A power supply circuit system of a planar paul trap

Abstract

A power supply circuit system of a planar Paul trap, where at least two electrode segments (2) and a ground electrode (11) located on the substrate (1), where the electrode segments (2) are conductively connected to each other. Further, waveguides (3) are located on the substrate (1) arranged in the way that at least one symmetrizing element is connected directly or through an input branch (32) to the input waveguide (31), each symmetrizing element is further connected to at least two resonance branches and each resonance branch is connected directly or through at least one connecting branch (36) to at least one electrode segment (2), and the ground electrode (11) is grounded. The electrode segments (2) and the ground electrode (11) are preferably located on one side of the substrate (1) and the waveguides (3) are located on the opposite side of the substrate (1).

Description

[0001] A power supply circuit system of a planar Paul trap

[0002] Field of the Invention

[0003] The invention falls within the field of devices for controlling electrically charged particles by electromagnetic means.

[0004] Background of the Invention

[0005] Electrostatic quadrupole traps, also known as Paul traps, are devices used to trap electrically charged particles in an oscillating electromagnetic field generated by high-frequency alternating voltage. Such trapped particles can be used, for example, as oscillators in ultra- precise clocks, qubits (or quantum bits) in quantum computers or to study the properties of cold plasma. The particles can also be further analysed, for example by mass spectrometry.

[0006] Several design variations of the Paul trap are known from the state of the art. Documents WO 2009087402 and Fanghanel et al. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 2017, 332, 124-133 describe a linear trap type consisting of four mutually parallel rods arranged in cross-section in the vertices of a quadrilateral, and the document of Zhang et al., Anal. Chem. 2009, 81, 5241-5248 describes a trap consisting of two opposing sets of concentric circular electrodes, with a different electric potential applied to each of the electrodes so as to produce a trapping field similar in shape to that of the original Paul trap known from the document of Paul and Steinwedel, Zeitschrift fur Naturf or seining A 1953, S(7), 448-450. The disadvantages of these designs are that the traps are difficult to manufacture on a small scale and the electrodes are geometrically arranged around the trapped particles, making their direct analysis by optical methods difficult. Optical access to the trapped particles from all over one half-space is provided by planar traps, known, for example, from document US 11466987, while their point trap variant, known from the document of Kim et al., Phys. Rev. 2010, 82, 043412, is very simple in design and easy to manufacture even on a small scale (in the order of magnitude of tens of microns), as described in Arrington et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2013, 84, 085001. All the above-mentioned technical solutions show a functional deficiency in the form of low operating frequencies in the order of magnitude of tens of MHz at most, which allow the trapping of atomic ions but not electrons, which represents a significant limitation of the computational performance of quantum computers based on the technology of Paul traps. Following the example of Matthiesen et al. in Phys. Rev. X 2021, 77, 011019, to trap electrons, some of the trap electrodes must be made part of a microwave resonator to achieve the desired amplitudes of the oscillating electric field. However, to maintain the uniformity of the surface charge distribution and thus the axial symmetry of the trapping field (in the direction perpendicular to the trap surface), a property necessary for stable trapping of electrons in specific quantum states, these electrodes must be smaller in the order of magnitude than the resonator on which the nodes and antinodes of the electric field naturally form. In the case of a planar trap; however, the small size means situating the trapped particles close to the surface, which places special demands on its smoothness and cleanliness, again to maintain a uniform surface charge density. The further away the trapped particle is from the surface, the more negligible the microscopic inhomogeneities become, so maximizing the distance between the surface and the electron is desirable. At the same time, in general, the larger the trap, the more particles it can trap. In large traps, it is also easier to create a trapping field deep enough to trap particles in the higher quantum states of the harmonic oscillator. For these reasons, it is often desirable that the ratio between the characteristic size of the trap (r) and the wavelength of the control signal (1) need not be subject to the aforementioned over-restrictive criterion r « 1.

[0007] This problem is covered by the solution described in the document of RENDEK, Andrej. Simulations of dynamics of ultra-cold quantum plasma. Prague, 2022. Bachelor’s thesis. Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, which consists in dividing the ring electrode of a planar point trap into eight electrodes formed by eight uniform sections of this ring. This division into smaller parts can theoretically ensure the desired uniformity of surface charge density across all electrodes. With dimensions in the order of magnitude of millimetres, this variant of the Paul trap allows electrons to be trapped tens to units of millimetres above the surface at control signal frequencies in the order of magnitude of GHz, leading to an increase in computational performance of several orders of magnitude over ion trapping technologies when used in quantum computers. However, this technical solution is only at the theoretical concept stage and its practical implementation and industrial application is not possible without other elements, in particular the power supply circuit, which is completely absent in the state of the art.

[0008] The object of the present invention is to provide a power supply circuit through which the operating parameters of the planar point trap described in the preceding paragraph can be accurately adjusted, thereby realizing its potential advantageous properties and enabling its industrial application.

[0009] Summary of the Invention

[0010] The essence of the invention is a power supply circuit system of a planar Paul trap and a connection of electrodes, the characteristics of which are specifically suitable for controlling a planar point trap in the form of a closed planar pattern, for example in the shape of a ring or an ellipse, of 2Ncontrol electrodes formed by 2Nuniform sections of this pattern, where TV is a non-zero non-negative integer, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4 and the like. The structure of the power supply circuit system allows achieving stable high operating frequencies in the order of magnitude of units of GHz or more, which are necessary to trap electrons, with minimal heating of the trapped particles, which is achieved by minimizing the phase shift of the signals to the electrodes.

[0011] The division of such, for example, ring electrode into segments, which is necessary in terms of achieving the maximum degree of symmetry of the electromagnetic field, and thus the maximum efficiency of the trapping of charged particles, requires for the proper functioning of the trap to equalize the amplitudes and phases of the signals conducted to the individual segments. In the case of conducting signals through straight coplanar waveguides, the inductance and capacitance in the circuit reach such values that it is not possible to maintain the operating frequency higher than in the order of magnitude of units of MHz, and thus it is not possible to achieve the desired technical effect of the trap. The waveguide system according to the invention is characterized by a structure through which it is possible to conduct the control signal from one source to all electrodes simultaneously, whereby differences in the parameters of signal conduction by individual branches of the circuit causing disturbance of the operating frequency, stability and symmetry of the electromagnetic field are minimized or even eliminated.

[0012] For any number of the segments of 2Ncontrol electrodes, the object of the invention is a system for interconnecting Paul trap electrodes comprising pairs of resonance branches connected to the trap electrodes, wherein in order to excite the resonance branches, each such pair includes a symmetrizing element, preferably in the form of a Marchand balun, and each of the resonance branches is connected to one or two electrodes. The number of pairs of resonance branches in the system depends on the number of electrodes. This results in a system resonance amplifying the signal of the given operating frequency, with the length of the individual segments and the resonance itself ensuring synchronisation of the phase of the potential at all electrodes and the symmetry of the system ensuring synchronisation of the potential amplitudes at all electrodes.

[0013] The invention further comprises conductive connection of the electrodes belonging to different resonance branches by a thin conductor, wherein the width of the conductor is an order of magnitude smaller than the characteristic size of the electrodes. Compared to the state of the art, i.e. the use of mutually separated electrodes without conductive connection, this leads to a uniform charge distribution on the electrodes. Without the presence of conductive connection, the rotationally symmetric resonance mode is so unstable that the slightest imbalance in the source radio-frequency signal leads to a mutual phase shift between the electrodes, violation of the uniformity of the charge distribution and breaking of the symmetry of the electromagnetic field. Using the Marchand balun as a structure of one feed waveguide and two consecutive branches, each of which is capacitively excited over one quarter of the wavelength of the input waveguide, allows more efficient excitation of the resonance branches compared to capacitive excitation over 1 / 4 of the wavelength of the input waveguide. In the case of N = 1, the system according to the present invention comprises one symmetrizing element exciting two coplanar quarter-wave resonators terminated by trap electrodes. Both resonators have a length of an odd multiple of 1 / 4 of the wavelength and, if a Marchand balun is used, differ in absolute length by 1 / 2 of the wavelength to remove the phase difference of the oscillating potential at the electrodes. The two electrodes are connected to each other by narrow conductors. The created trapping field is symmetric in plane in relation to the two planes perpendicular to the substrate surface and perpendicular to each other. The plane symmetry in relation to the area containing the axis separating the electrode segments is caused by the division of the ring into two electrodes, and the plane symmetry in relation to the area containing the axis perpendicular to the first axis is due to the uneven distribution of the surface charge inside each electrode caused by the supply by only one via.

[0014] In the case of N = 2, the system according to the present invention comprises an input waveguide divided into two equally long input branches having a length of an odd multiple of one quarter of the wavelength defined by the operating frequency, each input branch being connected to a single symmetrizing element. Using the Marchand balun as a symmetrizing element requires the balun to be fed by a waveguide with a length corresponding to two quarters of the wavelength. Therefore, in this case the minimum length of the input branch corresponds to three quarters of the wavelength. From each symmetrizing element there are then two resonance branches with a length of an odd multiple of one quarter of the wavelength, which, if a Marchand balun is used, differ in absolute length by 1 / 2 of the wavelength in order to equalise the phase of the signal. A trap electrode is a part of each of the four resonance branches thus formed. The electrodes are connected to each other by narrow conductors. If the trap has a circular geometry, the created trapping field has a fourthorder rotational symmetry in relation to the axis perpendicular to the substrate surface and passing through the centre of the ground electrode. Thus, as in the case of N= 1, there are two planes of mirroring, but in the case of N = 2 the deviation from axial symmetry is less dependent on the conductive material used. In the case of N = 3, the system according to the present invention comprises an input waveguide divided into two input branches, where each input branch comprises a waveguide having a length of an odd multiple of 1 / 4 of the wavelength defined by operating frequency similar to the case of N = 2. Each input branch is terminated by its own symmetrizing element, from which there are two resonance branches with a length of an odd multiple of 1 / 4 of the wavelength, which, if a Marchand balun is used, differ in absolute length by 1 / 2 of the wavelength in order to equalise the phase of the signal. Each quarter-wave resonator, i.e. the resonance branch, is further connected to the centre of the half-wave resonator, i.e. the connecting branch, and the ends of each half-wave resonator are formed by just one trap electrode. This variant of the solution, compared to the simple doubling of all elements described for N = 2, leads to the saved surface area because the branching of the input waveguide into four symmetrizing elements is space consuming. If the trap has a circular geometry, the created trapping field is nearly axially symmetric in relation to the axis perpendicular to the substrate surface and passing through the centre of the ground electrode, wherein the angular variation of the maximum depth is comparable to the percentage estimate of non-uniformities caused by manufacturing tolerances or external electromagnetic interference.

[0015] In the case of N = 4 and above, the technical effect is achieved by multiplying the number of elements described for N = 2 or N = 3 accordingly. The particular variant must be chosen not only with regard to electrical losses, but also to the cost-effectiveness of handling of the limited surface area of printed circuit board (PCB). The created trapping field is nearly axially symmetric in relation to the axis perpendicular to the surface of the substrate and passing through the centre of the ground electrode, wherein the angular variation of the maximum depth is even less than in the case of N= 3. Due to the greater complexity of the power supply system, this option is particularly suitable for Paul traps of larger sizes, i.e. with larger electrode dimensions.

[0016] Further, in the system according to the present invention, the electrodes are located on the opposite side of the double-sided plated printed circuit board than the system of waveguides and resonance branches. The resonance branches are connected to the electrodes through vias. In this way, the symmetry of the trapping field is maintained because the field from the waveguides is offset by the thickness of the bearing plate and shielded by the ground electrodes of the surface point trap. If the field symmetry requirements are not too high, the electrodes can be placed on the same layer as the waveguides and resonators. However, in both alternatives, while maintaining the arrangement of the electrodes in a closed planar pattern, the central ground electrode must be grounded through the via.

[0017] In the system according to the present invention, the reference potential of the point trap, i.e. the potential applied to the central electrode and the outer surroundings of the control electrodes, is shared with the reference potential of the coplanar waveguides of the power supply system, which is typically identical to the ground of the entire system. In a preferred embodiment allowing modulation of the reference potential of the trap, the electrodes and surface areas with the reference potential are isolated from the grounded surface areas by an insulating, i.e. non-plated, gap. This embodiment and modulation of the reference signal with a signal of an order of magnitude lower amplitude and frequency than the power supply signal of the trap, a trapping field with two harmonic components is achieved, allowing the simultaneous trapping of particles with a larger mass to electric charge ratio alongside electrons, or further, by example, a negative static electric potential of an order of magnitude greater than the amplitude and mean value of the power supply signal of the trap may be applied to the reference electrodes to extract the trapped electrons, or a positive potential may be applied to extract the heavier positively charged particles trapped as in the previous example.

[0018] Explanation of drawings

[0019] Figure 1 shows a diagram of the electrodes of a planar Paul trap with two (N = 1) electrodes according to the invention.

[0020] Figure 2 shows a diagram of a power supply circuit of a planar Paul trap with two (N = 1) electrodes according to the invention. Figure 3 shows a diagram of the electrodes of a planar Paul trap with four (N = 2) electrodes according to the invention.

[0021] Figure 4 shows a diagram of a power supply circuit of a planar Paul trap with four (TV = 2) electrodes according to the invention.

[0022] Figure 5 shows a diagram of the electrodes of a planar Paul trap with eight (N = 3) electrodes according to the invention.

[0023] Figure 6 shows a diagram of a power supply circuit of a planar Paul trap with eight (N = 3) electrodes according to the invention.

[0024] Figure 7 shows a diagram of the electrodes of a planar Paul trap with sixteen (N = 4) electrodes according to the invention.

[0025] Figure 8 shows a diagram of a power supply circuit of a planar Paul trap with sixteen (N= 4) electrodes according to the invention.

[0026] Figure 9 shows a diagram of the electrodes of a planar Paul trap with eight (N = 3) electrodes and an insulated reference electrode according to the invention.

[0027] Figure 10 shows a diagram of a power supply circuit of a planar Paul trap with eight (N = 3) electrodes and an insulated reference electrode according to the invention.

[0028] Examples of the invention embodiments

[0029] Example 1 describes the connection of a planar Paul trap with two electrodes and a power supply circuit according to the invention.

[0030] A superconducting ring having an outer radius of 5.7 mm and an inner radius of 1.3 mm is placed on a glass borosilicate substrate 1 having a thickness of 500 pm, wherein a ground electrode 11 is located in the middle of the ring, the ring is divided into two equally sized electrode segments 2 having a gap of 200 pm between them, and the electrode segments 2 are conductively connected to each other at their inner edge by a circular conductor 21 having a width of 300 gm. The ground electrode 11 is conductively connected to the grounded segments on the opposite side of the substrate 1 by ground vias 111. The ring of electrode segments 2 is further surrounded by a conductive grounded surface, which is separated from the electrode segments 2 by a gap with a width of 200 pm. On the opposite side of the substrate 1, coplanar waveguides 3 made of a high-temperature superconductor are arranged so that an input waveguide 31 brings a signal to a Marchand balun 33 having a length of 38.2 mm. The waveguide 31 has a characteristic impedance at the input of 50 Q and at a distance of 29 mm from the input of 70 Q to increase the flexibility of optimizing the capacitive excitation in the Marchand balun 33 located in the section of the primary resonance branch 34 and the Marchand balun 33 located in the section of the secondary resonance branch 35, both of which also have an impedance of 70 in the Marchand balun 33. The primary resonance branch 34 has an overall length of 62.2 mm and the secondary resonance branch 35 has an overall length of 98.3 mm. The glass substrate 1 is provided with two electrode vias 12 having a diameter of 200 pm, wherein through these electrode vias 12 the end of the primary resonance branch 34 and the end of the secondary resonance branch 35 are each conductively connected to a respective electrode segment 2 on the opposite side of the substrate 1. To reduce power signal reflections at the interfaces of the primary resonance branch 34 and its associated electrode segment 2 and the secondary resonance branch 35 and its associated electrode segment 2, the characteristic impedance at these interfaces is 100 , wherein the characteristic impedance of the primary resonance branch 34 and the secondary resonance branch 35 between the Marchand balun 33 and the interfaces is a gradient of 70 to 100 . A structure having these parameters has a resonance at 2.4 GHz and has a trapping field symmetric in plane according to two planes perpendicular to the surface of the substrate 1 and passing through the centre of the ground electrode 111, wherein one plane lies in the gap separating the electrode segments 2 and the other is perpendicular thereto. The maximum deviation of the depth of the trapping field from the axial symmetry according to the normal line passing through the centre of the ground electrode 11 is 10 % on average.

[0031] Example 2 describes the connection of a planar Paul trap with four electrodes and a power supply circuit according to the invention. A superconducting ring having an outer radius of 5.7 mm and an inner radius of 1.3 mm is placed on a glass borosilicate substrate 1 having a thickness of 500 pm, wherein a ground electrode 11 is located in the middle of the ring, the ring is divided into four equally sized electrode segments 2 having a gap of 200 pm between each two adjacent electrode segments 2, and the electrode segments 2 are conductively connected to each other at their inner edge by a circular conductor 21 having a width of 300 pm. The ground electrode 11 is conductively connected to the grounded segments on the opposite side of the substrate 1 by ground vias 111. The ring of electrode segments 2 is further surrounded by a conductive grounded surface, which is separated from the electrode segments 2 by a gap with a width of 200 pm. On the opposite side of the substrate 1, coplanar waveguides 3 made of a high-temperature superconductor are arranged so that an input waveguide 31 having a characteristic impedance of 50 Q bringing a signal to the circuit is divided into two input branches 32, each having an overall length of 63.3 mm. Each of the input branches 32 consists of two parts of different characteristic impedance, where the part with a length of 48.8 mm coming from the input waveguide 31 has a characteristic impedance of 100 Q and the part connected to it has a characteristic impedance of 70 . Each of the input branches 32 is connected by a Marchand balun 33 with a length of 38.2 mm to one primary resonance branch 34 with a length of 61.35 mm and one secondary resonance branch 35 with a length of 96.7 mm. The glass substrate 1 is provided with four electrode vias 12 having a diameter of 200 pm, wherein through these electrode vias 12 the end of each primary resonance branch 34 and the end of each secondary resonance branch 35 are each conductively connected to a respective electrode segment 2 on the opposite side of the substrate 1. Similar to Example 1, each primary resonance branch 34 and each secondary resonance branch 35 has a characteristic impedance gradient such that, at the point of connection to the respective electrode segment 2, the impedance of the branches corresponds to the impedance of the electrode segments 2. A structure having these parameters has a resonance at 2.4 GHz. The trapping field has a fourth-order rotational symmetry in relation to the axis perpendicular to the surface of the substrate 1 and passing through the centre of the ground electrode 11.

[0032] Example 3 describes the connection of a planar Paul trap with eight electrodes and a power supply circuit according to the invention. A superconducting ring having an outer radius of 5.7 mm and an inner radius of 1.3 mm is placed on a glass borosilicate substrate 1 having a thickness of 500 pm, wherein a ground electrode 11 is located in the middle of the ring, the ring is divided into eight equally sized electrode segments 2 having a gap of 200 pm between each two adjacent electrode segments 2, and the electrode segments 2 are conductively connected to each other at their inner edge by a circular conductor 21 having a width of 300 pm. The ground electrode 11 is conductively connected to the grounded segments on the opposite side of the substrate 1 by ground vias 111. The ring of electrode segments 2 is further surrounded by a conductive grounded surface, which is separated from the electrode segments 2 by a gap with a width of 200 pm. On the opposite side of the substrate 1, coplanar waveguides 3 made of a high-temperature superconductor are arranged so that an input waveguide 31 having a characteristic impedance of 50 Q bringing a signal to the circuit is divided into two input branches 32, each having an overall length of 63.3 mm. Each of the input branches 32 consists of two parts of different characteristic impedance, where the part with a length of 48.6 mm coming from the input waveguide 31 has a characteristic impedance of 100 Q and the part connected to it has a characteristic impedance of 70 . Each of the input branches 32 is connected by a Marchand balun 33 with a length of 38.2 mm to one primary resonance branch 34 with a length of 60.1 mm and one secondary resonance branch 35 with a length of 99.7 mm, each primary resonance branch 34 and each secondary resonance branch 35 terminating in a single connecting branch 36 with a length of 9.4 mm, each connecting branch 36 being conductively connected to the respective resonance branch at half of its length. The glass substrate 1 is provided with eight electrode vias 12 having a diameter of 200 pm, wherein through these electrode vias 12 each end of each connecting branch 36 is conductively connected to a respective electrode segment 2 on the opposite side of the substrate 1. Similar to Example 1, each primary resonance branch 34 and its associated connecting branch 36 and each secondary resonance branch 35 and its associated connecting branch 36 have a characteristic impedance gradient such that, at the point of connection to the respective electrode segment 2, the impedance of the branches corresponds to the impedance of the electrode segments 2. A structure having these parameters has a resonance at 2.4 GHz and produces a trapping field with a radius of 1 mm and a depth of 10 meV for an excitation signal of 10 W. The trapping field is nearly axially symmetric in relation to the axis perpendicular to the surface of the substrate 1 and passing through the centre of the ground electrode 11, wherein the angular variation of the maximum depth is 3%.

[0033] Example 4 describes the connection of a planar Paul trap with sixteen electrodes and a power supply circuit according to the invention.

[0034] A superconducting ring having an outer radius of 5.7 mm and an inner radius of 1.3 mm is placed on a glass borosilicate substrate 1 having a thickness of 500 pm, wherein a ground electrode 11 is located in the middle of the ring, the ring is divided into sixteen equally sized electrode segments 2 having a gap of 200 pm between each two adjacent electrode segments 2, and the electrode segments 2 are conductively connected to each other at their inner edge by a circular conductor 21 having a width of 300 pm. The ground electrode 11 is conductively connected to the grounded segments on the opposite side of the substrate 1 by ground vias 111. The ring of electrode segments 2 is further surrounded by a conductive grounded surface, which is separated from the electrode segments 2 by a gap with a width of 200 pm. On the opposite side of the substrate 1, coplanar waveguides 3 made of a high-temperature superconductor are arranged so that an input waveguide 31 having a characteristic impedance of 50 Q bringing a signal to the circuit is divided into two input branches 32, each having an overall length of 63.3 mm. Each of the input branches 32 consists of two parts of different characteristic impedance, where the part with a length of 48.6 mm coming from the input waveguide 31 has a characteristic impedance of 100 Q and the part connected to it has a characteristic impedance of 70 . Each of the input branches 32 is connected by a Marchand balun 33 with a length of 38.2 mm to one primary resonance branch 34 with a length of 60.1 mm and one secondary resonance branch 35 with a length of 99.7 mm, each primary resonance branch 34 and each secondary resonance branch 35 terminating in a single primary connecting branch 361 with a length of 79.9 mm, where each primary connecting branch 361 is conductively connected to the respective resonance branch at half of its length, and where each primary connecting branch 361 is terminated in a single secondary connecting branch 362 with a length of 10.24 mm, where each secondary connecting branch 362 is conductively connected to the respective primary connecting branch 361 at half of its length. The glass substrate 1 is provided with sixteen electrode vias 12 having a diameter of 200 pm, wherein through these electrode vias 12 each end of each secondary connecting branch 362 is conductively connected to a respective electrode segment 2 on the opposite side of the substrate 1. Similar to Example 1, each primary resonance branch 34 and its associated primary connecting branch 361 and secondary connecting branch 362 and each secondary resonance branch 35 and its associated primary connecting branch 361 and secondary connecting branch 362 have a characteristic impedance gradient such that, at the point of connection to the respective electrode segment 2, the impedance of the branches corresponds to the impedance of the electrode segments 2. A structure having these parameters has a resonance at 2.4 GHz. The trapping field is nearly axially symmetric in relation to the axis perpendicular to the surface of the substrate 1 and passing through the centre of the ground electrode 11, wherein the angular variation of the maximum depth is less than 3%.

[0035] Example 5 describes a preferred embodiment of Example 3 with the reference electrode separated from the surrounding ground.

[0036] On the side of the substrate 1 provided with the waveguides 3, the reference ground 41 is separated from the surrounding ground by a gap with a width of 300 pm. The signal to the reference ground 41 is brought by a reference waveguide 42 having a characteristic impedance of 50 Q. On the side of the substrate 1 provided with the electrode segments 2 of the trap, a reference electrode 4 is located at the outer edge thereof, the reference electrode 4 being further surrounded by a conductive grounded surface which is separated from the reference electrode 4 by a gap with a width of 200 pm. The reference electrode 4 is conductively connected to the reference ground 41 on the opposite side of the substrate 1 by reference vias 43, and the ground electrode 11 is conductively connected to the reference ground 41 on the opposite side of the substrate 1 by ground vias 111.

[0037] Industrial applicability

[0038] The power circuit system of a planar Paul trap is industrially applicable in the design of scientific analytical instruments, ultra-precise clocks or quantum computers. List of reference numerals

[0039] 1 substrate

[0040] 11 ground electrode

[0041] 111 ground via

[0042] 12 electrode via

[0043] 2 electrode segment

[0044] 21 circular conductor

[0045] 3 waveguides

[0046] 31 input waveguide

[0047] 32 input branch

[0048] 33 Marchand balun

[0049] 34 primary resonance branch

[0050] 35 secondary resonance branch

[0051] 36 connecting branch

[0052] 361 primary connecting branch

[0053] 362 secondary connecting branch

[0054] 4 reference electrode

[0055] 41 reference ground

[0056] 42 reference waveguide

[0057] 43 reference via

Claims

AMENDED CLAIMS received by the International Bureau on 22 of April 2025 (22.04.2025)1. A power supply circuit system of a planar Paul trap characterized in that at least two electrode segments (2) arranged in a closed planar pattern and a ground electrode (11) placed in the centre of the pattern are located on one side of the substrate (1), where the electrode segments (2) are conductively connected to each other; further, waveguides (3) are placed on the opposite side of the substrate (1) which are arranged in such a way that at least one symmetrizing element is connected to the input waveguide (31), where at least two resonance branches are further connected to each symmetrizing element and each resonance branch is connected to at least one electrode segment (2), where the connection of the resonance branch to the electrode segment (2) passes through the substrate (1) and the ground electrode (11) is grounded.

2. The power supply circuit system according to claim 1, characterized in that the electrode segments (2) are arranged in a ring as a closed planar pattern.

3. The power supply circuit system according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that all electrode segments (2) have the same size.

4. The power supply circuit system according to any of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the symmetrizing element is a Marchand balun (33).

5. The power supply circuit system according to any of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that an input branch (32) is provided between the input waveguide (31) and the symmetrizing element.

6. The power supply circuit system according to any of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that at least one connecting branch (36) is provided between the resonance branch and the electrode segment (2).

7. The power supply circuit system according to any of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that a reference electrode (4) is provided at the outer edge of the electrode segments (2), where the reference electrode (4) is connected to a reference ground (41) to which the ground electrode (11) and the reference waveguide (42) are further connected.

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