Multiple surface treatment method for manufacturing thin-film PV module
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/136842
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-12-06
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-24
AI Technical Summary
Existing surface treatment methods for thin-film PV modules, such as chemical vapor deposition and thermal evaporation, are costly, inefficient, and unsuitable for large-scale production due to high equipment costs, low raw material utilization, and non-uniform deposition.
A multiple surface treatment method using inkjet deposition, which combines different surface treatment chemicals in a single inkjet process, reducing CAPEX costs, improving material utilization, and increasing production throughput while maintaining deposition uniformity.
The method achieves reduced manufacturing costs, improved process flexibility, and high deposition uniformity, enabling efficient large-scale production of thin-film PV modules with power conversion efficiency comparable to vacuum-based methods.
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Figure CN2023136842_24072025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
MULTIPLE SURFACE TREATMENT METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THIN-FILM PV MODULETECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to the field of thin-film photovoltaic (PV) module technologies, and in particular, to a multiple surface treatment method for manufacturing a thin-film PV module, and a formulation and manufacturing method of ink for multiple surface treatment.BACKGROUND
[0002] Surface treatment is a very important process step that improves performance of a layer by doping a passivated element or adjusting a proportion of a matrix element, so as to improve power conversion efficiency for thin-film PV applications.
[0003] In FIG. 1, in terms of surface treatment of thin-film PV modules, there are two common process routes as shown in the figures, i.e., a) chemical vapor deposition, and b) vacuum deposition, such as thermal evaporation. For example, in the case of a cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin-film PV module, a CdTe surface may be passivated by V2O5, Al2O3, or NiO, so as to reduce recombination rates and improve power conversion efficiency. In the case of a chalcopyrite thin-film PV module, an alkali-containing (Na, K, Cs, Rb) layer may be evaporated in a chalcopyrite atmosphere (Se / S / H2S) during post deposition treatment (PDT) to passivate a copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) absorption layer. Generally, the two common process routes (chemical vapor deposition or thermal evaporation) rely on high-cost vacuum-based technologies. Regarding related industrial applications, one of the main challenges is to continuously reduce costs to remain competitive in the PV market. Obviously, vacuum-based deposition technologies may have the following disadvantages such as 1) high equipment costs, 2) low raw material utilization of reactive gases or thermal evaporation materials, and 3) relatively low production throughput in terms of a machine speed.
[0004] First, there is a need for a new process route for surface treatment of thin-film PV devices in terms of higher utilization efficiency, lower capital expenditures (CAPEX) costs, and an increased deposition rate / process throughput. At the same time, surface treatment effects and associated effects on device performance should remain similar to those using vacuum surface treatment technologies.
[0005] Referring to "B. Duan, L. Guo, Q. Yu, J. Shi, H. Wu, Y. Luo, D. Li, S. Wu, Z. Zheng, Q. Meng, Highly efficient solution-processed CZTSSe solar cells based on a convenient sodium-incorporated post-treatment method, Journal of Energy Chemistry, 40, 196-203, 2020" , the research paper provides a spin coating method, as shown in FIG. 3, to achieve sodium incorporation post-treatment of a copper zinc tin sulfide selenide (CZTS) precursor film, which can reduce equipment costs compared with a traditional vacuum-based surface treatment method. However, the spin coating method is not suitable for large-scale treatment and is generally used for small solar cells on a laboratory scale up to about 2.5*2.5 cm2. For large-area coating, it is easy to obtain an edge effect (a coating thickness in an edge region is greatly increased, that is, deposition is non-uniform) . In addition, due to a centrifugal force, the coating thickness may gradually decrease from a center to an edge. That is, an element proportion may change from the center to the edge. In addition, the raw material utilization by spin coating is not very good. Most ink materials may be wasted during the spin coating.
[0006] In addition, referring to "G. Altamura, M. Wang, K.L. Choy, Influence of alkali metals (Na, Li, Rb) on the performance of electrostatic spray-assisted vapor deposited Cu2ZnSn (S, Se) 4 solar cells, Scientific reports, 6, 22109, 2016" , the research paper provides a dip coating method through which sodium may be incorporated into a CZTS absorption layer during surface treatment. However, this method may have the following disadvantages: 1) a chemical bath required for a dip coating process may generate a large amount of wastewater, which is environmentally unfriendly and costly; and 2) the coating thickness may also gradually change along a stretching direction of a PV panel, i.e., the element proportion may change from one edge to another edge. Therefore, surface treatment by dip coating is not a suitable method and shows certain limitations.
[0007] In Patent CN105742412A, alkali is incorporated into a CIGS absorption layer by spin coating or inkjet printing. It is to be noted that this is single-substance surface treatment and is limited to alkali surface treatment. A surface treatment process and related inks reported in this patent are not designed at all for multiple surface treatment methods, and associated costs are still high. Furthermore, an annealing apparatus reported in the patent is not suitable for industrial mass production due to low throughput thereof. Associated annealing time for a batch may be up to 60 minutes. Mass production applications may require a faster annealing process.SUMMARY
[0008] With respect to the problems existing in the above prior art, the present disclosure provides a new inkjet-deposition-based surface treatment method for manufacturing a thin-film PV module, which can reduce CAPEX costs, improve material utilization, and increase production throughput for industrial applications. In addition, one-step inkjet deposition can be achieved for multiple surface treatment by designing new surface treatment ink, so that different types of surface treatment can be combined at the same time, which can further reduce an overall process cost and greatly increase process flexibility. In addition, good jetting stability and high deposition uniformity may also be maintained over a large area. The technical solutions of the present disclosure are as follows.
[0009] In a first aspect, the present disclosure provides ink, wherein the ink includes a surface treatment substance mixture formed by a combination of a plurality of chemical substances for different types of surface treatment in proportion to achieve multiple surface treatment in one step based on the ink. For example, conventionally, surface treatment is carried out twice on a thin-film PV layer. The first surface treatment is carried out using a chemical substance group A in a vacuum environment, followed by annealing and cleaning steps and then the second surface treatment. The second surface treatment is carried out using a chemical substance group B in a vacuum environment, followed by annealing and cleaning steps. Since the first surface treatment and the second surface treatment are still required to be carried out in sequence, the overall process cost may still be high. In the present disclosure, surface treatment is carried out using chemical substance groups A and B, to achieve multiple surface treatment in one step. In this way, manufacturing costs can be reduced through a process combination, and flexibility of the surface treatment process can be greatly improved.
[0010] It may be understood that components and composition proportions of the plurality of chemical substances in the surface treatment substance mixture are determined based on the different types of surface treatment. For example, in conventional surface treatment, if the first surface treatment requires the chemical substance group A and the second surface treatment requires the chemical substance group B, the surface treatment substance mixture used in the one-step multiple surface treatment of the present disclosure includes the chemical substance groups A and B, and a composition proportion of A to B is determined according to requirements in two conventional surface treatments. It is to be noted that herein, the surface treatment of one chemical substance is called single surface treatment, and the surface treatment of more than one chemical substance is called multiple surface treatment.
[0011] Preferably, the ink includes: a plurality of surface treatment substances, a main solvent, a co-solvent, and a surfactant, and a volume ratio of the main solvent, the co-solvent, and the surfactant is 55 to 95 : 5 to 45 : 0 to 0.1. In the present disclosure, components of the plurality of surface treatment substances, the main solvent, the co-solvent, and the surfactant may be determined according to an actual application scenario, the components of the main solvent, the co-solvent, and the surfactant are determined based on a plurality of required surface treatment substances. For example, if the surface treatment substance mixture used in the one-step multiple surface treatment of the present disclosure includes chemical substance groups A and B, the components of the main solvent, the co-solvent, and the surfactant are determined based on the chemical substance groups A and B in the surface treatment substance mixture. In general, the components of the main solvent, the co-solvent, and the surfactant are determined based on the following principle:
[0012] the main solvent has a function of dissolving a surface treatment substance with good relevant solubility at room temperature;
[0013] the co-solvent has good miscibility with the main solvent, the co-solvent has a function of optimizing viscosity and jetability of final surface treatment ink, and the co-solvent has a function of adjusting ink opening time and an evaporation behavior of the final surface treatment ink on a surface of a PV layer; and
[0014] the surfactant has a function of improving wettability of the ink and further improving uniformity of large-area deposition on a surface of a target PV layer.
[0015] The following provides ink formulations for multiple surface treatment for two common PV modules.
[0016] The surfactant is selected from at least one of 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, diethylene glycol butyl ether, ethylene glycol, propylene carbonate, or triethylene glycol monomethyl.
[0017] (1) During manufacturing of a CIGS PV module, when a CIGS absorption layer is surface treated with an absorption layer matrix substance (the absorption layer matrix substance is, for example, gallium halide or indium halide / sulfide, or the like) to increase Ga / In content on a surface of the CIGS absorption layer and the CIGS absorption layer is surface treated with a dopant (the dopant is, for example, alkali halide / sulfide, or the like) to passivate the surface of the absorption layer, the surface treatment substance mixture is formed by a combination of the absorption layer matrix substance and the dopant in proportion, the main solvent is water, and the co-solvent is methanol or ethanol.
[0018] (2) During manufacturing of a CdTe PV module, when a CdTe absorption layer is surface treated with an absorption layer matrix substance (the absorption layer matrix substance may be, for example, cadmium chloride) to adjust a proportion of the matrix substance on a surface of the CdTe absorption layer and the CdTe absorption layer is surface treated with a dopant (the dopant may be, for example, a chemical substance containing vanadium, aluminum, or nickel, such as ammonium metavanadate, aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, aluminum nitrate, nickel chloride, or nickel sulfate) to passivate the surface of the absorption layer, the surface treatment substance mixture is formed by a combination of the absorption layer matrix substance and the dopant in proportion, the main solvent is water, and the co-solvent is at least one of ethanolamine, diethanolamine, methanol, and ethanol.
[0019] Certainly, the formulation of the ink is not limited to the above two manners in the present disclosure. For other situations where different types of surface treatment are required or where a variety of surface treatment substances are required, or when thin-film PV modules are different, various components and proportions of the various components in the ink formulation may be determined as required.
[0020] In a second aspect, the present disclosure further provides a manufacturing method of ink. The manufacturing method includes the following steps.
[0021] In step 1, the surface treatment substance mixture is dissolved by using the main solvent, and after the surface treatment substances are fully dissolved, surface treatment precursor ink I is acquired, the surface treatment precursor ink I including the main solvent +the plurality of surface treatment substances.
[0022] In step 2, the co-solvent is added to the surface treatment precursor ink I, and homogenization treatment is carried out to obtain surface treatment precursor ink II, the surface treatment precursor ink II including the main solvent + the co-solvent + the plurality of surface treatment substances.
[0023] In step 3, the surfactant is added to the surface treatment precursor ink II, and homogenization treatment is carried out to obtain final ink.
[0024] In a third aspect, the present disclosure further provides a multiple surface treatment method for manufacturing a thin-film PV module. In the multiple surface treatment method, multiple surface treatment is carried out on a surface of a target PV layer of the thin-film PV module by inkjet, wherein the ink includes the plurality of surface treatment substances, the main solvent, the co-solvent, and the surfactant is used during inkjet treatment.
[0025] In the prior art, spin coating is not suitable for large-scale surface treatment. For the large-area surface treatment, when spin coating is used for surface treatment, it is easy to cause disadvantages such as uneven distribution of the coating thickness (thick edges) , uneven distribution of proportions of coating elements (distribution of element proportions of spin coating raw materials is inconsistent between a central region and an edge region of a PV thin-film layer) , and low utilization of the spin coating raw materials. The dip coating method leads to a large amount of wastewater, and is environmentally unfriendly and costly. The coating thickness and the element proportion in the dip coating method are unevenly distributed and uncontrollable. In consideration of the above, the present disclosure provides a method for surface treatment of a PV thin-film layer using inkjet printing, which can realize large-scale surface treatment of the PV thin-film layer and prevent the above disadvantages of the spin coating method and the dip coating method, thereby effectively improving uniformity and controllability of element proportions of the surface treatment layer and effectively reducing costs and improving surface treatment efficiency.
[0026] To further extend the technical solution for surface treatment based on inkjet printing provided in the present disclosure, it may be understood that with the multiple surface treatment method provided in the present disclosure, an element proportion of an incorporated chemical element can also be accurately controlled in a longitudinal direction of a target layer. In the multiple surface treatment method provided in the present disclosure, the one-step inkjet deposition may be applied before deposition of the target layer, during the deposition of the target layer, or after the deposition of the target layer. Specifically,
[0027] In the first case, the one-step inkjet deposition being applied before deposition of the target layer includes: first performing a one-step inkjet deposition process to form a surface treatment layer, and depositing the target layer on the surface treatment layer.
[0028] In the second case, the one-step inkjet deposition being applied during the deposition of the target layer includes: first depositing half of a thickness of the target layer, then performing a one-step inkjet deposition process to form a surface treatment layer, and depositing the other half of the thickness of the target layer on the surface treatment layer.
[0029] In the third case, the one-step inkjet deposition being applied after the deposition of the target layer includes: first depositing the target layer, and performing a one-step inkjet deposition process on the target layer to form a surface treatment layer.
[0030] Therefore, in the multiple surface treatment method provided in the present disclosure, selected surface treatment can be applied in a direction intersecting with the target layer. It is to be noted that this new possibility may be very advantageous. For example, adjusting Ga-or In-content in a selected depth of the CIGS absorption layer (abottom surface, body, or top surface of the absorption layer) may be used to repair inherent shortcomings of the CIGS absorption layer or further enhance the performance of the CIGS absorption layer.
[0031] Preferably, in the multiple surface treatment method provided in the present disclosure, in the inkjet deposition process, a 2D deposition film is applied through different printing methods by using a single inkjet print head or a plurality of inkjet print heads, the printing methods including a scanning mode and a direct printing mode.
[0032] Preferably, in the multiple surface treatment method provided in the present disclosure, in the inkjet deposition process, the PV module is not heated or the PV module is heated. A heating temperature herein may be, for example but not limited to, 50 to 100℃.
[0033] Preferably, in the multiple surface treatment method provided in the present disclosure, inkjet deposition is carried out in a suitable environmental atmosphere in the one-step inkjet deposition process. The ambient atmosphere used during the inkjet deposition is determined by a specific application. Inkjet surface treatment may be carried out in a controlled ambient atmosphere if oxidation is not so strong to increase contact / series resistance and further reduce a fill factor. In the case of a sensitive PV layer system (in terms of oxidation) or toxic / explosive ink vapor, inkjet surface treatment can be carried out in a dry nitrogen / inert gas environment or other similar environment process boxes. By use of the inkjet surface treatment of the present disclosure, repeatability of the process and uniformity of large-area deposition are both very good.
[0034] Preferably, the multiple surface treatment method provided in the present disclosure further includes: after the one-step inkjet deposition, carrying out, according to a process requirement, an annealing process by using a corresponding environmental atmosphere and a corresponding annealing manner. In an implementation, the annealing process adopts radiation or a combination of radiation and convection, an annealing temperature is 200 to 600℃, and an annealing time is 2 to 8 min. Chemical elements can interdiffuse into a designed PV layer by using the annealing process. Specific values of the annealing temperature and the annealing time are determined according to a specific application. The annealing process may be completed in, for example, but not limited to, a nitrogen / inert gas atmosphere.
[0035] In a fourth aspect, the present disclosure further provides a thin-film PV module, wherein, during manufacturing of the thin-film PV module, a target PV layer of the thin-film PV module is surface treated by using the one-step inkjet deposition multiple surface treatment method described above. According to the prior art, the thin-film PV module includes a substrate, a rear electrode layer, a layer system, and a front electrode layer. The layer system includes an absorption layer and a buffer layer. The manufacturing of the thin-film PV module generally requires more than one type of surface treatment. For example, for a CIGS thin-film PV module, gallium and indium (a CIGS absorption layer matrix substance) may be used to increase Ga- / In-content on a surface of a CIGS absorption layer and adjust a band gap of the absorption layer, thereby increasing VOC, or Na or a heavy alkali element (Rb or Cs) may be doped to passivate the surface of the absorption layer and further reduce defects and a recombination rate of the absorption layer. For a CdTe thin-film PV module, a band gap of an adsorption layer may be adjusted by using cadmium chloride, and a surface of the adsorption layer may be passivated by using a dopant vanadium (e.g., ammonium metavanadate) , aluminum (e.g., aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, or aluminum nitrate) , or nickel (nickel chloride or nickel sulfate) . The selected target layer is surface treated by using the one-step inkjet deposition multiple surface treatment method of the present disclosure, and multiple surface treatment is combined in one step, which effectively improves efficiency of surface treatment and improves uniformity and controllability of element proportions of a surface treatment layer.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0036] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of surface treatment of certain thin-film PV layers by a) chemical vapor deposition or b) vacuum deposition, followed by an annealing process;
[0037] FIG. 2 is a schematic flowchart of a surface treatment process, in which a) is a schematic flowchart of a conventional vacuum surface treatment process of substance groups A and B; and b) is a schematic flowchart of a one-step multiple surface treatment process;
[0038] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of preparation of a CZTS precursor film for sodium incorporation post-treatment;
[0039] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of multiple surface treatment on a certain PV layer through one-step inkjet deposition according to the present disclosure;
[0040] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of preparation of an ink formulation used in inkjet surface treatment according to the present disclosure;
[0041] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES) depth distribution of different samples by using different surface treatment methods;
[0042] FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of norminal power conversion efficiency of CIGS modules of different samples;
[0043] FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of norminal fill factors of CIGS modules of different samples;
[0044] FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of norminal series resistance of CIGS modules of different samples; and
[0045] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a treatment method in the case of pre-deposition, intra-deposition, and post-deposition by using a multiple surface treatment method according to the present disclosure.
[0046] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
[0047] A conventional surface treatment process of a thin-film PV module is described first. Referring to FIG. 2, sometimes there is a need to sequentially apply more than one type of surface treatment to a PV layer. In FIG. 2a) , vacuum surface treatment 1 of a chemical substance group A starts on a specific PV layer. For example, gallium and indium (an absorption layer matrix substance) may be used to increase Ga- / In-content on a surface of a CIGS absorption layer and adjust a band gap of the absorption layer, thereby increasing VOC. After annealing 2 of a chemical substance group A, the PV layer may be washed 3. Then, second vacuum surface treatment 4 of a chemical substance group B is deposited on a same PV layer. For example, Na or a heavy alkali element (Rb or Cs) is doped to passivate the surface of the absorption layer and further reduce defects and a recombination rate of the absorption layer. After the annealing 2, the excess substance B may be removed by washing 3. Since surface treatment 1 and surface treatment 2 are still required to be carried out sequentially, an overall process cost may still be high. Therefore, multiple surface treatment 5 of the substance groups A and B can be considered in one step, as shown in FIG. 2b) . In this way, manufacturing costs can be reduced through a process combination, and flexibility of the surface treatment process can be greatly improved. In consideration of a traditional route of co-evaporation, it is not technically easy to achieve designed element proportions over a large layer. Moreover, associated technical difficulty and equipment costs will be very high.
[0048] Therefore, there is a need to implement a multiple surface treatment process for manufacturing a thin-film PV module to further reduce the overall process cost and increase flexibility of the surface treatment process, and there is a need to use multiple surface treatment with high deposition uniformity with precise element proportions across an entire active region to achieve industrial large-scale production.
[0049] With respect to the above problems, the present disclosure proposes a method for multiple surface treatment on a PV layer through one-step inkjet deposition to overcome the above technical disadvantages.
[0050] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of multiple surface treatment on a PV layer through one-step inkjet deposition according to the present disclosure. When a certain layer of a PV solar module is surface treated, a 2D deposition film is applied through different methods (for example, but not limited to, a scanning mode or a direct printing mode) by using a single inkjet print head or a plurality of inkjet print heads. The PV solar module may be not heated or heated during inkjet printing. A heating temperature herein may be, for example but not limited to, 50 to 100℃. In the multiple surface treatment method provided in the present disclosure, an ambient atmosphere used during the inkjet deposition is determined by a specific application. Inkjet surface treatment may be carried out in a controlled ambient atmosphere if oxidation is not so strong to increase contact / series resistance and further reduce a fill factor. In the case of a sensitive PV layer system (in terms of oxidation) or toxic / explosive ink vapor, inkjet surface treatment can be carried out in a dry nitrogen / inert gas environment or other similar environment process boxes.
[0051] Further, it is to be noted that the multiple surface treatment method in the present disclosure further includes: carrying out a relevant annealing process after inkjet deposition, to enable inter-diffusion of chemical elements into a designed PV layer. Certainly, parameters of the annealing process, such as a temperature, a time, an ambient atmosphere, and an annealing method, may be determined by a specific application. In an optional implementation provided herein, the annealing process may adopt radiation or a combination of radiation and convection, an annealing temperature is 200 to 600℃, and an annealing time is 2 to 8 min.
[0052] Ink materials are the key to this new process in order to achieve multiple inkjet surface treatment with good jettability, high deposition uniformity, and precise element control. The present disclosure designs ink with the above beneficial effects. The ink includes a surface treatment substance mixture formed by a combination of a plurality of chemical substances in proportion to achieve multiple surface treatment in one step based on the ink. The plurality of chemical substances are used for different types of surface treatment respectively. It may be understood that components and composition proportions of the plurality of chemical substances in the surface treatment substance mixture are determined based on the different types of surface treatment.
[0053] In a possible implementation, an ink formulation provided in the present disclosure includes: a plurality of surface treatment substances, a main solvent, a co-solvent, and a surfactant, wherein a volume ratio of the main solvent, the co-solvent, and the surfactant is 55 to 95 : 5 to 45 : 0 to 0.1.
[0054] It may be understood that specific components and composition proportions of the main solvent, the co-solvent, and the surfactant are determined based on a plurality of required surface treatment substances. For example, two possible ink formulations are provided below.
[0055] (1) During manufacturing of a CIGS PV module, when a CIGS absorption layer is surface treated with an absorption layer matrix substance (the absorption layer matrix substance is, for example, gallium halide or indium halide / sulfide, or the like) to increase Ga / In content on a surface of the CIGS absorption layer and the CIGS absorption layer is surface treated with a dopant (the dopant is, for example, alkali halide / sulfide, or the like) to passivate the surface of the absorption layer, the surface treatment substance mixture is formed by a combination of the absorption layer matrix substance and the dopant in proportion, the main solvent is water, and the co-solvent is methanol or ethanol.
[0056] (2) During manufacturing of a CdTe PV module, when a CdTe absorption layer is surface treated with an absorption layer matrix substance (the absorption layer matrix substance may be, for example, cadmium chloride) to adjust a proportion of the matrix substance on a surface of the CdTe absorption layer and the CdTe absorption layer is surface treated with a dopant (the dopant may be, for example, a chemical substance containing vanadium, aluminum, or nickel, such as ammonium metavanadate, aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, aluminum nitrate, nickel chloride, or nickel sulfate) to passivate the surface of the absorption layer, the surface treatment substance mixture is formed by a combination of the absorption layer matrix substance and the dopant in proportion, the main solvent is water, and the co-solvent is at least one of ethanolamine, diethanolamine, methanol, and ethanol.
[0057] In addition, the surfactant used in the ink of the present disclosure is selected from at least one of 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, diethylene glycol butyl ether, ethylene glycol, propylene carbonate, or triethylene glycol monomethyl.
[0058] FIG. 5 shows manufacturing steps of the ink for the multiple surface treatment of the present disclosure. The following steps are included.
[0059] In step 1, the surface treatment substance mixture is dissolved by using the main solvent, and after the surface treatment substances are fully dissolved, surface treatment precursor ink I is acquired, the surface treatment precursor ink I including the main solvent +the plurality of surface treatment substances.
[0060] In step 2, the co-solvent is added to the surface treatment precursor ink I, and homogenization treatment is carried out to obtain surface treatment precursor ink II, the surface treatment precursor ink II including the main solvent + the co-solvent + the plurality of surface treatment substances.
[0061] In step 3, the surfactant is added to the surface treatment precursor ink II, and homogenization treatment is carried out to obtain final ink.
[0062] In the present disclosure, in conjunction with the designed new ink, multiple surface treatment is achieved through one-step inkjet deposition, and this surface treatment method can reduce CAPEX costs, improve material utilization, and increase production throughput for industrial applications. In addition, multiple inkjet surface treatment can be achieved by designing new surface treatment inkjet ink, so that different types of surface treatment can be combined at the same time, which can further reduce the overall process cost and greatly increase process flexibility. In addition, good jetting performance and high deposition uniformity may also be maintained over a large area. Therefore, element ratios of introduced chemical elements can also be precisely controlled in a longitudinal direction of a target layer. In addition, the technical concept of achieving multiple surface treatment through one-step inkjet deposition in the present disclosure may also be applied to pre-deposition, intra-deposition, and post-deposition surface treatment of the target layer to achieve selected surface treatment in a direction intersecting with the target layer. Surface treatment may be carried out on a bottom surface of the absorption layer, the middle of the absorption layer, and a top surface of the absorption layer of the PV module to adjust Ga-and In-content in a depth direction of the absorption layer of the PV module to repair inherent defects of the absorption layer, or to further enhance performance of the absorption layer.
[0063] The method for multiple surface treatment through one-step inkjet deposition provided in the present disclosure has various advantages in the industrial process, and can also show a surface treatment effect similar to that of vacuum surface treatment.
[0064] Referring to FIG. 6, FIG. 6 illustrates analysis results of GDOES depth distribution by using multiple surface treatment through one-step inkjet deposition provided in the present disclosure and by using a conventional technology for ordinary surface treatment in a vacuum environment. In FIG. 6, comparative results of cracks in 3 CIGS samples by using the inkjet multiple surface treatment method in the present disclosure ( "Inkjet surface treatment 1" , "Inkjet surface treatment 2" , and "Inkjet surface treatment 3" in the figure) and 1 vacuum surface treated sample ( "Vacuum passivation" in the figure) by using the surface treatment method in the conventional technology are shown. A ratio of surface treatment ink deposition on the three CIGS samples is 1: 2: 3. It may be concluded that precise setting of elemental content can be achieved through the multiple surface treatment method based on one-step inkjet deposition in the present disclosure, which is very important for machinability. Insufficient surface treatment deposition may lead to a reduction in an open-circuit voltage and a fill factor of the PV module. Excessive surface treatment may lead to secondary obstruction and further increase series resistance. As can be seen from the GDOES analysis of Na content in FIG. 6, the first CIGS sample "Inkjet surface treatment 1" may show similar Na incorporation on the surface of the CIGS absorption layer.
[0065] Three different inkjet surface treated CIGS samples and one vacuum surface treated sample shown in FIG. 6, FIG. 7, FIG. 8, and FIG. 9 are the same respectively.
[0066] FIG. 7 illustrates norminal power conversion efficiency of CIGS modules of different samples, involving three CIGS samples using the inkjet multiple surface treatment method of the present disclose and 1 vacuum surface treated sample using the surface treatment method (by thermal evaporation) in the conventional technology, and a reference sample without surface treatment. In FIG. 7, it is shown that the inkjet surface treatment method proposed in the present disclosure achieves similar power conversion efficiency as the vacuum-based surface treatment method. The best inkjet surface treated sample shows a 22%increase in power conversion efficiency compared with the reference (no surface treatment) . The best vacuum surface treated sample shows a 31%increase.
[0067] A main reason for this power efficiency improvement can be found in FIG. 8. FIG. 8 shows norminal fill factors of CIGS modules of different samples. It can be seen from FIG. 8 that the filling factor of the inkjet surface treated sample of the present disclosure is significantly increased, which can obviously reflect the effect of the inkjet surface treatment method of the present disclosure. Compared with reference sample not surface treated, the best inkjet surface treated sample shows a 20%increase in the fill factor, and the best vacuum surface treated sample shows a 24%increase. As can be seen, the inkjet surface treatment can achieve a similar surface treatment level to the vacuum surface treatment.
[0068] FIG. 9 shows norminal series resistance of CIGS modules of different samples. It is shown in FIG. 9 that, in the case of Na-inkjet post surface treatment of the CIGS absorption layer, there is no significant increase in the series resistance of the inkjet surface treated sample compared with the vacuum surface treated sample.
[0069] To further extend the technical solution for surface treatment based on inkjet printing provided in the present disclosure, it may be understood that the multiple surface treatment method provided in the present disclosure may also be applied to three situations: pre-deposition, intra-deposition, and post-deposition. The one-step inkjet deposition step in the present disclosure is applied before the deposition of the target PV layer, or is applied during the deposition of the target PV layer, or is applied after the deposition of the target PV layer, so as to carry out selected surface treatment in a direction intersecting with the target layer. Referring to FIG. 10, FIG. 10 shows inkjet surface treatment steps in three cases: pre-deposition, intra-deposition, and post-deposition.
[0070] In the first case, the one-step inkjet deposition being applied before deposition of the target layer includes: first performing a one-step inkjet deposition process to form a surface treatment layer, and depositing the target layer on the surface treatment layer.
[0071] In the second case, the one-step inkjet deposition being applied during the deposition of the target layer includes: first depositing half of a thickness of the target layer, then performing a one-step inkjet deposition process to form a surface treatment layer, and depositing the other half of the thickness of the target layer on the surface treatment layer.
[0072] In the third case, the one-step inkjet deposition being applied after the deposition of the target layer includes: first depositing the target layer, and performing a one-step inkjet deposition process on the target layer to form a surface treatment layer.
[0073] Therefore, in the multiple surface treatment method provided in the present disclosure, selected surface treatment can be applied in a direction intersecting with the target layer.
[0074] In conclusion, the present disclosure provides a novel multiple inkjet surface treatment process for manufacturing a thin-film PV module. The process is suitable for reducing production costs, increasing process flexibility, improving material utilization, and improving industrial high-end production capabilities. In the present disclosure, the ink formulation used for multiple surface treatment and the manufacturing method of ink are also designed. The ink is capable of multiple surface treatment (for example, Galium / Indium for CIGS combined with alkali surface treatment, or cadmium of CdTe combined with Vanadium / Aluminum) . The multiple inkjet surface treatment process proposed in the present disclosure can be further extended to different deposition concepts, so as to enable selected surface treatment in a direction intersecting with the PV layer.
[0075] The present disclosure is not limited to the above specific implementations. Various modifications made by those of ordinary skill in the art based on the above concepts without creative efforts fall within the protection scope of the present disclosure.
Claims
1.Ink, wherein the ink comprises a surface treatment substance mixture formed by a combination of a plurality of chemical substances for different types of surface treatment in proportion to achieve multiple surface treatment in one step based on the ink.2.The ink of claim 1, wherein components and composition proportions of the plurality of chemical substances in the surface treatment substance mixture are determined based on the different types of surface treatment.3.The ink of claim 2, wherein the ink comprises: a plurality of surface treatment substances, a main solvent, a co-solvent, and a surfactant, and a volume ratio of the main solvent, the co-solvent, and the surfactant is 55 to 95 : 5 to 45 : 0 to 0.1.4.The ink of claim 3, wherein components of the main solvent, the co-solvent, and the surfactant are determined based on a plurality of required surface treatment substances; and the components of the main solvent, the co-solvent, and the surfactant are determined based on the following principle:the main solvent has a function of dissolving a surface treatment substance with good relevant solubility at room temperature;the co-solvent has good miscibility with the main solvent, the co-solvent has a function of optimizing viscosity and jetability of final surface treatment ink, and the co-solvent has a function of adjusting ink opening time and an evaporation behavior of the final surface treatment ink on a surface of a photovoltaic (PV) layer; andthe surfactant has a function of improving wettability of the ink and further improving uniformity of large-area deposition on a surface of a target PV layer.5.The ink of claim 4, wherein the surfactant is selected from at least one of 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, diethylene glycol butyl ether, ethylene glycol, propylene carbonate, or triethylene glycol monomethyl.6.The ink of claim 4, wherein during manufacturing of a copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) PV module, when a CIGS absorption layer is surface treated with an absorption layer matrix substance to increase Ga / In content on a surface of the CIGS absorption layer and the CIGS absorption layer is surface treated with a dopant to passivate the surface of the absorption layer, the surface treatment substance mixture is formed by a combination of the absorption layer matrix substance and the dopant in proportion, the main solvent is water, and the co-solvent is methanol or ethanol.7.The ink of claim 6, whereinwhen the CIGS absorption layer is surface treated with the absorption layer matrix substance, the absorption layer matrix substance is gallium halide or indium halide / sulfide; andwhen the CIGS absorption layer is surface treated with the dopant, the dopant is alkali halide / sulfide.8.The ink of claim 4, wherein during manufacturing of a cadmium telluride (CdTe) PV module, when a CdTe absorption layer is surface treated with an absorption layer matrix substance to adjust a proportion of the matrix substance on a surface of the CdTe absorption layer and the CdTe absorption layer is surface treated with a dopant to passivate the surface of the absorption layer, the surface treatment substance mixture is formed by a combination of the absorption layer matrix substance and the dopant in proportion, the main solvent is water, and the co-solvent is selected from at least one of ethanolamine, diethanolamine, methanol, and ethanol.9.The ink of claim 8, whereinwhen the CdTe absorption layer is surface treated with the absorption layer matrix substance, the absorption layer matrix substance is cadmium chloride; andwhen the CdTe absorption layer is surface treated with the dopant, the dopant is a chemical substance containing vanadium, aluminum, or nickel, and the dopant is at least one of ammonium metavanadate, aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, aluminum nitrate, nickel chloride, and nickel sulfate.10.A preparation method for the ink of any one of claims 1 to 9, comprising the following steps:dissolving the surface treatment substance mixture by using the main solvent, and after the surface treatment substances are fully dissolved, acquiring surface treatment precursor ink I, the surface treatment precursor ink I comprising the main solvent + the plurality of surface treatment substances;adding the co-solvent to the surface treatment precursor ink I, and carrying out homogenization treatment to obtain surface treatment precursor ink II, the surface treatment precursor ink II comprising the main solvent + the co-solvent + the plurality of surface treatment substances; andadding the surfactant to the surface treatment precursor ink II, and carrying out homogenization treatment to obtain final ink.11.A multiple surface treatment method for manufacturing a thin-film PV module, comprising the following step: surface-treating a PV thin-film target layer by inkjet, wherein the ink of any one of claims 1 to 9 is used during inkjet treatment, to achieve multiple surface treatment through one-step inkjet deposition.12.The multiple surface treatment method of claim 11, wherein the one-step inkjet deposition is applied before deposition of the target layer, during the deposition of the target layer, or after the deposition of the target layer;the one-step inkjet deposition being applied before deposition of the target layer comprises: first performing a one-step inkjet deposition process to form a surface treatment layer, and depositing the target layer on the surface treatment layer;the one-step inkjet deposition being applied during the deposition of the target layer comprises: first depositing half of a thickness of the target layer, then performing a one-step inkjet deposition process to form a surface treatment layer, and depositing the other half of the thickness of the target layer on the surface treatment layer; andthe one-step inkjet deposition being applied after the deposition of the target layer comprises: first depositing the target layer, and performing a one-step inkjet deposition process on the target layer to form a surface treatment layer.13.The multiple surface treatment method of claim 11, wherein, in the one-step inkjet deposition process, a 2D deposition film is applied through different printing methods by using a single inkjet print head or a plurality of inkjet print heads, the printing methods comprising a scanning mode and a direct printing mode.14.The multiple surface treatment method of claim 11, wherein the PV module is not heated in the one-step inkjet deposition process.15.The multiple surface treatment method of claim 11, wherein, in the one-step inkjet deposition process, the PV module is heated at a heating temperature of 50 to 100℃.16.The multiple surface treatment method of claim 11, wherein inkjet deposition is carried out in a suitable environmental atmosphere in the one-step inkjet deposition process.17.The multiple surface treatment method of claim 11, wherein, after the one-step inkjet deposition, according to a process requirement, an annealing process is carried out by using a corresponding environmental atmosphere and a corresponding annealing manner.18.The multiple surface treatment method of claim 17, wherein the annealing process adopts radiation or a combination of radiation and convection, an annealing temperature is 200 to 600℃, and an annealing time is 2 to 8 min.19.A thin-film PV module, wherein, during manufacturing of the thin-film PV module, a target PV layer of the thin-film PV module is surface treated by using the multiple surface treatment method of any one of claims 11 to 18.