A method of synthesizing glucaric acid and the enzymes used thereof
By employing an enzyme-catalyzed route involving engineered GOase and UDH, the synthesis of L-guluronic acid and glucaric acid achieves high yields and selectivity, addressing the limitations of current methods while promoting environmental sustainability.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/126224
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-11-06
- Filing Date
- 2024-10-21
- Publication Date
- 2025-05-15
AI Technical Summary
Current methods for synthesizing glucaric acid and L-guluronic acid face challenges such as poor reaction selectivity, safety issues, low space-time yield, and environmental concerns due to the use of harsh chemicals and by-products.
The development of an enzyme-catalyzed route for synthesizing L-guluronic acid using engineered 6-galactose oxidase (GOase) and uronate dehydrogenase (UDH) for converting L-guluronic acid to glucaric acid, which enhances reaction selectivity and yield while being environmentally friendly.
This biocatalytic method achieves high yields of L-guluronic acid (over 90%) and glucaric acid (over 95%) under high substrate loadings, with reduced solid waste and avoidance of hazardous chemicals, making the process safer and more environmentally friendly.
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Abstract
Description
A method of synthesizing glucaric acid and the enzymes used thereofTechnical Field
[0001] The present application relates to the field of biotechnology, in particular, to a method for synthesizing L-guluronic acid and glucaric acid and the enzymes used thereof.
[0002] Background technology
[0003] Glucaric acid is a naturally occurring organic acid, and it is widely used in food, health care products, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, etc. It has been classified as one of “top value-added chemicals from biomass” because of its high application value in the health care field and the chemical industry. FDCA is a high value-added chemical substance that can be used as a substitute for terephthalic acid (apetrochemical derivative) and has a very promising future in the fields of pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and plastics. Glucaric acid can be used as a precursor for the synthesis of FDCA and therefore has a very broad market prospect.
[0004] Currently, the methods used for the synthesizing glucaric acid are mainly microbial fermentation and chemical oxidation. Chemical oxidation usually requires very harsh reaction conditions with strong oxidizing agents such as nitric acid, high temperature and high pressure reaction conditions. Meanwhile, the chemical oxidation method has low selectivity and produces more by-products; moreover, the separation and purification of the products are very challenging. To obtain higher-quality products, the technology of enzymatically preparing glucaric acid has gradually emerged. For example, enzymatically synthesizing glucaric acid using sugar or alduronic acid as substrates. In patent CN113337555A, Beijing University of Chemical Technology uses flavoprotein oxidase HMFO to catalyze the preparation of glucaric acid from glucose and glucose derivatives. Under the conditions of 1.96 g / L gluconic acid, 10% (V / V) HMFO enzyme solution, and 1% (V / V) 1 mg / ml catalase solution, the reaction yield is 84%after 24 hours of reaction. However, the space-time yield of this reaction is relatively low.
[0005] L-Guluronic acid can be used as a precursor for the synthesis of glucaric acid. However, most sugars and alduronic acid compounds in nature are in the D configuration. It is relatively difficult to obtain L-guluronic acid through natural enzymatic catalytic reactions. The synthesis of L-guluronic acid by chemical methods faces great difficulties, such as poor reaction selectivity. Therefore, L-guluronic acid has not been widely used. In the article "Short and Sweet: D-Glucose to L-Glucose and L-Glucuronic Acid" (Angew Chem Int Ed. 2014 Jan 20; 53 (4) ) , R. Fernando Martínez et al. described a chemical method for preparing L-guluronic acid. The reaction uses D-glucose as the starting material and obtains L-guluronic acid through five steps. Sodium cyanide, which is highly toxic, is used in the reaction process, which has certain safety issues.
[0006] At present, there are many shortcomings in the preparation of L-guluronic acid and glucaric acid by biocatalysis. For example, in the preparation of glucaric acid by fermentation, since generated glucaric acid is acidic, the pH of the fermentation system is reduced during the fermentation process, which limits the metabolism of microorganisms and further limits the yield of glucaric acid. The existing enzymatic method for preparing glucaric acid has a low substrate loading, resulting in a low space-time yield.
[0007] Contents of the Invention
[0008] To address the problems existing in the prior art, the present application discloses the following technical solutions: 1) Firstly, in order to overcome poor reaction selectivity and safety issue in the synthesis of L-guluronic acid in the prior art, the present application develops an enzyme-catalyzed route for synthesizing L-guluronic acid. 2) Secondly, the present application develops a biocatalytic route for the synthesis of glucaric acid from L-guluronic acid, catalyzed by uronate dehydrogenase (UDH) , as shown in Figure 1.
[0009] Since galactose oxidase (GOase) in the prior art does not have the activity to catalyze the oxidation of gluconic acid, in order to achieve enzymatic synthesis of L-guluronic acid, the inventors of the present application engineered GOase to obtain the activity of oxidizing gluconic acid to generate L-guluronic acid. The technical solution adopted is as follows:
[0010] Using gluconic acid as the substrate, the 6-galactose oxidase was engineered to obtain the activity of oxidizing the hydroxyl group at the 6-position of glucose or gluconic acid. The active center of GOase contains a single copper ion coordinated with two histidine residues, one tyrosine residue and a cross-linked cysteine-tyrosine unit, so the reaction requires the participation of copper ions. During the reaction process, some copper ions in the enzyme active center will exist in a semi-reduced state, which will cause the enzyme to lose activity. This application uses horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as an activator of GOase and makes GOase have catalytic activity by oxidizing the semi-reduced form of copper ions through 1e-. The hydrogen peroxide generated in the reaction is decomposed by catalase to avoid damage to the enzyme by hydrogen peroxide. The reaction process is shown in Figure 2.
[0011] In order to obtain an oxidase with high activity and high regioselectivity that can catalyze the above reaction, the inventors firstly constructed a panel of wild-type galactose oxidases for screening. The experimental results showed that none of these galactose oxidases possessed catalytic activity for oxidizing gluconic acid. The inventors performed structural modeling and bioinformatics analysis on these enzymes, and selected a wild-type GOase from Fusarium longipes for directed evolution, and obtained a mutant SEQ ID NO: 2 that is active in oxidizing the hydroxyl group at position 6 of gluconic acid. Compared with the wild-type enzyme, the amino acid mutations contained in SEQ ID NO: 2 are A53P, W333F, R373K, Q449T, V537A and N578D. As tested by the inventor, SEQ ID NO: 2 has the activity of catalyzing gluconic acid to generate L-guluronic acid. Under the loading of 50 g / L gluconic acid and reacting for 24 hours, the yield of L-guluronic acid can reach more than 90%.
[0012] A variety of catalases can be used in the reaction shown in FIGURE 1; preferably, the amino acid sequence of the catalase is shown in SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0013] GOase and catalase can be prepared by recombinant expression in Escherichia coli, and the host cell is E. Coli BL21 (DE3) .
[0014] The activator of GOase is not limited to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) . Small molecule chemical oxidants such as manganese (III) fluoride, manganese (III) acetate, sodium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, etc. can all be used as activators of GOase.
[0015] For horseradish peroxidase, commercially available products can be selected, such as product P8125 from Sigma.
[0016] The substrate structure that can be catalyzed by the GOase mutant disclosed in the present invention is as shown in S1. Among them, R1-4 can be carbonyl or hydroxyl, and R5 can be hydroxyl, aldehyde group or carboxyl group. The catalytic substrate is not limited to gluconic acid, but can also be galactose, glucose, L-sorbose, L-sorbosone, etc. The structure of the corresponding oxidation product is as shown in P1.
[0017] The GOase mutants disclosed herein can catalyze the generation of P1 from S1 under different reaction conditions: the pH range is 5-9, preferably pH 7; the form of copper ion used can be copper chloride, copper sulfate, etc., preferably copper sulfate; the concentration of copper ions is 0.05 mM-20 mM, preferably 0.5 mM; and the reaction temperature is 20-60℃, preferably 30℃.
[0018] Glucaric acid can be generated from L-guluronic acid or D-glucuronic acid as substrate by catalysis of uronate dehydrogenase (UDH) . The coenzyme NAD+ used in the UDH-catalyzed reaction can be regenerated through the reduction of O2 by NADH oxidase (NOx) (as shown in Figure 3) , or through the reduction of ketone compounds by UDH itself or a keto reductase (KRED) (as shown in Figure 4) .
[0019] In order to obtain a highly active and regioselective UDH capable of catalyzing the above reaction, the inventors obtained an UDH derived from Thermobispora bispora (TbUDH) by screening a collection of different UDHs, but the catalytic activity of TbUDH was very low at high substrate concentrations. The inventors engineered the enzyme to obtain an activity-enhanced UDH mutant SEQ ID NO: 6, which has the mutation A43I compared to the wild-type TbUDH. The UDH-catalyzed reaction used NOx to regenerate the coenzyme NAD+, and the NOx used for the reaction was derived from Streptococcus agalactiae, whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 8. The UDH mutant was tested at the condition of 200g / L D-glucuronic acid and 10g / L UDH wet cells with NOx; the conversion rate of D-glucuronic acid to glucaric acid can reach more than 95%in 24 hour.
[0020] The substrate structure that can be catalyzed by UDH is as shown in S2. The R group can be carbonyl or hydroxyl. Specifically, it can be L-guluronic acid, D-glucuronic acid or D-galacturonic acid, etc.; the corresponding generated product structure is as shown in P2.
[0021] UDH, NOx can be prepared by recombinant expression in Escherichia coli and the host cell is E. Coli BL21 (DE3) .
[0022] The coenzymes required for the UDH reaction are NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) or NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) , preferably NAD+.
[0023] The coenzyme regeneration system used for the UDH reaction is not limited to the NOx / O2 system, but can also be a [KRED (or UDH itself) / ketone compounds] system.
[0024] The hydrogen acceptor in the [KRED (or UDH itself) / ketone compounds] system is not limited to acetone, but can also be other ketones such as 2-butanone, pyruvate, etc.
[0025] The formulations of UDH, NOx, GOase and catalase used in the reaction system can be wet cells of Escherichia coli, supernatant of cell lysate, enzyme powder or immobilized enzyme. The reaction system can be a phosphate buffer system, a borate buffer system, a Tris-HCl buffer system, etc. The pH range of the reaction is 6-9, preferably pH 9. The reaction temperature is 20-60 ℃, preferably 30 ℃.
[0026] The present application employs a biocatalytic method to catalyze the synthesis of L-guluronic acid and glucaric acid (as shown in FIGURE 1) . A GOase was engineered by directed evolution to obtain the activity of catalytic oxidation of the hydroxyl group at position 6 of gluconic acid. A high reaction yield can be obtained, for example, at 50g / L gluconic acid loading, the reaction yield can be more than 90%in 24 hours.
[0027] Meanwhile, the enzyme-catalyzed reaction can also be carried out under high substrate loadings, and gluconic acid can be loaded up to 200g / L or more. Compared with the chemical method, the enzyme-catalyzed reaction is highly selective, and produces less solid waste. The enzyme-catalyzed reaction is green, safe and environmentally friendly, avoiding the hazardous chemicals used in the chemical method.
[0028] For the synthesis of glucaric acid using L-guluronic acid as substrate, the amount of substrate loading can be up to 200g / L or more. At the same time, there is less solid waste generated in the reaction, which is green and environmentally friendly. It avoids the heavy metal ions introduced in the catalytic preparation of glucaric acid by metal catalysts. The reaction has high selectivity and can obtain a higher yield of glucaric acid.
[0029] Drawings
[0030] Figure 1. Biocatalytic synthesis of glucaric acid from gluconic acid
[0031] Figure 2. Enzymatic oxidation of gluconic acid to L-guluronic acid by GOase
[0032] Figure 3. UDH-catalyzed formation of glucaric acid from L-guluronic acid using the [NOx / O2] system for coenzyme regeneration
[0033] Figure 4. UDH-catalyzed formation of glucaric acid from L-guluronic acid using the [UDH or KRED / ketone compounds] system for coenzyme regenerationExamples
[0034] Example 1
[0035] The stock of recombinant E. coli strains containing expression vector for engineered GOase or other enzymes disclosed in this application (Table 1) was streaked on LB-agar plates with chloramphenicol, cultured at 37℃ for 20 h. A single colony was picked and inoculated in 50 mL of LB liquid medium containing chloramphenicol in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask, which was then cultured in a shaking incubator at 30 ℃, 250rpm for 20 h. Then, it was subcultured to 250 mL of TB liquid medium at the inoculum of 5% (v / v) . When the OD of TB subculture reached 0.7, IPTG added at a final concentration of 0.1 mM to induce protein expression; it was incubated at 25~30℃ with shaking at 250 rpm for 18h. The expression culture was centrifuged (8000 rpm, 10 min) , and the supernatant was discarded and the cells were collected to obtain wet cells containing GOase or other enzymes. The wet cells can be used directly in the reaction or stored frozen at -20℃ until use.
[0036] The prepared E. coli wet cells were resuspended with water at the ratio of [pure water: cells =5: 1] , and disrupted twice under 800 bar pressure using a homogenizer. The enzyme solution was obtained by centrifugation at 8000 rpm for 10 min at 4℃ and collecting the supernatant. The enzyme solution can be freeze-dried at -20℃ to obtain enzyme powder. The enzyme solution or enzyme powder can be stored at -20℃ for use.
[0037] Table 1
[0038] Example 2
[0039] In a reaction flask with a volume of 30 mL, 0.25 g of sodium gluconate (sodium salt of gluconic acid) , 0.05 g of enzyme powder of SEQ ID NO: 2, 0.5 mL of 1 g / L enzyme solution of SEQ ID NO: 4, 0.5 mL of copper sulfate stock solution (5 mM) , 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH=7.5) , and 0.5 mL of 1 g / L HRP stock solution were added and stirred. The final reaction volume was 5 mL, and the reaction was carried out at room temperature for 24 h. Samples were taken and subjected to LC-MS analysis, and the reaction yield was 93.7%.
[0040] Example 3
[0041] Five different activators: 0.5 mL of 1 g / L HRP stock solution, 6 mg of manganese (III) fluoride, 14 mg of manganese (III) acetate dihydrate, 12 mg of sodium persulfate, 11 mg of ammonium persulfate were added to five different reaction flasks of 30 mL volume. To each reaction flask, 0.25 g of sodium gluconate, 0.05 g of enzyme powder of SEQ ID NO: 2, 0.5 mL of 1 g / L enzyme solution of SEQ ID NO: 4, 0.5mL of copper sulfate stock solution (5 mM) , and 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH=8) were added and stirred respectively. The final reaction volume in each flask was 5 mL, and the reaction was carried out at room temperature for 24 h. Samples were taken and subjected to LC-MS analysis, and the results of the reaction are shown in Table 2 below.
[0042] Table 2
[0043] Example 4
[0044] In a reaction flask with a volume of 100 mL, 2.5 g of sodium gluconate, 0.5 g of enzyme powder of SEQ ID NO: 2, 5 mL of 1 g / L enzyme solution of SEQ ID NO: 4, 5 mL of copper sulfate stock solution (5 mM) , 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH=8) , and 5 mL of 1 g / L HRP stock solution were added and stirred. The final reaction volume is 50 mL, and the reaction was carried out at room temperature for 24 h. Samples were taken and subjected to LC-MS analysis, the reaction yield of L-guluronic acid is 90.6%.
[0045] Example 5
[0046] In a reaction flask with a volume of 30 mL, 0.25 g of sodium D-glucuronate, 0.05 g of wet cells of SEQ ID NO: 6, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH=9) , 0.5 mL of 1 g / L NAD+ stock solution, and 0.5 mL of acetone (final concentration 10% (v / v) ) , were added and stirred, the final reaction volume is 5 mL. The reaction was carried out at 30℃ for 24 h. Samples were taken for LC-MS analysis, and the yield of glucaric acid was 65%. Under the same conditions, using wild-type UDH from Thermobispora bispora, the reaction yield was about 20%.
[0047] Example 6
[0048] In a reaction flask with a volume of 30 mL, 0.25 g of sodium D-glucuronate, 0.05 g of wet cells of SEQ ID NO: 6, 0.05 g of wet cells of SEQ ID NO: 10, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH=9) , 0.5 mL of 1 g / L of NAD+ stock solution, 0.5 mL of acetone (final concentration 10% (v / v) ) , were added and stirred, the final reaction volume is 5 mL. The reaction was carried out at 30℃ for 24 h. Samples were taken for LC-MS analysis, and the yield of glucaric acid was 71%.
[0049] Example 7
[0050] To five reaction flasks with a volume of 100 mL, 2.5 g, 5 g, 7.5 g, 10 g and 15 g of sodium D-glucuronate was added, respectively. To each of the five reaction flasks, 0.5 g of wet cell of SEQ ID NO: 6 and 0.5 g of wet cell of SEQ ID NO: 8 were added, followed by 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH = 9) and 5 mL of 1 g / L NAD+ stock solution to make the final reaction volume 50 mL. During the reaction, 10 M sodium hydroxide was used to maintain the pH at 9 in real time. The reaction was carried out at 30 ℃ for 24 hours. Samples were taken for LC-MS analysis, and the results are as follows in Table 3:
[0051] Table 3
[0052] For substrate loading of 200 g / L, reactions at different temperatures or pH values were carried out. When pH was maintained at pH 9, reactions at temperatures of 20℃, 30℃, 40℃, 50℃, and 60℃ were carried out, respectively; the reaction yields were 64%, 95%, 90%, 76%, and 53%, respectively. When the temperature was fixed at 30℃, reactions at pHs of 6, 7, 8, and 9 were carried out, respectively; the reaction yields were 43%, 65%, 95%, and 79%, respectively.
[0053] Under the reaction condition of a substrate loading of 300 g / L and other conditions being the same as above, the wild-type UDH from Thermobispora bispora is inhibited and it can hardly catalyze the reaction.
[0054] Example 8
[0055] 25mL of the reaction solution prepared in Example 4, containing about 22.5g / L of L-guluronic acid, was transferred to a fresh reaction flask with a volume of 100mL. To this reaction flask, of SEQ ID NO: 6 and 0.5 g of wet cell of SEQ ID NO: 8 were added, followed by 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH = 9) and 5 mL of 1 g / L NAD+ stock solution to make the final reaction volume 50 mL. During the reaction, 10 M sodium hydroxide was used to maintain the pH at 9 in real time. The reaction was carried out at 30 ℃ for 24 hours. Samples were taken for LC-MS analysis, and 91%of L-guluronic acid was converted to glucaric acid in the reaction system.
[0056] Example 9
[0057] LC-MS detection method
[0058] It is to be understood that after reading the foregoing of the present invention, a person skilled in the art may make various alterations or modifications to the present invention, and that these equivalent forms likewise fall within the scope limited by the claims appended to this application.
Claims
1. A method of biocatalytic synthesis of glucaric acid, wherein, the method comprises the following steps, 1) conversion of gluconic acid to L-guluronic acid, catalyzed by galactose oxidase (GOase) ; 2) conversion of L-guluronic acid to glucaric acid, catalyzed by uronate dehydrogenase (UDH) . 2.The method of claim 1, wherein, the following components are used in the conversion of gluconic acid to L-guluronic acid: i) copper ions which are coupled with an engineered galactose oxidase; ii) an activator for the engineered galactose oxidase; iii) a catalase which decomposes hydrogen peroxide generated in the reaction. 3.The method of claim 2, wherein, the amino acid sequence of galactose oxidase comprises SEQ ID NO: 2; the amino acid sequence of the catalase comprises SEQ ID NO: 4; the activator for SEQ ID NO: 2 comprises horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or small molecule chemical oxidants such as manganese (III) fluoride, manganese (III) acetate, sodium persulfate, ammonium persulfate; the form of copper ion used can be copper chloride, copper sulfate, preferably copper sulfate.4.The method of claim 1, UDH-catalyzed conversion of L-guluronic acid to glucaric requires the coenzyme NAD+, wherein, the coenzyme NAD+ used in the reaction can be regenerated through the reduction of O2 by NADH oxidase (NOx) , the amino acid sequence of NOx comprises SEQ ID NO: 8; or, the coenzyme NAD+ used in the reaction can be regenerated through the reduction of ketone compounds by UDH itself or a keto reductase (KRED) , the amino acid sequence of KRED comprises SEQ ID NO:
10. 5.The method of claim 4, wherein, the amino acid sequence of UDH comprises SEQ ID NO: 6; the ketone compounds includes acetone, 2-butanone, pyruvate.6.The method of synthesizing compound P1 catalyzed by engineered GOase, substrate structure is shown as S1, wherein, R1-4 can be carbonyl or hydroxyl, and R5 can be hydroxyl, aldehyde group or carboxyl group. The substrate S1 comprises gluconic acid, galactose, glucose, L-sorbose, L-sorbosone. 7.The method of claim 6, wherein, the engineered GOase comprise SEQ ID NO: 2, the pH range of reaction is 5-9, preferably pH 7; the form of copper ion used can be copper chloride, copper sulfate, preferably copper sulfate; the concentration of copper ions is 0.05 mM-20 mM, preferably 0.5 mM; and the reaction temperature is 20-60℃, preferably 30℃.8.The method of synthesizing compound P2 catalyzed by engineered UDH, substrate structure is shown as S2, wherein, R group can be carbonyl or hydroxyl. The substrate S2 comprises L-guluronic acid, D-glucuronic acid or D-galacturonic acid. 9.The method of claim 8, wherein, the engineered UDH comprises SEQ ID NO: 6, the coenzymes required for the UDH reaction are NAD+ or NADP+, preferably NAD+, the ketone compounds used for NAD+ regeneration includes acetone, 2-butanone, pyruvate.10.An engineered GOase, wherein, the amino acid sequence of engineered GOase is SEQ ID NO: 2.11.An engineered UDH, wherein, the amino acid sequence of engineered UDH is SEQ ID NO: 6.
Citation Information
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