8 dimensions. Observed values and change from baseline to Week 12 in dimension scores and component summaries were summarized descriptively by treatment group. Huntington Disease Health Index

[0241] The HD-HI includes 13 subscales that measure 13 individual areas of health in patients with HD. Observed values and change from baseline were summarized descriptively for each subscale and the total instrument score by treatment group and visit. EuroQol 5 Dimensions 5 Levels

[0242] The EQ-5D-5L contains 5 dimensions (Mobility, Self-Care, Usual Activities, Pain / Discomfort, and Anxiety / Depression), and each dimension has 5 levels (no problems, slight problems, moderate problems, severe problems, and extreme problems). The scores for the 5 dimensions are combined into a 5-digit number that describes the patient’s health state. The number and percentage of subjects in each of the 5 levels for each of 5 dimensions at baseline and Weeks 10 and 12 was summarized by treatment group. The EQ VAS score at each time point and change from baseline to Week 10 and Week 12 were summarized by treatment group.

[0243] Health states in the EQ-5D-5L were converted into a single index value, where index values are presented in the country-specific value sets. Observed values and change from baseline in EQ-5D-5L index values were summarized by treatment group and visit. UHDRS Scores for Motor, Cognitive, Behavior, and Functional Capacity Assessment

[0244] The motor portion of the UHDRS (TMS) consists of 15 items that measure the severity of the motor symptoms. The TMS was summarized by treatment group and visit (Weeks 2 through 12) similar to the analysis of the TMC. The cognitive portion of the UHDRS consists of 3 executive function tests to evaluate cognitive performance. The score of individual tests was summarized by treatment group and visit. The behavior portion of the UHDRS consists of 11 items (under 4 subscales: mood, behavior, psychosis, and obsessive)Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 that measure the severity and frequency of behavior symptoms. The frequency and severity of each item is ranked on a 0 to 4 scale. The sum of behavior frequency scores (11 total items, range 0-44), and the sum of behavior frequency-times-severity item scores total item products, range 0-176) was summarized. The behavior milestone questions (items 36 to 40) were summarized by treatment group.

[0245] The functional capacity portion of the UHDRS consists of 5 items. The individual items and TFC score were summarized by treatment group and visit (Weeks 2 through 12) similar to the analysis of the TMC. UHDRS Scores for Functional Assessment and Independence Scale The functional assessment portion of the UHDRS consists of 25 questions with binary outcomes (Yes=1, No=0). The total scores defined as the sum of the 25 questions at baseline and Weeks 12 were summarized by treatment group. The independence scale of UHDRS was similarly summarized. Example 2: Wearable Movement Sensor Substudy

[0246] A wearable movement sensor substudy was offered to a subset of sites for optional participation by subjects. Subjects wore three (3) body-worn adhesive sensors for two periods of 7 (±2) continuous days (with a 1-hour charging period per 24 hours). The three sensors were placed on the chest, the anterior left thigh; and the anterior right thigh. The sensors measured physical activity (time spent sleeping, lying, sitting, standing, walking, or active), postural positions during sleep and rest, as well as pedometry. In addition, measures of gait cycle variability and stability, as well as truncal chorea, were derived from raw inertial sensor data. The first period occurred during the screening phase following the screening visit; the second period occurred during the maintenance phase following the Week 10 visit.

[0247] A total of 38 participants (19 in each treatment group) enrolled in the substudy and wore sensors for at least one day. Sixteen subjects (84.2%) in each treatment group had data at both visit periods, and 12 subjects (63.2%) in the valbenazine group and 15 subjects (78.9%) in the placebo group were considered sensor compliant (i.e., wore the sensors for at least five hours for at least five days during both periods). See Table 5. For the substudy compliant analysis set, the mean age of valbenazine subjects (45.5 years) was less than the mean age of valbenazine subjects in the full analysis set (54.1 years), while the mean age of the placebo subjects was the same as that of the placebo subjects in the full analysis set (53.3 years). In this substudy, the valbenazine group had more male subjects (66.7%) and the placebo group had more female subjects (60.0%).Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1

[0248] Of the subjects who entered the substudy, 27 were included for analysis. Problems with sensors (e.g., lost, stopped working) contributed to exclusion from analysis. A summary of the exploratory efficacy endpoint outcomes in the wearable movement sensor substudy is provided in Table 6. Table 5. Substudy Subject Disposition (Substudy Safety Analysis Set)PlaceboValbenazine All Subjects Disposition Category (N=19) (N=19) (N=38) n (%) n (%) n (%) Enrolled in the substudy and wearing sensors for at least 1 day 19 (100) 19 (100) 38 (100) Having data at both visit periods [1]16 (84.2) 16 (84.2) 32 (84.2)Sensor compliant [2] 15 (78.9) 12 (63.2) 27 (71.1) Table 6.aDuty factor asymmetry L1=absolute difference between left-side duty factor and right-side duty factor for the walking bout, normalized by the L1 method; L1=normalizing by the average magnitude of the 2 values; duty factor asymmetry L2=absolute difference between left-side duty factor and right-side duty factor for the walking bout, normalized by the L2 method; L2=normalizing by the square root of the average squared magnitude of the 2 values; thigh acceleration asymmetry L1=average of the “duty factor asymmetry L1”; thigh acceleration asymmetry L2=average of the “duty factor asymmetry L2”; thigh acceleration asymmetry RMSD=normalized root mean square difference (RMSD) between the 2 signals; and thigh acceleration asymmetry MAD=normalized mean absolute difference (MAD) between the 2 signals.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1

[0249] The demographics of these 27 participants were generally similar between treatment groups as shown in Table 7. Table 7.SD, standard deviation

[0250] Continuous monitoring of motor activity was accomplished using wireless wearable motion sensors, which collect physiological data on physical activity. The BioStamp®nPoint®system (manufactured by MC10, Inc.) is an FDA 510(k) cleared Class II medical device designed to collect medical grade, quality biometric and physiological data, derived from multi-modal body-worn sensors to monitor limb or body movements during daily living and sleep. The sensors used in this study reported measures of physical activity (time spent sleeping, lying, sitting, standing, walking or active), postural positions during sleep and rest, as well as pedometry. In addition, measures on gait cycle variability and stability, as well as truncal chorea were derived from raw inertial sensor data.

[0251] As part of the instruction provided during the screening and Week 10 visits, subjects (or caregivers / companions) applied the sensors under the supervision of the study staff to ensure the ability to comply. Once applied, study staff prompted subjects to complete a sensor calibration procedure comprising a sequence of short segments of walking, standing, and sitting. Subjects could be assisted during these calibration activities. This sensor calibration procedure was typically completed on the same day as the UHDRS motor exam during the corresponding visit (i.e., screening, Week 10). Subjects were also instructed on how to complete the shorter, at-home daily calibration required for each day that the sensors were worn. At the end of the on-site sensor instruction and calibration, the sensors were removed and placed into the kit, which were given to the subject.

[0252] During the at-home monitoring period, subjects continued their usual daily activities while wearing the adhesive sensors. In addition to a 1-hour daily charging cycle, subjects completed the reduced calibration procedure (sitting) once daily, as was performed during the preceding clinic visit.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1

[0253] The three sensors were worn during two periods: a screening period, 7±2 days after screening visit; and a maintenance period, 7±2 days after the Week 10 visit. Observed values and mean changes from the screening period to the maintenance period for sensor-derived measures were analyzed descriptively by treatment group. Exploratory post-hoc t-tests evaluated changes from the screening period within each treatment group. Sensor-related adverse events (AEs) were monitored during the substudy.

[0254] Of 38 substudy participants, 27 wore sensors for ≥5 hours / day for ≥5 days during both periods, and were included for analysis (valbenazine=12, placebo=15). Sensor-derived measures of truncal chorea and gait asymmetry improved with valbenazine at maintenance; changes with placebo were lesser in magnitude or demonstrated worsening. These metrics were significantly improved with valbenazine (nominal P<0.05 for all) but not with placebo.

[0255] For the truncal chorea index, a statistically significant improvement was found from the screening period to the maintenance period was found with valbenazine (-1.94 ± 0.87), but not with placebo (0.04 ± 0.28). The nominal P value was less than 0.05 for the change from the screening period to the maintenance period. See FIG.6.

[0256] For all 6 gait asymmetry metrics, nominally significant improvements from the screening period to the maintenance period (P<0.05) were found in the valbenazine group. In the placebo group, the changes in gait asymmetry metrics were minimal, and did not reach nominal significance.

[0257] Among the 38 enrolled participants, six (6, 15.8%) had ≥1 sensor-related AE. All sensor-related AEs were mild. One AE of skin irritation resulted in sensor removal.

[0258] Consistent with KINECT-HD clinical assessment results, sensor-based data collected in participants’ home environments showed that truncal chorea and gait asymmetry measures improved with valbenazine, but not with placebo. These results support that objective digital measures may detect movement patterns and changes with treatment in individuals with HD, and can complement standard clinical scales to improve clinical research and patient care. Example 3: Formulations / Study Medications

[0259] The composition of 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg dose strength valbenazine capsules is provided in Table 7 and Table 9. Formulation 1: Quantitative Composition of Valbenazine Capsules, 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg (Free Base Equivalent)Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 Table 8.Formulation 2: Quantitative Composition of Valbenazine Capsules, 40 mg (Free Base Equivalent) Table 9.Embodiments

[0260] Healthcare providers or clinicians may use a remote monitoring system with data processing capabilities to monitor and track improvement of motor function of one or more patients with HD being treated with valbenazine. For example, the substudy of Example 2 described above may be recorded, tracked, monitored, and / or implemented otherwise using a remote monitoring system that is communicatively coupled with the first, second, and third wearable sensors worn by a subject treated with valbenazine.

[0261] The remote monitoring system is configured to store subject information (e.g., personal identification, sensor identification and location, administered dosage, treatmentAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 plan, baseline motor function values, etc.), receive sensor data captured by the sensors worn by the subject (e.g., one or more sensors attached to legs and chest), process the sensor data (e.g., convert raw sensor data to motor function values such as, for example, truncal chorea, gait asymmetry, number of falls, etc.), and calculate a change in motor function of the subject over time.

[0262] The system can store, organize, and display raw or processed sensor data to track improvement of motor function over time for one or more subjects participating in the substudy. The system may include a workstation accessible by the healthcare provider or clinician to remotely monitor and communicate with the one or more subjects of the substudy. The system may also provide a user interface for each subject to input data, communicate with the healthcare provider or clinician, and / or view changes in their motor function.

[0263] As noted previously, the systems and methods disclosed above utilize a data processing apparatus to implement aspects of the method of tracking improvement in motor function for one or more subjects with HD. FIG.7 shows an example of a computing device 800 and a mobile computing device 850 that can be used as data processing apparatuses to implement the techniques described here. The computing device 800 is intended to represent various forms of digital computers, such as laptops, desktops, workstations, personal digital assistants, servers, blade servers, mainframes, and other appropriate computers. The mobile computing device 850 is intended to represent various forms of mobile devices, such as personal digital assistants, cellular telephones, smart-phones, and other similar computing devices. The components shown here, their connections and relationships, and their functions, are meant to be examples only, and are not meant to be limiting.

[0264] The computing device 800 includes a processor 802, a memory 804, a storage device 806, a high-speed interface 808 connecting to the memory 804 and multiple high-speed expansion ports 810, and a low-speed interface 812 connecting to a low-speed expansion port 814 and the storage device 806. Each of the processor 802, the memory 804, the storage device 806, the high-speed interface 808, the high-speed expansion ports 810, and the low- speed interface 812, are interconnected using various busses, and may be mounted on a common motherboard or in other manners as appropriate. The processor 802 can process instructions for execution within the computing device 800, including instructions stored in the memory 804 or on the storage device 806 to display graphical information for a GUI on an external input / output device, such as a display 816 coupled to the high-speed interface 808. In other implementations, multiple processors and / or multiple buses may be used, asAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 appropriate, along with multiple memories and types of memory. Also, multiple computing devices may be connected, with each device providing portions of the necessary operations (e.g., as a server bank, a group of blade servers, or a multi-processor system).

[0265] The memory 804 stores information within the computing device 800. In some implementations, the memory 804 is a volatile memory unit or units. In some implementations, the memory 804 is a non-volatile memory unit or units. The memory 804 may also be another form of computer-readable medium, such as a magnetic or optical disk.

[0266] The storage device 806 is capable of providing mass storage for the computing device 800. In some implementations, the storage device 806 may be or contain a computer- readable medium, such as a floppy disk device, a hard disk device, an optical disk device, or a tape device, a flash memory or other similar solid state memory device, or an array of devices, including devices in a storage area network or other configurations. Instructions can be stored in an information carrier. The instructions, when executed by one or more processing devices (for example, processor 802), perform one or more methods, such as those described above. The instructions can also be stored by one or more storage devices such as computer- or machine-readable mediums (for example, the memory 804, the storage device 806, or memory on the processor 802).

[0267] The high-speed interface 808 manages bandwidth-intensive operations for the computing device 800, while the low-speed interface 812 manages lower bandwidth- intensive operations. Such allocation of functions is an example only. In some implementations, the high-speed interface 808 is coupled to the memory 804, the display 816 (e.g., through a graphics processor or accelerator), and to the high-speed expansion ports 810, which may accept various expansion cards (not shown). In the implementation, the low- speed interface 812 is coupled to the storage device 806 and the low-speed expansion port 814. The low-speed expansion port 814, which may include various communication ports (e.g., USB, Bluetooth, Ethernet, wireless Ethernet) may be coupled to one or more input / output devices, such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a scanner, or a networking device such as a switch or router, e.g., through a network adapter.

[0268] The computing device 800 may be implemented in a number of different forms, as shown in the figure. For example, it may be implemented as a standard server 820, or multiple times in a group of such servers. In addition, it may be implemented in a personal computer such as a laptop computer 822. It may also be implemented as part of a rack server system 824. Alternatively, components from the computing device 800 may be combined with other components in a mobile device (not shown), such as a mobile computing deviceAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 850. Each of such devices may contain one or more of the computing device 800 and the mobile computing device 850, and an entire system may be made up of multiple computing devices communicating with each other.

[0269] The mobile computing device 850 includes a processor 852, a memory 864, an input / output device such as a display 854, a communication interface 866, and a transceiver 868, among other components. The mobile computing device 850 may also be provided with a storage device, such as a micro-drive or other device, to provide additional storage. Each of the processor 852, the memory 864, the display 854, the communication interface 866, and the transceiver 868, are interconnected using various buses, and several of the components may be mounted on a common motherboard or in other manners as appropriate.

[0270] The processor 852 can execute instructions within the mobile computing device 850, including instructions stored in the memory 864. The processor 852 may be implemented as a chipset of chips that include separate and multiple analog and digital processors. The processor 852 may provide, for example, for coordination of the other components of the mobile computing device 850, such as control of user interfaces, applications run by the mobile computing device 850, and wireless communication by the mobile computing device 850.

[0271] The processor 852 may communicate with a user through a control interface 858 and a display interface 856 coupled to the display 854. The display 854 may be, for example, a TFT (Thin-Film-Transistor Liquid Crystal Display) display or an OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) display, or other appropriate display technology. The display interface 856 may comprise appropriate circuitry for driving the display 854 to present graphical and other information to a user. The control interface 858 may receive commands from a user and convert them for submission to the processor 852. In addition, an external interface 862 may provide communication with the processor 852, so as to enable near area communication of the mobile computing device 850 with other devices. The external interface 862 may provide, for example, for wired communication in some implementations, or for wireless communication in other implementations, and multiple interfaces may also be used.

[0272] The memory 864 stores information within the mobile computing device 850. The memory 864 can be implemented as one or more of a computer-readable medium or media, a volatile memory unit or units, or a non-volatile memory unit or units. An expansion memory 874 may also be provided and connected to the mobile computing device 850 through an expansion interface 872, which may include, for example, a SIMM (Single In Line Memory Module) card interface. The expansion memory 874 may provide extra storage space for theAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 mobile computing device 850, or may also store applications or other information for the mobile computing device 850. Specifically, the expansion memory 874 may include instructions to carry out or supplement the processes described above, and may include secure information also. Thus, for example, the expansion memory 874 may be provide as a security module for the mobile computing device 850, and may be programmed with instructions that permit secure use of the mobile computing device 850. In addition, secure applications may be provided via the SIMM cards, along with additional information, such as placing identifying information on the SIMM card in a non-hackable manner.

[0273] The memory may include, for example, flash memory and / or NVRAM memory (non- volatile random access memory), as discussed below. In some implementations, instructions are stored in an information carrier. The instructions, when executed by one or more processing devices (for example, processor 852), perform one or more methods, such as those described above. The instructions can also be stored by one or more storage devices, such as one or more computer- or machine-readable mediums (for example, the memory 864, the expansion memory 874, or memory on the processor 852). In some implementations, the instructions can be received in a propagated signal, for example, over the transceiver 768 or the external interface 862.

[0274] The mobile computing device 850 may communicate wirelessly through the communication interface 866, which may include digital signal processing circuitry where necessary. The communication interface 866 may provide for communications under various modes or protocols, such as GSM voice calls (Global System for Mobile communications), SMS (Short Message Service), EMS (Enhanced Messaging Service), or MMS messaging (Multimedia Messaging Service), CDMA (code division multiple access), TDMA (time division multiple access), PDC (Personal Digital Cellular), WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), CDMA2000, or GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), among others. Such communication may occur, for example, through the transceiver 868 using a radio-frequency. In addition, short-range communication may occur, such as using a Bluetooth, WiFi, or other such transceiver (not shown). In addition, a GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver module 870 may provide additional navigation- and location- related wireless data to the mobile computing device 850, which may be used as appropriate by applications running on the mobile computing device 850.

[0275] The mobile computing device 850 may also communicate audibly using an audio codec 860, which may receive spoken information from a user and convert it to usable digital information. The audio codec 860 may likewise generate audible sound for a user, such asAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 through a speaker, e.g., in a handset of the mobile computing device 850. Such sound may include sound from voice telephone calls, may include recorded sound (e.g., voice messages, music files, etc.) and may also include sound generated by applications operating on the mobile computing device 850.

[0276] The mobile computing device 850 may be implemented in a number of different forms, as shown in the figure. For example, it may be implemented as a cellular telephone 880. It may also be implemented as part of a smart-phone 882, personal digital assistant, or other similar mobile device.

[0277] Various implementations of the systems and techniques described here can be realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry, specially designed ASICs (application specific integrated circuits), computer hardware, firmware, software, and / or combinations thereof. These various implementations can include implementation in one or more computer programs that are executable and / or interpretable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor, which may be special or general purpose, coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device.

[0278] These computer programs (also known as programs, software, software applications or code) include machine instructions for a programmable processor, and can be implemented in a high-level procedural and / or object-oriented programming language, and / or in assembly / machine language. As used herein, the terms machine-readable medium and computer-readable medium refer to any computer program product, apparatus and / or device (e.g., magnetic discs, optical disks, memory, Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)) used to provide machine instructions and / or data to a programmable processor, including a machine- readable medium that receives machine instructions as a machine-readable signal. The term machine-readable signal refers to any signal used to provide machine instructions and / or data to a programmable processor.

[0279] To provide for interaction with a user, the systems and techniques described here can be implemented on a computer having a display device (e.g., an OLED (organic light emitting diode) display or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor) for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device (e.g., a mouse or a trackball) by which the user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback (e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback); and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1

[0280] The systems and techniques described here can be implemented in a computing system that includes a back end component (e.g., as a data server), or that includes a middleware component (e.g., an application server), or that includes a front end component (e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user can interact with an implementation of the systems and techniques described here), or any combination of such back end, middleware, or front end components. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication (e.g., a communication network). Examples of communication networks include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), and the Internet.

[0281] The computing system can include clients and servers. A client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other.

[0282] In some embodiments, the computing system can be cloud based and / or centrally processing data. In such case, anonymous input and output data can be stored for further analysis. In a cloud based and / or processing center set-up, compared to distributed processing, it can be easier to ensure data quality, and accomplish maintenance and updates to the calculation engine, compliance to data privacy regulations and / or troubleshooting. Example 4: Valbenazine Treatment for Tardive Dyskinesia in a 65-Year-Old Female Presenting with Unhealing Wounds due to Truncal Dyskinesias: A Case Report

[0283] A 65-year-old female patient presented with a severe wound on her lumbar spine that was not healing over several months, eventually leading to osteomyelitis. At initial presentation of the wound (May 2022), the patient was taking 200 mg quetiapine and had a history of bipolar disorder type 1. In March 2022, a dose reduction from 300 mg to 200 mg quetiapine had revealed uncontrolled, hyperkinetic oral-buccal movements. Additional comorbidities, medications, and TD risk factors are presented in Table 10.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 Table 10.

[0284] In October 2022, assessment by a geriatrician and board-certified wound care specialist determined that the patient’s severe wound was caused by uncontrolled dyskinesias while sitting or lying in bed. Based on clinical assessment and medical history, the patient was diagnosed with Tardive dyskinesia (TD). She was resistant to her TD diagnosis, expressing a lack of insight and awareness of her movements. Moreover, the patient had a leg length discrepancy which further complicated her awareness of TD-related truncal and gait movements. The patient was assessed using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). The AIMS is a clinician-rated scale used to assess the severity of dyskinesias across 7 different body regions. Items are scored on a scale from 0 (“none”) to 4 (“severe”); the total score is the sum of items 1 through 7. She had a high AIMS total score (AIMS total score = 12), with particularly high item scores in the trunk (score = 4) and lower extremities (score = 4).

[0285] In May 2022, standard-of-care wound treatment was initiated; however, the wound was slow healing due to repeated re-opening caused by truncal dyskinesias. In October 2022, there was evidence of a S. aureus infection at the wound site, which was treated with antibiotics. Suspected osteomyelitis was treated with surgical bone debridement. Due to patient noncompliance with an initial MRI referral (October 2022), osteomyelitis was notAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 confirmed until May 2023. In October 2022, the patient was prescribed a 4-week trial of 40 mg valbenazine to treat her TD, but did not take this medication due to denial of her uncontrolled movements and resistance to TD diagnosis. In March 2023, the patient’s advocate requested a new sample, but the patient still did not take the medication. In April 2023 (6 months after TD diagnosis), the patient was initiated treatment with 40 mg valbenazine samples. After 2 weeks, the patient proactively called to request more valbenazine samples due to the improvements she saw in her uncontrolled movements. After assessment, the patient was still experiencing uncontrolled movements, particularly in the trunk and lower extremities; therefore, she was prescribed 60 mg valbenazine.

[0286] Although the disclosure has been described with reference to the above examples, it will be understood that modifications and variations are encompassed within the spirit and scope of the disclosure. The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and / or listed in the Application Data Sheet are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of the various patents, applications and publications to provide yet further embodiments.

[0287] Improvements in uncontrolled dyskinesias due to valbenazine treatment allowed for wound healing to progress. The patient’s chronic wound, which had persisted for 11 months before consistent valbenazine treatment, achieved complete closure after 5 months of valbenazine and standard-of-care wound treatment. The patient saw significant improvement in her TD symptoms with valbenazine, particularly in her truncal movements. After 23 weeks, the patient’s AIMS total score decreased by 5 points (AIMS total score = 7). The patient reported improvements in her daily functioning, including improvements in walking, cooking, and other activities of daily living. Valbenazine is well tolerated by the patient, with no side effects reported after 23 weeks of treatment.

[0288] These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above- detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.

Claims

Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method for improving motor function, maintaining motor function, or lessening the decline of a motor function associated with Huntington disease (HD), comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b- hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the motor function comprises truncal chorea.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein a level of truncal chorea is assessed using a truncal chorea index.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the motor function comprises gait.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein gait is assessed using one or more of stance time, swing time, and stride time.

6. The method of claim 4, wherein gait is assessed using duty factor.

7. The method of claim 4, wherein gait is assessed using gait asymmetry measurements.

8. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the method is effective to result in an improvement in any one or more of the following in a subject: number of falls, truncal chorea, and gait asymmetry measures.

9. The method of claim any one of the preceding claims, wherein prior to administration, the subject has a diagnosis of motor manifest HD.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein prior to administration, the subject has a genetic diagnosis of HD with an expanded CAG repeat (≥37) in huntingtin (HTT) gene.

11. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein prior to administration, the subject has a total maximal chorea score ≥8.

12. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein prior to administration, the subject has a Total Functional Capacity (TFC) score ≥5.

13. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the method is effective to result in an improvement in any one or more of the following: Unified Huntington Disease Rating Scale total maximal chorea (TMC); Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) response status; Patient Global Impression of Change (PGI-C) response status; Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders Upper Extremity Function; and Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders Neuro-QoL Lower Extremity Function.

14. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the (S)-2-amino-3- methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H- pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered via a titration scheme that comprises the up-titration of the (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2, 1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester over a period of no more than about six weeks until an optimized dose is administered.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the titration scheme comprises administering the (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at an initial dose equivalent to about 40 mg of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base once daily for about two weeks, provided that the patient tolerates the initial dose and that the patient hasAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 not had an adequate response, increasing the dose and administering the increased dose to the subject.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the increased dose is equivalent to about 60 mg of the (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base once daily.

17. The method of claim 15, wherein the increased dose is equivalent to about 80 mg of the (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base once daily.

18. The method of any one of claims 14 to 17, wherein the titration scheme further comprises administering the (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl- 9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at the increased dose for about two weeks.

19. The method of any one of claims 14 to 17, wherein if the subject does not tolerate the increased dose, the optimized dose is the initial dose.

20. The method of claim 18, wherein if the subject tolerates the increased dose and if the subject has had an adequate response, the optimized dose is the increased dose.

21. The method of claim 19 or 20, further comprising administering the optimized dose of the (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to the subject.

22. The method of claim 18, wherein if the subject tolerates the increased dose and if the subject has not had an adequate response, the method further comprises increasing the dose.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the further increased dose is equivalent to about 80 mg of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base once daily.

24. The method of claim 22 or 23, wherein if the subject does not tolerate the further increased dose, the optimized dose is the increased dose.

25. The method of claim 22 or 23, wherein if the subject tolerates the further increased dose and if the subject has had an adequate response, the optimized dose is the further increased dose.

26. The method of claim 24 or 25, further comprising administering the optimized dose of the (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to the subject.

27. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the (S)-2-amino-3- methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H- pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is in a solid dosage form.

28. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the (S)-2-amino-3- methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H- pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is orally administered.

29. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the (S)-2-amino-3- methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H- pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is in the form of a capsule.

30. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the (S)-2-amino-3- methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered daily.

31. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the (S)-2-amino-3- methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H- pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered once daily or twice daily.

32. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the (S)-2-amino-3- methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H- pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered once daily.

33. The method of claim 32, wherein the (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1- a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in the afternoon or evening.

34. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to from about 10 mg to about 90 mg of (S)-2- amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b- hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base.

35. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to from about 20 mg to about 80 mg of (S)-2- amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b- hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base.

36. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to about 20 mg of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1- a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 37. The method of any one of claims 1 to 35, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to about 40 mg of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1- a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base.

38. The method of any one of claims 1 to 35, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to about 60 mg of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1- a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base.

39. The method of any one of claims 1 to 35, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to about 80 mg of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1- a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base .

40. The method of any one of claims 1 to 35, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to about 40 mg / day of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1- a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base.

41. The method of any one of claims 1 to 35, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to about 60 mg / day of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1- a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base.

42. The method of any one of claims 1 to 35, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to about 80 mg / day of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1- a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base.

43. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the (S)-2-amino-3- methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H- pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester is a free base.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 44. The method of any one of claims 1 to 42, wherein the (S)-2-amino-3-methyl- butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H- pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester is a salt.

45. The method of claim 44, wherein the salt is a tosylate salt.

46. The method of claim 45, wherein the tosylate salt is (S)-2-amino-3-methyl- butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H- pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester tosylate salt of structural Formula I:

47. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the (S)-2-amino-3- methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H- pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, is in crystalline form.

48. The method of claim 47, wherein the crystalline form of the (S)-2-amino-3- methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H- pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, is Form I of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl- 9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2, l-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester tosylate salt having a differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) peak temperature within 2% of 243 °C.

49. The method of claim 47 or 48, wherein the crystalline form has a DSC peak temperature within 1% of 243 °C.

50. The method of any one of claims 47 to 49, wherein the crystalline form has a DSC peak temperature within 0.5% of 243 °C.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 51. The method of any one of claims 47 to 50, wherein the crystalline form has an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern comprising a peak at a two-theta angle of 6.3°±0.2°.

52. The method of any one of claims 47 to 51, wherein the crystalline form has an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern comprising a peak at a two-theta angle of 17.9°±0.2°.

53. The method of any one of claims 47 to 52, wherein the crystalline form has an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern comprising a peak at a two-theta angle of 19.7°±0.2°.

54. The method of any one of claims 47 to 53, wherein the crystalline form is stable upon exposure to about 25 °C and about 60% relative humidity.

55. The method of any one of claims 47 to 54, wherein the crystalline form has a D90 particle size of about 70 μM in length.

56. The method of any one of claims 47 to 55, wherein the crystalline form has a D10 particle size of about 10 μM in length.

57. The method of any one of claims 47 to 56, wherein the crystalline form has a purity of no less than 97% by weight of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3- isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2, l-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester tosylate salt.

58. The method of any one of claims 47 to 57, wherein the crystalline form has a purity of no less than 98% by weight of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3- isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2, l-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester tosylate salt.

59. The method of any one of claims 47 to 58, wherein the crystalline form has a purity of no less than 97% by weight of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3- isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2, l-a]isoquinolin-2-yl esterAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 tosylate salt; and has an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern comprising peaks at two- theta angles of 6.3°±0.2°, 17.9°±0.2°, and 19.7°±0.2°.

60. The method of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the (S)-2-amino-3-methyl- butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H- pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a ditosylate salt of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2, 1- a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester, and wherein the ditosylate salt of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2, 1- a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester is administered with an initial dosage of 40 mg as measured by (S)-2- amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b- hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2, 1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base once daily, and the dosage is increased by 20 mg increments every two weeks to a recommended dosage.

61. The method of claim 60, wherein the recommended dosage is 60 mg as measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2, 1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base once daily.

62. The method of claim 60, wherein the recommended dosage is 80 mg as measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2, 1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester free base once daily.

63. A method of tracking improvements in motor function associated with Huntington disease (HD) of a subject, the method comprising: receiving sensor data from a first sensor coupled to a right leg of the subject, wherein the subject is treated with a therapeutically effective amount of (S)-2-amino-3- methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H- pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; receiving sensor data from a second sensor coupled to a left leg of the subject; andAttorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 determining a change in motor function of the subject using the sensor data from the first and second sensors.

64. The method of claim 63, comprising receiving sensor data from a third sensor coupled to a chest of the subject; and wherein determining the change in motor function comprises using the sensor data from one or more of the first, second, and third sensors.

65. The method of claim 64, wherein determining the change in motor function comprises comparing a baseline value of motor function with a measured value of motor function.

66. The method of claim 65, comprising calculating, using the sensor data from the one or more of the first, second, and third sensors, the measured value of motor function.

67. The method of claim 65 or 66, comprising determining the baseline value of motor function before treatment of the subject with the therapeutically effective amount of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b- hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

68. The method of claim 67, wherein each of calculating the measured value of motor function and determining the baseline value of motor function comprises using a truncal chorea index.

69. The method of claim 67 or 68, wherein each of calculating the measured value of motor function and determining the baseline value of motor function comprises determining an average number of falls of the subject.

70. The method of any one of claims 67 to 69, wherein each of calculating the measured value of motor function and determining the baseline value of motor function comprises using one or more of stance time, swing time, and stride time of the subject.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 71. The method of any one of claims 64 to 70, comprising calibrating the one or more of the first, second, and third sensors coupled to the subject during a sequence of short segments of walking, standing, and sitting by the subject before determining the change in motor function of the subject.

72. The method of any one of claims 64 to 71, wherein the one or more of the first, second and third sensors are configured to measure physical activity and inactivity of the subject.

73. The method of any one of claims 64 to 72, wherein the one or more of the first, second, and third sensors are configured to measure postural position of the subject.

74. The method of any one of claims 64 to 73, wherein the one or more of the first, second, and third sensors are configured to measure movement of feet of the subject.

75. A method of determining change in truncal chorea associated with Huntington disease (HD) of a subject, the method comprising: receiving sensor data from a first sensor coupled to a right leg of the subject, a second sensor coupled to a left leg of the subject, and a third sensor coupled to a chest of the subject, wherein the subject is treated with a therapeutically effective amount of (S)-2-amino- 3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro- 2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and determining a change in truncal chorea of the subject using the sensor data from one or more of the first, second, and third sensors.

76. The method of claim 75, wherein determining the change in truncal chorea comprises comparing a baseline value of truncal chorea of the subject with a measured value of truncal chorea.

77. The method of claim 76, comprising calculating the measured value of truncal chorea by using the sensor data from the one or more of the first, second, and third sensors.Attorney Docket No.: 46696-0191WO1; NBI Ref.319.WO1 78. The method of claim 76 or 77, comprising determining the baseline value of truncal chorea before treating the subject with the therapeutically effective amount of (S)-2- amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b- hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl ester or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

79. The method of claim 78, wherein each of calculating the measured value of truncal chorea and determining the baseline value of truncal chorea comprises using a truncal chorea index.

80. The method of claim 78 or 79, wherein determining the baseline value of truncal chorea comprises capturing sensor data from one or more sensors coupled to the subject during a first period of time before treatment.

81. The method of claim 80, wherein the first period of time is in a range of 1 day to 5 weeks.

82. The method of claim 80 or 81, wherein calculating the measured value of truncal chorea comprises receiving the sensor data from the first sensor, the second sensor, and the third sensor during a second period of time.

83. The method of claim 82, wherein the second period of time is in a range of 2 weeks to 12 weeks.

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